1
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Eckhart L, Holthaus KB, Sachslehner AP. Cell differentiation in the embryonic periderm and in scaffolding epithelia of skin appendages. Dev Biol 2024; 515:60-66. [PMID: 38964706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of epithelial cells is critical for the barrier function of the skin, the growth of skin appendages, such as hair and nails, and the development of the skin of amniotes. Here, we present the hypothesis that the differentiation of cells in the embryonic periderm shares characteristic features with the differentiation of epithelial cells that support the morphogenesis of cornified skin appendages during postnatal life. The periderm prevents aberrant fusion of adjacent epithelial sites during early skin development. It is shed off when keratinocytes of the epidermis form the cornified layer, the stratum corneum. A similar role is played by epithelia that ensheath cornifying skin appendages until they disintegrate to allow the separation of the mature part of the skin appendage from the adjacent tissue. These epithelia, exemplified by the inner root sheath of hair follicles and the epithelia close to the free edge of nails or claws, are referred to as scaffolding epithelia. The periderm and scaffolding epithelia are similar with regard to their transient functions in separating tissues and the conserved expression of trichohyalin and trichohyalin-like genes in mammals and birds. Thus, we propose that parts of the peridermal differentiation program were coopted to a new postnatal function during the evolution of cornified skin appendages in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Yang CW, Yin B, Shi JY, Shi B, Jia ZL. Causal Variations at IRF6 Gene Identified in Van der Woude Syndrome Pedigrees. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:1134-1142. [PMID: 36866619 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231157575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) and to detect variations in each patient. Finally, the combination of genotype and phenotype can make a clear diagnosis of VWS patients with different phenotype penetrance. Five Chinese VWS pedigree were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing of the proband was performed, and the potential pathogenic variation was further verified by Sanger sequencing in the patient and their parents. The human mutant IRF6 coding sequence was generated from the human full-length IRF6 plasmid by site-directed mutagenesis and cloned into the GV658 vector, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of IRF6. We found one de novo nonsense variation (p. Gln118Ter) and three novel missense variations (p. Gly301Glu, p. Gly267Ala, and p. Glu404Gly) co-segregated with VWS. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that p. Glu404Gly significantly reduced the expression level of IRF6 mRNA. Western blot of cell lysates confirmed that IRF6 p. Glu404Gly abundance levels were lower than those for IRF6 wild type. This discovery of the novel variation (IRF6 p. Glu404Gly) expands the spectrum of known variations in VWS in Chinese humans. Genetic results combined with clinical phenotypes and differential diagnosis points from other diseases can make a definitive diagnosis and provide genetic counseling for families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Yu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Ramkumar N, Richardson C, O'Brien M, Butt FA, Park J, Chao AT, Bagnat M, Poss K, Di Talia S. Phased ERK-responsiveness and developmental robustness regulate teleost skin morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593750. [PMID: 38798380 PMCID: PMC11118522 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Elongation of the vertebrate embryonic axis necessitates rapid expansion of the epidermis to accommodate the growth of underlying tissues. Here, we generated a toolkit to visualize and quantify signaling in entire cell populations of periderm, the outermost layer of the epidermis, in live developing zebrafish. We find that oriented cell divisions facilitate growth of the early periderm during axial elongation rather than cell addition from the basal layer. Activity levels of ERK, a downstream effector of MAPK pathway, gauged by a live biosensor, predicts cell cycle entry, and optogenetic ERK activation controls proliferation dynamics. As development proceeds, rates of peridermal cell proliferation decrease, ERK activity becomes more pulsatile and functionally transitions to promote hypertrophic cell growth. Targeted genetic blockade of cell division generates animals with oversized periderm cells, yet, unexpectedly, development to adulthood is not impaired. Our findings reveal stage-dependent differential responsiveness to ERK signaling and marked developmental robustness in growing teleost skin.
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4
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Holthaus KB, Eckhart L. Development-Associated Genes of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC). J Dev Biol 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38248869 PMCID: PMC10801484 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes that encode protein components of the outermost layers of the epidermis in mammals, reptiles and birds. The development of the stratified epidermis from a single-layered ectoderm involves an embryo-specific superficial cell layer, the periderm. An additional layer, the subperiderm, develops in crocodilians and over scutate scales of birds. Here, we review the expression of EDC genes during embryonic development. Several EDC genes are expressed predominantly or exclusively in embryo-specific cell layers, whereas others are confined to the epidermal layers that are maintained in postnatal skin. The S100 fused-type proteins scaffoldin and trichohyalin are expressed in the avian and mammalian periderm, respectively. Scaffoldin forms the so-called periderm granules, which are histological markers of the periderm in birds. Epidermal differentiation cysteine-rich protein (EDCRP) and epidermal differentiation protein containing DPCC motifs (EDDM) are expressed in the avian subperiderm where they are supposed to undergo cross-linking via disulfide bonds. Furthermore, a histidine-rich epidermal differentiation protein and feather-type corneous beta-proteins, also known as beta-keratins, are expressed in the subperiderm. The accumulating evidence for roles of EDC genes in the development of the epidermis has implications on the evolutionary diversification of the skin in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Jacob T, Annusver K, Czarnewski P, Dalessandri T, Kalk C, Levra Levron C, Campamà Sanz N, Kastriti ME, Mikkola ML, Rendl M, Lichtenberger BM, Donati G, Björklund ÅK, Kasper M. Molecular and spatial landmarks of early mouse skin development. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2140-2162.e5. [PMID: 37591247 PMCID: PMC11088744 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of specialized cell populations within the skin facilitates its hair-producing, protective, sensory, and thermoregulatory functions. How the vast cell-type diversity and tissue architecture develops is largely unexplored. Here, with single-cell transcriptomics, spatial cell-type assignment, and cell-lineage tracing, we deconstruct early embryonic mouse skin during the key transitions from seemingly uniform developmental precursor states to a multilayered, multilineage epithelium, and complex dermal identity. We identify the spatiotemporal emergence of hair-follicle-inducing, muscle-supportive, and fascia-forming fibroblasts. We also demonstrate the formation of the panniculus carnosus muscle (PCM), sprouting blood vessels without pericyte coverage, and the earliest residence of mast and dendritic immune cells in skin. Finally, we identify an unexpected epithelial heterogeneity within the early single-layered epidermis and a signaling-rich periderm layer. Overall, this cellular and molecular blueprint of early skin development-which can be explored at https://kasperlab.org/tools-establishes histological landmarks and highlights unprecedented dynamic interactions among skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jacob
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Dalessandri
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kalk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Levra Levron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Nil Campamà Sanz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Rendl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Beate M Lichtenberger
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giacomo Donati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Åsa K Björklund
- Department of Life Science, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Urwyler-Rösselet C, Tanghe G, Devos M, Hulpiau P, Saeys Y, Declercq W. Functions of the RIP kinase family members in the skin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:285. [PMID: 37688617 PMCID: PMC10492769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPK) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the integration of various stress signals. In response to several extracellular and/or intracellular stimuli, RIP kinases engage signaling cascades leading to the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell death, inflammation, differentiation and Wnt signaling and can have kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions. Although it was previously suggested that seven RIPKs are part of the RIPK family, phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are only five genuine RIPKs. RIPK1 and RIPK3 are mainly involved in controlling and executing necroptosis in keratinocytes, while RIPK4 controls proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and thereby can act as a tumor suppressor in skin. Therefore, in this review we summarize and discuss the functions of RIPKs in skin homeostasis as well as the signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Urwyler-Rösselet
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giel Tanghe
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Howest University of Applied Sciences, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Maili L, Tandon B, Yuan Q, Menezes S, Chiu F, Hashmi SS, Letra A, Eisenhoffer GT, Hecht JT. Disruption of fos causes craniofacial anomalies in developing zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1141893. [PMID: 37664458 PMCID: PMC10469461 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1141893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a complex and tightly regulated process and disruptions can lead to structural birth defects, the most common being nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP). Previously, we identified FOS as a candidate regulator of NSCLP through family-based association studies, yet its specific contributions to oral and palatal formation are poorly understood. This study investigated the role of fos during zebrafish craniofacial development through genetic disruption and knockdown approaches. Fos was expressed in the periderm, olfactory epithelium and other cell populations in the head. Genetic perturbation of fos produced an abnormal craniofacial phenotype with a hypoplastic oral cavity that showed significant changes in midface dimensions by quantitative facial morphometric analysis. Loss and knockdown of fos caused increased cell apoptosis in the head, followed by a significant reduction in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) populating the upper and lower jaws. These changes resulted in abnormalities of cartilage, bone and pharyngeal teeth formation. Periderm cells surrounding the oral cavity showed altered morphology and a subset of cells in the upper and lower lip showed disrupted Wnt/β-catenin activation, consistent with modified inductive interactions between mesenchymal and epithelial cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that perturbation of fos has detrimental effects on oral epithelial and CNCC-derived tissues suggesting that it plays a critical role in zebrafish craniofacial development and a potential role in NSCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Maili
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bhavna Tandon
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qiuping Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Simone Menezes
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Frankie Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - S. Shahrukh Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George T. Eisenhoffer
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Sulic AM, Das Roy R, Papagno V, Lan Q, Saikkonen R, Jernvall J, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Transcriptomic landscape of early hair follicle and epidermal development. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112643. [PMID: 37318953 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of ectodermal organs, such as hair, tooth, and mammary gland, starts with the formation of local epithelial thickenings, or placodes, but it remains to be determined how distinct cell types and differentiation programs are established during ontogeny. Here, we use bulk and single-cell transcriptomics and pseudotime modeling to address these questions in developing hair follicles and epidermis and produce a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of cellular populations in the hair placode and interplacodal epithelium. We report previously unknown cell populations and marker genes, including early suprabasal and genuine interfollicular basal markers, and propose the identity of suprabasal progenitors. By uncovering four different hair placode cell populations organized in three spatially distinct areas, with fine gene expression gradients between them, we posit early biases in cell fate establishment. This work is accompanied by a readily accessible online tool to stimulate further research on skin appendages and their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Sulic
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rishi Das Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Verdiana Papagno
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiang Lan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Saikkonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Stabell AR, Lee GE, Jia Y, Wong KN, Wang S, Ling J, Nguyen SD, Sen GL, Nie Q, Atwood SX. Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112511. [PMID: 37195865 PMCID: PMC10348600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several methods for generating human-skin-equivalent (HSE) organoid cultures are in use to study skin biology; however, few studies thoroughly characterize these systems. To fill this gap, we use single-cell transcriptomics to compare in vitro HSEs, xenograft HSEs, and in vivo epidermis. By combining differential gene expression, pseudotime analyses, and spatial localization, we reconstruct HSE keratinocyte differentiation trajectories that recapitulate known in vivo epidermal differentiation pathways and show that HSEs contain major in vivo cellular states. However, HSEs also develop unique keratinocyte states, an expanded basal stem cell program, and disrupted terminal differentiation. Cell-cell communication modeling shows aberrant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated signaling pathways that alter upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) supplementation. Last, xenograft HSEs at early time points post transplantation significantly rescue many in vitro deficits while undergoing a hypoxic response that drives an alternative differentiation lineage. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of organoid cultures and identifies areas for potential innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Stabell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yunlong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kirsten N Wong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandrine D Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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10
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Anthwal N, Urban DJ, Sadier A, Takenaka R, Spiro S, Simmons N, Behringer RR, Cretekos CJ, Rasweiler JJ, Sears KE. Insights into the formation and diversification of a novel chiropteran wing membrane from embryonic development. BMC Biol 2023; 21:101. [PMID: 37143038 PMCID: PMC10161559 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through the evolution of novel wing structures, bats (Order Chiroptera) became the only mammalian group to achieve powered flight. This achievement preceded the massive adaptive radiation of bats into diverse ecological niches. We investigate some of the developmental processes that underlie the origin and subsequent diversification of one of the novel membranes of the bat wing: the plagiopatagium, which connects the fore- and hind limb in all bat species. RESULTS Our results suggest that the plagiopatagium initially arises through novel outgrowths from the body flank that subsequently merge with the limbs to generate the wing airfoil. Our findings further suggest that this merging process, which is highly conserved across bats, occurs through modulation of the programs controlling the development of the periderm of the epidermal epithelium. Finally, our results suggest that the shape of the plagiopatagium begins to diversify in bats only after this merging has occurred. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how focusing on the evolution of cellular processes can inform an understanding of the developmental factors shaping the evolution of novel, highly adaptive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Biology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Risa Takenaka
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Nancy Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Biology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | | | - John J Rasweiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
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11
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Saroya G, Hu J, Hu M, Panaretos C, Mann J, Kim S, Bush J, Kaartinen V. Periderm Fate during Palatogenesis: TGF-β and Periderm Dedifferentiation. J Dent Res 2023; 102:459-466. [PMID: 36751050 PMCID: PMC10041600 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221146454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of palatogenesis results in cleft palate, one of the most common congenital disabilities in humans. During the final phases of palatogenesis, the protective function of the peridermal cell layer must be eliminated for the medial edge epithelia to adhere properly, which is a prerequisite for the successful fusion of the secondary palate. However, a deeper understanding of the role and fate of the periderm in palatal adherence and fusion has been hampered due to a lack of appropriate periderm-specific genetic tools to examine this cell type in vivo. Here we used the cytokeratin-6A (Krt-6a) locus to develop both constitutive (Krt6ai-Cre) and inducible (Krt6ai-CreERT2) periderm-specific Cre driver mouse lines. These novel lines allowed us to achieve both the spatial and temporal control needed to dissect the periderm fate on a cellular resolution during palatogenesis. Our studies suggest that, already before the opposing palatal shelves contact each other, at least some palatal periderm cells start to gradually lose their squamous periderm-like phenotype and dedifferentiate into cuboidal cells, reminiscent of the basal epithelial cells seen in the palatal midline seam. Moreover, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a critical periderm-specific role in palatogenesis. Thirty-three percent of embryos lacking a gene encoding the TGF-β type I receptor (Tgfbr1) in the periderm display a complete cleft of the secondary palate. Our subsequent experiments demonstrated that Tgfbr1-deficient periderm fails to undergo appropriate dedifferentiation. These studies define the periderm cell fate during palatogenesis and reveal a novel, critical role for TGF-β signaling in periderm dedifferentiation, which is a prerequisite for appropriate palatal epithelial adhesion and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Saroya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C. Panaretos
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Mann
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Kim
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J.O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V. Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Surbek M, Sukseree S, Sachslehner AP, Copic D, Golabi B, Nagelreiter IM, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Heme Oxygenase-1 Is Upregulated during Differentiation of Keratinocytes but Its Expression Is Dispensable for Cornification of Murine Epidermis. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:12. [PMID: 36976101 PMCID: PMC10058925 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal barrier of mammals is initially formed during embryonic development and continuously regenerated by the differentiation and cornification of keratinocytes in postnatal life. Cornification is associated with the breakdown of organelles and other cell components by mechanisms which are only incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which converts heme into biliverdin, ferrous iron and carbon monoxide, is required for normal cornification of epidermal keratinocytes. We show that HO-1 is transcriptionally upregulated during the terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of HO-1 in the granular layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes undergo cornification. Next, we deleted the Hmox1 gene, which encodes HO-1, by crossing Hmox1-floxed and K14-Cre mice. The epidermis and isolated keratinocytes of the resulting Hmox1f/f K14-Cre mice lacked HO-1 expression. The genetic inactivation of HO-1 did not impair the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers, loricrin and filaggrin. Likewise, the transglutaminase activity and formation of the stratum corneum were not altered in Hmox1f/f K14-Cre mice, suggesting that HO-1 is dispensable for epidermal cornification. The genetically modified mice generated in this study may be useful for future investigations of the potential roles of epidermal HO-1 in iron metabolism and responses to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Surbek
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Dragan Copic
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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14
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Rehorek SJ, Elsey RM, Smith TV. Ontogeny of the nasolacrimal apparatus and nasal sensory systems of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). J Morphol 2022; 283:1080-1093. [PMID: 35723180 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nasolacrimal apparatus (NLA) is a feature common to many sauropsid amniotes. It consists of an orbital Harderian gland (HG)whose secretions drain into the nasal cavity, in the vicinity of the vomeronasal organ (VNO), an accessory olfactory organ derived from the olfactory epithelium, and a connecting nasolacrimal duct (NLD). Though not all features are present in all posthatchling sauropsids (i.e., no VNO in crocodilomorphs), it is not clear if this system either never existed or failed to develop during the embryonic stages. The purpose of this study is to histologically describe the ontogeny of the NLA and the main olfactory organ in Alligator mississippiensis. Alligator specimens, from embryonic stage 9 to hatchling, were serially histologically sectioned, stained, photographed, and segmented into different tissues using Abobe Photoshop and then reconstructed using Amira for 3D analysis and quantitative nasal epithelial distribution. Though there was no evidence of a VNO, the rest of the NLA was present. The development of the NLA could be subdivided into four phases: (1) inception of NLD, (2) establishment of orbitonasal connections of NLD, (3) bone development, and (4) nasal cavity growth. Glands mature during this last phase and the nasal region rapidly grows, rotates, and is displaced anteriorly. The gradual proportional increase in nonolfactory epithelial distribution during ontogeny is consistent with the literature. Alligator embryonic nasal and NLD growth differs from that of mammals and squamates. The NLD is connected to the anterior third of the nasal region during its initial attachment, but as anterior nasal growth exceeds posterior growth, it is gradually displaced into the posterior third of the nasal region by hatching. It is unknown whether this is a derived archosaur condition or just another example of the morphological variation seen within sauropsid amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Rehorek
- Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy V Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Panteleyev AA. The dual nature of mouse periderm structure, function, and fate. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1102-1108. [PMID: 35582825 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The periderm is the outer layer of embryonic skin which is essential for the development of the epidermis and the establishment of its barrier function. In humans, the periderm is a monolayer and is shed prenatally. The structure and fate of the mouse periderm remains puzzling. Using electron microscopy of mouse skin between the embryonic day 14.5 and the postnatal day 2, we have assessed the periderm structure and its shedding patterns. In contrast to human periderm, the mouse periderm appears to be bilayered, comprising a presumably absorptive outer periderm with numerous microvilli and an inner periderm packed with specific (glycogen-containing?) granules. The desmosomes between the inner periderm and the underlying epidermis are scarce, and they are totally absent between the inner and the outer periderm. The inner and outer periderms in mice are shed at different stages of development: the outer periderm is shed in utero in conjunction with barrier acquisition (E16-18), while the inner periderm is retained postnatally. We assume that the bilayered structure of the mouse periderm and the postnatal retention of its inner layer represent the evolutionary adaptations in ancestral rodents which helps altricial newborns of their extant descendants to cope with acute dehydration right after birth and/or provides a substrate for proper bacterial colonization of newborn skin.
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16
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Teng T, Teng CS, Kaartinen V, Bush JO. A unique form of collective epithelial migration is crucial for tissue fusion in the secondary palate and can overcome loss of epithelial apoptosis. Development 2022; 149:275520. [PMID: 35593401 PMCID: PMC9188751 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fusion frequently requires the removal of an epithelium that intervenes distinct primordia to form one continuous structure. In the mammalian secondary palate, a midline epithelial seam (MES) forms between two palatal shelves and must be removed to allow mesenchymal confluence. Abundant apoptosis and cell extrusion support their importance in MES removal. However, genetically disrupting the intrinsic apoptotic regulators BAX and BAK within the MES results in complete loss of cell death and cell extrusion, but successful removal of the MES. Novel static- and live-imaging approaches reveal that the MES is removed through streaming migration of epithelial trails and islands to reach the oral and nasal epithelial surfaces. Epithelial trail cells that express the basal epithelial marker ΔNp63 begin to express periderm markers, suggesting that migration is concomitant with differentiation. Live imaging reveals anisotropic actomyosin contractility within epithelial trails, and genetic ablation of actomyosin contractility results in dispersion of epithelial collectives and failure of normal MES migration. These findings demonstrate redundancy between cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis, and reveal a crucial and unique form of collective epithelial migration during tissue fusion. Summary: Multiple cellular processes mediate secondary palate fusion, including a unique form of streaming collective epithelial migration driven by pulsatile actomyosin contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Teng
- University of California San Francisco 1 Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California San Francisco 2 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco 3 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Camilla S. Teng
- University of California San Francisco 1 Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California San Francisco 2 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco 3 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry 5 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences , , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- University of California San Francisco 1 Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California San Francisco 2 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco 3 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
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17
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Nagasaka A, Sakiyama K, Bando Y, Yamamoto M, Abe S, Amano O. Spatiotemporal Gene Expression Regions along the Anterior-Posterior Axis in Mouse Embryos before and after Palatal Elevation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095160. [PMID: 35563549 PMCID: PMC9106036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian secondary palate is formed through complex developmental processes: growth, elevation, and fusion. Although it is known that the palatal elevation pattern changes along the anterior-posterior axis, it is unclear what molecules are expressed and whether their locations change before and after elevation. We examined the expression regions of molecules associated with palatal shelf elevation (Pax9, Osr2, and Tgfβ3) and tissue deformation (F-actin, E-cadherin, and Ki67) using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in mouse embryos at E13.5 (before elevation) and E14.5 (after elevation). Pax9 was expressed at significantly higher levels in the lingual/nasal region in the anterior and middle parts, as well as in the buccal/oral region in the posterior part at E13.5. At E14.5, Pax9 was expressed at significantly higher levels in both the lingual/nasal and buccal/oral regions in the anterior and middle parts and the buccal/oral regions in the posterior part. Osr2 was expressed at significantly higher levels in the buccal/oral region in all parts at E13.5 and was more strongly expressed at E13.5 than at E14.5 in all regions. No spatiotemporal changes were found in the other molecules. These results suggested that Pax9 and Osr2 are critical molecules leading to differences in the elevation pattern in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Nagasaka
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Koji Sakiyama
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Yasuhiko Bando
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (M.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (M.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Osamu Amano
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
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18
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Huang W, Zhong W, He Q, Xu Y, Lin J, Ding Y, Zhao H, Zheng X, Zheng Y. Time-series expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs during mammalian palatogenesis. Oral Dis 2022. [PMID: 35506257 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mammalian palatogenesis is a highly regulated morphogenetic process to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs participate in numerous biological and pathological processes, but their roles in palatal development and causing orofacial clefts (OFC) remain to be clarified. METHODS Palatal tissues were separated from ICR mouse embryos at four stages (E10.5, E13.5, E15, and E17). Then, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used. Various analyses were performed to explore the results. Finally, hub genes were validated via qPCR and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Starting from E10.5, the expression of cell adhesion genes escalated in the following stages. Cilium assembly and ossification genes were both upregulated at E15 compared with E13.5. Besides, the expression of cilium assembly genes was also increased at E17 compared with E15. Expression patterns of three lncRNAs (H19, Malat1, and Miat) and four mRNAs (Cdh1, Irf6, Grhl3, Efnb1) detected in RNA-seq were validated. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a time-series expression landscape of mRNAs and lncRNAs during palatogenesis, which highlights the importance of processes such as cell adhesion and ossification. Our results will facilitate a deeper understanding of the complexity of gene expression and regulation during palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and- 3 -Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yizhu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and- 3 -Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and- 3 -Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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19
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Geetha-Loganathan P, Abramyan J, Buchtová M. Editorial: Cellular Mechanisms During Normal and Abnormal Craniofacial Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:872038. [PMID: 35345852 PMCID: PMC8957218 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.872038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, United States
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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20
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Huang W, He Q, Li M, Ding Y, Liang W, Li W, Lin J, Zhao H, Chen F. Two rare variants reveal the significance of Grainyhead‐like 3 Arginine 391 underlying non‐syndromic cleft palate only. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1632-1643. [PMID: 35189007 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-syndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects with largely undetermined genetic etiology. It has been established that Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of NSCPO. This study aimed to identify and verify the first-reported GRHL3 variant underlying NSCPO among the Chinese cohort. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on a Chinese NSCPO patient and identified a rare variant of GRHL3 (p.Arg391His). A validated deleterious variant p.Arg391Cys was introduced as a positive control. Zebrafish embryos injection, reporter assays, live-cell imaging, and RNA sequencing were conducted to test the pathogenicity of the variants. RESULTS Zebrafish embryos microinjection demonstrated that overexpression of the variants could disrupt the normal development of zebrafish embryos. Reporter assays showed that Arg391His disturbed transcriptional activity of GRHL3 and exerted a dominant-negative effect. Interestingly, Arg391His and Arg391Cys displayed distinct nuclear localization patterns from that of wild-type GRHL3 in live-cell imaging. Bulk RNA sequencing suggested that the two variants changed the pattern of gene expression. CONCLUSIONS In aggregate, this study identified and characterized a rare GRHL3 variant in NSCPO, revealing the critical role of Arginine 391 in GRHL3. Our findings will help facilitate understanding and genetic counseling of NSCPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center 710061 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Mingzhao Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center 710061 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Huaxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology Xi’an Jiaotong University 710004 Xi'an, Shaanxi China
- Department of Orthodontics College of Stomatology Xi’an Jiaotong University 710004 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central laboratory Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
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21
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Mouse models in palate development and orofacial cleft research: Understanding the crucial role and regulation of epithelial integrity in facial and palate morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:13-50. [PMID: 35461563 PMCID: PMC9060390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and cleft palate are common birth defects resulting from genetic and/or environmental perturbations of facial development in utero. Facial morphogenesis commences during early embryogenesis, with cranial neural crest cells interacting with the surface ectoderm to form initially partly separate facial primordia consisting of the medial and lateral nasal prominences, and paired maxillary and mandibular processes. As these facial primordia grow around the primitive oral cavity and merge toward the ventral midline, the surface ectoderm undergoes a critical differentiation step to form an outer layer of flattened and tightly connected periderm cells with a non-stick apical surface that prevents epithelial adhesion. Formation of the upper lip and palate requires spatiotemporally regulated inter-epithelial adhesions and subsequent dissolution of the intervening epithelial seam between the maxillary and medial/lateral nasal processes and between the palatal shelves. Proper regulation of epithelial integrity plays a paramount role during human facial development, as mutations in genes encoding epithelial adhesion molecules and their regulators have been associated with syndromic and non-syndromic orofacial clefts. In this chapter, we summarize mouse genetic studies that have been instrumental in unraveling the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity and periderm differentiation during facial and palate development. Since proper epithelial integrity also plays crucial roles in wound healing and cancer, understanding the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity during facial development have direct implications for improvement in clinical care of craniofacial patients.
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22
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Chen M, Xie Y, Luo Y, Xie Y, Wu N, Peng S, Chen Q. Exosomes-a potential indicator and mediator of cleft lip and palate: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1485. [PMID: 34734037 PMCID: PMC8506753 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective This article summarizes the recent literature on noncoding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) in relation to cleft lip with or without palate and exosomes and their usage in craniofacial diseases. Background Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common congenital malformation with genetic and environmental risk factors that affects numerous children and families. Surgical procedures can correct deformations; however, residual sequelae remain after surgery. Studies exploring the pathogenesis of CL/P are crucial for its early diagnosis and treatment and can inform treatment strategy decisions, etiology searches, and treatment during pregnancy. Recently, research has shown that most disease-related genes are ncRNAs, which are important transcripts in the human transcriptome. ncRNAs include microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. These ncRNAs play essential roles in various pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Previous studies on protein-coding genes have identified a number of genes related to CL/P; however, the pathogenesis of CL/P has not yet been thoroughly explained. Exosomes are vehicles that transfer various bioactive molecules between cells and represent a new method of intercellular communication. Research has shown that exosomes are related to some craniofacial diseases. Methods We searched the PubMed database for recently published English-language articles using the following keywords: “cleft lip with or without palate,” “noncoding RNA,” “exosomes,” and “craniofacial diseases”. We then reviewed the retrieved articles. Conclusions As exosomes serve as cellular communicators and the palate consists of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, communication between the two cell types may affect its formation. Thus, exosomes could represent a new indicator and mediator of CL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yarui Luo
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Department of Outpatient, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shulei Peng
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Department of Sleep Medicine Centre, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
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23
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Girousi E, Muerner L, Parisi L, Rihs S, von Gunten S, Katsaros C, Degen M. Lack of IRF6 Disrupts Human Epithelial Homeostasis by Altering Colony Morphology, Migration Pattern, and Differentiation Potential of Keratinocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718066. [PMID: 34660580 PMCID: PMC8514984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants within the gene encoding for the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) are associated with syndromic and non-syndromic Cleft Lip/Palate (CLP) cases. IRF6 plays a vital role in the regulation of the proliferation/differentiation balance in keratinocytes and is involved in wound healing and migration. Since a fraction of CLP patients undergoing corrective cleft surgery experience wound healing complications, IRF6 represents an interesting candidate gene linking the two processes. However, Irf6 function has been mainly studied in mice and knowledge on IRF6 in human cells remains sparse. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of IRF6 in human postnatal skin- and oral mucosa-derived keratinocytes. To do so, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 to ablate IRF6 in two TERT-immortalized keratinocyte cultures, which we used as model cell lines. We show that IRF6 controls the appearance of single cells and colonies, with the latter being less cohesive in its absence. Consequently, IRF6 knockout keratinocytes often moved as single cells instead of a collective epithelial sheet migration but maintained their epithelial character. Lack of IRF6 triggered severe keratinocyte differentiation defects, which were already apparent in the stratum spinosum and extended to the stratum corneum in 3D organotypic skin cultures, while it did not alter their growth rate. Finally, proteomics revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins in the absence of IRF6 could be associated with differentiation, cell-cell adhesion as well as immune response. Our data expand the knowledge on IRF6 in human postnatal keratinocytes, which will help to better understand IRF6-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Girousi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Rihs
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Alharatani R, Ververi A, Beleza-Meireles A, Ji W, Mis E, Patterson QT, Griffin JN, Bhujel N, Chang CA, Dixit A, Konstantino M, Healy C, Hannan S, Neo N, Cash A, Li D, Bhoj E, Zackai EH, Cleaver R, Baralle D, McEntagart M, Newbury-Ecob R, Scott R, Hurst JA, Au PYB, Hosey MT, Khokha M, Marciano DK, Lakhani SA, Liu KJ. Novel truncating mutations in CTNND1 cause a dominant craniofacial and cardiac syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1900-1921. [PMID: 32196547 PMCID: PMC7372553 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CTNND1 encodes the p120-catenin (p120) protein, which has a wide range of functions, including the maintenance of cell–cell junctions, regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and transcriptional signalling. Due to advances in next-generation sequencing, CTNND1 has been implicated in human diseases including cleft palate and blepharocheilodontic (BCD) syndrome albeit only recently. In this study, we identify eight novel protein-truncating variants, six de novo, in 13 participants from nine families presenting with craniofacial dysmorphisms including cleft palate and hypodontia, as well as congenital cardiac anomalies, limb dysmorphologies and neurodevelopmental disorders. Using conditional deletions in mice as well as CRISPR/Cas9 approaches to target CTNND1 in Xenopus, we identified a subset of phenotypes that can be linked to p120-catenin in epithelial integrity and turnover, and additional phenotypes that suggest mesenchymal roles of CTNND1. We propose that CTNND1 variants have a wider developmental role than previously described and that variations in this gene underlie not only cleft palate and BCD but may be expanded to a broader velocardiofacial-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Alharatani
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Paediatric Dentistry, Centre of Oral, Clinical and Translational Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Athina Ververi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ana Beleza-Meireles
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Weizhen Ji
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emily Mis
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Quinten T Patterson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8856, USA
| | - John N Griffin
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nabina Bhujel
- South Thames Cleft Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Caitlin A Chang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Abhijit Dixit
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Monica Konstantino
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher Healy
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sumayyah Hannan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natsuko Neo
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alex Cash
- South Thames Cleft Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bhoj
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruth Cleaver
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St George's Hospital, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8EG, UK
| | - Richard Scott
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jane A Hurst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ping Yee Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie Therese Hosey
- Paediatric Dentistry, Centre of Oral, Clinical and Translational Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Mustafa Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8856, USA
| | - Saquib A Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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25
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Awadh W, Pegelow M, Heliövaara A, Rice DP. Taurodontism in the first permanent molars in Van der Woude syndrome compared to isolated cleft palate. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:29-35. [PMID: 32558917 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse prevalence, pattern, and severity of taurodontism in individuals with Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) exhibiting cleft palate and compare with aged-matched non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCP) and non-cleft controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-eight dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) (105 girls and 73 boys) consisting of 42 VWS patients (x¯=8.55±1.02 years), 42 NSCP patients (x¯=8.59±1.02 years), and 94 normative non-cleft children (x¯=8.79±1.16 years) were assessed and their first permanent molars evaluated. Measurement 3 of the taurodontism index developed by Shifman and Chanannel with the Tulensalo modification was used. Prevalence, pattern, and severity were compared between groups. Statistical differences were determined by one-way analysis of variance and Fisher test. Repeatability was calculated by Cohens Kappa test. RESULTS The prevalence of taurodontic molars was 59.5% in VWS, 45.2% in NSCP, and 26.6% in non-cleft controls. The prevalence and severity of taurodontism in VWS and NSCP were significantly higher than in non-cleft children in all first permanent molars. There was no significant difference in prevalence and severity between VWS and NSCP. The odds for having taurodontism in the VWS group was approximately double compared to the NSCP group. Most of the taurodontic molars showed hypotaurodontism and taurodontism occurred bilaterally more frequently than unilaterally. CONCLUSION This study shows a higher prevalence of taurodontism in VWS and NSCP. Most taurodontic molars are hypotaurodontic and most occur bilaterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awadh
- Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie Pegelow
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arja Heliövaara
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P Rice
- Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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High proliferation and delamination during skin epidermal stratification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3227. [PMID: 34050161 PMCID: PMC8163813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complex stratified epithelial barriers in mammals is initiated from single-layered epithelia. How stratification is initiated and fueled are still open questions. Previous studies on skin epidermal stratification suggested a central role for perpendicular/asymmetric cell division orientation of the basal keratinocyte progenitors. Here, we use centrosomes, that organize the mitotic spindle, to test whether cell division orientation and stratification are linked. Genetically ablating centrosomes from the developing epidermis leads to the activation of the p53-, 53BP1- and USP28-dependent mitotic surveillance pathway causing a thinner epidermis and hair follicle arrest. The centrosome/p53-double mutant keratinocyte progenitors significantly alter their division orientation in the later stages without majorly affecting epidermal differentiation. Together with time-lapse imaging and tissue growth dynamics measurements, the data suggest that the first and major phase of epidermal development is boosted by high proliferation rates in both basal and suprabasally-committed keratinocytes as well as cell delamination, whereas the second phase maybe uncoupled from the division orientation of the basal progenitors. The data provide insights for tissue homeostasis and hyperproliferative diseases that may recapitulate developmental programs. How the developing skin epidermis is transformed from a simple single-layered epithelium to a complex and stratified barrier is still an open question. Here, the authors provide a model based on high proliferation and delamination of the keratinocyte progenitors that support the stratification process.
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27
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Cai L, Ye L, Hu X, He W, Zhuang D, Guo Q, Shu K, Jie Y. MicroRNA miR-330-3p suppresses the progression of ovarian cancer by targeting RIPK4. Bioengineered 2021; 12:440-449. [PMID: 33487072 PMCID: PMC8291835 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1871817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that miR-330-3p was involved in the progression of several cancers, but the potential roles of miR-330-3p in ovarian cancer (OC) were unclear. In the current study, we aimed to explore the expression pattern and functions of miR-330-3p in OC. The expression level of miR-330-3p in OC tissues and cell lines was detected using RT-qPCR. The proliferation, migration and invasion of OC cells were detected using CCK-8 assay and transwell assay, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were used to analyze the targeted binding
site of miR-330-3p and RIPK4. The results showed that miR-330-3p was significantly downregulated in OC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-330-3p inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of OC cells. Mechanistically, a dual-luciferase reported assay showed that RIPK4 is a target gene of miR-330-3p. Furthermore, rescue experiments revealed that miR-330-3p suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of OC cells by targeting RIPK4. In summary, our findings indicated that miR-330-3p suppressed the progression of OC by targeting RIPK4. Our results indicated that miR-330-3p/RIPK4 axis might act as a novel therapeutic target for OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Ye
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Debao Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kuanyong Shu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youkun Jie
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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28
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A Novel IRF6 Variant Detected in a Family With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate by Whole Exome Sequencing. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 32:265-269. [PMID: 33136784 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial malformation, and its harmful effects on affected individuals and families are apparent. The causative genes and their mechanisms are not completely clear, although several studies have been conducted. Accordingly, in the present study, we recruited a Han Chinese family with hereditary NSCL/P to explore the possible causative variants of this disease using whole exome sequencing. Bioinformatics screening and analysis, mutation function prediction, species conservation analysis, and homology protein modeling were used to identify the variants and evaluate their influence. A mutation in the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene (c.961C>T; p.Val321Met) was detected as a candidate causative variant and predicted to be deleterious. The codon was found to be conserved in many species, and the residue change caused by this mutation changed the structure of IRF6 to a certain degree. The findings suggest that this IRF6 variant is probably the pathogenic cause of NSCL/P in this family. Our results further provide evidence that IRF6 variants play a role in the etiology of NSCL/P.
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29
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Atukorala ADS, Ratnayake RK. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the development of a cleft lip and/or cleft palate; insights from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1650-1660. [PMID: 33099891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) are immediately recognizable congenital abnormalities of the face. Lip and palate develop from facial primordia through the coordinated activities of ectodermal epithelium and neural crest cells (NCCs) derived from ectomesenchyme tissue. Subtle changes in the regulatory mechanisms of NCC or ectodermal epithelial cells can result in CLP. Genetic and environmental contributions or a combination of both play a significant role in the progression of CLP. Model organisms provide us with a wealth of information in understanding the pathophysiology and genetic etiology of this complex disease. Small teleost, zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the popular model in craniofacial developmental biology. The short generation time and large number of optically transparent, easily manipulated embryos increase the value of zebrafish to identify novel candidate genes and gene regulatory networks underlying craniofacial development. In addition, it is widely used to identify the mechanisms of environmental teratogens and in therapeutic drug screening. Here, we discuss the value of zebrafish as a model to understand epithelial and NCC induced ectomesenchymal cell activities during early palate morphogenesis and robustness of the zebrafish in modern research on identifying the genetic and environmental etiological factors of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini Atukorala
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ravindra Kumar Ratnayake
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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30
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Degen M, Girousi E, Feldmann J, Parisi L, La Scala GC, Schnyder I, Schaller A, Katsaros C. A Novel Van der Woude Syndrome-Causing IRF6 Variant Is Subject to Incomplete Non-sense-Mediated mRNA Decay Affecting the Phenotype of Keratinocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583115. [PMID: 33117810 PMCID: PMC7552806 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is a genetic syndrome that leads to typical phenotypic traits, including lower lip pits and cleft lip/palate (CLP). The majority of VWS-affected patients harbor a pathogenic variant in the gene encoding for the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), a crucial regulator of orofacial development, epidermal differentiation and tissue repair. However, most of the underlying mechanisms leading from pathogenic IRF6 gene variants to phenotypes observed in VWS remain poorly understood and elusive. The availability of one VWS individual within our cohort of CLP patients allowed us to identify a novel VWS-causing IRF6 variant and to functionally characterize it. Using VWS patient-derived keratinocytes, we reveal that most of the mutated IRF6_VWS transcripts are subject to a non-sense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism, resulting in IRF6 haploinsufficiency. While moderate levels of IRF6_VWS remain detectable in the VWS keratinocytes, our data illustrate that the IRF6_VWS protein, which lacks part of its protein-binding domain and its whole C-terminus, is noticeably less stable than its wild-type counterpart. Still, it maintains transcription factor function. As we report and characterize a so far undescribed VWS-causing IRF6 variant, our results shed light on the physiological as well as pathological role of IRF6 in keratinocytes. This acquired knowledge is essential for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to VWS and CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleftheria Girousi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Feldmann
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio C La Scala
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schnyder
- University Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Schaller
- Division of Human Genetics, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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31
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Freiberger K, Hemker S, McAnally R, King R, Meyers-Wallen VN, Schutte BC, Fyfe JC. Secondary Palate Development in the Dog ( Canis lupus familiaris). Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:230-236. [PMID: 32705901 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620943771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the gestational timing of morphologic events in normal canine secondary palate development as a baseline for studies in dog models of isolated cleft palate (CP). METHODS Beagle and beagle/cocker spaniel-hybrid fetal dogs were obtained by cesarean-section on various days of gestation, timed from the initial rise of serum progesterone concentration. Morphology of fetal heads was determined by examining serial coronal sections. RESULTS On gestational day 35 (d35), the palatal shelves pointed ventrally alongside the tongue. On d36, palatal shelves were elongated and elevated to a horizontal position above the tongue but were not touching. On d37, palatine shelves and vomer were touching, but the medial epithelial seam (MES) between the apposed shelves remained. Immunostaining with epithelial protein markers showed that the MES gradually dissolved and was replaced by mesenchyme during d37-d44, and palate fusion was complete by d44. Examination of remnant MES suggested that fusion of palatal shelves began in mid-palate and moved rostrally and caudally. CONCLUSION Palate development occurs in dogs in the steps described in humans and mice, but palate closure occurs at an intermediate time in gestation. These normative data will form the basis of future studies to determine pathophysiologic mechanisms in dog models of CP. Added clinical significance is the enhancement of dogs as a large animal model to test new approaches for palate repair, with the obvious advantage of achieving full maturity within 2 years rather than 2 decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Freiberger
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shelby Hemker
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ryan McAnally
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rachel King
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Brian C Schutte
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Pediatrics & Human Development, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John C Fyfe
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Sweat YY, Sweat M, Yu W, Sanz-Navarro M, Zhang L, Sun Z, Eliason S, Klein OD, Michon F, Chen Z, Amendt BA. Sox2 Controls Periderm and Rugae Development to Inhibit Oral Adhesions. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1397-1405. [PMID: 32674684 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520939013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, ankyloglossia and cleft palate are common congenital craniofacial anomalies, and these are regulated by a complex gene regulatory network. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of ankyloglossia and cleft palate will be an important step toward rational treatment of these complex anomalies. We inactivated the Sry (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2) gene in the developing oral epithelium, including the periderm, a transient structure that prevents abnormal oral adhesions during development. This resulted in ankyloglossia and cleft palate with 100% penetrance in embryos examined after embryonic day 14.5. In Sox2 conditional knockout embryos, the oral epithelium failed to differentiate, as demonstrated by the lack of keratin 6, a marker of the periderm. Further examination revealed that the adhesion of the tongue and mandible expressed the epithelial markers E-Cad and P63. The expanded epithelia are Sox9-, Pitx2-, and Tbx1-positive cells, which are markers of the dental epithelium; thus, the dental epithelium contributes to the development of oral adhesions. Furthermore, we found that Sox2 is required for palatal shelf extension, as well as for the formation of palatal rugae, which are signaling centers that regulate palatogenesis. In conclusion, the deletion of Sox2 in oral epithelium disrupts palatal shelf extension, palatal rugae formation, tooth development, and periderm formation. The periderm is required to inhibit oral adhesions and ankyloglossia, which is regulated by Sox2. In addition, oral adhesions occur through an expanded dental epithelial layer that inhibits epithelial invagination and incisor development. This process may contribute to dental anomalies due to ankyloglossia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Sanz-Navarro
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - O D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F Michon
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM UMR1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Z Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - B A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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33
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Lough KJ, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Wu JJ, Byrd KM, Williams SE. Disruption of the nectin-afadin complex recapitulates features of the human cleft lip/palate syndrome CLPED1. Development 2020; 147:dev.189241. [PMID: 32554531 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP), one of the most common congenital conditions, arises from failures in secondary palatogenesis during embryonic development. Several human genetic syndromes featuring CP and ectodermal dysplasia have been linked to mutations in genes regulating cell-cell adhesion, yet mouse models have largely failed to recapitulate these findings. Here, we use in utero lentiviral-mediated genetic approaches in mice to provide the first direct evidence that the nectin-afadin axis is essential for proper palate shelf elevation and fusion. Using this technique, we demonstrate that palatal epithelial conditional loss of afadin (Afdn) - an obligate nectin- and actin-binding protein - induces a high penetrance of CP, not observed when Afdn is targeted later using Krt14-Cre We implicate Nectin1 and Nectin4 as being crucially involved, as loss of either induces a low penetrance of mild palate closure defects, while loss of both causes severe CP with a frequency similar to Afdn loss. Finally, expression of the human disease mutant NECTIN1W185X causes CP with greater penetrance than Nectin1 loss, suggesting this alteration may drive CP via a dominant interfering mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica J Wu
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhao H, Ievlev V, Zhong W, Huang W, Cornell RA, Lin J, Chen F. Functional Characterization of a Novel IRF6 Frameshift Mutation From a Van Der Woude Syndrome Family. Front Genet 2020; 11:562. [PMID: 32582293 PMCID: PMC7289175 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss-of-function mutations in interferon regulatory factor-6 (IRF6) are responsible for about 70% of cases of Van Der Woude Syndrome (VWS), an autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by pits and/or sinuses of the lower lip and cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. Methods We collected a Chinese Han VWS pedigree, performed sequencing and screening for the causal gene mutant. Initially, species conservation analysis and homology protein modeling were used to predict the potential pathogenicity of mutations. To test whether a VWS family-derived mutant variant of IRF6 retained function, we carried out rescue assays in irf6 maternal-null mutant zebrafish embryos. To assess protein stability, we overexpressed reference and family-variants of IRF6 in vitro. Results We focused on a VWS family that includes a son with bilateral lip pits, uvula fissa and his father with bilateral cleft lip and palate. After sequencing and screening, a frameshift mutation of IRF6 was identified as the potential causal variant (NM.006147.3, c.1088-1091delTCTA; p.Ile363ArgfsTer33). The residues in this position are strongly conserved among species and homology modeling suggests the variant alters the protein structure. In irf6 maternal-null mutant zebrafish embryos the periderm differentiates abnormally and the embryos rupture and die during gastrulation. Injection of mRNA encoding the reference variant of human IRF6, but not of the frame-shift variant, rescued such embryos through gastrulation. Upon overexpression in HEK293FT cells, the IRF6 frame-shift mutant was relatively unstable and was preferentially targeted to the proteasome in comparison to the reference variant. Conclusion In this VWS pedigree, a novel frameshift of IRF6 was identified as the likely causative gene variant. It is a lost function mutation which could not rescue abnormal periderm phenotype in irf6 maternal-null zebrafish and which causes the protein be unstable through proteasome-dependent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaxiang Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Vitaly Ievlev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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35
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Kashgari G, Meinecke L, Gordon W, Ruiz B, Yang J, Ma AL, Xie Y, Ho H, Plikus MV, Nie Q, Jester JV, Andersen B. Epithelial Migration and Non-adhesive Periderm Are Required for Digit Separation during Mammalian Development. Dev Cell 2020; 52:764-778.e4. [PMID: 32109382 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of digits or toes, syndactyly, can be part of complex syndromes, including van der Woude syndrome. A subset of van der Woude cases is caused by dominant-negative mutations in the epithelial transcription factor Grainyhead like-3 (GRHL3), and Grhl3-/-mice have soft-tissue syndactyly. Although impaired interdigital cell death of mesenchymal cells causes syndactyly in multiple genetic mutants, Grhl3-/- embryos had normal interdigital cell death, suggesting alternative mechanisms for syndactyly. We found that in digit separation, the overlying epidermis forms a migrating interdigital epithelial tongue (IET) when the epithelium invaginates to separate the digits. Normally, the non-adhesive surface periderm allows the IET to bifurcate as the digits separate. In contrast, in Grhl3-/- embryos, the IET moves normally between the digits but fails to bifurcate because of abnormal adhesion of the periderm. Our study identifies epidermal developmental processes required for digit separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaidaa Kashgari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lina Meinecke
- Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William Gordon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Ruiz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jady Yang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amy Lan Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yilu Xie
- The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang Ho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James V Jester
- The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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36
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Paiva KBS, Maas CS, dos Santos PM, Granjeiro JM, Letra A. Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31921852 PMCID: PMC6923686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development comprises a complex process in humans in which failures or disturbances frequently lead to congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly that occurs due to variations in craniofacial development genes, and may occur as part of a syndrome, or more commonly in isolated forms (non-syndromic). The etiology of CL/P is multifactorial with genes, environmental factors, and their potential interactions contributing to the condition. Rehabilitation of CL/P patients requires a multidisciplinary team to perform the multiple surgical, dental, and psychological interventions required throughout the patient's life. Despite progress, lip/palatal reconstruction is still a major treatment challenge. Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in several genes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, soluble factors, and enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling (e.g., metalloproteinases), have been suggested to play a role in the etiology of CL/P; hence, these may be considered likely targets for the development of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this context, investigations are being conducted on new therapeutic approaches based on tissue bioengineering, associating stem cells with biomaterials, signaling molecules, and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss the role of genes involved in ECM composition and remodeling during secondary palate formation and pathogenesis and genetic etiology of CL/P. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches using bioactive molecules and principles of tissue bioengineering for state-of-the-art CL/P repair and palatal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Soeiro Maas
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Monique dos Santos
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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37
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Li H, Jones KL, Hooper JE, Williams T. The molecular anatomy of mammalian upper lip and primary palate fusion at single cell resolution. Development 2019; 146:dev.174888. [PMID: 31118233 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lip and primary palate form when coordinated growth and morphogenesis bring the nasal and maxillary processes into contact, and the epithelia co-mingle, remodel and clear from the fusion site to allow mesenchyme continuity. Although several genes required for fusion have been identified, an integrated molecular and cellular description of the overall process is lacking. Here, we employ single cell RNA sequencing of the developing mouse face to identify ectodermal, mesenchymal and endothelial populations associated with patterning and fusion of the facial prominences. This analysis indicates that key cell populations at the fusion site exist within the periderm, basal epithelial cells and adjacent mesenchyme. We describe the expression profiles that make each population unique, and the signals that potentially integrate their behaviour. Overall, these data provide a comprehensive high-resolution description of the various cell populations participating in fusion of the lip and primary palate, as well as formation of the nasolacrimal groove, and they furnish a powerful resource for those investigating the molecular genetics of facial development and facial clefting that can be mined for crucial mechanistic information concerning this prevalent human birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joan E Hooper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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38
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Tong J, Han CJ, Zhang JZ, He WZ, Zhao GJ, Cheng X, Zhang L, Deng KQ, Liu Y, Fan HF, Tian S, Cai J, Huang Z, She ZG, Zhang P, Li H. Hepatic Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Alleviates Liver Steatosis and Metabolic Disorder by Transcriptionally Suppressing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:2471-2488. [PMID: 30748020 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a worldwide epidemic. A large and growing unmet therapeutic need has inspired numerous studies in the field. Integrating the published genomic data available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with NAFLD samples from rodents, we discovered that interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) is significantly downregulated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver. In the current study, we identified IRF6 in hepatocytes as a protective factor in liver steatosis (LS). During HFD challenge, hepatic Irf6 was suppressed by promoter hypermethylation. Severity of HFD-induced LS was exacerbated in hepatocyte-specific Irf6 knockout mice, whereas hepatocyte-specific transgenic mice overexpressing Irf6 (IRF6-HTG) exhibited alleviated steatosis and metabolic disorder in response to HFD feeding. Mechanistic studies in vitro demonstrated that hepatocyte IRF6 directly binds to the promoter of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene and subsequently halts the transcription of Pparγ and its target genes (e.g., genes that regulate lipogenesis and lipid acid uptake) under physiological conditions. Conclusion: Irf6 is downregulated by promoter hypermethylation upon metabolic stimulus exposure, which fail to inhibit Pparγ and its targets, driving abnormalities of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-Juan Han
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhi He
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Fen Fan
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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39
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Li R, Chen Z, Yu Q, Weng M, Chen Z. The Function and Regulatory Network of Pax9 Gene in Palate Development. J Dent Res 2018; 98:277-287. [PMID: 30583699 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518811861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, a common congenital deformity, can arise from disruptions in any stage of palatogenesis, including palatal shelf growth, elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) is recognized as a vital regulator of palatogenesis with great relevance to cleft palate in humans and mice. Pax9-deficient murine palatal shelves displayed deficient elongation, postponed elevation, failed contact, and fusion. Pax9 is expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme, exhibiting a dynamic expression pattern that changes according to the proceeding of palatogenesis. Recent studies highlighted the Pax9-related genetic interactions and their critical roles during palatogenesis. During palate growth, PAX9 interacts with numerous molecules and members of pathways (e.g., OSR2, FGF10, SHOS2, MSX1, BARX1, TGFβ3, LDB1, BMP, WNT β-catenin dependent, and EDA) in the mesenchyme and functions as a key mediator in epithelial-mesenchymal communications with FGF8, TBX1, and the SHH pathway. During palate elevation, PAX9 is hypothesized to mediate the time point of the elevation event in the anterior and posterior parts of the palatal shelves. The delayed elevation of Pax9 mutant palatal shelves probably results from abnormal expressions of a series of genes ( Osr2 and Bmpr1a) leading to deficient palate growth, abnormal tongue morphology, and altered hyaluronic acid distribution. The interactions between PAX9 and genes encoding the OSR2, TGFβ3, and WNT β-catenin-dependent pathways provide evidence that PAX9 might participate in the regulation of palate fusion. This review summarizes the current understanding of PAX9’s functions and emphasizes the interactions between PAX9 and vital genes during palatogenesis. We hope to provide some clues for further exploration of the function and mechanism of PAX9, especially during palate elevation and fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M. Weng
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Degen M, Wiederkehr A, La Scala GC, Carmann C, Schnyder I, Katsaros C. Keratinocytes Isolated From Individual Cleft Lip/Palate Patients Display Variations in Their Differentiation Potential in vitro. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1703. [PMID: 30555344 PMCID: PMC6281767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain more understanding of the complex molecular processes underlying cleft lip/palate (CLP), we established a unique human cell bank, consisting of keratinocytes and corresponding fibroblasts from individual CLP patients as a new study tool. After their careful characterization, we used such patient-derived cell cultures as well as control keratinocytes for in vitro differentiation and proliferation assays. Foreskin-derived control cells as a group showed significant higher induction of the late differentiation markers Loricrin and Filaggrin than the group of CLP patients-derived keratinocytes. Additionally, we detected great variations between individual CLP keratinocyte cell cultures in regard to their potential to terminally differentiate as assessed by the induction of Loricrin and Filaggrin. Primary patient cell cultures that did not properly differentiate, exhibited high proliferation rates. Moreover, we could correlate the expression levels of transcription factor IRF6 to the ability of individual cell cultures to terminally differentiate. Using clinically relevant, patient-derived cells, our results suggest that some of the genetic predispositions causing CLP might also lead to deficiencies in keratinocyte differentiation manifested in in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Wiederkehr
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio C La Scala
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christina Carmann
- University Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schnyder
- University Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Richmond S, Howe LJ, Lewis S, Stergiakouli E, Zhurov A. Facial Genetics: A Brief Overview. Front Genet 2018; 9:462. [PMID: 30386375 PMCID: PMC6198798 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, craniofacial genetic research has understandably focused on identifying the causes of craniofacial anomalies and it has only been within the last 10 years, that there has been a drive to detail the biological basis of normal-range facial variation. This initiative has been facilitated by the availability of low-cost hi-resolution three-dimensional systems which have the ability to capture the facial details of thousands of individuals quickly and accurately. Simultaneous advances in genotyping technology have enabled the exploration of genetic influences on facial phenotypes, both in the present day and across human history. There are several important reasons for exploring the genetics of normal-range variation in facial morphology. - Disentangling the environmental factors and relative parental biological contributions to heritable traits can help to answer the age-old question "why we look the way that we do?" - Understanding the etiology of craniofacial anomalies; e.g., unaffected family members of individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) have been shown to differ in terms of normal-range facial variation to the general population suggesting an etiological link between facial morphology and nsCL/P. - Many factors such as ancestry, sex, eye/hair color as well as distinctive facial features (such as, shape of the chin, cheeks, eyes, forehead, lips, and nose) can be identified or estimated using an individual's genetic data, with potential applications in healthcare and forensics. - Improved understanding of historical selection and adaptation relating to facial phenotypes, for example, skin pigmentation and geographical latitude. - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei Zhurov
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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