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Gasparrini M, Giovannuzzi S, Nocentini A, Raffaelli N, Supuran CT. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in cancer: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:565-582. [PMID: 38861278 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2367006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from nicotinamide. In addition to its role as essential redox cofactor, NAD also functions as a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, regulating multiple cellular processes such as DNA repair and gene expression, fundamental to sustain energetic needs for tumor growth. In this sense, NAMPT over-expression represents a common strategy that several tumor types adopt to sustain NAD production. In addition to its enzymatic role, NAMPT behaves as cytokine-like protein with pro-inflammatory function. Increasing evidence demonstrated that NAMPT inhibition represents a promising anti-cancer strategy to deplete NAD and impair cellular metabolism in cancer conditions. AREAS COVERED By using Espacenet, we collected the patents which identified new molecules, compounds, formulations and methods able to inhibit NAMPT from 2007 to date. EXPERT OPINION Most of the collected patents focused the attention on the ability of different compounds to inhibit the enzymatic activity of NAMPT, lacking other important aspects related to the extracellular role of NAMPT and the ability of alternative enzymes to counteract NAMPT-mediated NAD depletion. It is necessary to consider also these aspects to promote novel strategies and create novel inhibitors and molecules useful as anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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He Z, Lyu J, Lyu L, Long X, Xu B. Identification of a metabolism-linked genomic signature for prognosis and immunotherapeutic efficiency in metastatic skin cutaneous melanoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38347. [PMID: 38847706 PMCID: PMC11155616 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic skin cutaneous melanoma (MSCM) is the most rapidly progressing/invasive skin-based malignancy, with median survival rates of about 12 months. It appears that metabolic disorders accelerate disease progression. However, correlations between metabolism-linked genes (MRGs) and prognosis in MSCM are unclear, and potential mechanisms explaining the correlation are unknown. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was utilized as a training set to develop a genomic signature based on the differentially expressed MRGs (DE-MRGs) between primary skin cutaneous melanoma (PSCM) and MSCM. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was utilized as a validation set to verify the effectiveness of genomic signature. In addition, a nomogram was established to predict overall survival based on genomic signature and other clinic-based characteristics. Moreover, this study investigated the correlations between genomic signature and tumor micro-environment (TME). This study established a genomic signature consisting of 3 genes (CD38, DHRS3, and TYRP1) and classified MSCM patients into low and high-risk cohorts based on the median risk scores of MSCM cases. It was discovered that cases in the high-risk cohort had significantly lower survival than cases in the low-risk cohort across all sets. Furthermore, a nomogram containing this genomic signature and clinic-based parameters was developed and demonstrated high efficiency in predicting MSCM case survival times. Interestingly, Gene Set Variation Analysis results indicated that the genomic signature was involved in immune-related physiological processes. In addition, this study discovered that risk scoring was negatively correlated with immune-based cellular infiltrations in the TME and critical immune-based checkpoint expression profiles, indicating that favorable prognosis may be influenced in part by immunologically protective micro-environments. A novel 3-genomic signature was found to be reliable for predicting MSCM outcomes and may facilitate personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshun He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Department of Physiology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolin Long
- Yunnan Bestai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, China
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Ponzone L, Audrito V, Landi C, Moiso E, Levra Levron C, Ferrua S, Savino A, Vitale N, Gasparrini M, Avalle L, Vantaggiato L, Shaba E, Tassone B, Saoncella S, Orso F, Viavattene D, Marina E, Fiorilla I, Burrone G, Abili Y, Altruda F, Bini L, Deaglio S, Defilippi P, Menga A, Poli V, Porporato PE, Provero P, Raffaelli N, Riganti C, Taverna D, Cavallo F, Calautti E. RICTOR/mTORC2 downregulation in BRAF V600E melanoma cells promotes resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibition. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:105. [PMID: 38755661 PMCID: PMC11097536 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main drawback of BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAF/MEKi)-based targeted therapy in the management of BRAF-mutated cutaneous metastatic melanoma (MM) is the development of therapeutic resistance. We aimed to assess in this context the role of mTORC2, a signaling complex defined by the presence of the essential RICTOR subunit, regarded as an oncogenic driver in several tumor types, including MM. METHODS After analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas MM patients' database to explore both overall survival and molecular signatures as a function of intra-tumor RICTOR levels, we investigated the effects of RICTOR downregulation in BRAFV600E MM cell lines on their response to BRAF/MEKi. We performed proteomic screening to identify proteins modulated by changes in RICTOR expression, and Seahorse analysis to evaluate the effects of RICTOR depletion on mitochondrial respiration. The combination of BRAFi with drugs targeting proteins and processes emerged in the proteomic screening was carried out on RICTOR-deficient cells in vitro and in a xenograft setting in vivo. RESULTS Low RICTOR levels in BRAF-mutated MM correlate with a worse clinical outcome. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of low-RICTOR tumors display gene signatures suggestive of activation of the mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (ETC) energy production. RICTOR-deficient BRAFV600E cells are intrinsically tolerant to BRAF/MEKi and anticipate the onset of resistance to BRAFi upon prolonged drug exposure. Moreover, in drug-naïve cells we observed a decline in RICTOR expression shortly after BRAFi exposure. In RICTOR-depleted cells, both mitochondrial respiration and expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) are enhanced, and their pharmacological inhibition restores sensitivity to BRAFi. CONCLUSIONS Our work unveils an unforeseen tumor-suppressing role for mTORC2 in the early adaptation phase of BRAFV600E melanoma cells to targeted therapy and identifies the NAMPT-ETC axis as a potential therapeutic vulnerability of low RICTOR tumors. Importantly, our findings indicate that the evaluation of intra-tumor RICTOR levels has a prognostic value in metastatic melanoma and may help to guide therapeutic strategies in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ponzone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Valentina Audrito
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Claudia Landi
- Functional Proteomic Section, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Enrico Moiso
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Chiara Levra Levron
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrua
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Aurora Savino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Lidia Avalle
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vantaggiato
- Functional Proteomic Section, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Enxhi Shaba
- Functional Proteomic Section, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Beatrice Tassone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Personal Care, dsm-firmenich, Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Saoncella
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Francesca Orso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Daniele Viavattene
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Irene Fiorilla
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Giulia Burrone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10124, Italy
| | - Youssef Abili
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- GenomeUp, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomic Section, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10124, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Ettore Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, 10124, Italy
| | - Daniela Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Enzo Calautti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126, Italy.
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Li D, Chen Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Chai L, Zhang Q, Qiu Y, Chen H, Shen N, Shi X, Li M. NAMPT mediates PDGF-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation by TLR4/NF-κB/PLK4 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176151. [PMID: 37914064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a pleiotropic protein, promotes the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), which is associated with the genesis and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). NAMPT is highly increased in PAH patient's plasma and highly relevant to PAH severity. The mRNA and protein levels of NAMPT are elevated in PAH animal models. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms how NAMPT mediated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced PASMCs proliferation are still unclear. The present study aimed to address these issues. Primary cultured PASMCs were attained from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Western blotting, RT-PCR, ELISA, cell transfection, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU incorporation assays were used in the experiments. We showed that PDGF upregulated NAMPT expression through the activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5), and elevated extracellular NAMPT further promoted the activation of NF-κB through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which ultimately upregulated polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) expression leading to PASMCs proliferation. Knockdown of STAT5, NAMPT or PLK4, and inhibition of TLR4 or NF-κB suppressed PDGF-induced PASMCs proliferation. Our study suggests that NAMPT plays an essential role in PDGF-induced PASMCs proliferation via TLR4/NF-κB/PLK4 pathway, suggesting that targeting NAMPT might be valuable in ameliorating pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yuanjie Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Nirui Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Castellani G, Buccarelli M, Arasi MB, Rossi S, Pisanu ME, Bellenghi M, Lintas C, Tabolacci C. BRAF Mutations in Melanoma: Biological Aspects, Therapeutic Implications, and Circulating Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4026. [PMID: 37627054 PMCID: PMC10452867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer resulting from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Recent therapeutic approaches, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, have improved the prognosis and outcome of melanoma patients. BRAF is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes recognised in melanoma. The most frequent oncogenic BRAF mutations consist of a single point mutation at codon 600 (mostly V600E) that leads to constitutive activation of the BRAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signalling pathway. Therefore, mutated BRAF has become a useful target for molecular therapy and the use of BRAF kinase inhibitors has shown promising results. However, several resistance mechanisms invariably develop leading to therapeutic failure. The aim of this manuscript is to review the role of BRAF mutational status in the pathogenesis of melanoma and its impact on differentiation and inflammation. Moreover, this review focuses on the mechanisms responsible for resistance to targeted therapies in BRAF-mutated melanoma and provides an overview of circulating biomarkers including circulating tumour cells, circulating tumour DNA, and non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Castellani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (M.B.); (M.B.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (M.B.); (M.B.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Maria Beatrice Arasi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (M.B.); (M.B.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (M.B.); (M.B.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- High Resolution NMR Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Bellenghi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carla Lintas
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (M.B.); (M.B.A.); (S.R.)
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Yang X, Wang X, Yang Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Shang S, Wang Y. DNMT3A mutation promotes leukemia development through NAM-NAD metabolic reprogramming. J Transl Med 2023; 21:481. [PMID: 37464424 PMCID: PMC10355022 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is frequently mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with Arg882His (R882H) as the hotspot mutation. It has been reported that DNMT3A mutation plays a key role in leukemogenesis through hypomethylation of some target genes associated with cell growth and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the function of DNMT3A R882H in the malignant progression of AML by regulating metabolic reprogramming. METHODS Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) was used to detect metabolites in the serum of mice harboring Dnmt3a R878H mutation and the wild-type Dnmt3a. Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to analyze the levels of DNA methylation and mRNA expression of genes in mouse Gr1+ bone marrow cells respectively. The TCGA and GO databases were used to analyze the differential genes between human samples carrying the DNMT3A R882 mutation and the wild-type DNMT3A. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were used to illustrate the binding levels of Cyclins-CDKs and CDK inhibitors including CDKN1A and CDKN1B. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell differentiation, division, apoptosis and cell cycle. The effect of NAMPT inhibition on leukemia was evaluated by using in vivo fluorescence imaging in NOG mouse model bearing OCI-AML3 cells. RESULTS DNMT3A mutation caused high expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) salvage synthetic pathway, through DNA hypomethylation, and finally led to abnormal nicotinamide (NAM) metabolism and NAD synthesis. The NAM-NAD metabolic abnormalities caused accelerated cell cycle progression. Inhibition of NAMPT can reduce the binding degree between Cyclins-CDKs, and increase the binding interaction of the CDK inhibitors with Cyclins-CDKs complexes. Moreover, cells with high expression of NAMPT were more sensitive to the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 with a lower IC50. The inhibition of NAMPT can remarkably extend the survival time of tumor-bearing mice and reduce the infiltration of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data showed that DNMT3A mutation caused NAMPT overexpression to induce the reprogramming of NAM-NAD metabolism and contribute to abnormal proliferation, which provided a potential direction for targeted therapy at the metabolic level in AML with DNMT3A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yunshuo Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Siqi Shang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Cucci MA, Grattarola M, Monge C, Roetto A, Barrera G, Caputo E, Dianzani C, Pizzimenti S. Nrf2 as a Therapeutic Target in the Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Melanoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1313. [PMID: 37372043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of specific inhibitors towards mutant BRAF (BRAFi) and MEK (MEKi) in BRAF-mutated patients has significantly improved progression-free and overall survival of metastatic melanoma patients. Nevertheless, half of the patients still develop resistance within the first year of therapy. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of BRAFi/MEKi-acquired resistance has become a priority for researchers. Among others, oxidative stress-related mechanisms have emerged as a major force. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of Nrf2, the master regulator of the cytoprotective and antioxidant response, in the BRAFi/MEKi acquired resistance of melanoma. Moreover, we investigated the mechanisms of its activity regulation and the possible cooperation with the oncogene YAP, which is also involved in chemoresistance. Taking advantage of established in vitro melanoma models resistant to BRAFi, MEKi, or dual resistance to BRAFi/MEKi, we demonstrated that Nrf2 was upregulated in melanoma cells resistant to targeted therapy at the post-translational level and that the deubiquitinase DUB3 participated in the control of the Nrf2 protein stability. Furthermore, we found that Nrf2 controlled the expression of YAP. Importantly, the inhibition of Nrf2, directly or through inhibition of DUB3, reverted the resistance to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Angèle Cucci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Grattarola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Monge
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences-San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Emilia Caputo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-IGB-CNR, "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
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8
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Panwar S, Kumari A, Kumar H, Tiwari AK, Tripathi P, Asthana S. Structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation and in vitro evaluation to identify inhibitors against NAMPT. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10332-10344. [PMID: 34229568 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1943526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a bottleneck enzyme that plays a key role in recycling nicotinamide to maintain the adequate NAD + level inside the cell. It involves maintaining the cellular bioenergetics and providing a necessary substrate for functions essential to rapidly proliferating the cancer cells. Therefore, inhibition of NAMPT appears as a therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. Here, the vast virtual screening followed by focused docking and in-vitro analysis was carried out to identify the promising hits of NAMPT. We have identified two potential hits from the filtered molecules, which are chemically diverse and have shown comparable quantitative values with reported co-crystal '1QS' as their binding pattern matched nicely. These two compounds are further explored through molecular dynamics simulations (MD) combined with pharmacokinetics profiling and thermodynamic analysis demonstrating their suitability as novel NAMPT inhibitors that can be used as starting points for a hit-to-lead campaign.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Panwar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Tiwari
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India.,CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
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9
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Colon-Targeted eNAMPT-Specific Peptide Systems for Treatment of DSS-Induced Acute and Chronic Colitis in Mouse. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122376. [PMID: 36552583 PMCID: PMC9774280 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is required to maintain the NAD+ pool, among which extracellular (e) NAMPT is associated with inflammation, mainly mediated by macrophages. However, the role of (e) NAMPT in inflammatory macrophages in ulcerative colitis is insufficiently understood. Here our analyses of single-cell RNA-seq data revealed that the levels of NAMPT and CYBB/NOX2 in macrophages were elevated in patients with colitis and in mouse models of acute and chronic colitis. These findings indicate the clinical significance of NAMPT and CYBB in colitis. Further, we found that eNAMPT directly binds the extracellular domains of CYBB and TLR4 in activated NLRP3 inflammasomes. Moreover, we developed a recombinant 12-residue TK peptide designated colon-targeted (CT)-conjugated multifunctional NAMPT (rCT-NAMPT), comprising CT as the colon-targeting moiety, which harbors the minimal essential residues required for CYBB/TLR4 binding. rCT-NAMPT effectively suppressed the severity of disease in DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis models through targeting the colon and inhibiting the interaction of NAMPT with CYBB or TLR4. Together, our data show that rCT-NAMPT may serve as an effective novel candidate therapeutic for colitis by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated immune signaling system.
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10
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Wang S, Zhan H, Xu L, Zhao B. Serum nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase as a novel biomarker for non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:514. [PMID: 36443772 PMCID: PMC9703730 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of serum nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head (NONFH). METHODS A total of 113 NONFH patients and 81 healthy individuals were included in this study. The NAMPT levels in serum were measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Radiographic progression was determined using Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) classification system. Clinical severity was assessed by Harris hip score (HHS) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Correlations between serum NAMPT and radiographic progression as well as clinical severity were evaluated statistically. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to evaluate the diagnostic values of NAMPT in NONFH potential and disease severity. RESULTS The serum NAMPT levels in NONFH patients were significantly lower than that in healthy controls. There were no significant differences among alcohol-induced group, steroids-induced group, and idiopathic group. NONFH patients with ARCO stage 4 had significant lower serum NAMPT levels in comparisons with ARCO stage 3 and 2, respectively. Lower serum NAMPT levels were also observed in bilateral NONFH cases compared with cases with unilateral NONFH. In addition, serum NAMPT was negatively correlated with ARCO stages and VAS scores, and positively correlated with HHS. ROC curve analysis indicated that serum NAMPT may serve as a novel biomarker for diagnosing early NONFH and for monitoring disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that serum NAMPT may serve as a novel biomarker for NONFH potential and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Wang
- grid.415946.b0000 0004 7434 8069Department of Orthopedics, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, 276000 Shandong China
| | - Huixian Zhan
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 513000 Guangdong China
| | - Liping Xu
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266042 Shandong China
| | - Baoxiang Zhao
- grid.415946.b0000 0004 7434 8069Department of Orthopedics, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, 276000 Shandong China
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11
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NAD/NAMPT and mTOR Pathways in Melanoma: Drivers of Drug Resistance and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179985. [PMID: 36077374 PMCID: PMC9456568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents the most fatal skin cancer due to its aggressive behavior and high metastatic potential. The introduction of BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the clinic has dramatically improved patient survival over the last decade. However, many patients either display primary (i.e., innate) or develop secondary (i.e., acquired) resistance to systemic treatments. Therapeutic resistance relies on the rewiring of multiple processes, including cancer metabolism, epigenetics, gene expression, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment that are only partially understood. Therefore, reliable biomarkers of resistance or response, capable of facilitating the choice of the best treatment option for each patient, are currently missing. Recently, activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism and, in particular, of its rate-limiting enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) have been identified as key drivers of targeted therapy resistance and melanoma progression. Another major player in this context is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays key roles in the regulation of melanoma cell anabolic functions and energy metabolism at the switch between sensitivity and resistance to targeted therapy. In this review, we summarize known resistance mechanisms to ICIs and targeted therapy, focusing on metabolic adaptation as one main mechanism of drug resistance. In particular, we highlight the roles of NAD/NAMPT and mTOR signaling axes in this context and overview data in support of their inhibition as a promising strategy to overcome treatment resistance.
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12
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Vallejo FA, Sanchez A, Cuglievan B, Walters WM, De Angulo G, Vanni S, Graham RM. NAMPT Inhibition Induces Neuroblastoma Cell Death and Blocks Tumor Growth. Front Oncol 2022; 12:883318. [PMID: 35814452 PMCID: PMC9261286 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.883318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma (NB) portends very poor prognoses in children. Targeting tumor metabolism has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy. High levels of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD+) are required for rapid cell proliferation. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD+ salvage and is overexpressed in several cancers. Here, we determine the potential of NAMPT as a therapeutic target for NB treatment. NAMPT inhibition cytotoxicity was determined by trypan blue exclusion and LDH assays. Neuroblastoma stem cell self-renewal was evaluated by neurosphere assay. Protein expression was evaluated via Western blot. The effect of targeting NAMPT in vivo was determined using an NB1691-xenografted mouse model. Robust NAMPT expression was demonstrated in multiple N-MYC amplified, high-risk neuroblastoma cell lines. NAMPT inhibition with STF-118804 (STF) decreased ATP, induced apoptosis, and reduced NB stem cell neurosphere formation. STF treatment down-regulated N-MYC levels and abrogated AKT activation. AKT and glycolytic pathway inhibitors in combination with NAMPT inhibition induced robust, greater-than-additive neuroblastoma cell death. Lastly, STF treatment blocked neuroblastoma tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. NAMPT is a valid therapeutic target as inhibition promoted neuroblastoma cell death in vitro and prevented tumor growth in vivo. Further investigation is warranted to establish this therapy’s role as an adjunctive modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic A. Vallejo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony Sanchez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Branko Cuglievan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics Patient Care, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Winston M. Walters
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Guillermo De Angulo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Immunology, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Steven Vanni
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, HCA Florida University Hospital, Davie, FL, United States
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Regina M. Graham
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Regina M. Graham,
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13
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Chen Y, Du F, Tang L, Xu J, Zhao Y, Wu X, Li M, Shen J, Wen Q, Cho CH, Xiao Z. Carboranes as unique pharmacophores in antitumor medicinal chemistry. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:400-416. [PMID: 35141397 PMCID: PMC8807988 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carborane is a carbon-boron molecular cluster that can be viewed as a 3D analog of benzene. It features special physical and chemical properties, and thus has the potential to serve as a new type of pharmacophore for drug design and discovery. Based on the relative positions of two cage carbons, icosahedral closo-carboranes can be classified into three isomers, ortho-carborane (o-carborane, 1,2-C2B10H12), meta-carborane (m-carborane, 1,7-C2B10H12), and para-carborane (p-carborane, 1,12-C2B10H12), and all of them can be deboronated to generate their nido- forms. Cage compound carborane and its derivatives have been demonstrated as useful chemical entities in antitumor medicinal chemistry. The applications of carboranes and their derivatives in the field of antitumor research mainly include boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), as BNCT/photodynamic therapy dual sensitizers, and as anticancer ligands. This review summarizes the research progress on carboranes achieved up to October 2021, with particular emphasis on signaling transduction pathways, chemical structures, and mechanistic considerations of using carboranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liyao Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jinrun Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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14
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Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Melanoma and in the Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121942. [PMID: 34943045 PMCID: PMC8750393 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with the poorest prognosis, representing the deadliest form of skin cancer. Activating mutations in BRAF are the most frequent genetic alterations, present in approximately 50% of all melanoma cases. The use of specific inhibitors towards mutant BRAF variants and MEK, a downstream signaling target of BRAF in the MAPK pathway, has significantly improved progression-free and overall survival in advanced melanoma patients carrying BRAF mutations. Nevertheless, despite these improvements, resistance still develops within the first year of therapy in around 50% of patients, which is a significant problem in managing BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Understanding these mechanisms is one of the mainstreams of the research on BRAFi/MEKi acquired resistance. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been described. Moreover, in recent years, oxidative stress has emerged as another major force involved in all the phases of melanoma development, from initiation to progression until the onsets of the metastatic phenotype and chemoresistance, and has thus become a target for therapy. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge on oxidative stress and its signaling in melanoma, as well as the oxidative stress-related mechanisms in the acquired resistance to targeted therapies.
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15
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Tabrizi FB, Yarmohammadi F, Hayes AW, Karimi G. The modulation of SIRT1 and SIRT3 by natural compounds as a therapeutic target in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22946. [PMID: 34747550 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent antitumor agent with a broad spectrum of activity; however, irreversible cardiotoxicity resulting from DOX treatment is a major issue that limits its therapeutic use. Sirtuins (SIRTs) play an essential role in several physiological and pathological processes including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. It has been reported that SIRT1 and SIRT3 can act as a protective molecular against DOX-induced myocardial injury through targeting numerous signaling pathways. Several natural compounds (NCs), such as resveratrol, sesamin, and berberine, with antioxidative, anti-inflammation, and antiapoptotic effects were evaluated for their potential to suppress the cardiotoxicity induced by DOX via targeting SIRT1 and SIRT3. Numerous NCs exerted their therapeutic effects on DOX-mediated cardiac damage via targeting different signaling pathways, including SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK, SIRT1/PGC-1α, SIRT1/NLRP3, and SIRT3/FoxO. SIRT3 also ameliorates cardiotoxicity by enhancing mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh B Tabrizi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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16
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Metabolic Interplay between the Immune System and Melanoma Cells: Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060607. [PMID: 34073463 PMCID: PMC8227307 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents the most fatal skin cancer due to its aggressive biological behavior and high metastatic potential. Treatment strategies for advanced disease have dramatically changed over the last years due to the introduction of BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy. However, many patients either display primary (i.e., innate) or eventually develop secondary (i.e., acquired) resistance to systemic treatments. Treatment resistance depends on multiple mechanisms driven by a set of rewiring processes, which involve cancer metabolism, epigenetic, gene expression, and interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers are needed to guide patients’ selection and treatment decisions. Indeed, there are no recognized clinical or biological characteristics that identify which patients will benefit more from available treatments, but several biomarkers have been studied with promising preliminary results. In this review, we will summarize novel tumor metabolic pathways and tumor-host metabolic crosstalk mechanisms leading to melanoma progression and drug resistance, with an overview on their translational potential as novel therapeutic targets.
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17
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Olszańska J, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Nowak D. Melanoma Progression under Obesity: Focus on Adipokines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092281. [PMID: 34068679 PMCID: PMC8126042 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity is a rapidly growing public health problem and the reason for numerous diseases in the human body, including cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge of the effect of molecules secreted by adipose tissue-adipokines on melanoma progression. We also discuss the role of these factors as markers of incidence, metastasis, and melanoma patient survival. Understanding the functions of adipokines will lead to knowledge of whether and how obesity promotes melanoma growth. Abstract Obesity is a growing problem in the world and is one of the risk factors of various cancers. Among these cancers is melanoma, which accounts for the majority of skin tumor deaths. Current studies are looking for a correlation between obesity and melanoma. They suspect that a potential cause of its development is connected to the biology of adipokines, active molecules secreted by adipose tissue. Under physiological conditions, adipokines control many processes, including lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, and inflammations. However, when there is an increased amount of fat in the body, their secretion is dysregulated. This article reviews the current knowledge of the effect of adipokines on melanoma growth. This work focuses on the molecular pathways by which adipose tissue secreted molecules modify the angiogenesis, migration, invasion, proliferation, and death of melanoma cells. We also discuss the role of these factors as markers of incidence, metastasis, and melanoma patient survival. Understanding the functions of adipokines will lead to knowledge of whether and how obesity promotes melanoma growth. Further studies may contribute to the innovations of therapies and the use of adipokines as predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers.
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18
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Metabolic Classification and Intervention Opportunities for Tumor Energy Dysfunction. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050264. [PMID: 33922558 PMCID: PMC8146396 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive view of cell metabolism provides a new vision of cancer, conceptualized as tissue with cellular-altered metabolism and energetic dysfunction, which can shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms. Cancer is now considered a heterogeneous ecosystem, formed by tumor cells and the microenvironment, which is molecularly, phenotypically, and metabolically reprogrammable. A wealth of evidence confirms metabolic reprogramming activity as the minimum common denominator of cancer, grouping together a wide variety of aberrations that can affect any of the different metabolic pathways involved in cell physiology. This forms the basis for a new proposed classification of cancer according to the altered metabolic pathway(s) and degree of energy dysfunction. Enhanced understanding of the metabolic reprogramming pathways of fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, hypoxia, and acidosis can bring about new therapeutic intervention possibilities from a metabolic perspective of cancer.
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19
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Cao D, Chu L, Xu Z, Gong J, Deng R, Wang B, Zhou S. Visfatin facilitates gastric cancer malignancy by targeting snai1 via the NF-κB signaling. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1646-1655. [PMID: 33823623 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211006168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visfatin acts as an oncogenic factor in numerous tumors through a variety of cellular processes. Visfatin has been revealed to promote cell migration and invasion in gastric cancer (GC). Snai1 is a well-known regulator of EMT process in cancers. However, the relationship between visfatin and snai1 in GC remains unclear. The current study aimed to explore the role of visfatin in GC. METHODS The RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to measure RNA and protein levels, respectively. The cell migration and invasion were tested by Trans-well assays and western blot analysis. RESULTS Visfatin showed upregulation in GC cells. Additionally, Visfatin with increasing concentration facilitated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process by increasing E-cadherin and reducing N-cadherin and Vimentin protein levels in GC cells. Moreover, endogenous overexpression and knockdown of visfatin promoted and inhibited migratory and invasive abilities of GC cells, respectively. Then, we found that snai1 protein level was positively regulated by visfatin in GC cells. In addition, visfatin activated the NF-κB signaling to modulate snai1 protein expression. Furthermore, the silencing of snai1 counteracted the promotive impact of visfatin on cell migration, invasion and EMT process in GC. CONCLUSION Visfatin facilitates cell migration, invasion and EMT process by targeting snai1 via the NF-κB signaling, which provides a potential insight for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - L Chu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - J Gong
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - R Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - B Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - S Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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20
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Grillo E, Corsini M, Ravelli C, Zammataro L, Bacci M, Morandi A, Monti E, Presta M, Mitola S. Expression of activated VEGFR2 by R1051Q mutation alters the energy metabolism of Sk-Mel-31 melanoma cells by increasing glutamine dependence. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:80-88. [PMID: 33744390 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activating mutations are emerging as important oncogenic driver events. Understanding the biological implications of such mutations may help to pinpoint novel therapeutic targets. Here we show that activated VEGFR2 via the pro-oncogenic R1051Q mutation induces relevant metabolic changes in melanoma cells. The expression of VEGFR2R1051Q leads to higher energy metabolism and ATP production compared to control cells expressing VEGFR2WT. Furthermore, activated VEGFR2R1051Q augments the dependence on glutamine (Gln) of melanoma cells, thus increasing Gln uptake and their sensitivity to Gln deprivation and to inhibitors of glutaminase, the enzyme initiating Gln metabolism by cells. Overall, these results highlight Gln addiction as a metabolic vulnerability of tumors harboring the activating VEGFR2R1051Q mutation and suggest novel therapeutic approaches for those patients harboring activating mutations of VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Michela Corsini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Marina Bacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
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Kumar PR, Moore JA, Bowles KM, Rushworth SA, Moncrieff MD. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cutaneous melanoma. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:115-123. [PMID: 33204029 PMCID: PMC7782830 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect in tumour cells is associated with the upregulation of glycolysis to generate ATP, even under normoxic conditions and the presence of fully functioning mitochondria. However, scientific advances made over the past 15 years have reformed this perspective, demonstrating the importance of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as well as glycolysis in malignant cells. The metabolic phenotypes in melanoma display heterogeneic dynamism (metabolic plasticity) between glycolysis and OXPHOS, conferring a survival advantage to adapt to harsh conditions and pathways of chemoresistance. Furthermore, the simultaneous upregulation of both OXPHOS and glycolysis (metabolic symbiosis) has been shown to be vital for melanoma progression. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has an essential supporting role in promoting progression, invasion and metastasis of melanoma. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the TME show a symbiotic relationship with melanoma, protecting tumour cells from apoptosis and conferring chemoresistance. With the significant role of OXPHOS in metabolic plasticity and symbiosis, our review outlines how mitochondrial transfer from MSCs to melanoma tumour cells plays a key role in melanoma progression and is the mechanism by which melanoma cells regain OXPHOS capacity even in the presence of mitochondrial mutations. The studies outlined in this review indicate that targeting mitochondrial trafficking is a potential novel therapeutic approach for this highly refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakrit R Kumar
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jamie A Moore
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kristian M Bowles
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Haematology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Stuart A Rushworth
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Marc D Moncrieff
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
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22
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Navas LE, Carnero A. NAD + metabolism, stemness, the immune response, and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:2. [PMID: 33384409 PMCID: PMC7775471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD+ was discovered during yeast fermentation, and since its discovery, its important roles in redox metabolism, aging, and longevity, the immune system and DNA repair have been highlighted. A deregulation of the NAD+ levels has been associated with metabolic diseases and aging-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, defective immune responses, and cancer. NAD+ acts as a cofactor through its interplay with NADH, playing an essential role in many enzymatic reactions of energy metabolism, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and the TCA cycle. NAD+ also plays a role in deacetylation by sirtuins and ADP ribosylation during DNA damage/repair by PARP proteins. Finally, different NAD hydrolase proteins also consume NAD+ while converting it into ADP-ribose or its cyclic counterpart. Some of these proteins, such as CD38, seem to be extensively involved in the immune response. Since NAD cannot be taken directly from food, NAD metabolism is essential, and NAMPT is the key enzyme recovering NAD from nicotinamide and generating most of the NAD cellular pools. Because of the complex network of pathways in which NAD+ is essential, the important role of NAD+ and its key generating enzyme, NAMPT, in cancer is understandable. In the present work, we review the role of NAD+ and NAMPT in the ways that they may influence cancer metabolism, the immune system, stemness, aging, and cancer. Finally, we review some ongoing research on therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola E Navas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cancer, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain. .,CIBER de Cancer, Sevilla, Spain.
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23
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Audrito V, Messana VG, Moiso E, Vitale N, Arruga F, Brandimarte L, Gaudino F, Pellegrino E, Vaisitti T, Riganti C, Piva R, Deaglio S. NAMPT Over-Expression Recapitulates the BRAF Inhibitor Resistant Phenotype Plasticity in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123855. [PMID: 33419372 PMCID: PMC7766175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most fatal skin cancer due to its high metastatic potential. Treatment strategies are dramatically changing due to the introduction of BRAF/MEK inhibitors (i) and immunotherapy; however, multiple resistant mechanisms rapidly occur including metabolic rewiring. This study aimed to establish the driver role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in BRAFi resistance development. We defined that NAMPT over-expressing MM cells were strikingly similar to cells that acquired resistance to BRAFi in terms of growth, invasion, and phenotype plasticity. These findings confirmed NAMPT as a key factor in melanoma progression and in the onset of BRAFi resistance in melanoma patients, opening new therapeutic possibilities for this subset of patients. Abstract Serine–threonine protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF)-mutated metastatic melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive type of skin cancer. Treatment of MM patients using BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) eventually leads to drug resistance, limiting any clinical benefit. Herein, we demonstrated that the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a driving factor in BRAFi resistance development. Using stable and inducible NAMPT over-expression systems, we showed that forced NAMPT expression in MM BRAF-mutated cell lines led to increased energy production, MAPK activation, colony-formation capacity, and enhance tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, NAMPT over-expressing cells switched toward an invasive/mesenchymal phenotype, up-regulating expression of ZEB1 and TWIST, two transcription factors driving the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Consistently, within the NAMPT-overexpressing cell line variants, we observed an increased percentage of a rare, drug-effluxing stem cell-like side population (SP) of cells, paralleled by up-regulation of ABCC1/MRP1 expression and CD133-positive cells. The direct correlation between NAMPT expression and gene set enrichments involving metastasis, invasiveness and mesenchymal/stemness properties were verified also in melanoma patients by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. On the other hand, CRISPR/Cas9 full knock-out NAMPT BRAFi-resistant MM cells are not viable, while inducible partial silencing drastically reduces tumor growth and aggressiveness. Overall, this work revealed that NAMPT over-expression is both necessary and sufficient to recapitulate the BRAFi-resistant phenotype plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (S.D.); Tel.: +39-0116709535-37 (V.A. & S.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Gianluca Messana
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
| | - Enrico Moiso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
| | - Lorenzo Brandimarte
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
| | - Elisa Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Tiziana Vaisitti
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Roberto Piva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Cancer Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.G.M.); (N.V.); (F.A.); (L.B.); (F.G.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (S.D.); Tel.: +39-0116709535-37 (V.A. & S.D.)
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Nicotinamide inhibits melanoma in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:211. [PMID: 33028392 PMCID: PMC7542872 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Even though new therapies are available against melanoma, novel approaches are needed to overcome resistance and high-toxicity issues. In the present study the anti-melanoma activity of Nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of Niacin, was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Methods Human (A375, SK-MEL-28) and mouse (B16-F10) melanoma cell lines were used for in vitro investigations. Viability, cell-death, cell-cycle distribution, apoptosis, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide+ (NAD+), Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels were measured after NAM treatment. NAM anti-SIRT2 activity was tested in vitro; SIRT2 expression level was investigated by in silico transcriptomic analyses. Melanoma growth in vivo was measured in thirty-five C57BL/6 mice injected subcutaneously with B16-F10 melanoma cells and treated intraperitoneally with NAM. Interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting murine cells were counted with ELISPOT assay. Cytokine/chemokine plasmatic levels were measured by xMAP technology. Niacin receptors expression in human melanoma samples was also investigated by in silico transcriptomic analyses. Results NAM reduced up to 90% melanoma cell number and induced: i) accumulation in G1-phase (40% increase), ii) reduction in S- and G2-phase (about 50% decrease), iii) a 10-fold increase of cell-death and 2.5-fold increase of apoptosis in sub-G1 phase, iv) a significant increase of NAD+, ATP, and ROS levels, v) a strong inhibition of SIRT2 activity in vitro. NAM significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo (p ≤ 0.0005) and improved survival of melanoma-bearing mice (p ≤ 0.0001). About 3-fold increase (p ≤ 0.05) of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing cells was observed in NAM treated mice. The plasmatic expression levels of 6 cytokines (namely: Interleukin 5 (IL-5), Eotaxin, Interleukin 12 (p40) (IL12(p40)), Interleukin 3 (IL-3), Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Regulated on Activation Normal T Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) were significantly changed in the blood of NAM treated mice, suggesting a key role of the immune response. The observed inhibitory effect of NAM on SIRT2 enzymatic activity confirmed previous evidence; we show here that SIRT2 expression is significantly increased in melanoma and inversely related to melanoma-patients survival. Finally, we show for the first time that the expression levels of Niacin receptors HCAR2 and HCAR3 is almost abolished in human melanoma samples. Conclusion NAM shows a relevant anti-melanoma activity in vitro and in vivo and is a suitable candidate for further clinical investigations.
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25
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Medina MÁ. Metabolic Reprogramming is a Hallmark of Metabolism Itself. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000058. [PMID: 32939776 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming of metabolism has been identified as one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is becoming more and more frequent to connect other diseases with metabolic reprogramming. This article aims to argue that metabolic reprogramming is not driven by disease but instead is the main hallmark of metabolism, based on its dynamic behavior that allows it to continuously adapt to changes in the internal and external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Medina
- Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Málaga, E-29071, Spain
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26
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Li X, Cai Y. Risk stratification of cutaneous melanoma reveals carcinogen metabolism enrichment and immune inhibition in high-risk patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16457-16475. [PMID: 32858528 PMCID: PMC7485700 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Risk assessment should facilitate stratified surveillance and guide treatment selection. Here, based on the mRNA-seq data from 419 CM patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we developed a prognostic 21-gene signature to distinguish the outcomes of high- and low-risk patients, which was further validated in two external cohorts. The signature achieved a higher C-index as compared with other known biomarkers and clinical characteristics in both the TCGA and validation cohorts. Notably, in high-risk patients the expression levels of three driver genes, BRAF, NRAS, and NF1 in the MAPK pathway, were lower but exhibited a stronger positive correlation as compared with low-risk patients. Moreover, the genes involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism were negatively correlated with the expression of BRAF in the high-risk group. Function analysis revealed that the upregulated genes in the high-risk group were enriched in the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of chemical carcinogens. Furthermore, the low-risk group had high levels of gamma delta T cells infiltration, while regulatory T cells were accumulated in the high-risk group. The present study offers a promising new prognostic signature for CM, and provides insight into the mechanisms of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Research Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Cai
- Research Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
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Avagliano A, Fiume G, Pelagalli A, Sanità G, Ruocco MR, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Metabolic Plasticity of Melanoma Cells and Their Crosstalk With Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:722. [PMID: 32528879 PMCID: PMC7256186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive and drug resistant solid tumor, showing an impressive metabolic plasticity modulated by oncogenic activation. In particular, melanoma cells can generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression by both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments, although CM energetic request mostly relies on glycolysis. The upregulation of glycolysis is associated with constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK signaling sustained by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. In this scenario, the growth and progression of CM are strongly affected by melanoma metabolic changes and interplay with tumor microenvironment (TME) that sustain tumor development and immune escape. Furthermore, CM metabolic plasticity can induce a metabolic adaptive response to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi), associated with the shift from glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, in this review article we survey the metabolic alterations and plasticity of CM, its crosstalk with TME that regulates melanoma progression, drug resistance and immunosurveillance. Finally, we describe hallmarks of melanoma therapeutic strategies targeting the shift from glycolysis toward OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Sanità
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Implications of NAD + Metabolism in the Aging Retina and Retinal Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2692794. [PMID: 32454935 PMCID: PMC7238357 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2692794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays an important role in various key biological processes including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and gene expression. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence highlights an age-dependent decline in NAD+ levels and its association with the development and progression of several age-related diseases. This supports the establishment of NAD+ as a critical regulator of aging and longevity and, relatedly, a promising therapeutic target to counter adverse events associated with the normal process of aging and/or the development and progression of age-related disease. Relative to the above, the metabolism of NAD+ has been the subject of numerous investigations in various cells, tissues, and organ systems; however, interestingly, studies of NAD+ metabolism in the retina and its relevance to the regulation of visual health and function are comparatively few. This is surprising given the critical causative impact of mitochondrial oxidative damage and bioenergetic crises on the development and progression of degenerative disease of the retina. Hence, the role of NAD+ in this tissue, normally and aging and/or disease, should not be ignored. Herein, we discuss important findings in the field of NAD+ metabolism, with particular emphasis on the importance of the NAD+ biosynthesizing enzyme NAMPT, the related metabolism of NAD+ in the retina, and the consequences of NAMPT and NAD+ deficiency or depletion in this tissue in aging and disease. We discuss also the implications of potential therapeutic strategies that augment NAD+ levels on the preservation of retinal health and function in the above conditions. The overarching goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of NAD+ metabolism in normal, aging, and/or diseased retina and, by so doing, highlight the necessity of additional clinical studies dedicated to evaluating the therapeutic utility of strategies that enhance NAD+ levels in improving vision.
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Audrito V, Messana VG, Deaglio S. NAMPT and NAPRT: Two Metabolic Enzymes With Key Roles in Inflammation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:358. [PMID: 32266141 PMCID: PMC7096376 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) are two intracellular enzymes that catalyze the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, respectively. By fine tuning intracellular NAD levels, they are involved in the regulation/reprogramming of cellular metabolism and in the control of the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, PARPs, and NADases. However, during evolution they both acquired novel functions as extracellular endogenous mediators of inflammation. It is well-known that cellular stress and/or damage induce release in the extracellular milieu of endogenous molecules, called alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate immune functions through binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and activate inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular (e)NAMPT and eNAPRT are novel soluble factors with cytokine/adipokine/DAMP-like actions. Elevated eNAMPT were reported in several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer, while eNAPRT is emerging as a biomarker of sepsis and septic shock. This review will discuss available data concerning the dual role of this unique family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gianluca Messana
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Grolla AA, Miggiano R, Di Marino D, Bianchi M, Gori A, Orsomando G, Gaudino F, Galli U, Del Grosso E, Mazzola F, Angeletti C, Guarneri M, Torretta S, Calabrò M, Boumya S, Fan X, Colombo G, Travelli C, Rocchio F, Aronica E, Wohlschlegel JA, Deaglio S, Rizzi M, Genazzani AA, Garavaglia S. A nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-GAPDH interaction sustains the stress-induced NMN/NAD + salvage pathway in the nucleus. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3635-3651. [PMID: 31988240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells require sustained intracellular energy flux, which is driven by redox chemistry at the subcellular level. NAD+, its phosphorylated variant NAD(P)+, and its reduced forms NAD(P)/NAD(P)H are all redox cofactors with key roles in energy metabolism and are substrates for several NAD-consuming enzymes (e.g. poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, sirtuins, and others). The nicotinamide salvage pathway, constituted by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), mainly replenishes NAD+ in eukaryotes. However, unlike NMNAT1, NAMPT is not known to be a nuclear protein, prompting the question of how the nuclear NAD+ pool is maintained and how it is replenished upon NAD+ consumption. In the present work, using human and murine cells; immunoprecipitation, pulldown, and surface plasmon resonance assays; and immunofluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, and MS-based analyses, we report that GAPDH and NAMPT form a stable complex that is essential for nuclear translocation of NAMPT. This translocation furnishes NMN to replenish NAD+ to compensate for the activation of NAD-consuming enzymes by stressful stimuli induced by exposure to H2O2 or S-nitrosoglutathione and DNA damage inducers. These results indicate that by forming a complex with GAPDH, NAMPT can translocate to the nucleus and thereby sustain the stress-induced NMN/NAD+ salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra A Grolla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM-CNR), via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60128 Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ubaldina Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Mazzola
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60128 Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Angeletti
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60128 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Guarneri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Torretta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Calabrò
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Boumya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Xiaorui Fan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rocchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Garavaglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Audrito V, Managò A, Gaudino F, Sorci L, Messana VG, Raffaelli N, Deaglio S. NAD-Biosynthetic and Consuming Enzymes as Central Players of Metabolic Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1720. [PMID: 31402913 PMCID: PMC6671870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells, particularly in solid tumors, are surrounded by non-neoplastic elements, including endothelial and stromal cells, as well as cells of immune origin, which can support tumor growth by providing the right conditions. On the other hand, local hypoxia, and lack of nutrients induce tumor cells to reprogram their metabolism in order to survive, proliferate, and disseminate: the same conditions are also responsible for building a tumor-suppressive microenvironment. In addition to tumor cells, it is now well-recognized that metabolic rewiring occurs in all cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, affecting epigenetic regulation of gene expression and influencing differentiation/proliferation decisions of these cells. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential co-factor for energy transduction in metabolic processes. It is also a key component of signaling pathways, through the regulation of NAD-consuming enzymes, including sirtuins and PARPs, which can affect DNA plasticity and accessibility. In addition, both NAD-biosynthetic and NAD-consuming enzymes can be present in the extracellular environment, adding a new layer of complexity to the system. In this review we will discuss the role of the “NADome” in the metabolic cross-talk between cancer and infiltrating immune cells, contributing to cancer growth and immune evasion, with an eye to therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Managò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gianluca Messana
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
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