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Vargovic M, Papic N, Samadan L, Balen Topic M, Vince A. Association of Immune Semaphorins with COVID-19 Severity and Outcomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2786. [PMID: 37893159 PMCID: PMC10604420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins have recently been recognized as crucial modulators of immune responses. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the activation of immune responses is the key factor in the development of severe disease. This study aimed to determine the association of serum semaphorin concentrations with COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Serum semaphorin concentrations (SEMA3A, -3C, -3F, -4D, -7A) were measured in 80 hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 (moderate (n = 24), severe (n = 32), critical, (n = 24)) and 40 healthy controls. While SEMA3C, SEMA3F and SEMA7A serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19, SEMA3A was significantly lower. Furthermore, SEMA3A and SEMA3C decreased with COVID-19 severity, while SEMA3F and SEMA7A increased. SEMA4D showed no correlation with disease severity. Serum semaphorin levels show better predictive values than CRP, IL-6 and LDH for differentiating critical from moderate/severe COVID-19. SEMA3F and SEMA7A serum concentrations were associated with the time to recovery, requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, development of pulmonary thrombosis and nosocomial infections, as well as with in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that SEMA3A, SEMA3C, SEMA3F and SEMA7A can be considered as new biomarkers of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vargovic
- Department for Infections in the Immunocompromised, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Neven Papic
- Department for Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Lara Samadan
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Mirjana Balen Topic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
- Department for Gastrointestinal Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adriana Vince
- Department for Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
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Sheng J, Gong J, Shi Y, Wang X, Liu D. MicroRNA-22 coordinates vascular and motor neuronal pathfinding via sema4 during zebrafish development. Open Biol 2022; 12:210315. [PMID: 35382569 PMCID: PMC8984383 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise guiding signal is crucial to orchestrate directional migration and patterning of the complex vascular network and neural system. So far, limited studies have reported the discovery and functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in guiding vascular and neural pathfinding. Currently, we showed that the deficiency of miRNA-22a, an endothelial-enriched miRNA, caused dramatic pathfinding defects both in intersegmental vessels (ISVs) and primary motor neurons (PMNs) in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we found the specific inhibition of miR-22a in endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in patterning defects of both ISVs and PMNs. Neuronal block of miR-22a mainly led to axonal defects of PMN. Sema4c was identified as a potential target of miR-22a through transcriptomic analysis and in silico analysis. Additionally, a luciferase assay and EGFP sensor assay confirmed the binding of miR-22a with 3'-UTR of sema4c. In addition, downregulation of sema4c in the miR-22a morphants significantly neutralized the aberrant patterning of vascular and neural networks. Then we demonstrated that endothelial miR-22a regulates PMNs axonal navigation. Our study revealed that miR-22a acted as a dual regulatory cue coordinating vascular and neuronal patterning, and expanded the repertoire of regulatory molecules, which might be of use therapeutically to guide vessels and nerves in the relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Sheng
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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3
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Diposarosa R, Bustam NA, Sahiratmadja E, Susanto PS, Sribudiani Y. Literature review: enteric nervous system development, genetic and epigenetic regulation in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07308. [PMID: 34195419 PMCID: PMC8237298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) derived from neural crest cells (NCCs), which affects their migration, proliferation, differentiation, or preservation in the digestive tract, resulting in aganglionosis in the distal intestine. The regulation of both NCCs and the surrounding environment involves various genes, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and morphogens. Therefore, changes in gene expression during the development of the ENS may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSCR. This review discusses several mechanisms involved in the development of ENS, confirming that deviant genetic and epigenetic patterns, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation, can contribute to the development of neurocristopathy. Specifically, the epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression and its relationship to cellular interactions and gene activation through various major pathways in Hirschsprung's disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diposarosa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - N A Bustam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edhyana Sahiratmadja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - P S Susanto
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Y Sribudiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Modelling and Refining Neuronal Circuits with Guidance Cues: Involvement of Semaphorins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116111. [PMID: 34204060 PMCID: PMC8201269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal circuits requires neurons to develop and maintain appropriate connections with cellular partners in and out the central nervous system. These phenomena include elaboration of dendritic arborization and formation of synaptic contacts, initially made in excess. Subsequently, refinement occurs, and pruning takes places both at axonal and synaptic level, defining a homeostatic balance maintained throughout the lifespan. All these events require genetic regulations which happens cell-autonomously and are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This review aims to discuss the involvement of guidance cues from the Semaphorin family.
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Exposure to enriched environment rescues anxiety-like behavior and miRNA deregulated expression induced by perinatal malnutrition while altering oligodendrocyte morphology. Neuroscience 2019; 408:115-134. [PMID: 30904666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition is one of the major early-life adversities affecting the development of newborn's brain and is associated with an increased risk to acquire cognitive and emotional deficiencies later in life. Studies in rodents have demonstrated that exposure to an enriched environment (EE) can reverse the negative consequences of early adversities. However, rescue of emotional disorders caused by perinatal malnutrition and the mechanisms involved has not been determined. We hypothesized that exposure to an EE may attenuate the anxiety-like disorders observed in mice subjected to perinatal protein malnutrition and that this could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Male CF-1 mice were subject to perinatal protein malnutrition until weaning and then exposed to an EE for 5 weeks after which small RNA-seq was performed. In parallel, dark-light box and elevated plus maze tests were conducted to evaluate anxiety traits. We found that exposure to an EE reverses the anxiety-like behavior in malnourished mice. This reversal is paralleled by the expression of three miRNAs that become dysregulated by perinatal malnutrition (miR-187-3p, miR-369-3p and miR-132-3p). The predicted mRNA targets of these miRNAs are mostly related to axon guidance pathway. Accordingly, we also found that perinatal malnutrition leads to reduction in the cingulum size and altered oligodendrocyte morphology. These results suggest that EE-rescue of anxiety disorders derived from perinatal malnutrition is mediated by the modulation of miRNAs associated with the regulation of genes involved in axonal guidance.
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An Image-Based miRNA Screen Identifies miRNA-135s As Regulators of CNS Axon Growth and Regeneration by Targeting Krüppel-like Factor 4. J Neurosci 2017; 38:613-630. [PMID: 29196317 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0662-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, axons extend over long distances to establish functional connections. In contrast, axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS is limited in part by a reduced intrinsic capacity for axon growth. Therefore, insight into the intrinsic control of axon growth may provide new avenues for enhancing CNS regeneration. Here, we performed one of the first miRNome-wide functional miRNA screens to identify miRNAs with robust effects on axon growth. High-content screening identified miR-135a and miR-135b as potent stimulators of axon growth and cortical neuron migration in vitro and in vivo in male and female mice. Intriguingly, both of these developmental effects of miR-135s relied in part on silencing of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a well known intrinsic inhibitor of axon growth and regeneration. These results prompted us to test the effect of miR-135s on axon regeneration after injury. Our results show that intravitreal application of miR-135s facilitates retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in adult mice in part by repressing KLF4. In contrast, depletion of miR-135s further reduced RGC axon regeneration. Together, these data identify a novel neuronal role for miR-135s and the miR-135-KLF4 pathway and highlight the potential of miRNAs as tools for enhancing CNS axon regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS is limited in part by a reduced intrinsic capacity for axon growth. Therefore, insight into the intrinsic control of axon growth may provide new avenues for enhancing regeneration. By performing an miRNome-wide functional screen, our studies identify miR-135s as stimulators of axon growth and neuron migration and show that intravitreal application of these miRNAs facilitates CNS axon regeneration after nerve injury in adult mice. Intriguingly, these developmental and regeneration-promoting effects rely in part on silencing of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a well known intrinsic inhibitor of axon regeneration. Our data identify a novel neuronal role for the miR-135-KLF4 pathway and support the idea that miRNAs can be used for enhancing CNS axon regeneration.
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Modular transcriptional repertoire and MicroRNA target analyses characterize genomic dysregulation in the thymus of Down syndrome infants. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7497-533. [PMID: 26848775 PMCID: PMC4884935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21-driven transcriptional alterations in human thymus were characterized through gene coexpression network (GCN) and miRNA-target analyses. We used whole thymic tissue--obtained at heart surgery from Down syndrome (DS) and karyotipically normal subjects (CT)--and a network-based approach for GCN analysis that allows the identification of modular transcriptional repertoires (communities) and the interactions between all the system's constituents through community detection. Changes in the degree of connections observed for hierarchically important hubs/genes in CT and DS networks corresponded to community changes. Distinct communities of highly interconnected genes were topologically identified in these networks. The role of miRNAs in modulating the expression of highly connected genes in CT and DS was revealed through miRNA-target analysis. Trisomy 21 gene dysregulation in thymus may be depicted as the breakdown and altered reorganization of transcriptional modules. Leading networks acting in normal or disease states were identified. CT networks would depict the "canonical" way of thymus functioning. Conversely, DS networks represent a "non-canonical" way, i.e., thymic tissue adaptation under trisomy 21 genomic dysregulation. This adaptation is probably driven by epigenetic mechanisms acting at chromatin level and through the miRNA control of transcriptional programs involving the networks' high-hierarchy genes.
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Carrella S, Barbato S, D’Agostino Y, Salierno FG, Manfredi A, Banfi S, Conte I. TGF-β Controls miR-181/ERK Regulatory Network during Retinal Axon Specification and Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144129. [PMID: 26641497 PMCID: PMC4671616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal axon specification and growth are critically sensitive to the dosage of numerous signaling molecules and transcription factors. Subtle variations in the expression levels of key molecules may result in a variety of axonal growth anomalies. miR-181a and miR-181b are two eye-enriched microRNAs whose inactivation in medaka fish leads to alterations of the proper establishment of connectivity and function in the visual system. miR-181a/b are fundamental regulators of MAPK signaling and their role in retinal axon growth and specification is just beginning to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that miR-181a/b are key nodes in the interplay between TGF-β and MAPK/ERK within the functional pathways that control retinal axon specification and growth. Using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches in medaka fish, we demonstrate that TGF-β signaling controls the miR-181/ERK regulatory network, which in turn strengthens the TGF-β-mediated regulation of RhoA degradation. Significantly, these data uncover the role of TGF-β signaling in vivo, for the first time, in defining the correct wiring and assembly of functional retina neural circuits and further highlight miR-181a/b as key factors in axon specification and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sara Barbato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Ylenia D’Agostino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | | | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Second University of Naples, via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (SB); (IC)
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- * E-mail: (SB); (IC)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression of Netrin-1 protein in human renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC) and the relationships between Netrin-1, pathology and prognosis. METHODS 72 cases of RCCC admitted in our hospital from 2008 June to 2009 June and their adjacent tissues were selected for study. They included 30 cases in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ, 42 cases in stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ; 9 cases in grade Ⅰ, 9 cases in grade Ⅱ, 40 cases in grade Ⅲ and 14 cases in grade Ⅳ. All cases were followed up for more than 5 years. Survival analysis lines were made by Kaplan-Meier method and the difference between groups was tested by the Log-rank test. The expression of Netrin-1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and its clinical significance was analyzed. RESULTS Renal clear cell carcinoma: 51 cases in high expression of Netrin-1 and 21 cases in low expression, normal tissues: 12 cases in high expression of Netrin-1 and 60 cases in low expression, the difference between the two groups is significant (χ(2) = 42.921, P < 0.01). The difference of the expression of Netrin-1in Fuhrman grade and AJCC clinical stage is significant (χ(2) = 8.000, χ(2) = 6.203; P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate in low protein expression group and in high protein expression group was 79% (17/21) and 62% (32/51). The survival curve had different trend, with no significant difference between groups ((χ(2) = 1.360, P = 0.245). CONCLUSIONS Netrin-1 protein plays an important role in the development of RCCC. It might be a new specific tumor marker of RCCC, and might become a new target in treatment of RCCC.
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10
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Carrella S, D'Agostino Y, Barbato S, Huber-Reggi SP, Salierno FG, Manfredi A, Neuhauss SCF, Banfi S, Conte I. miR-181a/b control the assembly of visual circuitry by regulating retinal axon specification and growth. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1252-67. [PMID: 25728313 PMCID: PMC5033011 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Connectivity and function of neuronal circuitry require the correct specification and growth of axons and dendrites. Here, we identify the microRNAs miR‐181a and miR‐181b as key regulators of retinal axon specification and growth. Loss of miR‐181a/b in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) failed to consolidate amacrine cell processes into axons and delayed the growth of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. These alterations were accompanied by defects in visual connectivity and function. We demonstrated that miR‐181a/b exert these actions through negative modulation of MAPK/ERK signaling that in turn leads to RhoA reduction and proper neuritogenesis in both amacrine cells and RGCs via local cytoskeletal rearrangement. Our results identify a new pathway for axon specification and growth unraveling a crucial role of miR‐181a/b in the proper establishment of visual system connectivity and function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1252–1267, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Ylenia D'Agostino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sara Barbato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sabina P Huber-Reggi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco G Salierno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
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Zhang J, Banerjee B. Role of MicroRNA in Visceral Pain. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:159-71. [PMID: 25843071 PMCID: PMC4398244 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting nociceptive transmission under various visceral pain conditions involves transcriptional and/or translational alteration in neurotransmitter and receptor expression as well as modification of neuronal function, morphology and synaptic connections. Although it is largely unknown how such changes in posttranscriptional expression induce visceral pain, recent evidence strongly suggests an important role for microRNAs (miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs) in the cellular plasticity underlying chronic visceral pain. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA endogenously produced in our body and act as a major regulator of gene expression by either through cleavage or translational repression of the target gene. This regulation is essential for the normal physiological function but when disturbed can result in pathological conditions. Usually one miRNA has multiple targets and target mRNAs are regulated in a combinatorial fashion by multiple miRNAs. In recent years, many studies have been performed to delineate the posttranscriptional regulatory role of miRNAs in different tissues under various nociceptive stimuli. In this review, we intend to discuss the recent development in miRNA research with special emphases on miRNAs and their targets responsible for long term sensitization in chronic pain conditions. In addition, we review miRNAs expression and function data for different animal pain models and also the recent progress in research on miRNA-based therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Banani Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI , USA
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Abstract
Semaphorins are secreted and membrane-associated proteins that regulate many different developmental processes, including neural circuit assembly, bone formation and angiogenesis. Trans and cis interactions between semaphorins and their multimeric receptors trigger intracellular signal transduction networks that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and influence cell shape, differentiation, motility and survival. Here and in the accompanying poster we provide an overview of the molecular biology of semaphorin signalling within the context of specific cell and developmental processes, highlighting the mechanisms that act to fine-tune, diversify and spatiotemporally control the effects of semaphorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C. Jongbloets
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, 3451 PM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, 3451 PM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Identification of a microRNA regulator for axon guidance in the olfactory bulb of adult mice. Gene 2014; 547:319-28. [PMID: 24992028 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorin3A (sema3a), mainly localized in the olfactory neuron layer and periglomerular layer, is essential for the normal arrangement of axons in the olfactory bulb both in embryonic and adult mice functioning through its dynamic spatiotemporal expression. The regulators that can modulate the expression of sema3a by direct interaction, however, are unknown. In order to find the regulators of sema3a in the olfactory bulb, we focused on microRNAs, well-known post-transcriptional regulators. We found that axon guidance is the main molecular and biological process ongoing in the steady-state olfactory bulb of the adult mouse by screening the abundant microRNAs and exploring their functions in the olfactory bulb via our customized microRNA arrays, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes annotation. Furthermore, we traced the expression of three candidate regulators (miR-30c, miR-200b, and miR-429) and sema3a by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that only miR-30c expression corresponded inversely with sema3a. Finally, miR-30c was verified to be a specific regulator of sema3a by dual luciferase reporter assay in vitro. Taken together, our results suggested that miR-30c is a potential regulator in axon-guidance by suppressing the expression of sema3a, which will give new insights in elucidating the mechanism of architectonic and functional maintenance of the olfactory bulb.
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Iyer AN, Bellon A, Baudet ML. microRNAs in axon guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:78. [PMID: 24672429 PMCID: PMC3953822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain wiring is a highly intricate process in which trillions of neuronal connections are established. Its initial phase is particularly crucial in establishing the general framework of neuronal circuits. During this early step, differentiating neurons extend axons, which reach their target by navigating through a complex environment with extreme precision. Research in the past 20 years has unraveled a vast and complex array of chemotropic cues that guide the leading tip of axons, the growth cone, throughout its journey. Tight regulation of these cues, and of their receptors and signaling pathways, is necessary for the high degree of accuracy required during circuit formation. However, little is known about the nature of regulatory molecules or mechanisms fine-tuning axonal cue response. Here we review recent, and somewhat fragmented, research on the possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be key fine-tuning regulatory molecules in axon guidance. miRNAs appear to shape long-range axon guidance, fasciculation and targeting. We also present several lines of evidence suggesting that miRNAs could have a compartmentalized and differential action at the cell soma, and within axons and growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana N Iyer
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento, Italy
| | - Anaïs Bellon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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15
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Semaphorins and the dynamic regulation of synapse assembly, refinement, and function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:1-7. [PMID: 24598309 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins are phylogenetically conserved proteins expressed in most organ systems, including the nervous system. Following their description as axon guidance cues, semaphorins have been implicated in multiple aspects of nervous system development. Semaphorins are key regulators of neural circuit assembly, neuronal morphogenesis, assembly of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and synaptic refinement. Semaphorins contribute to the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, and electrical activity can modulate semaphorin signaling in neurons. This interplay between guidance cue signaling and electrical activity has the potential to sculpt the wiring of neural circuits and to modulate their function.
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Chiu H, Alqadah A, Chang C. The role of microRNAs in regulating neuronal connectivity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 7:283. [PMID: 24427116 PMCID: PMC3879460 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of functional neural circuits is critical for complex thoughts, behavior and general brain function. Precise construction of neural circuits requires orderly transition of sequential events from axon outgrowth, pathfinding, branching, to synaptogenesis. Each of these steps is required to be tightly regulated in order to achieve meticulous formation of neuronal connections. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which silence gene expression post-transcriptionally via either inhibition of translation or destabilization of messenger RNAs, have emerged as key regulators of neuronal connectivity. The expression of miRNAs in neurons is often temporally and spatially regulated, providing critical timing and local mechanisms that prime neuronal growth cones for dynamic responses to extrinsic cues. Here we summarize recent findings of miRNA regulation of neuronal connectivity in a variety of experimental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chiu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amel Alqadah
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chieh Chang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Evsyukova I, Plestant C, Anton ES. Integrative mechanisms of oriented neuronal migration in the developing brain. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:299-353. [PMID: 23937349 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of functional neuronal connectivity in the developing cerebral cortex depends on neuronal migration. This process enables appropriate positioning of neurons and the emergence of neuronal identity so that the correct patterns of functional synaptic connectivity between the right types and numbers of neurons can emerge. Delineating the complexities of neuronal migration is critical to our understanding of normal cerebral cortical formation and neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from neuronal migration defects. For the most part, the integrated cell biological basis of the complex behavior of oriented neuronal migration within the developing mammalian cerebral cortex remains an enigma. This review aims to analyze the integrative mechanisms that enable neurons to sense environmental guidance cues and translate them into oriented patterns of migration toward defined areas of the cerebral cortex. We discuss how signals emanating from different domains of neurons get integrated to control distinct aspects of migratory behavior and how different types of cortical neurons coordinate their migratory activities within the developing cerebral cortex to produce functionally critical laminar organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Evsyukova
- Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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Nesler KR, Sand RI, Symmes BA, Pradhan SJ, Boin NG, Laun AE, Barbee SA. The miRNA pathway controls rapid changes in activity-dependent synaptic structure at the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68385. [PMID: 23844193 PMCID: PMC3699548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that long-term changes in synapse structure and function are mediated by rapid activity-dependent gene transcription and new protein synthesis. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the microRNA (miRNA) pathway plays an important role in coordinating these processes. Despite recent advances in this field, there remains a critical need to identify specific activity-regulated miRNAs as well as their key messenger RNA (mRNA) targets. To address these questions, we used the larval Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model synapse in which to identify novel miRNA-mediated mechanisms that control activity-dependent synaptic growth. First, we developed a screen to identify miRNAs differentially regulated in the larval CNS following spaced synaptic stimulation. Surprisingly, we identified five miRNAs (miRs-1, -8, -289, -314, and -958) that were significantly downregulated by activity. Neuronal misexpression of three miRNAs (miRs-8, -289, and -958) suppressed activity-dependent synaptic growth suggesting that these miRNAs control the translation of biologically relevant target mRNAs. Functional annotation cluster analysis revealed that putative targets of miRs-8 and -289 are significantly enriched in clusters involved in the control of neuronal processes including axon development, pathfinding, and growth. In support of this, miR-8 regulated the expression of a wingless 3′UTR (wg 3′ untranslated region) reporter in vitro. Wg is an important presynaptic regulatory protein required for activity-dependent axon terminal growth at the fly NMJ. In conclusion, our results are consistent with a model where key activity-regulated miRNAs are required to coordinate the expression of genes involved in activity-dependent synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Nesler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert I. Sand
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Breanna A. Symmes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarala J. Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan G. Boin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Laun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Barbee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Colorado Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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