1
|
Tam R, Harris TJC. Reshaping the Syncytial Drosophila Embryo with Cortical Actin Networks: Four Main Steps of Early Development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:67-90. [PMID: 37996673 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila development begins as a syncytium. The large size of the one-cell embryo makes it ideal for studying the structure, regulation, and effects of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. We review four main steps of early development that depend on the actin cortex. At each step, dynamic remodelling of the cortex has specific effects on nuclei within the syncytium. During axial expansion, a cortical actomyosin network assembles and disassembles with the cell cycle, generating cytoplasmic flows that evenly distribute nuclei along the ovoid cell. When nuclei move to the cell periphery, they seed Arp2/3-based actin caps which grow into an array of dome-like compartments that house the nuclei as they divide at the cell cortex. To separate germline nuclei from the soma, posterior germ plasm induces full cleavage of mono-nucleated primordial germ cells from the syncytium. Finally, zygotic gene expression triggers formation of the blastoderm epithelium via cellularization and simultaneous division of ~6000 mono-nucleated cells from a single internal yolk cell. During these steps, the cortex is regulated in space and time, gains domain and sub-domain structure, and undergoes mesoscale interactions that lay a structural foundation of animal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tam
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lebedev M, Chan FY, Lochner A, Bellessem J, Osório DS, Rackles E, Mikeladze-Dvali T, Carvalho AX, Zanin E. Anillin forms linear structures and facilitates furrow ingression after septin and formin depletion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113076. [PMID: 37665665 PMCID: PMC10548094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, a contractile ring consisting of unbranched filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II constricts at the cell equator. Unbranched F-actin is generated by formin, and without formin no cleavage furrow forms. In Caenorhabditis elegans, depletion of septin restores furrow ingression in formin mutants. How the cleavage furrow ingresses without a detectable unbranched F-actin ring is unknown. We report that, in this setting, anillin (ANI-1) forms a meshwork of circumferentially aligned linear structures decorated by non-muscle myosin II (NMY-2). Analysis of ANI-1 deletion mutants reveals that its disordered N-terminal half is required for linear structure formation and sufficient for furrow ingression. NMY-2 promotes the circumferential alignment of the linear ANI-1 structures and interacts with various lipids, suggesting that NMY-2 links the ANI-1 network with the plasma membrane. Collectively, our data reveal a compensatory mechanism, mediated by ANI-1 linear structures and membrane-bound NMY-2, that promotes furrowing when unbranched F-actin polymerization is compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lebedev
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Lochner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bellessem
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel S Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabeth Rackles
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamara Mikeladze-Dvali
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Warecki B, Tao L. Centralspindlin-mediated transport of RhoGEF positions the cleavage plane for cytokinesis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadh0601. [PMID: 37402224 PMCID: PMC10501416 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the cell membrane furrows inward along a cleavage plane. The positioning of the cleavage plane is critical to faithful cell division and is determined by the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF)-mediated activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and the conserved motor protein complex centralspindlin. Here, we explored whether and how centralspindlin mediates the positioning of RhoGEF. In dividing neuroblasts from Drosophila melanogaster, we observed that immediately before cleavage, first centralspindlin and then RhoGEF localized to the sites where cleavage subsequently initiated. Using in vitro assays with purified Drosophila proteins and stabilized microtubules, we found that centralspindlin directly transported RhoGEF as cargo along single microtubules and sequestered it at microtubule plus-ends for prolonged periods of time. In addition, the binding of RhoGEF to centralspindlin appeared to stimulate centralspindlin motor activity. Thus, the motor activity and microtubule association of centralspindlin can translocate RhoGEF to areas where microtubule plus-ends are abundant, such as at overlapping astral microtubules, to locally activate RhoA and accurately position the cleavage plane during cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Warecki
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Minor Kinases with Major Roles in Cytokinesis Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223639. [PMID: 36429067 PMCID: PMC9688779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the conclusive act of cell division, allows cytoplasmic organelles and chromosomes to be faithfully partitioned between two daughter cells. In animal organisms, its accurate regulation is a fundamental task for normal development and for preventing aneuploidy. Cytokinesis failures produce genetically unstable tetraploid cells and ultimately result in chromosome instability, a hallmark of cancer cells. In animal cells, the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin ring drive cleavage furrow ingression, resulting in the formation of a cytoplasmic intercellular bridge, which is severed during abscission, the final event of cytokinesis. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation is a crucial process to orchestrate the spatio-temporal regulation of the different stages of cytokinesis. Several kinases have been described in the literature, such as cyclin-dependent kinase, polo-like kinase 1, and Aurora B, regulating both furrow ingression and/or abscission. However, others exist, with well-established roles in cell-cycle progression but whose specific role in cytokinesis has been poorly investigated, leading to considering these kinases as "minor" actors in this process. Yet, they deserve additional attention, as they might disclose unexpected routes of cell division regulation. Here, we summarize the role of multifunctional kinases in cytokinesis with a special focus on those with a still scarcely defined function during cell cleavage. Moreover, we discuss their implication in cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
King R, Gallagher PJ, Khoriaty R. The congenital dyserythropoieitic anemias: genetics and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Hematol 2022; 29:126-136. [PMID: 35441598 PMCID: PMC9021540 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The congenital dyserythropoietic anemias (CDA) are hereditary disorders characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis. This review evaluates newly developed CDA disease models, the latest advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the CDAs, and recently identified CDA genes. RECENT FINDINGS Mice exhibiting features of CDAI were recently generated, demonstrating that Codanin-1 (encoded by Cdan1) is essential for primitive erythropoiesis. Additionally, Codanin-1 was found to physically interact with CDIN1, suggesting that mutations in CDAN1 and CDIN1 result in CDAI via a common mechanism. Recent advances in CDAII (which results from SEC23B mutations) have also been made. SEC23B was found to functionally overlap with its paralogous protein, SEC23A, likely explaining the absence of CDAII in SEC23B-deficient mice. In contrast, mice with erythroid-specific deletion of 3 or 4 of the Sec23 alleles exhibited features of CDAII. Increased SEC23A expression rescued the CDAII erythroid defect, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the disease. Additional recent advances included the identification of new CDA genes, RACGAP1 and VPS4A, in CDAIII and a syndromic CDA type, respectively. SUMMARY Establishing cellular and animal models of CDA is expected to result in improved understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders, which may ultimately lead to the development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick J. Gallagher
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hirsch SM, Edwards F, Shirasu-Hiza M, Dumont J, Canman JC. Functional midbody assembly in the absence of a central spindle. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:212948. [PMID: 34994802 PMCID: PMC8751756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile ring constriction during cytokinesis is thought to compact central spindle microtubules to form the midbody, an antiparallel microtubule bundle at the intercellular bridge. In Caenorhabditis elegans, central spindle microtubule assembly requires targeting of the CLASP family protein CLS-2 to the kinetochores in metaphase and spindle midzone in anaphase. CLS-2 targeting is mediated by the CENP-F–like HCP-1/2, but their roles in cytokinesis and midbody assembly are not known. We found that although HCP-1 and HCP-2 mostly function cooperatively, HCP-1 plays a more primary role in promoting CLS-2–dependent central spindle microtubule assembly. HCP-1/2 codisrupted embryos did not form central spindles but completed cytokinesis and formed functional midbodies capable of supporting abscission. These central spindle–independent midbodies appeared to form via contractile ring constriction–driven bundling of astral microtubules at the furrow tip. This work suggests that, in the absence of a central spindle, astral microtubules can support midbody assembly and that midbody assembly is more predictive of successful cytokinesis than central spindle assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Hirsch
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Frances Edwards
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julien Dumont
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hickson GR. A back-up source of microtubules for the midbody during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202201028. [PMID: 35191950 PMCID: PMC8937023 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, microtubules become compacted into a dense midbody prior to abscission. Using genetic perturbations and imaging of C. elegans zygotes, Hirsch et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202011085) uncover an unexpected source of microtubules that can populate the midbody when central spindle microtubules are missing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles R.X. Hickson
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lacroix B, Dumont J. Spatial and Temporal Scaling of Microtubules and Mitotic Spindles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020248. [PMID: 35053364 PMCID: PMC8774166 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the mitotic spindle, a macromolecular structure primarily comprised of microtubules, drives chromosome alignment and partitioning between daughter cells. Mitotic spindles can sense cellular dimensions in order to adapt their length and mass to cell size. This scaling capacity is particularly remarkable during early embryo cleavage when cells divide rapidly in the absence of cell growth, thus leading to a reduction of cell volume at each division. Although mitotic spindle size scaling can occur over an order of magnitude in early embryos, in many species the duration of mitosis is relatively short, constant throughout early development and independent of cell size. Therefore, a key challenge for cells during embryo cleavage is not only to assemble a spindle of proper size, but also to do it in an appropriate time window which is compatible with embryo development. How spatial and temporal scaling of the mitotic spindle is achieved and coordinated with the duration of mitosis remains elusive. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that support mitotic spindle spatial and temporal scaling over a wide range of cell sizes and cellular contexts. We will present current models and propose alternative mechanisms allowing cells to spatially and temporally coordinate microtubule and mitotic spindle assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Julien Dumont
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
RACGAP1 variants in a sporadic case of CDA III implicates the dysfunction of centralspindlin as the basis of the disease. Blood 2021; 139:1413-1418. [PMID: 34818416 PMCID: PMC8900277 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
10
|
Russo G, Krauss M. Septin Remodeling During Mammalian Cytokinesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:768309. [PMID: 34805175 PMCID: PMC8600141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis mediates the final separation of a mother cell into two daughter cells. Septins are recruited to the cleavage furrow at an early stage. During cytokinetic progression the septin cytoskeleton is constantly rearranged, ultimately leading to a concentration of septins within the intercellular bridge (ICB), and to the formation of two rings adjacent to the midbody that aid ESCRT-dependent abscission. The molecular mechanisms underlying this behavior are poorly understood. Based on observations that septins can associate with actin, microtubules and associated motors, we review here established roles of septins in mammalian cytokinesis, and discuss, how septins may support cytokinetic progression by exerting their functions at particular sites. Finally, we discuss how this might be assisted by phosphoinositide-metabolizing enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Russo
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Krauss
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thomas A, Gallaud E, Pascal A, Serre L, Arnal I, Richard-Parpaillon L, Savoian MS, Giet R. Peripheral astral microtubules ensure asymmetric furrow positioning in neural stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109895. [PMID: 34706235 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblast division is characterized by asymmetric positioning of the cleavage furrow, resulting in a large difference in size between the future daughter cells. In animal cells, furrow placement and assembly are governed by centralspindlin that accumulates at the equatorial cell cortex of the future cleavage site and at the spindle midzone. In neuroblasts, these two centralspindlin populations are spatially and temporally separated. A leading pool is located at the basal cleavage site and a second pool accumulates at the midzone before traveling to the cleavage site. The cortical centralspindlin population requires peripheral astral microtubules and the chromosome passenger complex for efficient recruitment. Loss of this pool does not prevent cytokinesis but enhances centralspindlin signaling at the midzone, leading to equatorial furrow repositioning and decreased size asymmetry. These data show that basal furrow positioning in neuroblasts results from a competition between different centralspindlin pools in which the cortical pool is dominant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Thomas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Pascal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Serre
- Inserm U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Inserm U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matthew Scott Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Régis Giet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112039118. [PMID: 34588311 PMCID: PMC8501884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112039118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, being essential for cytokinesis of the cell. It is a heterotetramer formed by ZEN-4 and CYK-4 in a 2:2 manner. We determined the crystal structures of centralspindlin, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. We found that centralspindlin clustered to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which depended on the complementary charged residues located at ZEN-4 and CYK-4, respectively, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. The LLPS of centralspindlin is critical for the microtubule bundling activity in vitro and the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our study provides angstrom-to-micron mechanistic insights into central spindle assembly mediated by the centralspindlin complex. The central spindle spatially and temporally regulates the formation of division plane during cytokinesis in animal cells. The heterotetrameric centralspindlin complex bundles microtubules to assemble the central spindle, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the molecular backbone of ZEN-4/CYK-4 centralspindlin from Caenorhabditis elegans, which revealed the detailed mechanism of complex formation. The molecular backbone of centralspindlin has the intrinsic propensity to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation. The condensation of centralspindlin requires two patches of basic residues at ZEN-4 and multiple acidic residues at the intrinsically disordered region of CYK-4, explaining the synergy of the two subunits for the function. These complementary charged residues were critical for the microtubule bundling activity of centralspindlin in vitro and for the assembly of the central spindle in vivo. Together, our findings provide insights into the mechanism of central spindle assembly mediated by centralspindlin through charge-driven macromolecular condensation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Asthana J, Cade NI, Normanno D, Lim WM, Surrey T. Gradual compaction of the central spindle decreases its dynamicity in PRC1 and EB1 gene-edited cells. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101222. [PMID: 34580180 PMCID: PMC8500333 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different anaphase proteins bind with characteristically different strength to the central spindle, the overall central spindle dynamicity slows down as mitosis proceeds. During mitosis, the spindle undergoes morphological and dynamic changes. It reorganizes at the onset of the anaphase when the antiparallel bundler PRC1 accumulates and recruits central spindle proteins to the midzone. Little is known about how the dynamic properties of the central spindle change during its morphological changes in human cells. Using gene editing, we generated human cells that express from their endogenous locus fluorescent PRC1 and EB1 to quantify their native spindle distribution and binding/unbinding turnover. EB1 plus end tracking revealed a general slowdown of microtubule growth, whereas PRC1, similar to its yeast orthologue Ase1, binds increasingly strongly to compacting antiparallel microtubule overlaps. KIF4A and CLASP1 bind more dynamically to the central spindle, but also show slowing down turnover. These results show that the central spindle gradually becomes more stable during mitosis, in agreement with a recent “bundling, sliding, and compaction” model of antiparallel midzone bundle formation in the central spindle during late mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Asthana
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Davide Normanno
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei Ming Lim
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Surrey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK .,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chapa-Y-Lazo B, Hamanaka M, Wray A, Balasubramanian MK, Mishima M. Polar relaxation by dynein-mediated removal of cortical myosin II. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151836. [PMID: 32497213 PMCID: PMC7401816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly six decades ago, Lewis Wolpert proposed the relaxation of the polar cell cortex by the radial arrays of astral microtubules as a mechanism for cleavage furrow induction. While this mechanism has remained controversial, recent work has provided evidence for polar relaxation by astral microtubules, although its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using C. elegans embryos, we show that polar relaxation is achieved through dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes. Mutants that position centrosomes closer to the polar cortex accelerated furrow induction, whereas suppression of dynein activity delayed furrowing. We show that dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes triggers a bidirectional cortical flow toward the cell equator, which induces the assembly of the actomyosin contractile ring. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the aster-dependent polar relaxation, which works in parallel with equatorial stimulation to promote robust cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Chapa-Y-Lazo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Motonari Hamanaka
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alexander Wray
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schneid S, Wolff F, Buchner K, Bertram N, Baygün S, Barbosa P, Mangal S, Zanin E. The BRCT domains of ECT2 have distinct functions during cytokinesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108805. [PMID: 33657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ECT2 activates RhoA in a narrow zone at the cell equator in anaphase. ECT2 consists of three BRCT domains (BRCT0, 1, and 2), a catalytic GEF, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. How the conserved BRCT domains spatially and temporally control ECT2 activity remains unclear. We reveal that each BRCT domain makes distinct contributions to the ECT2 function. We find that BRCT0 contributes to, and BRCT1 is essential for, ECT2 activation in anaphase. BRCT2 integrates two functions: GEF inhibition and RACGAP1 binding, which together limit ECT2 activity to a narrow zone at the cell equator. BRCT2-dependent control of active RhoA zone dimension functions in addition to the inhibitory signal of the astral microtubules. Our analysis provides detailed mechanistic insights into how ECT2 activity is regulated and how that regulation ensures, together with other signaling pathways, successful cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schneid
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Friederike Wolff
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Kristina Buchner
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Nils Bertram
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Seren Baygün
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Sriyash Mangal
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich 82152, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maruyama Y, Sugawa M, Yamaguchi S, Davies T, Osaki T, Kobayashi T, Yamagishi M, Takeuchi S, Mishima M, Yajima J. CYK4 relaxes the bias in the off-axis motion by MKLP1 kinesin-6. Commun Biol 2021; 4:180. [PMID: 33568771 PMCID: PMC7876049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex of the MKLP1 kinesin-6 and CYK4 GAP subunits, plays key roles in metazoan cytokinesis. CYK4-binding to the long neck region of MKLP1 restricts the configuration of the two MKLP1 motor domains in the centralspindlin. However, it is unclear how the CYK4-binding modulates the interaction of MKLP1 with a microtubule. Here, we performed three-dimensional nanometry of a microbead coated with multiple MKLP1 molecules on a freely suspended microtubule. We found that beads driven by dimeric MKLP1 exhibited persistently left-handed helical trajectories around the microtubule axis, indicating torque generation. By contrast, centralspindlin, like monomeric MKLP1, showed similarly left-handed but less persistent helical movement with occasional rightward movements. Analysis of the fluctuating helical movement indicated that the MKLP1 stochastically makes off-axis motions biased towards the protofilament on the left. CYK4-binding to the neck domains in MKLP1 enables more flexible off-axis motion of centralspindlin, which would help to avoid obstacles along crowded spindle microtubules. Analysing the 3D movement of MKLP1 motors, Maruyama et al. find that dimeric C. elegans MKLP1 drives a left-handed helical motion around the microtubule with minimum protofilament switching to the right side whereas less persistent motions are driven by monomers or by heterotetramers with CYK4. These findings suggest how obstacles along crowded spindle microtubules may be avoided by CYK4 binding to MKLP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Maruyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sugawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tim Davies
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamagishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Research Center for complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pal D, Ellis A, Sepúlveda-Ramírez SP, Salgado T, Terrazas I, Reyes G, De La Rosa R, Henson JH, Shuster CB. Rac and Arp2/3-Nucleated Actin Networks Antagonize Rho During Mitotic and Meiotic Cleavages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591141. [PMID: 33282870 PMCID: PMC7705106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In motile cells, the activities of the different Rho family GTPases are spatially segregated within the cell, and during cytokinesis there is evidence that this may also be the case. But while Rho’s role as the central organizer for contractile ring assembly is well established, the role of Rac and the branched actin networks it promotes is less well understood. To characterize the contributions of these proteins during cytokinesis, we manipulated Rac and Arp2/3 activity during mitosis and meiosis in sea urchin embryos and sea star oocytes. While neither Rac nor Arp2/3 were essential for early embryonic divisions, loss of either Rac or Arp2/3 activity resulted in polar body defects. Expression of activated Rac resulted in cytokinesis failure as early as the first division, and in oocytes, activated Rac suppressed both the Rho wave that traverses the oocyte prior to polar body extrusion as well as polar body formation itself. However, the inhibitory effect of Rac on cytokinesis, polar body formation and the Rho wave could be suppressed by effector-binding mutations or direct inhibition of Arp2/3. Together, these results suggest that Rac- and Arp2/3 mediated actin networks may directly antagonize Rho signaling, thus providing a potential mechanism to explain why Arp2/3-nucleated branched actin networks must be suppressed at the cell equator for successful cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debadrita Pal
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Andrea Ellis
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | | | - Torey Salgado
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Isabella Terrazas
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Gabriela Reyes
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Richard De La Rosa
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - John H Henson
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Charles B Shuster
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carim SC, Kechad A, Hickson GRX. Animal Cell Cytokinesis: The Rho-Dependent Actomyosin-Anilloseptin Contractile Ring as a Membrane Microdomain Gathering, Compressing, and Sorting Machine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:575226. [PMID: 33117802 PMCID: PMC7575755 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.575226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last step of cell division that partitions the cellular organelles and cytoplasm of one cell into two. In animal cells, cytokinesis requires Rho-GTPase-dependent assembly of F-actin and myosin II (actomyosin) to form an equatorial contractile ring (CR) that bisects the cell. Despite 50 years of research, the precise mechanisms of CR assembly, tension generation and closure remain elusive. This hypothesis article considers a holistic view of the CR that, in addition to actomyosin, includes another Rho-dependent cytoskeletal sub-network containing the scaffold protein, Anillin, and septin filaments (collectively termed anillo-septin). We synthesize evidence from our prior work in Drosophila S2 cells that actomyosin and anillo-septin form separable networks that are independently anchored to the plasma membrane. This latter realization leads to a simple conceptual model in which CR assembly and closure depend upon the micro-management of the membrane microdomains to which actomyosin and anillo-septin sub-networks are attached. During CR assembly, actomyosin contractility gathers and compresses its underlying membrane microdomain attachment sites. These microdomains resist this compression, which builds tension. During CR closure, membrane microdomains are transferred from the actomyosin sub-network to the anillo-septin sub-network, with which they flow out of the CR as it advances. This relative outflow of membrane microdomains regulates tension, reduces the circumference of the CR and promotes actomyosin disassembly all at the same time. According to this hypothesis, the metazoan CR can be viewed as a membrane microdomain gathering, compressing and sorting machine that intrinsically buffers its own tension through coordination of actomyosin contractility and anillo-septin-membrane relative outflow, all controlled by Rho. Central to this model is the abandonment of the dogmatic view that the plasma membrane is always readily deformable by the underlying cytoskeleton. Rather, the membrane resists compression to build tension. The notion that the CR might generate tension through resistance to compression of its own membrane microdomain attachment sites, can account for numerous otherwise puzzling observations and warrants further investigation using multiple systems and methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrya C. Carim
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amel Kechad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles R. X. Hickson
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gómez-Cavazos JS, Lee KY, Lara-González P, Li Y, Desai A, Shiau AK, Oegema K. A Non-canonical BRCT-Phosphopeptide Recognition Mechanism Underlies RhoA Activation in Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3101-3115.e11. [PMID: 32619481 PMCID: PMC7438317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis partitions the cell contents to complete mitosis. During cytokinesis, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) activates the small GTPase RhoA to assemble a contractile actomyosin ring. PLK1 is proposed to pattern RhoA activation by creating a docking site on the central spindle that concentrates the RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2. However, ECT2 targeting to the central spindle is dispensable for cytokinesis, indicating that how PLK1 controls RhoA activation remains unresolved. To address this question, we employed an unbiased approach targeting ∼100 predicted PLK1 sites in two RhoA regulators: ECT2 and the centralspindlin complex, composed of CYK4 and kinesin-6. This comprehensive approach suggested that the only functionally critical PLK1 target sites are in a single cluster in the CYK4 N terminus. Phosphorylation of this cluster promoted direct interaction of CYK4 with the BRCT repeat module of ECT2. However, mutational analysis in vitro and in vivo led to the surprising finding that the interaction was independent of the conserved "canonical" residues in ECT2's BRCT repeat module that, based on structurally characterized BRCT-phosphopeptide interactions, were presumed critical for binding. Instead, we show that the ECT2 BRCT module binds phosphorylated CYK4 via a distinct conserved basic surface. Basic surface mutations mimic the effects on cytokinesis of loss of CYK4 cluster phosphorylation or inhibition of PLK1 activity. Together with evidence for ECT2 autoinhibition limiting interaction with CYK4 in the cytoplasm, these results suggest that a spatial gradient of phosphorylated CYK4 around the central spindle patterns RhoA activation by interacting with ECT2 on the adjacent plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastián Gómez-Cavazos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Kian-Yong Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Yanchi Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Midbody Remnant Inheritance Is Regulated by the ESCRT Subunit CHMP4C. iScience 2020; 23:101244. [PMID: 32629610 PMCID: PMC7322264 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of the midbody remnant (MBR) breaks the symmetry of the two daughter cells, with functional consequences for lumen and primary cilium formation by polarized epithelial cells, and also for development and differentiation. However, despite its importance, neither the relationship between the plasma membrane and the inherited MBR nor the mechanism of MBR inheritance is well known. Here, the analysis by correlative light and ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy reveals a membranous stalk that physically connects the MBR to the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The stalk, which derives from the uncleaved side of the midbody, concentrates the ESCRT machinery. The ESCRT CHMP4C subunit enables MBR inheritance, and its depletion dramatically reduces the percentage of ciliated cells. We demonstrate (1) that MBRs are physically connected to the plasma membrane, (2) how CHMP4C helps maintain the integrity of the connection, and (3) the functional importance of the connection. Most midbody remnants of MDCK cells are physically connected to the apical membrane The connection derives from the uncleaved arm of the midbody CHMP4C distributes asymmetrically in the connection and maintains its integrity A connected midbody remnant is necessary for primary cilium formation by these cells
Collapse
|
21
|
Structure and regulation of human epithelial cell transforming 2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1027-1035. [PMID: 31888991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913054117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell transforming 2 (Ect2) protein activates Rho GTPases and controls cytokinesis and many other cellular processes. Dysregulation of Ect2 is associated with various cancers. Here, we report the crystal structure of human Ect2 and complementary mechanistic analyses. The data show the C-terminal PH domain of Ect2 folds back and blocks the canonical RhoA-binding site at the catalytic center of the DH domain, providing a mechanism of Ect2 autoinhibition. Ect2 is activated by binding of GTP-bound RhoA to the PH domain, which suggests an allosteric mechanism of Ect2 activation and a positive-feedback loop reinforcing RhoA signaling. This bimodal RhoA binding of Ect2 is unusual and was confirmed with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analyses. Several recurrent cancer-associated mutations map to the catalytic and regulatory interfaces, and dysregulate Ect2 in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into Ect2 regulation in normal cells and under disease conditions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Leone M, Musa G, Engel FB. Cardiomyocyte binucleation is associated with aberrant mitotic microtubule distribution, mislocalization of RhoA and IQGAP3, as well as defective actomyosin ring anchorage and cleavage furrow ingression. Cardiovasc Res 2019. [PMID: 29522098 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims After birth mammalian cardiomyocytes initiate a last cell cycle which results in binucleation due to cytokinesis failure. Despite its importance for cardiac regenerative therapies, this process is poorly understood. Here, we aimed at a better understanding of the difference between cardiomyocyte proliferation and binucleation and providing a new tool to distinguish these two processes. Methods and results Monitoring of cell division by time-lapse imaging revealed that rat cardiomyocyte binucleation stems from a failure to properly ingress the cleavage furrow. Astral microtubule required for actomyosin ring anchorage and thus furrow ingression were not symmetrically distributed at the periphery of the equatorial region during anaphase in binucleating cardiomyocytes. Consequently, RhoA, the master regulator of actomyosin ring formation and constriction, non-muscle myosin IIB, a central component of the actomyosin ring, as well as IQGAP3 were abnormally localized during cytokinesis. In agreement with improper furrow ingression, binucleation in vitro and in vivo was associated with a failure of RhoA and IQGAP3 to localize to the stembody of the midbody. Conclusion Taken together, these results indicate that naturally occurring cytokinesis failure in primary cardiomyocytes is due to an aberrant mitotic microtubule apparatus resulting in inefficient anchorage of the actomyosin ring to the plasma cell membrane. Thus, cardiomyocyte binucleation and division can be discriminated by the analysis of RhoA as well as IQGAP3 localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leone
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Benedikt Engel
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kondo T, Kimura A. Choice between 1- and 2-furrow cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos with tripolar spindles. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2065-2075. [PMID: 30785847 PMCID: PMC6727771 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive centrosomes often lead to multipolar spindles, and thus probably to multipolar mitosis and aneuploidy. In Caenorhabditis elegans, ∼70% of the paternal emb-27APC6 mutant embryonic cells contained more than two centrosomes and formed multipolar spindles. However, only ~30% of the cells with tripolar spindles formed two cytokinetic furrows. The rest formed one furrow, similar to normal cells. To investigate the mechanism via which cells avoid forming two cytokinetic furrows even with a tripolar spindle, we conducted live-cell imaging in emb-27APC6 mutant cells. We observed that the chromatids were aligned on only two of the three sides of the tripolar spindle, and the angle of the tripolar spindle relative to the long axis of the cell correlated with the number of cytokinetic furrows. Our numerical modeling showed that the combination of cell shape, cortical pulling forces, and heterogeneity of centrosome size determines whether cells with a tripolar spindle form one or two cytokinetic furrows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Kondo
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Adriaans IE, Basant A, Ponsioen B, Glotzer M, Lens SM. PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1250-1264. [PMID: 30728176 PMCID: PMC6446842 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis begins upon anaphase onset. An early step involves local activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which triggers assembly of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex. Here, we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone, making it unavailable for Aurora B at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E. Adriaans
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angika Basant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susanne M.A. Lens
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dekraker C, Boucher E, Mandato CA. Regulation and Assembly of Actomyosin Contractile Rings in Cytokinesis and Cell Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2051-2066. [PMID: 30312008 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair both involve contractile assemblies of filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II organized into characteristic ring-like arrays. The assembly of these actomyosin contractile rings (CRs) is specified spatially and temporally by small Rho GTPases, which trigger local actin polymerization and myosin II contractility via a variety of downstream effectors. We now have a much clearer view of the Rho GTPase signaling cascade that leads to the formation of CRs, but some factors involved in CR positioning, assembly, and function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that this regulation is multifactorial and goes beyond the long-established Ca2+ -dependent processes. There is substantial evidence that the Ca2+ -independent changes in cell shape, tension, and plasma membrane composition that characterize cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair also regulate CR formation. Elucidating the regulation and mechanistic properties of CRs is important to our understanding of basic cell biology and holds potential for therapeutic applications in human disease. In this review, we present a primer on the factors influencing and regulating CR positioning, assembly, and contraction as they occur in a variety of cytokinetic and single-cell wound repair models. Anat Rec, 301:2051-2066, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Dekraker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Davies T, Kim HX, Romano Spica N, Lesea-Pringle BJ, Dumont J, Shirasu-Hiza M, Canman JC. Cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms promote cell-type-specific cytokinetic diversity. eLife 2018; 7:36204. [PMID: 30028292 PMCID: PMC6054530 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the physical division of one cell into two, is powered by constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring. It has long been assumed that all animal cells divide by a similar molecular mechanism, but growing evidence suggests that cytokinetic regulation in individual cell types has more variation than previously realized. In the four-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, each blastomere has a distinct cell fate, specified by conserved pathways. Using fast-acting temperature-sensitive mutants and acute drug treatment, we identified cell-type-specific variation in the cytokinetic requirement for a robust forminCYK-1-dependent filamentous-actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton. In one cell (P2), this cytokinetic variation is cell-intrinsically regulated, whereas in another cell (EMS) this variation is cell-extrinsically regulated, dependent on both SrcSRC-1 signaling and direct contact with its neighbor cell, P2. Thus, both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms control cytokinetic variation in individual cell types and can protect against division failure when the contractile ring is weakened. The successful division of one cell into two is essential for all organisms to live, grow and reproduce. For an animal cell, the nucleus – the compartment containing the genetic material – must divide before the surrounding material. The rest of the cell, called the cytoplasm, physically separates later in a process known as cytokinesis. Cytokinesis in animal cells is driven by the formation of a ring in the middle of the dividing cell. The ring is composed of myosin motor proteins and filaments made of a protein called actin. The movements of the motor proteins along the filaments cause the ring to contract and tighten. This pulls the cell membrane inward and physically pinches the cell into two. For a long time, the mechanism of cytokinesis was assumed to be same across different types of animal cell, but later evidence suggested otherwise. For example, in liver, heat and bone cells, cytokinesis naturally fails during development to create cells with two or more nuclei. If a similar ‘failure’ happened in other cell types, it could lead to diseases such as cancers or blood disorders. This raised the question: what are the molecular mechanisms that allow cytokinesis to happen differently in different cell types? Davies et al. investigated this question using embryos of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans at a stage in their development when they consist of just four cells. The proteins forming the contractile ring in this worm are the same as those in humans. However, in the worm, the contractile ring can easily be damaged using chemical inhibitors or by mutating the genes that encode its proteins. Davies et al. show that when the contractile ring was damaged, two of the four cells in the worm embryo still divided successfully. This result indicates the existence of new mechanisms to divide the cytoplasm that allow division even with a weak contractile ring. In a further experiment, the embryos were dissected to isolate each of the four cells. Davies et al. saw that one of the two dividing cells could still divide on its own, while the other cell could not. This shows that this new method of cytokinesis is regulated both by factors inherent to the dividing cell and by external signals from other cells. Moreover, one of these extrinsic signals was found to be a signaling protein that had previously been implicated in human cancers. Future work will determine if these variations in cytokinesis between the different cell types found in the worm apply to humans too; and, more importantly from a therapeutic standpoint, if these new mechanisms exist in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Davies
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Han X Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Natalia Romano Spica
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Benjamin J Lesea-Pringle
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Julien Dumont
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mangal S, Sacher J, Kim T, Osório DS, Motegi F, Carvalho AX, Oegema K, Zanin E. TPXL-1 activates Aurora A to clear contractile ring components from the polar cortex during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:837-848. [PMID: 29311228 PMCID: PMC5839786 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, a signal from the central spindle that forms between the separating anaphase chromosomes promotes the accumulation of contractile ring components at the cell equator, while a signal from the centrosomal microtubule asters inhibits accumulation of contractile ring components at the cell poles. However, the molecular identity of the inhibitory signal has remained unknown. To identify molecular components of the aster-based inhibitory signal, we developed a means to monitor the removal of contractile ring proteins from the polar cortex after anaphase onset. Using this assay, we show that polar clearing is an active process that requires activation of Aurora A kinase by TPXL-1. TPXL-1 concentrates on astral microtubules coincident with polar clearing in anaphase, and its ability to recruit Aurora A and activate its kinase activity are essential for clearing. In summary, our data identify Aurora A kinase as an aster-based inhibitory signal that restricts contractile ring components to the cell equator during cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriyash Mangal
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jennifer Sacher
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel Sampaio Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Esther Zanin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lim TC, Hatano T, Kamnev A, Balasubramanian MK, Chew TG. Equatorial Assembly of the Cell-Division Actomyosin Ring in the Absence of Cytokinetic Spatial Cues. Curr Biol 2018; 28:955-962.e3. [PMID: 29502950 PMCID: PMC5863765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The position of the division site dictates the size and fate of daughter cells in many organisms. In animal cells, division-site placement involves overlapping mechanisms, including signaling from the central spindle microtubules, astral microtubules, and spindle poles and through polar contractions [1, 2, 3]. In fission yeast, division-site positioning requires overlapping mechanisms involving the anillin-related protein Mid1 and the tip complex (comprising the Kelch-repeat protein Tea1, the Dyrk-kinase Pom1, and the SH3-domain protein Tea4) [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. In addition to these factors, cell shape has also been shown to participate in the maintenance of the position of the actomyosin ring [12, 13, 14]. The first principles guiding actomyosin ring placement, however, have not been elucidated in any organism. Because actomyosin ring positioning, ring assembly, and cell morphogenesis are genetically separable in fission yeast, we have used it to derive actomyosin ring placement mechanisms from first principles. We report that, during ring assembly in the absence of cytokinetic cues (anillin-related Mid1 and tip-complex proteins), actin bundles follow the path of least curvature and assemble actomyosin rings in an equatorial position in spherical protoplasts and along the long axis in cylindrical cells and compressed protoplasts. The equatorial position of rings is abolished upon treatment of protoplasts with an actin-severing compound or by slowing down actin polymerization. We propose that the physical properties of actin filaments/bundles play key roles in actomyosin ring assembly and positioning, and that key cytokinetic molecules may modulate the length of actin filaments to promote ring assembly along the short axis. Spheroplasts lacking cytokinetic spatial cues assemble equatorial actomyosin rings An actin-severing compound abolishes equatorial ring assembly in spheroplasts Actin bundles favor the path of least curvature in the absence of cytokinetic cues
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzer Chyn Lim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tomoyuki Hatano
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ting Gang Chew
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Capalbo L, Mela I, Abad MA, Jeyaprakash AA, Edwardson JM, D'Avino PP. Coordinated regulation of the ESCRT-III component CHMP4C by the chromosomal passenger complex and centralspindlin during cytokinesis. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160248. [PMID: 27784789 PMCID: PMC5090064 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC)—composed of Aurora B kinase, Borealin, Survivin and INCENP—surveys the fidelity of genome segregation throughout cell division. The CPC has been proposed to prevent polyploidy by controlling the final separation (known as abscission) of the two daughter cells via regulation of the ESCRT-III CHMP4C component. The molecular details are, however, still unclear. Using atomic force microscopy, we show that CHMP4C binds to and remodels membranes in vitro. Borealin prevents the association of CHMP4C with membranes, whereas Aurora B interferes with CHMP4C's membrane remodelling activity. Moreover, we show that CHMP4C phosphorylation is not required for its assembly into spiral filaments at the abscission site and that two distinctly localized pools of phosphorylated CHMP4C exist during cytokinesis. We also characterized the CHMP4C interactome in telophase cells and show that the centralspindlin complex associates preferentially with unphosphorylated CHMP4C in cytokinesis. Our findings indicate that gradual dephosphorylation of CHMP4C triggers a ‘relay’ mechanism between the CPC and centralspindlin that regulates the timely distribution and activation of CHMP4C for the execution of abscission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Capalbo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Maria Alba Abad
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - A Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - J Michael Edwardson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Pier Paolo D'Avino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Taulet N, Vitre B, Anguille C, Douanier A, Rocancourt M, Taschner M, Lorentzen E, Echard A, Delaval B. IFT proteins spatially control the geometry of cleavage furrow ingression and lumen positioning. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1928. [PMID: 29203870 PMCID: PMC5715026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis mediates the physical separation of dividing cells and, in 3D epithelia, provides a spatial landmark for lumen formation. Here, we unravel an unexpected role in cytokinesis for proteins of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery, initially characterized for their ciliary role and their link to polycystic kidney disease. Using 2D and 3D cultures of renal cells, we show that IFT proteins are required to correctly shape the central spindle, to control symmetric cleavage furrow ingression and to ensure central lumen positioning. Mechanistically, IFT88 directly interacts with the kinesin MKLP2 and is essential for the correct relocalization of the Aurora B/MKLP2 complex to the central spindle. IFT88 is thus required for proper centralspindlin distribution and central spindle microtubule organization. Overall, this work unravels a novel non-ciliary mechanism for IFT proteins at the central spindle, which could contribute to kidney cyst formation by affecting lumen positioning. Cytokinesis relies on central spindle organization and provides a spatial landmark for lumen formation. Here, the authors show that intraflagellar transport proteins are required for the localization of the cytokinetic regulator Aurora B and subsequent cleavage furrow ingression and lumen positioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Taulet
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, Cilia and Pathology Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Vitre
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, Cilia and Pathology Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Anguille
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, Cilia and Pathology Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Douanier
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, Cilia and Pathology Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Murielle Rocancourt
- Institut PASTEUR, CNRS UMR 3691 Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Cell Biology and Infection Department, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michael Taschner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut PASTEUR, CNRS UMR 3691 Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Cell Biology and Infection Department, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Delaval
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, Cilia and Pathology Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mitchison TJ, Field CM. Spindle-to-Cortex Communication in Cleaving Frog Eggs. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 82:165-171. [PMID: 29196560 PMCID: PMC5984124 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.033654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the mitotic spindle communicates with the cell cortex to position a cleavage furrow that will cut through the cell in the plane defined by the metaphase plate. We investigated the molecular basis of this communication in Xenopus laevis eggs, where the signal has to travel ∼400 µm in ∼30 min to reach the cortex from the first anaphase spindle. At anaphase onset, huge microtubule asters grow out from the poles of the spindle and meet at the plane previously defined by the metaphase plate. This disc-shaped boundary plane recruits the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) and centralspindlin to antiparallel microtubule bundles. It grows out to the cell cortex as the asters expand, where it induces the furrow. CPC and centralspindlin were not recruited to boundaries between asters from different spindles, suggesting a role of chromatin in triggering the CPC-positive state. Recruitment of CPC to aster boundaries was reconstituted in an extract system, and we observed that recruitment was stimulated by proximity to chromatin. Finally, we discuss models for molecular processes involved in initiation and growth of the CPC-positive disc that communicates the position of the metaphase plate to the cortex over hundreds of micrometers in frog eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Christine M Field
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ogura Y, Sasakura Y. Emerging mechanisms regulating mitotic synchrony during animal embryogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:565-579. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ogura
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; Kobe Japan
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Shizuoka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
König J, Frankel EB, Audhya A, Müller-Reichert T. Membrane remodeling during embryonic abscission in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1277-1286. [PMID: 28325808 PMCID: PMC5412558 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis and results in the physical separation of two daughter cells. In this study, we conducted a time-resolved series of electron tomographic reconstructions to define the steps required for the first embryonic abscission in Caenorhabditis elegans Our findings indicate that membrane scission occurs on both sides of the midbody ring with random order and that completion of the scission process requires actomyosin-driven membrane remodeling, but not microtubules. Moreover, continuous membrane removal predominates during the late stages of cytokinesis, mediated by both dynamin and the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. Surprisingly, in the absence of ESCRT function in C. elegans, cytokinetic abscission is delayed but can be completed, suggesting the existence of parallel membrane-reorganizing pathways that cooperatively enable the efficient severing of cytoplasmic connections between dividing daughter cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia König
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - E B Frankel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Anjon Audhya
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hasley A, Chavez S, Danilchik M, Wühr M, Pelegri F. Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:117-171. [PMID: 27975272 PMCID: PMC6500441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of the earliest cell divisions in a vertebrate embryo lays the groundwork for later developmental events such as gastrulation, organogenesis, and overall body plan establishment. Understanding these early cleavage patterns and the mechanisms that create them is thus crucial for the study of vertebrate development. This chapter describes the early cleavage stages for species representing ray-finned fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and proto-vertebrate ascidians and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms that govern these patterns. The nearly universal influence of cell shape on orientation and positioning of spindles and cleavage furrows and the mechanisms that mediate this influence are discussed. We discuss in particular models of aster and spindle centering and orientation in large embryonic blastomeres that rely on asymmetric internal pulling forces generated by the cleavage furrow for the previous cell cycle. Also explored are mechanisms that integrate cell division given the limited supply of cellular building blocks in the egg and several-fold changes of cell size during early development, as well as cytoskeletal specializations specific to early blastomeres including processes leading to blastomere cohesion. Finally, we discuss evolutionary conclusions beginning to emerge from the contemporary analysis of the phylogenetic distributions of cleavage patterns. In sum, this chapter seeks to summarize our current understanding of vertebrate early embryonic cleavage patterns and their control and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hasley
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shawn Chavez
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Michael Danilchik
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, L499, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Department of Molecular Biology & The Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Icahn Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Scholey JM, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Brust-Mascher I. Anaphase B. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5040051. [PMID: 27941648 PMCID: PMC5192431 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaphase B spindle elongation is characterized by the sliding apart of overlapping antiparallel interpolar (ip) microtubules (MTs) as the two opposite spindle poles separate, pulling along disjoined sister chromatids, thereby contributing to chromosome segregation and the propagation of all cellular life. The major biochemical “modules” that cooperate to mediate pole–pole separation include: (i) midzone pushing or (ii) braking by MT crosslinkers, such as kinesin-5 motors, which facilitate or restrict the outward sliding of antiparallel interpolar MTs (ipMTs); (iii) cortical pulling by disassembling astral MTs (aMTs) and/or dynein motors that pull aMTs outwards; (iv) ipMT plus end dynamics, notably net polymerization; and (v) ipMT minus end depolymerization manifest as poleward flux. The differential combination of these modules in different cell types produces diversity in the anaphase B mechanism. Combinations of antagonist modules can create a force balance that maintains the dynamic pre-anaphase B spindle at constant length. Tipping such a force balance at anaphase B onset can initiate and control the rate of spindle elongation. The activities of the basic motor filament components of the anaphase B machinery are controlled by a network of non-motor MT-associated proteins (MAPs), for example the key MT cross-linker, Ase1p/PRC1, and various cell-cycle kinases, phosphatases, and proteases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of anaphase B spindle elongation in eukaryotic cells and briefly mentions bacterial DNA segregation systems that operate by spindle elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mogilner A, Manhart A. Agent-based modeling: case study in cleavage furrow models. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3379-3384. [PMID: 27811328 PMCID: PMC5221574 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of studies in cell biology in which quantitative models accompany experiments has been growing steadily. Roughly, mathematical and computational techniques of these models can be classified as "differential equation based" (DE) or "agent based" (AB). Recently AB models have started to outnumber DE models, but understanding of AB philosophy and methodology is much less widespread than familiarity with DE techniques. Here we use the history of modeling a fundamental biological problem-positioning of the cleavage furrow in dividing cells-to explain how and why DE and AB models are used. We discuss differences, advantages, and shortcomings of these two approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Angelika Manhart
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| |
Collapse
|