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Atencah SE, Robertson R, Ukoha N, Idolor ON, Pippim J. Systemic Sclerosis With a Normotensive Scleroderma Renal Crisis: A Diagnostic Dilemma. Cureus 2024; 16:e64167. [PMID: 38983669 PMCID: PMC11232918 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also called scleroderma, is an auto-immune rheumatic disease that is characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and vasculopathy. Three of the severe manifestations of the disease include a scleroderma renal crisis (SRC), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and digital ulceration. Vascular manifestations like Raynaud's phenomenon are an almost universal symptom in patients with SSc and are often the earliest manifestation of the disease. An SRC occurs in approximately 10% of all patients with scleroderma. It is characterized by malignant hypertension and progressive renal failure. However, about 10% of SRC cases present with normal blood pressure or a normotensive renal crisis. A 65-year-old man with a history of peripheral vascular disease and newly diagnosed heart failure presented to the emergency department on account of progressive discoloration of the left big toe and intermittent confusion. Initially, he was noted to be hemodynamically stable, with bluish discoloration of his left lower extremity and left big toe, which was tender to palpation with palpable distal pulses. His left toe progressively became dusky and gangrenous, necessitating ray amputation by vascular surgery. His hospital course was further complicated by worsening acute kidney injury, requiring initiation of hemodialysis, and progressive hypoxia with the transition from room air to high-flow oxygen. As part of his workup for acute kidney injury (AKI), his antinuclear antibody (ANA) was found to be positive, with high titers, as well as elevated SCl-70 IgG. Despite the initiation of hemodialysis, and post-surgical revision, he continued to deteriorate. His family opted for comfort care measures, and he died a few days later. Although SSc is a rare disease, it is associated with significant morbidity and has one of the highest mortality rates among connective tissue diseases. SSc can present with heterogeneous manifestations, mimicking several isolated organ-specific conditions. This makes the diagnosis challenging, especially early in the course of the disease. A high index of suspicion, especially in the setting of rapidly progressing multi-organ involvement without a clear cause, should prompt further evaluation of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E Atencah
- Internal Medicine, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, USA
| | - Raheem Robertson
- Internal Medicine, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, USA
| | - Nkechi Ukoha
- Internal Medicine, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, USA
| | - Osahon N Idolor
- Internal Medicine, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, USA
| | - James Pippim
- Pulmonology, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, USA
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von Mühlenbrock C, Madrid AM, Defilippi C, Defilippi C, Soto L. Diffuse Gastrointestinal Motor Compromise in Patients with Scleroderma: Utility of Minimally Invasive Techniques. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:191-199. [PMID: 37982941 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scleroderma is a systemic inflammatory disorder that can compromise the gastrointestinal tract in up to 90% of patients. AIM The purpose of this work is to characterize esophageal, gastric, and intestinal compromise in patients with scleroderma by means of minimally invasive methods and its association with symptoms and severity of their rheumatological condition. METHODS Patients with systemic sclerosis were recruited according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. The study of digestive involvement was carried out on four consecutive days: esophageal manometry was performed on the first day, intestinal manometry on the second day, surface electrogastrography on the third, and hydrogen breath test on the fourth. The Mann-Whitney test was used for quantitative variables and the chi-squared test for categorical variables (p < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 30 patients were included, with an average age of 52.7 years and 93% women. Average disease evolution duration was 6.5 years, 70% with limited variety. Rodnan averaged 12 points, being higher in the diffuse variety. The main symptom was heartburn, followed by abdominal distension, with no differences between subtypes except for diffuse nausea; 80% had intestinal manometric compromise, 76% esophageal manometric compromise, and 30% electrogastrographic compromise. Bacterial overgrowth was evidenced in two-thirds (66%) of the patients, and 23% of the patients had simultaneous esophageal, gastric, and intestinal involvement, which correlated with greater skin involvement but not with gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with scleroderma is frequent and is observed regardless of the symptoms and clinical characteristics of the latter, except for skin involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Mühlenbrock
- Functional Digestive Diseases and Motility Laboratory, Gastroenterology Section, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca 999, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
- Internal Medicine Department, Gastroenterology Section, Universidad de los Andes, Av San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Ana María Madrid
- Functional Digestive Diseases and Motility Laboratory, Gastroenterology Section, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca 999, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Defilippi
- Functional Digestive Diseases and Motility Laboratory, Gastroenterology Section, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca 999, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Defilippi
- Functional Digestive Diseases and Motility Laboratory, Gastroenterology Section, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca 999, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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McMahan ZH, Kulkarni S, Chen J, Chen JZ, Xavier RJ, Pasricha PJ, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis gastrointestinal dysmotility: risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:166-181. [PMID: 36747090 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) are negatively affected by dysfunction in the gastrointestinal tract, and the severity of gastrointestinal disease in SSc correlates with high mortality. The clinical complications of this dysfunction are heterogeneous and include gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, malabsorption and the requirement for total parenteral nutrition. The abnormal gastrointestinal physiology that promotes the clinical manifestations of SSc gastrointestinal disease throughout the gastrointestinal tract are diverse and present a range of therapeutic targets. Furthermore, the armamentarium of medications and non-pharmacological interventions that can benefit affected patients has substantially expanded in the past 10 years, and research is increasingly focused in this area. Here, we review the details of the gastrointestinal complications in SSc, tie physiological abnormalities to clinical manifestations, detail the roles of standard and novel therapies and lay a foundation for future investigative work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiande Z Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Jay Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Cheah JX, Perin J, Volkmann ER, Hummers LK, Pasricha PJ, Wigley FM, McMahan ZH. Slow Colonic Transit in Systemic Sclerosis: An Objective Assessment of Risk Factors and Clinical Phenotype. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:289-298. [PMID: 34369086 PMCID: PMC8825888 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up to 50% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) experience slow colonic transit, which may be associated with severe outcomes. Our objective, therefore, was to identify specific clinical features associated with slow colonic transit in SSc. METHODS SSc patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were prospectively enrolled and completed a scintigraphy-based whole gut transit study. Clinical features were compared between patients with and without slow colonic transit in univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Forty-eight of 100 patients (48%) in our cohort had slow colonic transit. In the univariate analyses, slow colonic transit was positively associated with female sex (odds ratio [OR] 12.61 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.56-101.90]), telangiectasia (OR 4.00 [95% CI 1.32-12.10]), anticentromere antibodies (OR 3.25 [95% CI 1.25-8.44]), prior or current smoking (OR 2.56 [95% CI 1.06-6.21]), and a Medsger gastrointestinal severity score of ≥3 (OR 3.94 [95% CI 1.16-13.36]). Patients were less likely to have significant restriction on pulmonary function tests (OR 0.23 [95% CI 0.09-0.63]). In our multivariable model, the association between slow colonic transit and telangiectasia (OR 3.97 [95% CI 1.20-13.20]) and less restrictive lung disease on pulmonary function tests (OR 0.28 [95% CI 0.09-0.86]) remained statistically significant, though a trend with smoking remained (OR 2.16 [95% CI 0.82-5.75]). Interestingly, there were no significant associations between slow colonic transit and delayed transit in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION Distinct clinical features are associated with slow colonic transit in SSc. Such features may provide insight in risk stratification and the study of disease mechanism in more homogeneous subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenice X Cheah
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jamie Perin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a rare and complex autoimmune connective-tissue disease. Once considered an untreatable and unpredictable condition, research advancements have improved our understanding of its disease pathogenesis and clinical phenotypes and expanded our treatment armamentarium. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, while ongoing efforts to risk stratify patients have a central role in predicting both organ involvement and disease progression. A holistic approach is required when choosing the optimal therapeutic strategy, balancing the side-effect profile with efficacy and tailoring the treatment according to the goals of care of the patient. This Seminar reviews the multiple clinical dimensions of systemic sclerosis, beginning at a precursor very early stage of disease, with a focus on timely early detection of organ involvement. This Seminar also summarises management considerations according to the pathological hallmarks of systemic sclerosis (eg, inflammation, fibrosis, and vasculopathy) and highlights unmet needs and opportunities for future research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Volkmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University (Hospital), Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium
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Volkmann ER, McMahan Z. Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: pathogenesis, assessment and treatment. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2022; 34:328-336. [PMID: 35993874 PMCID: PMC9547962 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The majority of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) will experience involvement of their gastrointestinal over the course of their disease. Despite the high prevalence of gastrointestinal involvement in SSc, the strategies pertaining to the assessment and treatment for this clinical dimension of SSc have historically been limited. However, the present review highlights recent research contributions that enhance our understanding of SSc-GI patient subsets and provides updates on pathogenic mechanisms of disease, assessment and symptom-directed management. RECENT FINDINGS In the past few years, several studies have identified risk factors for more severe gastrointestinal disease in SSc and have provided insight to optimize diagnosis and management of SSc-GI symptoms. This article also provides a review of currently available investigations and therapies for individual SSc-GI disease manifestations and reflects on actively evolving areas of research, including our understanding the role of the gut microbiome in SSc. SUMMARY Here, we provide important updates pertaining to the risk stratification, assessment, diagnosis and management of SSc patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. These findings provide opportunities to enhance patient care and highlight exciting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Volkmann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna McMahan
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Massat B, McCarthy J. Systemic Sclerosis, Malnutrition, and Small Bowel Obstruction: Why Clinicians Should Consider Early Total Parenteral Nutrition in Systemic Sclerosis With Severe Gastrointestinal Involvement. Cureus 2022; 14:e27638. [PMID: 36072159 PMCID: PMC9438553 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis can cause vascular endothelial damage and fibrosis involving nearly all aspects of the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to esophagitis, gastroparesis, small bowel dysmotility, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and malnutrition among other complications. We present a case of a 62-year-old woman with a history of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis who developed significant gastrointestinal involvement, leading to multiple mechanical small bowel obstructions and severe malnutrition. Several previously published case reports have documented pseudo-obstruction in systemic sclerosis, rather than mechanical small bowel obstruction. This case underscores the importance of evaluating for mechanical small bowel obstruction in patients with systemic sclerosis prior to initiating treatment for pseudo-obstruction. It also highlights that in patients with nutritional deficiencies secondary to systemic sclerosis with gastrointestinal involvement, early initiation of total parenteral nutrition should be strongly considered.
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Bandini G, Cometi L, Accogli E, Domanico A, Tofani L, Bruni C, Bellando-Randone S, Lepri G, Orlandi M, Guiducci S, El-Aoufy K, Ciuti G, Fabbri A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Moggi-Pignone A. Ultrasound evaluation of bowel vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 100:62-68. [PMID: 35058148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are frequent in systemic sclerosis (SSc) with an impact on quality of life and morbidity. Bowel vasculopathy is a key pathogenetic factor responsible for GI involvement. OBJECTIVES To compare abdominal ultrasound (US) and Color Doppler Ultrasonography (CDU) features of splanchnic vessels of SSc patients with healthy controls. METHODS The charts of SSc patients who underwent an abdominal US and CDU study were retrospectively analyzed. For Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) and Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA) caliber, Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV), Reverse Velocity (RV), End-Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Mean Velocity (mV), Blood-flow, Resistive Index (RI) and Pulsatility Index (PI) were recorded. RESULTS 28 SSc patients and 28 controls were enrolled. In SSc, caliber of SMA was significantly smaller than in controls (5.75 ± 0.62 mm vs. 6.45 ± 0.60 mm, p < 0.0001 - p adj =0.0002). The flow study of SMA and IMA showed a significant reduction of RV (SMA: 7.25 ± 6.37 cm/s vs. 18.52 ± 6.16 cm/s, p < 0.0001 - p adj <0.0001; IMA: 2.69 ± 6.10 cm/s vs. 17.06 ± 5.75 cm/s, p < 0.0001 - p adj <0.0001) and PI (SMA: 3.33 ± 0.75 vs. 4.53 ± 1.03, p < 0.0001 - p adj =0.0002; IMA: 3.54 ± 0.95 vs. 6.08 ± 1.53, p < 0.0001 - p adj <0.0001) in SSc patients than controls. CONCLUSION involvement of splanchnic vessels in SSc may be non-invasively investigated with abdominal US and CDU. Morphological and functional changes of Doppler parameters observed in SMA and IMA clearly demonstrate that these vessels are affected by SSc vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Internal Medicine AOUC, Viale San Luca, Florence 50134, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy.
| | - Laura Cometi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Esterita Accogli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Research and Learning in Ultrasound, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Andrea Domanico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Research and Learning in Ultrasound, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tofani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Gemma Lepri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Martina Orlandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Khadija El-Aoufy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciuti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Internal Medicine AOUC, Viale San Luca, Florence 50134, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Internal Medicine AOUC, Viale San Luca, Florence 50134, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence, Italy; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
| | - Alberto Moggi-Pignone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Division of Internal Medicine AOUC, Viale San Luca, Florence 50134, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Interventional and Structural Cardiology, Heart, Lung and Vessels Department, AOU Careggi, Italy
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Cheah JX, Khanna D, McMahan ZH. Management of scleroderma gastrointestinal disease: Lights and shadows. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2022; 7:85-97. [PMID: 35585948 PMCID: PMC9109510 DOI: 10.1177/23971983221086343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms affect the great majority of patients with systemic sclerosis. Management of these complications is often challenging as any region of the gastrointestinal tract may be involved, and significant heterogeneity exists in clinical presentation, kinetics, and outcomes. Here, we highlight new findings relevant to the management of systemic sclerosis-related gastrointestinal disease (lights) and consider areas that we have yet to elucidate (shadows).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenice X Cheah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Green EW, Kahl L, Jou JH. Systemic Sclerosis and the Liver. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 18:76-80. [PMID: 34584672 PMCID: PMC8450479 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W. Green
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine ResidencyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
| | - Leslie Kahl
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic DiseasesOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
| | - Janice H. Jou
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyOregon Health & Science University/Portland VA Medical CenterPortlandOR
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McMahan ZH, Khanna D. Managing gastrointestinal complications in patients with systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 18:531-544. [PMID: 34305387 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-020-00314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective We sought to critically evaluate the literature published over the past 3 years on the management of gastrointestinal complications in systemic sclerosis (SSc). We emphasize interesting and important new findings to bring the reader up-to-date. We also discuss controversial discoveries and hypotheses currently of interest. Methods We conducted a literature search on PubMed over the last 3 years using the key words "systemic sclerosis," "gastrointestinal," "scleroderma," and "treatment." We also screened clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing trials relevant to the gastrointestinal complications of SSc. Reference lists from recent reviews on the management of gastrointestinal complications of SSc to identify articles that might have been missed in the initial search. Results 103 publications and ongoing clinical trials were identified. We eliminated all case reports and review articles. Ultimately we had 58 articles remaining and we prioritized what we found to be the strongest and/or novel findings to discuss in this review. Conclusions Advances in the management of gastrointestinal disease in SSc continue to evolve. The application of novel therapies and the repurposing of existing therapies for the management of gastrointestinal involvement are shaping the therapeutic arsenal so that we can more effectively manage these complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H McMahan
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Khanna
- University of Michigan, Division of Rheumatology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Intestinal hypomotility in systemic sclerosis: a histological study into the sequence of events. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:981-990. [PMID: 32812181 PMCID: PMC7895795 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of intestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is thought to be a sequential process (vascular, neuronal, and consecutive muscular impairment), but understanding of the underlying histological changes and how they translate to symptoms, is still lacking. Therefore, we systematically investigated histological characteristics of SSc in the intestines, compared to controls. METHODS Autopsy material from the small bowel and colon was used for histological semiquantitative evaluation of the vasculature, enteric nervous system, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and muscle layers, using a combination of histochemical and immunohistochemical stainings, according to guidelines of the Gastro 2009 International Working Group. RESULTS Vascular changes were most frequently encountered, represented by intima fibrosis in both arteries and small vessels, and represented by venous dilatation. Second, generalized fibrosis of the circular muscle layer was significantly more found in SSc patients than in controls. Third, reduction of submucosal nerve fibers and myenteric neurons was shown in the colon of four SSc patients, which may explain severe symptoms of intestinal dysmotility. The density of myenteric ICC network was decreased in the small bowel of SSc patients. CONCLUSIONS The postulated sequential processes of intestinal involvement in SSc could not be supported by our histological evaluation. The interpatient diversity suggests that parallel processes occur, explaining the variety of histological features and clinical symptoms. Key Points • Histological analysis showed vascular changes, fibrosis in the muscularis propria, and reduction of the ENS and ICC network in the intestines of SSc patients. • Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to intestinal dysmotility in SSc may be parallel rather than sequential. • The interpatient diversity suggests parallel pathophysiological processes, explaining the variety of histological features and clinical symptoms.
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Gonzalez JM, Granel B, Barthet M, Vitton V. G-POEM may be an optional treatment for refractory gastroparesis in systemic sclerosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:777-779. [PMID: 32634328 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1761997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis involving skin and multiple internal organs. Gastrointestinal manifestations occur with a prevalence of 75-90%, and severely impact the quality of life. Among them, gastric involvement may concern 50-80% of patients with gastroparesis. GPOEM has been recently proposed as effective treatment in refractory gastroparesis, reaching 80% of short-term efficacy with very low complication rate. This procedure has never been assessed in SSc patients; thus, we describe two cases of patient who benefited from GPOEM.Patients: There were 40 and 35 years old women suffering from SSc for 10 years, whom developed gastroparesis symptoms over the last year, with GCSI score of 3.4. The diagnosis was confirmed by gastric emptying scintigraphy showing increased half emptying time and residual percentages. After failure of medical therapy associating prokinetic agents and dietary measures, they were referred after multidisciplinary discussion for GPOEM procedure. The follow-up included GCSI score calculation, adverse events, and GES at 2 months. RESULTS The procedures were uneventful, and the patients were discharged after 4 days and gradual refeeding. The post-operative GCSI 1 and 2.1, respectively, with both patients feeling significant clinical improvement, after a follow-up of 6 months. GES were also normalized in one patient. Despite improvement, one patient did not gain weight and had an additional jejunostomy. CONCLUSIONS GPOEM may be an interesting therapeutic option in patient with SSc and severe gastroparesis after failure of classical treatment. This procedure could be proposed to patients after multidisciplinary discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Gonzalez
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Granel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Barthet
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Vitton
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, Marseille, France
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Petcu A, Ghib LJ, Grad SM, Popovici C, Rogojan L, Rednic NV, Rednic S. Upper gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: Findings in a real-life setting. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:5095-5100. [PMID: 31798729 PMCID: PMC6880395 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract involvement is the most common visceral affectation in systemic sclerosis (SSc), but the manifestations may vary in extension and severity. Endoscopic and histopathological gastroesophageal findings were investigated in patients with SSc. A total of 79 consecutive patients with definite SSc were enrolled in a cross sectional study. Clinical data were collected, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsies from gastric mucosa were performed in all cases. Fifty-seven (72.1%) out of 79 SSc patients had gastroesophageal symptoms. The most frequent were dysphagia, present in 33 (41.7%) and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in 23 (29.1%) patients. Out of the 79 patients, 22 were asymptomatic, but in 16 esophageal and gastric mucosa changes were endoscopically detected. Reflux esophagitis was found in 39 (49.3%) patients. The presence of esophageal manifestations was not related to the disease duration or with its other variables. Signs of gastritis were endoscopically described in 47 (59.4%) and confirmed on histopathologic examinations in 45 patients. In 31 patients without any endoscopic changes, 18 (22.7%) showed signs of gastritis on histopathologic examination. No significant statistical differences were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients or between those with limited cutaneous SSc and those with diffuse cutaneous SSc in terms of clinical, endoscopic or histopathological findings, except the higher proportion of hiatal hernia in symptomatic patients. The results of this study might suggest that upper gastrointestinal endoscopy should be performed during the early stage of the disease and then periodically in patients diagnosed with SSc, even in the absence of typical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Petcu
- Rheumatology Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Linda Jessica Ghib
- Rheumatology Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Mihaela Grad
- 2nd Medical Clinic, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Popovici
- 1st Medical Clinic, Gastroenterology Department, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liliana Rogojan
- Department of Pathology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Voicu Rednic
- 3rd Medical Clinic, Gastroenterology Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Rednic
- Rheumatology Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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16
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McMahan ZH, Domsic RT, Zhu L, Medsger TA, Casciola-Rosen L, Shah AA. Anti-RNPC-3 (U11/U12) Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2019; 71:1164-1170. [PMID: 30242973 PMCID: PMC6430701 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of anti-RNPC-3 antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma or SSc) with selected gastrointestinal (GI) tract complications. METHODS Sera from patients with SSc with or without severe GI dysfunction (total parenteral nutrition dependence) from the Johns Hopkins Scleroderma Center were screened for anti-RNPC-3 antibodies. We then examined anti-RNPC-3-positive cases and negative SSc controls from the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) scleroderma cohort to confirm our findings and to examine whether specific GI features were associated with anti-RNPC-3 antibodies. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, patients with SSc with severe GI dysfunction (n = 37) and without GI dysfunction (n = 38) were screened for anti-RNPC-3 antibodies. The former were more likely to have anti-RNPC-3 antibodies (14% versus 3%; P = 0.11). In the Pittsburgh cohort, moderate-to-severe GI dysfunction (Medsger GI score ≥2) was present in 36% of anti-RNPC-3-positive patients versus 15% of anti-RNPC-3-negative patients (P ≤ 0.01). Anti-RNPC-3-positive patients were more likely to be male (31% versus 15%; P = 0.04), African American (18% versus 6%; P = 0.02), have esophageal dysmotility (93% versus 62%; P < 0.01), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) (77% versus 35%; P < 0.01). After adjusting for relevant covariates and potential confounders, moderate-to-severe GI disease was associated with anti-RNPC-3 antibodies (odds ratio [OR] 3.8 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0-14.3]), and ILD trended toward significance (OR 2.8 [95% CI 1.0-8.2]). CONCLUSION Patients with SSc and anti-RNPC-3 antibodies are more likely to be male and African American and to have moderate-to-severe GI disease and ILD. Further studies on larger patient cohorts may be helpful in further defining subsets of patients with SSc at risk for severe GI involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn T Domsic
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Zhu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ami A Shah
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bozovic G, Pullerits R, Ståhl A, Ydström K, Wenger D, Marsal J, Thulin P, Andréasson K. Exocrine pancreatic function is preserved in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:52. [PMID: 30755261 PMCID: PMC6373050 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been suggested to cause exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. However, a case-control-based autopsy study failed to associate systemic sclerosis with any pancreatic histopathology. The primary objective of this study was to examine the exocrine pancreatic function in consecutive SSc patients in relation to an age- and sex-matched control group. A secondary objective was to relate exocrine pancreatic function to radiological, laboratory, and clinical SSc characteristics. Methods One hundred twelve consecutive patients fulfilling the 2013 American Congress of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria for SSc and 52 control subjects were matched for sex and age. Exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by ELISA-based measurement of fecal elastase, and levels ≤ 200 μg/g were considered pathological, i.e., representing exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Patients were characterized regarding SSc manifestations including gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary function, by use of laboratory and clinical examinations. Pancreas parenchyma characteristics were evaluated by high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT). Results A similar proportion of subjects exhibited pathological levels of fecal elastase among SSc patients (6/112; 5.4%) and control subjects (3/52; 5.8%). Patients with fecal elastase ≤ 200 μg/g did not differ from other SSc patients with respect to laboratory and clinical characteristics, including malnutrition. SSc subjects with low levels of fecal elastase displayed significantly lower pancreas attenuation on HRCT examinations compared to the control subjects. Conclusions In this study encompassing 112 consecutive SSc patients and 52 matched control subjects, we were unable to associate systemic sclerosis with clinically significant exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-019-1840-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracijela Bozovic
- Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne Ståhl
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Ydström
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Wenger
- Section of Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Marsal
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Thulin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Andréasson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Bütikofer S, Jordan S, Sauter M, Hollenstein M, Heinrich H, Freitas-Queiroz N, Kuntzen T, Ang D, Oberacher M, Maurer B, Schwizer W, Fox M, Distler O, Misselwitz B. Abnormal esophageal motility during a solid test meal in systemic sclerosis-detection even in very early disease and association with disease progression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13480. [PMID: 30276930 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether high-resolution manometry (HRM) with a test meal can detect clinically relevant, abnormal motility already in very early systemic sclerosis (SSc) and whether this finding is associated with subsequent disease progression. METHODS This prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruited 68 consecutive SSc patients (group #1: 32 established disease (ACR, American College of Rheumatology /EULAR, The European League against Rheumatism 2013 and ACR 1980 criteria fulfilled); group #2: 24 early disease (only ACR/EULAR 2013 fulfilled); group #3: 12 very early disease (clinical expert diagnosis of SSc) and 72 healthy controls. HRM evaluated esophageal motility for water swallows and a solid test meal. RESULTS Systemic sclerosis patients had less frequent effective esophageal contractions during the test meal compared to healthy controls even in very early disease (0.15, 1.0, 2.1 per minute for groups #1, #2, and #3, vs 2.5 per minute in health; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.0085, respectively). Ineffective motility at HRM was associated with a higher modified Rodnan skin score at baseline. Moreover, at mean 18 (10-31) months of follow-up, the presence of ineffective motility at baseline was associated with progression of skin disease (P = 0.01). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis identified hypotensive peristalsis in the test meal (<15% effective solid swallows) and low distal contractile integral (DCI; <400 mm Hg·cm·s) as predictors for skin aggravation, but not for new organ involvement. CONCLUSION Ineffective motility during a test meal is present already in patients with very early SSc. Findings on HRM studies are associated with disease severity at baseline, and low percentage of effective swallows in test meal and low mean DCI are both predictors of skin progression during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bütikofer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Jordan
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Sauter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland.,Abdominal Center Gastroenterology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hollenstein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henriette Heinrich
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland.,Abdominal Center Gastroenterology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natália Freitas-Queiroz
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Kuntzen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daphne Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Marcos Oberacher
- Department of Medicine, Spital Limmattal, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Britta Maurer
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Schwizer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Fox
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland.,Abdominal Center Gastroenterology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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McMahan ZH, Paik JJ, Wigley FM, Hummers LK. Determining the Risk Factors and Clinical Features Associated With Severe Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2018; 70:1385-1392. [PMID: 29193842 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A subset of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) develop severe gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility. We sought to determine predictors of severe SSc GI dysmotility and to identify distinct features associated with this phenotype. METHODS Patients with SSc who required supplemental nutrition (enteral or parenteral tube feeding) were compared to SSc patients with mild GI symptoms in a cross-sectional analysis. The association between severe GI dysmotility and clinical and serologic features was examined using logistic regression. Baseline data were examined to determine predictors of developing severe GI dysfunction using Cox regression. RESULTS SSc patients with severe GI dysmotility (n = 66) were more likely than those patients with mild GI symptoms (n = 1,736) to be male (odds ratio [OR] 2.47 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.34-4.56]; P = 0.004), and to have myopathy (OR 5.53 [95% CI 2.82-10.82]; P < 0.001), and sicca symptoms (OR 2.40 [95% CI 1.30-4.42]; P = 0.005), even after adjustment for potential confounders. Baseline features that were associated with the future development of severe GI dysfunction included male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 2.99 [95% CI 1.53-5.84]; P = 0.001) and myopathy (HR 5.08 [95% CI 2.21-11.67]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Distinct clinical features are present in SSc patients who are at risk of developing severe GI dysmotility. This finding is not only important clinically but also suggests that a unique pathologic process is at work in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie J Paik
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Laura K Hummers
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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McFarlane IM, Bhamra MS, Kreps A, Iqbal S, Al-Ani F, Saladini-Aponte C, Grant C, Singh S, Awwal K, Koci K, Saperstein Y, Arroyo-Mercado FM, Laskar DB, Atluri P. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8. [PMID: 30057856 PMCID: PMC6059963 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1149.1000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by fibroproliferative alterations of the microvasculature leading to fibrosis and loss of function of the skin and internal organs. Gastrointestinal manifestations of SSc are the most commonly encountered complications of the disease affecting nearly 90% of the SSc population. Among these complications, the esophagus and the anorectum are the most commonly affected. However, this devastating disorder does not spare any part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large bowels as well as the liver and pancreas. In this review, we present the current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SSc including vasculopathy, endothelial to mesenchymal transformation as well as the autoimmune pathogenetic pathways. We also discuss the clinical presentation and diagnosis of each part of the GIT affected by SSc. Finally, we highlight the latest developments in the management of this disease, addressing the severe malnutrition that affects this vulnerable patient population and ways to assess and improve the nutritional status of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M McFarlane
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Manjeet S Bhamra
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Kreps
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Sadat Iqbal
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Firas Al-Ani
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Carla Saladini-Aponte
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Christon Grant
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Soberjot Singh
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Khalid Awwal
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Kristaq Koci
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Yair Saperstein
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Fray M Arroyo-Mercado
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Derek B Laskar
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Purna Atluri
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
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Mejia Otero C, Assassi S, Hudson M, Mayes MD, Estrada-Y-Martin R, Pedroza C, Mills TW, Walker J, Baron M, Stevens W, Proudman SM, Nikpour M, Mehra S, Wang M, Fritzler MJ. Antifibrillarin Antibodies Are Associated with Native North American Ethnicity and Poorer Survival in Systemic Sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2017; 44:799-805. [PMID: 28365584 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the clinical correlates and survival in patients with antifibrillarin antibodies (AFA) in a large international study population consisting of well-characterized systemic sclerosis (SSc) cohorts from Canada, Australia, and the United States. METHODS Baseline clinical data from the prospective cohorts (Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, the Australian Scleroderma Cohort Study, and the American Genetics versus Environment in Scleroderma Outcome Study) were investigated. Clinical variables were harmonized and sera were tested for AFA using a commercially available SSc profile line immunoassay, regardless of the immunofluorescence staining pattern. Association of demographic and clinical features with AFA was investigated by logistic or linear regression. Further, a survival analysis was performed by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 1506 patients with SSc with complete serological profiles were included in the study. Fifty-two patients (3.5%) had antibodies detected against fibrillarin. Patients of African descent and Native North American ethnicity were more likely to be AFA-positive compared with other ethnicities. After adjustment for demographic factors, diffuse involvement, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth requiring antibiotics, gastrointestinal reflux disease showed a trend for association with AFA. Further, AFA positivity was associated with shorter survival independently of demographic factors and disease type (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11-2.79, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION In this large multinational SSc cohort, AFA was associated with Native American ethnicity and was an independent predictor of mortality.
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22
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Lung Infections in Systemic Rheumatic Disease: Focus on Opportunistic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020293. [PMID: 28146077 PMCID: PMC5343829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic rheumatic diseases have significant morbidity and mortality, due in large part to concurrent infections. The lung has been reported among the most frequent sites of infection in patients with rheumatic disease, who are susceptible to developing pneumonia sustained both by common pathogens and by opportunistic microorganisms. Patients with rheumatic disease show a peculiar vulnerability to infectious complications. This is due in part to intrinsic disease-related immune dysregulation and in part to the immunosuppressive treatments. Several therapeutic agents have been associated to a wide spectrum of infections, complicating the management of rheumatic diseases. This review discusses the most frequent pulmonary infections encountered in rheumatic diseases, focusing on opportunistic agents, consequent diagnostic challenges and appropriate therapeutic strategies.
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Braun-Moscovici Y, Brun R, Braun M. Systemic Sclerosis and the Gastrointestinal Tract-Clinical Approach. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2016; 7:RMMJ.10258. [PMID: 27824553 PMCID: PMC5101005 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem disease characterized by functional and structural abnormalities of small blood vessels, fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, immune system activation, and autoimmunity. The gastrointestinal tract is involved in nearly all patients and is a source of significant morbidity and even mortality. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathogenesis and to provide a clinical approach to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Braun-Moscovici
- B. Shine Rheumatology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rita Brun
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marius Braun
- Liver Institute, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tiqwa, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Jimson S, Balachader N, Anita N, Babu R. Immunologically mediated oral diseases. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2015; 7:S209-12. [PMID: 26015713 PMCID: PMC4439673 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.155909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune mediated diseases of oral cavity are uncommon. The lesions may be self-limiting and undergo remission spontaneously. Among the immune mediated oral lesions the most important are lichen planus, pemphigus, erythema multiformi, epidermolysis bullosa, systemic lupus erythematosis. Cellular and humoral mediated immunity play a major role directed against epithelial and connective tissue in chronic and recurrent patterns. Confirmatory diagnosis can be made by biopsy, direct and indirect immunoflouresence, immune precipitation and immunoblotting. Therapeutic agents should be selected after thorough evaluation of immune status through a variety of tests and after determining any aggravating or provoking factors. Early and appropriate diagnosis is important for proper treatment planning contributing to better prognosis and better quality of life of patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Jimson
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Balachader
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Anita
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Babu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, affecting more than 90% of patients, is the internal organ most frequently involved in systemic sclerosis. Any part of the gastrointestinal tract can be affected, from the mouth to the anus. Patients often experience reduced quality of life and impaired social life. Although only 8% have severe gastrointestinal involvement, mortality is high in those patients. Recent studies on the pathophysiology of the disease highlight new mechanisms to explain gastrointestinal dysmotility, but treatment remains symptomatic. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract and discusses the investigation and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Gyger
- Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Suite A725, 3755 Cote St Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Murray Baron
- Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Suite A725, 3755 Cote St Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic and frequently progressive course and by extensive patient-to-patient variability. Like other autoimmune diseases, systemic sclerosis occurs more frequently in women, with a peak of onset in the fifth decade of life. The exact cause of systemic sclerosis remains elusive but is likely to involve environmental factors in a genetically primed individual. Pathogenesis is dominated by vascular changes; evidence of autoimmunity with distinct autoantibodies and activation of both innate and adaptive immunity; and fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs that results in irreversible scarring and organ failure. Intractable progression of vascular and fibrotic organ damage accounts for the chronic morbidity and high mortality. Early and accurate diagnosis and classification might improve patient outcomes. Screening strategies facilitate timely recognition of life-threatening complications and initiation of targeted therapies to halt their progression. Effective treatments of organ-based complications are now within reach. Discovery of biomarkers - including autoantibodies that identify patient subsets at high risk for particular disease complications or rapid progression - is a research priority. Understanding the key pathogenetic pathways, cell types and mediators underlying disease manifestations opens the door for the development of targeted therapies with true disease-modifying potential. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/lchkcA.
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27
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Nagaraja V, McMahan ZH, Getzug T, Khanna D. Management of gastrointestinal involvement in scleroderma. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2015; 1:82-105. [PMID: 26005632 DOI: 10.1007/s40674-014-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) commonly affects patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The GI involvement is quite heterogeneous varying from asymptomatic disease to significant dysmotility causing complications like malabsorption, weight loss and severe malnutrition. This review focuses on the management of GI involvement in SSc and has been categorized based on the segment of GIT involved. A brief discussion on the role of patient reported outcome measures in SSc-GI involvement has also been incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Nagaraja
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Terri Getzug
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Savarino E, Furnari M, de Bortoli N, Martinucci I, Bodini G, Ghio M, Savarino V. Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Presse Med 2014; 43:e279-91. [PMID: 25179275 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune chronic disease characterised by microvascular, muscular and immunologic abnormalities that lead to progressive and systemic deposition of connective tissue in the skin and internal organs. The gastrointestinal tract is often overlooked by physicians but it is the most affected organ after the skin, from the mouth to the anus. Indeed, 80% of SSc patients may present with gastrointestinal involvement. Gastrointestinal manifestations range from bloating and heartburn to dysphagia and anorectal dysfunction to severe weight loss and malabsorption. However, the gastrointestinal involvement is rarely the direct cause of death, but has great impact on quality of life and leads to several comorbidities that subsequently affect patients' survival. Treatments, including nutritional support and prokinetics provide limited benefits and do not arrest the progressive course of the disease, but earlier detection of gastrointestinal involvement may reduce the risk of complications such as malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Manuele Furnari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola de Bortoli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Martinucci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bodini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Ghio
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Park JS, Kim HA, Lee KJ, Suh CH. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction caused by neuromyopathy in a patient with systemic sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 22:912-918. [PMID: 28925309 DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis is common, the pathophysiology of small-bowel involvement in systemic sclerosis is not fully understood. We report a case of a 56-year-old woman who has systemic sclerosis with intestinal pseudo-obstruction. The small-bowel manometric findings showed low-amplitude intestinal contraction and absence of the migrating myoelectric complex, and the electrogastrography revealed no increase of the slow-wave power. The manometric and electrogastrographic findings demonstrate that neuromyopathy may play a role in pseudo-obstruction of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Park
- a Department of Rheumatology and BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine , San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- a Department of Rheumatology and BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine , San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Kwang-Jae Lee
- b Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- a Department of Rheumatology and BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine , San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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Lactulose breath test to assess oro-cecal transit delay and estimate esophageal dysmotility in scleroderma patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 42:522-9. [PMID: 23352249 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the correlation between delayed oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) and esophageal motility abnormalities in a cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 50 consecutive SSc patients and 60 healthy volunteers (HVs) as controls. Both groups underwent glucose breath test (GBT) to exclude small intestine bacterial overgrowth, lactulose hydrogen, and octanoic acid breath tests (LHBT and OBT) to measure OCTT and gastric emptying (GE), respectively, and manometry to assess esophageal motility. RESULTS Thirty-one (63%) SSc patients presented ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) compared with 3 HVs (5%; P<0.01), 37 (74%) had an abnormal OCTT compared with 4 HVs (7%; P <0.01), and 16 (32%) had an altered GE compared with 4 HVs (7%; P <0.01). The median OCTT and gastric t½ were longer in SSc than in HVs (165 min vs. 101 min and 125 min vs. 78 min, respectively; P <0.01). A delayed GE was present in 12/37 (32%), whereas IEM in 27/37 (73%) SSc patients with prolonged OCTT. The prevalence of IEM increased in parallel with the prolongation of OCTT (31% when OCTT<150 min, 73% when OCTT≥150 min, and up to 85% when OCTT>180 min, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities of both esophageal and small intestine motility are frequent in SSc patients and esophageal motility is altered in most cases with small bowel involvement. Delayed GE plays a limited role in prolonging OCTT. LHBT is a non-invasive, cheap, well-tolerated diagnostic tool that may be useful to estimate intestinal involvement and also to estimate a higher risk of esophageal hypomotility in SSc patients.
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31
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Gyger G, Baron M. Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma: recent progress in evaluation, pathogenesis, and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012; 14:22-9. [PMID: 22105546 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-011-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is frequent in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) and is the most frequent internal complication of the disease. Patients with GI involvement have impaired quality of life, and their prognosis may be one of severe impairment. Unfortunately, GI involvement is often noticed when severe complications have already occurred, is irreversible, and is difficult to manage. The past 2 to 3 years have been rich in exciting studies that we hope will help identify, prevent, treat, and monitor disease progression. Recent studies on the pathophysiology of GI tract disease could lead to advances in the treatment of GI tract involvement. The importance of treating gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been reinforced by studies showing GER damage in almost all SSc patients, and the fact that GER damage is reversible if early treatment with proton pump inhibitors is introduced. Moreover, recent data showing a link between GER and interstitial lung disease in SSc underscore the importance of aggressive GER treatment in SSc patients. A novel lung pattern possibly related to GER also has been described. New, exciting data on gastric vascular antral ectasia have been published. Finally, malnutrition in SSc patients has been highlighted, and anorectal involvement has been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Gyger
- Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
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32
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Gyger G, Baron M. Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma: recent progress in evaluation, pathogenesis, and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012. [PMID: 22105546 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-011-0217-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is frequent in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) and is the most frequent internal complication of the disease. Patients with GI involvement have impaired quality of life, and their prognosis may be one of severe impairment. Unfortunately, GI involvement is often noticed when severe complications have already occurred, is irreversible, and is difficult to manage. The past 2 to 3 years have been rich in exciting studies that we hope will help identify, prevent, treat, and monitor disease progression. Recent studies on the pathophysiology of GI tract disease could lead to advances in the treatment of GI tract involvement. The importance of treating gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been reinforced by studies showing GER damage in almost all SSc patients, and the fact that GER damage is reversible if early treatment with proton pump inhibitors is introduced. Moreover, recent data showing a link between GER and interstitial lung disease in SSc underscore the importance of aggressive GER treatment in SSc patients. A novel lung pattern possibly related to GER also has been described. New, exciting data on gastric vascular antral ectasia have been published. Finally, malnutrition in SSc patients has been highlighted, and anorectal involvement has been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Gyger
- Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
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33
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Seretis C, Seretis F, Gemenetzis G, Liakos N, Pappas A, Gourgiotis S, Lagoudianakis E, Keramidaris D, Salemis N. Calcium channel blockers and esophageal sclerosis: should we expect exacerbation of interstitial lung disease? Case Rep Gastroenterol 2012; 6:82-7. [PMID: 22423244 PMCID: PMC3304075 DOI: 10.1159/000336584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal sclerosis is the most common visceral manifestation of systemic sclerosis, resulting in impaired esophageal clearance and retention of ingested food; in addition, co-existence of lung fibrosis with esophageal scleroderma is not uncommon. Both the progression of generalized connective tissue disorders and the damaging effect of chronic aspiration due to esophageal dysmotility appear to be involved in this procedure of interstitial fibrosis. Nifedipine is a widely prescribed calcium antagonist in a significant percentage of rheumatologic patients suffering from Raynaud syndrome, in order to inhibit peripheral vasospasm. Nevertheless, blocking calcium channels has proven to contribute to exacerbation of gastroesophageal reflux, which consequently can lead to chronic aspiration. We describe the case of severe exacerbation of interstitial lung disease in a 76-year-old female with esophageal sclerosis who was treated with oral nifedipine for Raynaud syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Seretis
- 2nd Department of Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Argos, Greece
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34
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Park JS, Kim HA, Lee KJ, Suh CH. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction caused by neuromyopathy in a patient with systemic sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 22:912-918. [PMID: 22290444 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis is common, the pathophysiology of small-bowel involvement in systemic sclerosis is not fully understood. We report a case of a 56-year-old woman who has systemic sclerosis with intestinal pseudo-obstruction. The small-bowel manometric findings showed low-amplitude intestinal contraction and absence of the migrating myoelectric complex, and the electrogastrography revealed no increase of the slow-wave power. The manometric and electrogastrographic findings demonstrate that neuromyopathy may play a role in pseudo-obstruction of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Rheumatology and BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Korea
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Schmeiser T, Saar P, Jin D, Noethe M, Müller A, Soydan N, Hardt PD, Jaeger C, Distler O, Roeb E, Bretzel RG, Müller-Ladner U. Profile of gastrointestinal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2471-8. [PMID: 21769490 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease. Of the numerous organ manifestations, involvement of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) appears to be the most frequent with regard to the clinical symptoms. However, as the frequency and clinical relevance of GI involvement in patients with SSc are not known in detail, the German network of the systemic sclerosis (DNSS) has developed a detailed questionnaire to evaluate the extent and profile of gastrointestinal involvement in SSc patients. The multi-symptom questionnaire was used at baseline and after 1 year in registered patients of the DNSS. In addition, the results were compared with gastrointestinal disorders in patients with SSc and other rheumatic diseases, as well as with the medical history of the patients. In total, 90 patients were included in the study. The results of the study show that in reality, a much higher (nearly all) percentage of (98,9%) patients than expected suffer from GI-symptoms, regardless of the stage of their disease. Of these, meteorism (87,8%) was the most common followed by coughing/sore voice (77,8%), heartburn (daytime 68,9%, nighttime 53,3%), diarrhea (67,8%), stomach ache (68,9%) and nausea (61,1%). Although SSc patients were treated according to the respective recommendations, only limited improvements with regard to GI-symptoms could be achieved after 1 year of follow-up. In addition, the study revealed that the multi-symptom questionnaire is a useful tool to contribute to identify the gastrointestinal sequelae in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmeiser
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Kerckhoff-Clinic Bad Nauheim, Benekestr. 2- 8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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36
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Kao L, Myer P, Nguyen L, Zamanian RT, Chung L. Colonic ulceration as an unusual manifestation of vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 50:626-8. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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37
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Manetti M, Neumann E, Müller A, Schmeiser T, Saar P, Milia AF, Endlicher E, Roeb E, Messerini L, Matucci-Cerinic M, Ibba-Manneschi L, Müller-Ladner U. Endothelial/lymphocyte activation leads to prominent CD4+ T cell infiltration in the gastric mucosa of patients with systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:2866-73. [PMID: 18759276 DOI: 10.1002/art.23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although gastrointestinal tract dysfunction is a common feature in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), few studies have addressed the pathogenetic mechanisms of gastrointestinal tract involvement in SSc. We previously showed that severe fibrosis and increased expression of profibrotic cytokines are important hallmarks in the gastric wall of patients with SSc. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether immune and/or microvascular abnormalities may account for tissue damage in gastric wall specimens obtained from patients with SSc. METHODS Gastric biopsy samples from 27 patients with SSc and 15 healthy control subjects were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD45/leukocyte common antigen, CD3/T cells, CD4/T helper cells, CD8/cytotoxic T cells, CD20/B cells, CD14/monocytes, CD68/macrophages, cell adhesion molecules CD11a/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), CD49d/very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4), CD54/intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), CD106/vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), CD31/platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS T cell infiltration was a prominent finding in gastric specimens from patients with SSc. The CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was significantly increased in SSc specimens compared with controls. T cells were found in both lymphocyte aggregates and diffuse infiltrates and strongly expressed the activation markers VLA-4, LFA-1, and ICAM-1. Endothelial cells showed corresponding surface activation with strong expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Mature B cells were frequently observed arranged in aggregates and rarely were seen in a diffuse pattern. Most lymphocyte aggregates lacked monocyte/macrophages. No difference in microvascular density was observed between SSc specimens and controls. Both SSc and control specimens showed weak or no expression of VEGF. CONCLUSION Our findings provide the first evidence that endothelial/lymphocyte activation leading to prominent CD4+ T cell infiltration may play a key pathogenetic role within the gastric wall of patients with SSc and may represent an important therapeutic target.
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Baron M, Hudson M, Steele R. Malnutrition is common in systemic sclerosis: results from the Canadian scleroderma research group database. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:2737-43. [PMID: 19833750 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem disease associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. Little is known about nutritional status in SSc. We investigated the prevalence and demographic and clinical correlates of nutritional status in a large cohort of patients with SSc. METHODS This was a cross-sectional multicenter study of patients (n = 586) from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group Registry. Patients were assessed with detailed clinical histories, medical examinations, and self-administered questionnaires. The primary outcome was risk for malnutrition using the "malnutrition universal screening tool" (MUST). Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between selected demographic and clinical variables and MUST categories. RESULTS Of the 586 patients in the study, MUST scores revealed that almost 18% were at high risk for malnutrition. The significant correlates of high malnutrition risk included the number of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints, disease duration, diffuse disease, physician global assessment of disease severity, hemoglobin, oral aperture, abdominal distension on physical examination, and physician-assessed possible malabsorption. Among 14 GI symptoms, only poor appetite and lack of a history of abdominal swelling and bloating predict MUST. These factors accounted for 24% of the variance in MUST scores. CONCLUSION The risk for malnutrition in SSc is moderate and is associated with shorter disease duration, markers of GI involvement, and disease severity. Patients with SSc should be screened for malnutrition, and potential underlying causes assessed and treated when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Baron
- SMBD-Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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39
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Daruwala C, Mercogliano G, Harder TP. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Scleroderma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4137/cgast.s2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma on the gastrointestinal tract. There is a wide variation of gastrointestinal manifestations from these autoimmune disorders including but not limited to: oral ulcers, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence, pseudo-obstruction, perforation and gastrointestinal bleeding. The purpose of this review is to discuss these manifestations, the appropriate diagnostic tests, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherag Daruwala
- Gastroenterology Fellow, Lankenau Hospital, 252 Lankenau Medical Bldg. East, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096
| | - Giancarlo Mercogliano
- Gastroenterology Medical Staff, Lankenau Hospital, 252 Lankenau Medical Bldg. East, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096
| | - Thomas P. Harder
- Rheumatology Medical Staff, Lankenau Hospital, 137 Lankenau Medical Bldg. South, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096
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40
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Lidia Vera-Lastra O. [Systemic sclerosis and the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2 Suppl 3:S24-30. [PMID: 21794384 DOI: 10.1016/s1699-258x(06)73104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In systemic sclerosis esophagus is affected in 90% followed by anal and rectal involvement (50-70%), stomach (40-70%), colon (10-50%) and small bowel (40%). The main clinical findings are esophagic: dysphagia and sign of gastroesophageal reflux and its complications. Gastric symptomatology is a consequence of gastroparesis (postprandial fullness, nausea). Intestinal affection produces hypomotility (abdominal distention, deficient intestinal absorption, bacterial overgrowth). In colon there are diverticula, intestinal constipation, and fecal incontinence. For the diagnosis of GIT involvement the following are useful: studies of digestive tract with contrast media, endoscopy of upper GIT; gastric emptying; pH metry; esophageal and rectal manometry, as well as test to investigate deficient intestinal absorption syndrome. The prokinetic are a cornerstone for the treatment of hypomotility of GIT, along with pump proton inhibitors for the esophageal alteration and antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lidia Vera-Lastra
- Departamento de Medicina Interna. Hospital de Especialidades Antonio Fraga Mouret. Centro Médico Nacional La Raza. IMSS. México DF. México
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41
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Parodi A, Sessarego M, Greco A, Bazzica M, Filaci G, Setti M, Savarino E, Indiveri F, Savarino V, Ghio M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients suffering from scleroderma: clinical effectiveness of its eradication. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:1257-62. [PMID: 18422815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES After the skin, the gastrointestinal tract is the second most common target of systemic sclerosis (SSc). AIM Our aims were to investigate orocecal transit time (OCTT) and the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in SSc as a cause of intestinal symptoms. METHODS Fifty-five SSc patients and 60 healthy controls, sex and age matched, entered the study. Enrolled subjects completed a questionnaire for intestinal symptoms and a global symptomatic score (GSS) was calculated. OCTT and the presence of SIBO were assessed by a lactulose breath test (LBT). Patients with SIBO were treated with rifaximin 1,200 mg/day for 10 days. Finally, a second questionnaire and LBT were performed 1 month after the end of therapy. RESULTS The prevalence of SIBO was higher in SSc patients compared with controls (30/54 vs 4/60, respectively, P < 0.001). OCTT was significantly slower in SSc patients compared with controls (150 min, 25-75th percentile 142.5-165 vs 105 min, 25-75th percentile 90-135, respectively, P < 0.001). In patients with SIBO, the median GSS score was 8 (25-75th percentile 3.25-10.75). Eradication of SIBO was achieved in 73.3% of patients, with a significant reduction of symptoms in 72.7% of them (GSS score 2, 25-75th percentile 1-3, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that SIBO occurs more frequently in SSc patients than in controls. Intestinal symptoms in these patients may be related to this syndrome and its eradication seems useful to improve clinical features. OCTT is significantly delayed in SSc patients, suggesting an impairment of intestinal motility, a further risk factor for the development of SIBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Parodi
- Di.M.I. Unit of Gastroenterology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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44
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Saar P, Schmeiser T, Tarner IH, Müller-Ladner U. [Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. An underestimated complication]. Hautarzt 2008; 58:844-50. [PMID: 17726594 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-007-1380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) belongs to the family of autoimmune connective tissue diseases and is still a challenge to every practicing physician. The disorder is characterized by progressing fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, abnormal activation of the immune system, and distinct changes in microcirculation. Although it is rare--with a prevalence of about 20:100000--patients need to be cared for in a daily setting. In general thickening of the skin is the first sign of the disease, so dermatologists are most frequently consulted first. Two subtypes exist, limited and diffuse forms. Both entities usually involve internal organs, and therefore interdisciplinary cooperation is mandatory. The increased morbidity and mortality depend predominantly on the grade of involvement of the affected organs. Therefore it is essential to diagnose systemic sclerosis early and to identify and monitor all complications closely. In this respect gastrointestinal involvement is frequently neglected, owing to its primarily non-life-threatening character, resulting in substantially delayed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saar
- Abt. für Rheumatologie und klinische Immunologie, Lehrstuhl für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Kerckhoff-KlinikBad Nauheim, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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45
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Manetti M, Neumann E, Milia AF, Tarner IH, Bechi P, Matucci-Cerinic M, Ibba-Manneschi L, Müller-Ladner U. Severe fibrosis and increased expression of fibrogenic cytokines in the gastric wall of systemic sclerosis patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:3442-7. [PMID: 17907149 DOI: 10.1002/art.22940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Although the esophagus is the most frequently affected part of the gastrointestinal tract, all other segments can be involved. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the fibrotic process and the expression of fibrogenic cytokines in the gastric wall of SSc patients with gastroesophageal involvement. METHODS Full-thickness surgical and endoscopic gastric biopsy samples were obtained from 14 SSc patients and 10 controls. Tissue sections were either stained with Masson's trichrome or by immunohistochemistry and analyzed for the expression of types I, III, and IV collagen, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and endothelin 1 (ET-1). RESULTS In the gastric wall of SSc patients, Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry for types I and III collagen revealed a high amount of collagen in the lamina propria that increased toward the muscularis mucosae. In addition, muscle layers showed features of atrophy, with wide areas of focal fibrosis surrounding smooth muscle cells. Type IV collagen was present around glands and small vessels, suggesting a thickening of the basal lamina. The expression of the fibrogenic cytokines TGFbeta and CTGF, ET-1, and the myofibroblast marker alpha-SMA was stronger in SSc patients than in controls. CONCLUSION A pronounced deposition of collagen, the presence of myofibroblasts, and increased expression of several profibrotic factors are important hallmarks in the stomach of patients with SSc. The fibrotic involvement of the gastric wall may account for muscle atrophy leading to stomach hypomotility in SSc.
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46
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Tod aufgrund gastrointestinaler Beteiligung bei Sklerodermie. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-007-0456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Denton CP, Black CM, Abraham DJ. Mechanisms and consequences of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:134-44. [PMID: 16932673 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a complex connective tissue disease that is associated with a high mortality and is challenging to treat because of its clinical heterogeneity and a lack of effective antifibrotic therapies. SSc has vascular, immunologic and fibrotic components that are pathologically interconnected. A growing understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie SSc pathogenesis provides logical and novel approaches to treatment. At present most therapies are organ-based. Vascular and inflammatory components of the disease can also be treated, but effective antifibrotic therapies are lacking. A number of key molecular mediators have the potential to alter immune-cell, vascular and fibrotic processes and these mediators, which include transforming growth factor-beta isoforms, endothelin-1, connective-tissue growth factor, chemokines and members of the interleukin family, are attractive targets for therapeutic modulation. Key mediators can be blocked using antibodies, soluble receptors, endogenous inhibitors or small-molecule antagonists of ligands, receptors or signaling intermediates. Overall, this is an exciting time for new therapies in SSc and advances are being made in synchrony with an improved understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, and Royal Free Hospital, UK.
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Plastiras SC, Tzivras M, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG. Severe gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 26:1025-6. [PMID: 16550300 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the most common organ system involved in systemic sclerosis (SSc). GIT involvement is mainly attributed to GIT dismobility and wide mouth diverticular. GIT involvement in SSc can be also severely debilitating and even life threatening. To our knowledge, the presence of gastrointestinal bleeding due to the presence of multiple peptic ulcers in scleroderma patients is not well described. In this case report, we describe a scleroderma patient with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to multiple peptic ulcers, in which vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and cholocystectomy were performed and subcutaneous somatostatin was administered to discontinue the recurrent bleeding and stabilize her clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris C Plastiras
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece.
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