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Sikic L, Schulman E, Kosklin A, Saraswathibhatla A, Chaudhuri O, Pokki J. Nanoscale Tracking Combined with Cell-Scale Microrheology Reveals Stepwise Increases in Force Generated by Cancer Cell Protrusions. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7742-7750. [PMID: 35950832 PMCID: PMC9523704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In early breast cancer progression, cancer cells invade through a nanoporous basement membrane (BM) as a first key step toward metastasis. This invasion is thought to be mediated by a combination of proteases, which biochemically degrade BM matrix, and physical forces, which mechanically open up holes in the matrix. To date, techniques that quantify cellular forces of BM invasion in 3D culture have been unavailable. Here, we developed cellular-force measurements for breast cancer cell invasion in 3D culture that combine multiple-particle tracking of force-induced BM-matrix displacements at the nanoscale, and magnetic microrheometry of localized matrix mechanics. We find that cancer-cell protrusions exert forces from picoNewtons up to nanoNewtons during invasion. Strikingly, the protrusions extension involves stepwise increases in force, in steps of 0.2 to 0.5 nN exerted from every 30 s to 6 min. Thus, this technique reveals previously unreported dynamics of force generation by invasive protrusions in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Sikic
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150,Finland
| | - Ester Schulman
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anna Kosklin
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150,Finland
| | - Aashrith Saraswathibhatla
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juho Pokki
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150,Finland
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Souchaud A, Boutillon A, Charron G, Asnacios A, Noûs C, David NB, Graner F, Gallet F. Live 3D imaging and mapping of shear stresses within tissues using incompressible elastic beads. Development 2022; 149:274481. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
To investigate the role of mechanical constraints in morphogenesis and development, we have developed a pipeline of techniques based on incompressible elastic sensors. These techniques combine the advantages of incompressible liquid droplets, which have been used as precise in situ shear stress sensors, and of elastic compressible beads, which are easier to tune and to use. Droplets of a polydimethylsiloxane mix, made fluorescent through specific covalent binding to a rhodamin dye, are produced by a microfluidics device. The elastomer rigidity after polymerization is adjusted to the tissue rigidity. Its mechanical properties are carefully calibrated in situ, for a sensor embedded in a cell aggregate submitted to uniaxial compression. The local shear stress tensor is retrieved from the sensor shape, accurately reconstructed through an active contour method. In vitro, within cell aggregates, and in vivo, in the prechordal plate of the zebrafish embryo during gastrulation, our pipeline of techniques demonstrates its efficiency to directly measure the three dimensional shear stress repartition within a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Souchaud
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaëlle Charron
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Camille Noûs
- Laboratory Cogitamus, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas B. David
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - François Gallet
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
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3
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Forsyth JE, Al-Anbaki AH, de la Fuente R, Modare N, Perez-Cortes D, Rivera I, Seaton Kelly R, Cotter S, Plusa B. IVEN: A quantitative tool to describe 3D cell position and neighbourhood reveals architectural changes in FGF4-treated preimplantation embryos. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001345. [PMID: 34310594 PMCID: PMC8341705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Architectural changes at the cellular and organism level are integral and necessary to successful development and growth. During mammalian preimplantation development, cells reduce in size and the architecture of the embryo changes significantly. Such changes must be coordinated correctly to ensure continued development of the embryo and, ultimately, a successful pregnancy. However, the nature of such transformations is poorly defined during mammalian preimplantation development. In order to quantitatively describe changes in cell environment and organism architecture, we designed Internal Versus External Neighbourhood (IVEN). IVEN is a user-interactive, open-source pipeline that classifies cells into different populations based on their position and quantifies the number of neighbours of every cell within a dataset in a 3D environment. Through IVEN-driven analyses, we show how transformations in cell environment, defined here as changes in cell neighbourhood, are related to changes in embryo geometry and major developmental events during preimplantation mammalian development. Moreover, we demonstrate that modulation of the FGF pathway alters spatial relations of inner cells and neighbourhood distributions, leading to overall changes in embryo architecture. In conjunction with IVEN-driven analyses, we uncover differences in the dynamic of cell size changes over the preimplantation period and determine that cells within the mammalian embryo initiate growth phase only at the time of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Forsyth
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ali H. Al-Anbaki
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto de la Fuente
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Nikkinder Modare
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Perez-Cortes
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Rivera
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena Seaton Kelly
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cotter
- School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Berenika Plusa
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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4
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Mondrinos MJ, Alisafaei F, Yi AY, Ahmadzadeh H, Lee I, Blundell C, Seo J, Osborn M, Jeon TJ, Kim SM, Shenoy VB, Huh D. Surface-directed engineering of tissue anisotropy in microphysiological models of musculoskeletal tissue. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabe9446. [PMID: 33712463 PMCID: PMC7954445 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present an approach to model and adapt the mechanical regulation of morphogenesis that uses contractile cells as sculptors of engineered tissue anisotropy in vitro. Our method uses heterobifunctional cross-linkers to create mechanical boundary constraints that guide surface-directed sculpting of cell-laden extracellular matrix hydrogel constructs. Using this approach, we engineered linearly aligned tissues with structural and mechanical anisotropy. A multiscale in silico model of the sculpting process was developed to reveal that cell contractility increases as a function of principal stress polarization in anisotropic tissues. We also show that the anisotropic biophysical microenvironment of linearly aligned tissues potentiates soluble factor-mediated tenogenic and myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The application of our method is demonstrated by (i) skeletal muscle arrays to screen therapeutic modulators of acute oxidative injury and (ii) a 3D microphysiological model of lung cancer cachexia to study inflammatory and oxidative muscle injury induced by tumor-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mondrinos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Farid Alisafaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex Y Yi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Insu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Cassidy Blundell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeongyun Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Osborn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tae-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Muncie JM, Ayad NME, Lakins JN, Xue X, Fu J, Weaver VM. Mechanical Tension Promotes Formation of Gastrulation-like Nodes and Patterns Mesoderm Specification in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Dev Cell 2020; 55:679-694.e11. [PMID: 33207224 PMCID: PMC7755684 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is directed by morphogens that induce differentiation within a defined tissue geometry. Tissue organization is mediated by cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions and is modulated by cell tension and tissue-level forces. Whether cell tension regulates development by modifying morphogen signaling is less clear. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit an intrinsic capacity for self-organization, which motivates their use as a tractable model of early human embryogenesis. We engineered patterned substrates that recapitulate the biophysical properties of the early embryo and mediate the self-organization of "gastrulation-like" nodes in cultured hESCs. Tissue geometries that generated local nodes of high cell-adhesion tension directed the spatial patterning of the BMP4-dependent "gastrulation-like" phenotype by enhancing phosphorylation and junctional release of β-catenin to promote Wnt signaling and mesoderm specification. Furthermore, direct force application via mechanical stretching promoted BMP-dependent mesoderm specification, confirming that tissue-level forces can directly regulate cell fate specification in early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon M Muncie
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nadia M E Ayad
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Johnathon N Lakins
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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6
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Lungova V, Griffin KV, Lunga T, Thibeault SL. Drainage of amniotic fluid delays vocal fold separation and induces load-related vocal fold mucosa remodeling. Dev Biol 2020; 466:47-58. [PMID: 32777221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of mechanical load as generated by amniotic fluid in the vocal fold embryogenesis. In utero, amniotic fluid flows through the laryngeal inlet down into the lungs during fetal breathing and swallowing. In a mouse model, the onset of fetal breathing coincides with epithelial lamina recanalization. The epithelial lamina is a temporal structure that is formed during early stages of the larynx development and is gradually resorbed whereby joining the upper and lower airways. Here, we show that a temporary decrease in mechanical load secondary to drainage of amniotic fluid and subsequent flow restoration, impaired timing of epithelial lamina disintegration. Moreover, re-accumulation of fluid in the laryngeal region led to VF tissue deformation triggering remodeling of the epithelium and pressure generated changes in the elastic properties of the lamina propria, as measured by atomic force microscopy. We further show that load-related structural changes were likely mediated by Piezo 1 -Yap signaling pathway in the vocal fold epithelium. Understanding the relationship between the mechanical and biological parameters in the larynx is key to gaining insights into pathogenesis of congenital laryngeal disorders as well as mechanisms of vocal fold tissue remodeling in response to mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kate V Griffin
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Tadeas Lunga
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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7
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Ismail T, Lee HK, Kim C, Kim Y, Lee H, Kim JH, Kwon S, Huh TL, Khang D, Kim SH, Choi SC, Lee HS. Comparative Analysis of the Developmental Toxicity in Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio Induced by Al 2 O 3 Nanoparticle Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2672-2681. [PMID: 31470468 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineered aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2 O3 NPs) having high-grade thermal stability and water-dispersion properties are extensively used in different industries and personal care products. Toxicological response evaluation of these NPs is indispensable in assessing the health risks and exposure limits because of their industrial disposal into the aquatic environment. We assessed and compared the developmental toxicity of Al2 O3 NPs in Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio over a period of 96 h using the frog embryo teratogenic assay Xenopus and a fish embryo toxicity assay. Engineered Al2 O3 NP exposure produced dose-dependent embryonic mortality and decreased the embryo length, indicating a negative effect on growth. Moreover, Al2 O3 NPs induced various malformations, such as small head size, a bent/deformed axis, edema, and gut malformation, dose-dependently and altered the expression of heart- and liver-specific genes in both X. laevis and D. rerio, as revealed by whole-mount in-situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, the toxicological data suggest that Al2 O3 NPs are developmentally toxic and teratogenic and negatively affect the embryonic development of X. laevis and D. rerio. Our study can serve as a model for the toxicological evaluation of nanomaterial exposure on vertebrate development that is critical to ensure human and environmental safety. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2672-2681. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayaba Ismail
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chowon Kim
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youni Kim
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hongchan Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Song Kwon
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetic Institute, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Lin Huh
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetic Institute, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sun-Cheol Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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8
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Ferretti E, Hadjantonakis AK. Mesoderm specification and diversification: from single cells to emergent tissues. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:110-116. [PMID: 31476530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The three germ layers - mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm - constituting the cellular blueprint for the tissues and organs that will form during embryonic development, are specified at gastrulation. Cells of mesodermal origin are the most abundant in the human body, representing a great variety of cell types, including the musculoskeletal system (bone, cartilage and muscle), cardiovascular system (heart, blood and blood vessels), as well as the connective tissues found throughout our bodies. A long-standing question pertains how this panoply of mesodermal cell types arises in a stereotypical fashion in time and space. This review discusses the events associated with mesoderm specification, highlighting the reconstruction of putative developmental trajectories facilitated by recent single-cell 'omic' data. We will also discuss the potential of emergent organoid systems to emulate and interrogate the dynamics of lineage specification at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ferretti
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
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9
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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10
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Physiological effects of KDM5C on neural crest migration and eye formation during vertebrate development. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:72. [PMID: 30522514 PMCID: PMC6282277 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lysine-specific histone demethylase 5C (KDM5C) belongs to the jumonji family of demethylases and is specific for the di- and tri-demethylation of lysine 4 residues on histone 3 (H3K4 me2/3). KDM5C is expressed in the brain and skeletal muscles of humans and is associated with various biologically significant processes. KDM5C is known to be associated with X-linked mental retardation and is also involved in the development of cancer. However, the developmental significance of KDM5C has not been explored yet. In the present study, we investigated the physiological roles of KDM5C during Xenopus laevis embryonic development. Results Loss-of-function analysis using kdm5c antisense morpholino oligonucleotides indicated that kdm5c knockdown led to small-sized heads, reduced cartilage size, and malformed eyes (i.e., small-sized and deformed eyes). Molecular analyses of KDM5C functional roles using whole-mount in situ hybridization, β-galactosidase staining, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that loss of kdm5c resulted in reduced expression levels of neural crest specifiers and genes involved in eye development. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicated the significance of KDM5C in morphogenesis and organogenesis. Conclusion Our findings indicated that KDM5C is associated with embryonic development and provided additional information regarding the complex and dynamic gene network that regulates neural crest formation and eye development. This study emphasizes the functional significance of KDM5C in Xenopus embryogenesis; however, further analysis is needed to explore the interactions of KDM5C with specific developmental genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0241-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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11
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Subramanian A, Kanzaki LF, Galloway JL, Schilling TF. Mechanical force regulates tendon extracellular matrix organization and tenocyte morphogenesis through TGFbeta signaling. eLife 2018; 7:e38069. [PMID: 30475205 PMCID: PMC6345564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) influence cell shape and function. Tendons are ECM-rich tissues connecting muscles with bones that bear extreme tensional force. Analysis of transgenic zebrafish expressing mCherry driven by the tendon determinant scleraxis reveals that tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) extend arrays of microtubule-rich projections at the onset of muscle contraction. In the trunk, these form a dense curtain along the myotendinous junctions at somite boundaries, perpendicular to myofibers, suggesting a role as force sensors to control ECM production and tendon strength. Paralysis or destabilization of microtubules reduces projection length and surrounding ECM, both of which are rescued by muscle stimulation. Paralysis also reduces SMAD3 phosphorylation in tenocytes and chemical inhibition of TGFβ signaling shortens tenocyte projections. These results suggest that TGFβ, released in response to force, acts on tenocytes to alter their morphology and ECM production, revealing a feedback mechanism by which tendons adapt to tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Lauren Fallon Kanzaki
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Jenna Lauren Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell InstituteBostonUnited States
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12
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Lu Q, Bhattachan P, Dong B. Ascidian notochord elongation. Dev Biol 2018; 448:147-153. [PMID: 30458170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The elongation of embryo and tissue is a key morphogenetic event in embryogenesis and organogenesis. Notochord, a typical chordate organ, undergoes elongation to perform its regulatory roles and to form the structural support in the embryo. Notochord elongation is morphologically similar across all chordates, but ascidian has evolved distinct molecular and cellular processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of ascidian notochord elongation. We divide the process into three phases and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms in each phase. In the first phase, the notochord converges and extends through invagination and mediolateral intercalation, and partially elongates to form a single diameter cell column along the anterior-posterior axis. In the second phase, a cytokinesis-like actomyosin ring is constructed at the equator of each cell and drives notochord to elongate approximately two-fold. The molecular composition and architecture of the ascidian notochord contractile ring are similar to that of the cytokinetic ring. However, the notochord contractile ring does not impose cell division but only drives cell elongation followed by disassembly. We discuss the self-organizing property of the circumferential actomyosin ring, and why it disassembles when certain notochord length is achieved. The similar ring structures are also present in the elongation process of other organs in evolutionarily divergent animals such as Drosophila and C. elegans. We hereby propose that actomyosin ring-based circumferential contraction is a common mechanism adopted in diverse systems to drive embryo and tissue elongation. In the third phase, the notochord experiences tubulogenesis and the endothelial-like cells crawl bi-directionally on the notochord sheath to further lengthen the notochord. In this review, we also discuss extracellular matrix proteins, notochord sheath, and surrounding tissues that may contribute to notochord integrity and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxuan Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Punit Bhattachan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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13
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Indra I, Gasparski AN, Beningo KA. An in vitro correlation of metastatic capacity and dual mechanostimulation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207490. [PMID: 30427911 PMCID: PMC6241134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are under the influence of multiple forms of mechanical stimulation in vivo. For example, a cell is subjected to mechanical forces from tissue stiffness, shear and tensile stress and transient applied strain. Significant progress has been made in understanding the cellular mechanotransduction mechanisms in response to a single mechanical parameter. However, our knowledge of how a cell responds to multiple mechanical inputs is currently limited. In this study, we have tested the cellular response to the simultaneous application of two mechanical inputs: substrate compliance and transient tugging. Our results suggest that cells within a multicellular spheroid will restrict their response to a single mechanical input at a time and when provided with two mechanical inputs simultaneously, one will dominate. In normal and non-metastatic mammary epithelial cells, we found that they respond to applied stimulation and will override substrate compliance cues in favor of the applied mechanical stimulus. Surprisingly, however, metastatic mammary epithelial cells remain non-responsive to both mechanical cues. Our results suggest that, within our assay system, metastatic progression may involve the down-regulation of multiple mechanotransduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Gasparski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Beningo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Evstifeeva AY, Luchinskaia NN, Beloussov LV. Stress-generating tissue deformations in Xenopus embryos: Long-range gradients and local cell displacements. Biosystems 2018; 173:52-64. [PMID: 30273637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the role of endogenous mechanical stresses in regulating morphogenetic movements and cell differentiation is now well established, many aspects of mechanical stress generation and transmission in developing embryos remain unclear and require quantitative studies. RESULTS By measuring stress-bearing linear deformations (caused by differences in cell movement rates) in the outer cell layer of blastula - early tail-bud Xenopus embryos, we revealed a set of long-term tension-generating gradients of cell movement rates, modulated by short-term cell-cell displacements much increasing the rates of local deformations. Experimental relaxation of tensions distorted the gradients but preserved and even enhanced local cell-cell displacements. During development, an incoherent mode of cell behavior, characterized by extensive cell-cell displacements and poorly correlated cell trajectories, was exchanged for a more coherent regime with the opposite characteristics. In particular, cell shifts became more synchronous and acquired a periodicity of several dozen minutes. CONCLUSIONS Morphogenetic movements in Xenopus embryos are mediated by mechanically stressed dynamic structures of two different levels: extended gradients and short-term cell-cell displacements. As development proceeds, the latter component decreases and cell trajectories become more correlated. In particular, they acquire common periodicities, making morphogenesis more coherent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Evstifeeva
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia.
| | - N N Luchinskaia
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - L V Beloussov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
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15
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Mohammed SG, Arjona FJ, Verschuren EHJ, Bakey Z, Alkema W, Hijum S, Schmidts M, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ. Primary cilia‐regulated transcriptome in the renal collecting duct. FASEB J 2018; 32:3653-3668. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami G. Mohammed
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Francisco J. Arjona
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Eric H. J. Verschuren
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Zeineb Bakey
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wynand Alkema
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sacha Hijum
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburg University Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
| | - Rene J. M. Bindels
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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16
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Veldhuis JH, Ehsandar A, Maître JL, Hiiragi T, Cox S, Brodland GW. Inferring cellular forces from image stacks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0261. [PMID: 28348259 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of cellular forces to a wide range of embryogenesis and disease processes is widely recognized, measuring these forces is challenging, especially in three dimensions. Here, we introduce CellFIT-3D, a force inference technique that allows tension maps for three-dimensional cellular systems to be estimated from image stacks. Like its predecessors, video force microscopy and CellFIT, this cell mechanics technique assumes boundary-specific interfacial tensions to be the primary drivers, and it constructs force-balance equations based on triple junction (TJ) dihedral angles. The technique involves image processing, segmenting of cells, grouping of cell outlines, calculation of dihedral planes, averaging along three-dimensional TJs, and matrix equation assembly and solution. The equations tend to be strongly overdetermined, allowing indistinct TJs to be ignored and solution error estimates to be determined. Application to clean and noisy synthetic data generated using Surface Evolver gave tension errors of 1.6-7%, and analyses of eight-cell murine embryos gave estimated errors smaller than the 10% uncertainty of companion aspiration experiments. Other possible areas of application include morphogenesis, cancer metastasis and tissue engineering.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim H Veldhuis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ahmad Ehsandar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Cox
- Department of Mathematics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3BZ, UK
| | - G Wayne Brodland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 .,Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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17
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Turner DA, Girgin M, Alonso-Crisostomo L, Trivedi V, Baillie-Johnson P, Glodowski CR, Hayward PC, Collignon J, Gustavsen C, Serup P, Steventon B, P Lutolf M, Arias AM. Anteroposterior polarity and elongation in the absence of extra-embryonic tissues and of spatially localised signalling in gastruloids: mammalian embryonic organoids. Development 2017; 144:3894-3906. [PMID: 28951435 PMCID: PMC5702072 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the anteroposterior (AP) axis is a crucial step during animal embryo development. In mammals, genetic studies have shown that this process relies on signals spatiotemporally deployed in the extra-embryonic tissues that locate the position of the head and the onset of gastrulation, marked by T/Brachyury (T/Bra) at the posterior of the embryo. Here, we use gastruloids, mESC-based organoids, as a model system with which to study this process. We find that gastruloids localise T/Bra expression to one end and undergo elongation similar to the posterior region of the embryo, suggesting that they develop an AP axis. This process relies on precisely timed interactions between Wnt/β-catenin and Nodal signalling, whereas BMP signalling is dispensable. Additionally, polarised T/Bra expression occurs in the absence of extra-embryonic tissues or localised sources of signals. We suggest that the role of extra-embryonic tissues in the mammalian embryo might not be to induce the axes but to bias an intrinsic ability of the embryo to initially break symmetry. Furthermore, we suggest that Wnt signalling has a separable activity involved in the elongation of the axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Mehmet Girgin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luz Alonso-Crisostomo
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Peter Baillie-Johnson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Cherise R Glodowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Penelope C Hayward
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jérôme Collignon
- Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Carsten Gustavsen
- Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Serup
- Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Gnedeva K, Jacobo A, Salvi JD, Petelski AA, Hudspeth AJ. Elastic force restricts growth of the murine utricle. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28742024 PMCID: PMC5550282 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions of hearing and balance are often irreversible in mammals owing to the inability of cells in the inner ear to proliferate and replace lost sensory receptors. To determine the molecular basis of this deficiency we have investigated the dynamics of growth and cellular proliferation in a murine vestibular organ, the utricle. Based on this analysis, we have created a theoretical model that captures the key features of the organ’s morphogenesis. Our experimental data and model demonstrate that an elastic force opposes growth of the utricular sensory epithelium during development, confines cellular proliferation to the organ’s periphery, and eventually arrests its growth. We find that an increase in cellular density and the subsequent degradation of the transcriptional cofactor Yap underlie this process. A reduction in mechanical constraints results in accumulation and nuclear translocation of Yap, which triggers proliferation and restores the utricle’s growth; interfering with Yap’s activity reverses this effect. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25681.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Gnedeva
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Adrian Jacobo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Joshua D Salvi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Aleksandra A Petelski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - A J Hudspeth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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19
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Grimes DT, Burdine RD. Left-Right Patterning: Breaking Symmetry to Asymmetric Morphogenesis. Trends Genet 2017; 33:616-628. [PMID: 28720483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit striking left-right (L-R) asymmetries in the structure and position of the internal organs. Symmetry is broken by motile cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flow, resulting in a signaling cascade - the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway - being robustly established within mesodermal tissue on the left side only. This pathway impinges upon various organ primordia to instruct their side-specific development. Recently, progress has been made in understanding both the breaking of embryonic L-R symmetry and how the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway controls lateralized cell differentiation, migration, and other aspects of cell behavior, as well as tissue-level mechanisms, that drive asymmetries in organ formation. Proper execution of asymmetric organogenesis is critical to health, making furthering our understanding of L-R development an important concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Grimes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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20
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Ferreira RR, Vermot J. The balancing roles of mechanical forces during left-right patterning and asymmetric morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2017; 144:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Fayzullin A, Tuvnes FA, Skjellegrind HK, Behnan J, Mughal AA, Langmoen IA, Vik-Mo EO. Time-lapse phenotyping of invasive glioma cells ex vivo reveals subtype-specific movement patterns guided by tumor core signaling. Exp Cell Res 2016; 349:199-213. [PMID: 27515001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The biology of glioblastoma invasion and its mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrate using time-lapse microscopy that grafting of glioblastoma (GBM) tumorspheres into rodent brain slices results in experimental ex vivo tumors with invasive properties that recapitulate the invasion observed after orthotopic transplantation into the rodent brain. The migratory movements and mitotic patterns were clearly modified by signals extrinsic to the invading cells. The cells migrated away from the tumorspheres, and removal of the spheres reduced the directed invasive movement. The cell cultures contained different populations of invasive cells that had distinct morphology and invasive behavior patterns. Grafts of the most invasive GBM culture contained 91±8% cells with an invasive phenotype, characterized by small soma with a distinct leading process. Conversely, the majority of cells in less invasive GBM grafts were phenotypically heterogeneous: only 6.3±4.1% of the cells had the invasive phenotype. Grafts of highly and moderately invasive cultures had different proportions of cells that advanced into the brain slice parenchyma during the observation period: 89.2±2.2% and 23.1±6.8%, respectively. In grafts with moderately invasive properties, most of the cells (76.8±6.8%) invading the surrounding brain tissue returned to the tumor bulk or stopped centrifugal migration. Our data suggest that the invasion of individual GBM tumors can be conditioned by the prevalence of a cell fraction with particular invasive morphology and by signaling between the tumor core and invasive cells. These findings can be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies that target the invasive GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Fayzullin
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Frode A Tuvnes
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, 1103 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard K Skjellegrind
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jinan Behnan
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Awais A Mughal
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar O Vik-Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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22
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Delling M, Indzhykulian AA, Liu X, Li Y, Xie T, Corey DP, Clapham DE. Primary cilia are not calcium-responsive mechanosensors. Nature 2016; 531:656-60. [PMID: 27007841 PMCID: PMC4851444 DOI: 10.1038/nature17426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, generally non-motile, hair-like protrusions that extend from the surface of cells between cell divisions. Their antenna-like structure leads naturally to the assumption that they sense the surrounding environment, the most common hypothesis being sensation of mechanical force through calcium-permeable ion channels within the cilium1. This Ca2+- Responsive MechanoSensor (CaRMS) hypothesis for primary cilia has been invoked to explain a large range of biological responses, from control of left-right axis determination in embryonic development to adult progression of polycystic kidney disease and some cancers2,3. Here, we report the complete lack of mechanically induced calcium increases in primary cilia, in tissues upon which this hypothesis has been based. First, we developed a transgenic mouse, Arl13b-mCherry-GECO1.2, expressing a ratiometric genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) in all primary cilia. We then measured responses to flow in primary cilia of cultured kidney epithelial cells, kidney thick ascending tubules, crown cells of the embryonic node, kinocilia of inner ear hair cells, and several cell lines. Cilia-specific Ca2+ influxes were not observed in physiological or even highly supraphysiological levels of fluid flow. We conclude that mechanosensation, if it originates in primary cilia, is not via calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Delling
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - A A Indzhykulian
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - X Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - T Xie
- Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - D P Corey
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - D E Clapham
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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