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Mok MY, Law KS, Kong WY, Luo CY, Asfaw ET, Chan KW, Huang FP, Lau CS, Chan GCF. Interleukin-33 Ameliorates Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Is Associated with Induction of M2 Macrophage Polarisation and Regulatory T Cells. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:485-498. [PMID: 36889298 PMCID: PMC10134067 DOI: 10.1159/000529931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate cytokine IL-33 is increasingly recognised to possess biological effects on various immune cells. We have previously demonstrated elevated serum level of soluble ST2 in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus suggesting involvement of IL-33 and its receptor in the lupus pathogenesis. This study sought to examine the effect of exogenous IL-33 on disease activity of pre-disease lupus-prone mice and the underlying cellular mechanisms. Recombinant IL-33 was administered to MRL/lpr mice for 6 weeks, whereas control group received phosphate-buffered saline. IL-33-treated mice displayed less proteinuria, renal histological inflammatory changes, and had lower serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α. Renal tissue and splenic CD11b+ extracts showed features of M2 polarisation with elevated mRNA expression of Arg1, FIZZI, and reduced iNOS. These mice also had increased IL-13, ST2, Gata3, and Foxp3 mRNA expression in renal and splenic tissues. Kidneys of these mice displayed less CD11b+ infiltration, had downregulated MCP-1, and increased infiltration of Foxp3-expressing cells. Splenic CD4+ T cells showed increased ST2-expressing CD4+Foxp3+ population and reduced IFN-γ+ population. There were no differences in serum anti-dsDNA antibodies and renal C3 and IgG2a deposit in these mice. Exogenous IL-33 was found to ameliorate disease activity in lupus-prone mice with induction of M2 polarisation, Th2 response, and expansion of regulatory T cells. IL-33 likely orchestrated autoregulation of these cells through upregulation of ST2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yin Mok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Sin Law
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Yin Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cai Yun Luo
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Endale T. Asfaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fang Ping Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Godfrey Chi Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Macrophages in Lupus Nephritis: Exploring a potential new therapeutic avenue. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103211. [PMID: 36252930 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that occurs in about half of patients. LN is characterized by glomerular deposition of immune complexes, leading to subendothelial, mesangial and subepithelial electron dense deposits, triggering immune cell infiltration and glomerular as well as tubulointerstitial injury. Monocytes and macrophages are abundantly present in inflammatory lesions, both in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium. Here we discuss how monocytes and macrophages are involved in this process and how monocytes and macrophages may represent specific therapeutic targets to control LN.
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HSPB5 suppresses renal inflammation and protects lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice from severe renal damage. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:267. [PMID: 36510250 PMCID: PMC9743758 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammatory disease of the kidneys affecting patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Current immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies are associated with serious side effects and fail to protect 20-40% of LN patients from end-stage renal disease. In this study, we investigated whether a small heat shock protein, HSPB5, can reduce kidney inflammation and the clinical manifestations of the disease in NZB/W F1 mice. Furthermore, we investigated whether HSPB5 can enhance the effects of methylprednisolone, a standard-of-care drug in LN, in an endotoxemia mouse model. METHODS NZB/W F1 mice were treated with HSPB5, methylprednisolone, or vehicle from 23 to 38 weeks of age. Disease progression was evaluated by weekly proteinuria scores. At the end of the study, the blood, urine, spleens, and kidneys were collected for the assessment of proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, kidney histology, serum IL-6 and anti-dsDNA levels, immune cell populations, and their phenotypes, as well as the transcript levels of proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines in the kidneys. HSPB5 was also evaluated in combination with methylprednisolone in a lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia mouse model; serum IL-6 levels were measured at 24 h post-endotoxemia induction. RESULTS HSPB5 significantly reduced terminal proteinuria and BUN and substantially improved kidney pathology. Similar trends, although to a lower extent, were observed with methylprednisolone treatment. Serum IL-6 levels and kidney expression of BAFF, IL-6, IFNγ, MCP-1 (CCL2), and KIM-1 were reduced, whereas nephrin expression was significantly preserved compared to vehicle-treated mice. Lastly, splenic Tregs and Bregs were significantly induced with HSPB5 treatment. HSPB5 in combination with methylprednisolone also significantly reduced serum IL-6 levels in endotoxemia mice. CONCLUSIONS HSPB5 treatment reduces kidney inflammation and injury, providing therapeutic benefits in NZB/W F1 mice. Given that HSPB5 enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of methylprednisolone, there is a strong interest to develop HSBP5 as a therapeutic for the treatment of LN.
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Chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family in autoimmune diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:951-958. [PMID: 32195671 PMCID: PMC7176445 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) is widely expressed in the immune system. Abnormal expression of CMTM is associated with the development of various diseases. This article summarizes the relevant research on the role of the CMTM family in immune disorders. This information will increase our understanding of pathogenesis and identify promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases. The CMTM family is highly expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CKLF1 may be involved in the development of arthritis through its interaction with C-C chemokine receptor 4. CKLF1 is associated with the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis and psoriasis. Both CMTM4 and CMTM5 are associated with the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. CMTM1, CMTM2, CMTM3, and CMTM6 play a role in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, and anti-phospholipid syndrome, respectively. The CMTM family has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases. Further research on the mechanism of the action of CMTM family members may lead to the development of new treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases.
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Zhang T, Duran V, Vanarsa K, Mohan C. Targeted urine proteomics in lupus nephritis - a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:767-776. [PMID: 33423575 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1874356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic approaches are central in biomarker discovery. While mass-spectrometry-based techniques are widely used, novel targeted proteomic platforms have enabled the high-throughput detection of low-abundance proteins in an affinity-based manner. Urine has gained growing attention as an ideal biofluid for monitoring renal disease including lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS Pubmed was screened for targeted proteomic studies of LN urine interrogating ≥1000 proteins. Data from the primary studies were combined and a meta-analysis was performed. Shared proteins elevated in active LN across studies were identified, and relevant pathways were elucidated using ingenuity pathway and gene ontology analysis. Urine proteomic data was cross-referenced against renal single-cell RNAseq data from LN kidneys. RESULTS Two high-throughput targeted proteomic platforms with capacity to interrogate ≥1000 proteins have been used to investigate LN urine. Twenty-three urine proteins were significantly elevated in both studies, including 10 chemokines, and proteins implicated in angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix turnover. Of these, Cathepsin S, CXCL10, FasL, ferritin, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and resistin were also significantly elevated within LN kidneys. CONCLUSION Targeted urinary proteomics have uncovered multiple novel biomarkers for LN. Further validation in prospective cohorts and mechanistic studies are warranted to establish their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Valeria Duran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamala Vanarsa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas, USA
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Song W, Tang D, Chen D, Zheng F, Huang S, Xu Y, Yu H, He J, Hong X, Yin L, Liu D, Dai W, Dai Y. Advances in applying of multi-omics approaches in the research of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:163-173. [PMID: 32138562 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1736058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Song
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Deheng Chen
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengping Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoying Huang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingquan He
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weier Dai
- College of Natural Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Vitali C, Dolcino M, Del Papa N, Minniti A, Pignataro F, Maglione W, Lunardi C, Puccetti A. Gene Expression Profiles in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome With and Without Systemic Manifestations. ACR Open Rheumatol 2019; 1:603-613. [PMID: 31872181 PMCID: PMC6917337 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the gene expression profile in patients with Sjögren's syndrome that is characterized by different clinical phenotypes. Methods RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was purified in 8 patients with glandular features (GFs) and widespread pain (WP) and 11 with extraglandular manifestations (EGMs) and then was analyzed by hybridization on a human gene chip exploring more than 40,000 human genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two subgroups (ie, those with false discovery rate–corrected P values ≤ 0.01) with respect to 20 healthy controls have been submitted to functional classification using a Gene Ontology database and were mapped to define the networks of protein to protein interactions (PPIs). Results The enriched pathway analyses of DEGs and of the highly interconnected modules identified in the PPI networks showed that the pathological processes characterizing the two subgroups were substantially different. The predominant pathways in patients with EGMs are related to T‐ and B‐cell activation, Toll‐like receptor, interferon signaling, and apoptosis. Conversely, pathological processes related to pain transmission and modulation are preferentially operative in patients with GFs and WP. These data suggest that a neuroinflammatory pathway driven by cytokines and chemokines may play a central role in triggering WP features in this phenotype of patients. Conclusion The present study supports the hypothesis that different biological pathways are operative in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome with different clinical phenotypes. A better knowledge of these specific processes might help in tailoring more effective target therapies.
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Liu DD, Song XY, Yang PF, Ai QD, Wang YY, Feng XY, He X, Chen NH. Progress in pharmacological research of chemokine like factor 1 (CKLF1). Cytokine 2018; 102:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rangel-Moreno J, To JY, Owen T, Goldman BI, Smrcka AV, Anolik JH. Inhibition of G Protein βγ Subunit Signaling Abrogates Nephritis in Lupus-Prone Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:2244-56. [PMID: 26990948 PMCID: PMC5001921 DOI: 10.1002/art.39673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite considerable advances in the understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is still an urgent need for new and more targeted treatment approaches. We previously demonstrated that small-molecule blockade of G protein βγ subunit (Gβγ) signaling inhibits acute inflammation through inhibition of chemokine receptor signal transduction. We undertook this study to determine whether inhibition of Gβγ signaling ameliorates disease in a mouse model of SLE. METHODS Lupus-prone (NZB × NZW)F1 female mice were prophylactically or therapeutically treated with the small-molecule Gβγ inhibitor gallein. Tissue samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The development and extent of nephritis were assessed by monitoring proteinuria and by immunohistochemical analysis. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and total IgG and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody-secreting cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS Gallein inhibited accumulation of T cells and germinal center (GC) B cells in the spleen. Both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment reduced GC size, decreased antibody-secreting cell production in the spleen, and markedly decreased accumulation of autoreactive anti-dsDNA antibody-secreting cells in kidneys. Gallein also reduced immune complex deposition in kidneys. Finally, gallein treatment dramatically inhibited kidney inflammation, prevented glomerular damage, and decreased proteinuria. Mechanistically, gallein inhibited immune cell migration and signaling in response to chemokines in vitro, which suggests that its mechanisms of action in vivo are inhibition of migration of immune cells to sites of inflammation and inhibition of immune cell maturation. CONCLUSION Overall, these data demonstrate the potential use of gallein or novel inhibitors of Gβγ signaling in SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Jesi Y. To
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Teresa Owen
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Bruce I. Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Jennifer H. Anolik
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
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Abstract
Post-infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by specific pathogens in patients with no identifiable HUS-associated genetic mutation or autoantibody. The majority of episodes is due to infections by Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC). This chapter reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of STEC-HUS, including bacterial-derived factors and host responses. STEC disease is characterized by hematological (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), renal (acute kidney injury) and extrarenal organ involvement. Clinicians should always strive for an etiological diagnosis through the microbiological or molecular identification of Stx-producing bacteria and Stx or, if negative, serological assays. Treatment of STEC-HUS is supportive; more investigations are needed to evaluate the efficacy of putative preventive and therapeutic measures, such as non-phage-inducing antibiotics, volume expansion and anti-complement agents. The outcome of STEC-HUS is generally favorable, but chronic kidney disease, permanent extrarenal, mainly cerebral complication and death (in less than 5 %) occur and long-term follow-up is recommended. The remainder of this chapter highlights rarer forms of (post-infectious) HUS due to S. dysenteriae, S. pneumoniae, influenza A and HIV and discusses potential interactions between these pathogens and the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis F. Geary
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Choe JY, Kim SK. Serum TWEAK as a biomarker for disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:479-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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The Role of CXC Chemokines in Pulmonary Fibrosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:465-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mao S, Huang S. The signaling pathway of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its role in kidney diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 34:85-91. [PMID: 24303939 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.865746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) regulates the trafficking of progenitor cell (PGC) during embryonic development, cell chemotaxis, and postnatal homing into injury sites. SDF-1 also regulates cell growth, survival, adhesion and angiogenesis. However, in different tissues/cells, the role of SDF-1 is different, such as that it is increased in most of the tumors and associated with cancer metastasis, whereas it is essential for the development of vasculature. For kidney diseases, its role remains controversial. Signaling pathways might be very important in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. We performed this review to provide a relatively complete signaling pathway flowchart for SDF-1 to the investigators who were interested in the role of SDF-1 in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Here, we reviewed the signal transduction pathway of SDF-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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Mulay SR, Thomasova D, Ryu M, Kulkarni OP, Migliorini A, Bruns H, Gröbmayr R, Lazzeri E, Lasagni L, Liapis H, Romagnani P, Anders HJ. Podocyte loss involves MDM2-driven mitotic catastrophe. J Pathol 2013; 230:322-35. [PMID: 23749457 DOI: 10.1002/path.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte apoptosis as a pathway of podocyte loss is often suspected but rarely detected. To study podocyte apoptosis versus inflammatory forms of podocyte death in vivo, we targeted murine double minute (MDM)-2 for three reasons. First, MDM2 inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis; second, MDM2 facilitates NF-κB signalling; and third, podocytes show strong MDM2 expression. We hypothesized that blocking MDM2 during glomerular injury may trigger p53-mediated podocyte apoptosis, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis. Unexpectedly, MDM2 blockade in early adriamycin nephropathy of Balb/c mice had the opposite effect and reduced intra-renal cytokine and chemokine expression, glomerular macrophage and T-cell counts, and plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. In cultured podocytes exposed to adriamycin, MDM2 blockade did not trigger podocyte death but induced G2/M arrest to prevent aberrant nuclear divisions and detachment of dying aneuploid podocytes, a feature of mitotic catastrophe in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with these observations, 12 of 164 consecutive human renal biopsies revealed features of podocyte mitotic catastrophe but only in glomerular disorders with proteinuria. Furthermore, delayed MDM2 blockade reduced plasma creatinine levels, blood urea nitrogen, tubular atrophy, interstitial leukocyte numbers, and cytokine expression as well as interstitial fibrosis. Together, MDM2-mediated mitotic catastrophe is a previously unrecognized variant of podocyte loss where MDM2 forces podocytes to complete the cell cycle, which in the absence of cytokinesis leads to podocyte aneuploidy, mitotic catastrophe, and loss by detachment. MDM2 blockade with nutlin-3a could be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent renal inflammation, podocyte loss, glomerulosclerosis, proteinuria, and progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant R Mulay
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, München, Germany
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15
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Gleisner MA, Reyes P, Alfaro J, Solanes P, Simon V, Crisostomo N, Sauma D, Rosemblatt M, Bono MR. Dendritic and stromal cells from the spleen of lupic mice present phenotypic and functional abnormalities. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:423-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Michaelson JS, Wisniacki N, Burkly LC, Putterman C. Role of TWEAK in lupus nephritis: a bench-to-bedside review. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:130-42. [PMID: 22727560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is significant unmet need in the treatment of lupus nephritis (LN) patients. In this review, we highlight the role of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in mediating key pathologic processes underlying LN involving both glomerular and tubular injury, and thus the potential for renal protection via blockade of this pathway. The specific pathological mechanisms of TWEAK - namely promoting inflammation, renal cell proliferation and apoptosis, vascular activation and fibrosis - are described, with supporting data from animal models and in vitro systems. Furthermore, we detail the translational relevance of these mechanisms to clinical readouts in human LN. We present the opportunity for an anti-TWEAK therapeutic as a renal protective agent to improve efficacy relative to current standard of care treatments hopefully without increased safety risk, and highlight a phase II trial with BIIB023, an anti-TWEAK neutralizing antibody, designed to assess efficacy in LN patients. Taken together, targeting the TWEAK/Fn14 axis represents a potential new therapeutic paradigm for achieving renal protection in LN patients.
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Singh R, Vince R. 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one: Chemical Profile of a Versatile Synthetic Building Block and its Impact on the Development of Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4642-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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Liu Z, Davidson A. Taming lupus-a new understanding of pathogenesis is leading to clinical advances. Nat Med 2012; 18:871-82. [PMID: 22674006 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the loss of tolerance to nuclear self antigens, the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and damage to multiple organ systems. Over the years, patients with SLE have been managed largely with empiric immunosuppressive therapies, which are associated with substantial toxicities and do not always provide adequate control of the disease. The development of targeted therapies that specifically address disease pathogenesis or progression has lagged, largely because of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the disease, as well as difficulties in designing uniform outcome measures for clinical trials. Recent advances that could improve the treatment of SLE include the identification of genetic variations that influence the risk of developing the disease, an enhanced understanding of innate and adaptive immune activation and regulation of tolerance, dissection of immune cell activation and inflammatory pathways and elucidation of mechanisms and markers of tissue damage. These discoveries, together with improvements in clinical trial design, form a platform from which to launch the development of a new generation of lupus therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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Ble A, Mosca M, Di Loreto G, Guglielmotti A, Biondi G, Bombardieri S, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. Antiproteinuric effect of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 inhibition in subjects with acute proliferative lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:367-72. [PMID: 21876349 DOI: 10.1159/000330685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To test the role of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN), we evaluated the effects of CCL2 inhibition by bindarit therapy in patients with systemic lupus and active renal disease. METHODS In this proof-of-concept, prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study, 22 subjects with acute LN were assigned on a 1:1 ratio to 24-week treatment with bindarit (1,200 mg/day) or matching placebo. All subjects were on the same standardized steroid background therapy. Urinary CCL2, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), estimated glomerular filtration rate, time to remission and time to relapse of LN were compared between groups. RESULTS Urinary CCL2 significantly decreased during bindarit therapy (p = 0.008 vs. baseline) with a reduction that approximated 50% at study end. CCL2 reduction was paralleled by a persistent reduction in UAE that averaged 80% vs. baseline and approximated 90% at study end. Renal function recovery was similar and no difference was found in terms of time to remission and time to relapse of LN between treatment arms. Treatment was safe and well tolerated in all patients. CONCLUSION In lupus subjects with active nephritis, bindarit significantly reduced albuminuria and urinary CCL2 levels. This study provides the background for longer trials to test renoprotective effect of CCL2 inhibition in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ble
- Angelini Research Center, Piazzale della Stazione, S. Palomba, Pomezia, Italy
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Abstract
The two most common HIV-associated renal diseases, HIV-associated nephropathy and HIV immune-complex kidney disease, share the common pathologic finding of hyperplasia within the glomerulus. Podocyte injury is central to the pathogenesis of these diseases; however, the source of the proliferating glomerular epithelial cell remains a topic of debate. Parenchymal injury has been linked to direct infection of renal epithelial cells by HIV-1, although the mechanism of viral entry into this non-lymphoid compartment is unclear. Although transgenic rodent models have provided insight into viral proteins responsible for inducing renal disease, such models have substantial limitations. Rodent HIV-1 models, for instance, cannot replicate all features of immune activation, a process that could have an important role in the pathogenesis of the HIV-associated renal diseases.
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Lee HT, Shiao YM, Wu TH, Chen WS, Hsu YH, Tsai SF, Tsai CY. Serum BLC/CXCL13 concentrations and renal expression of CXCL13/CXCR5 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol 2009; 37:45-52. [PMID: 19955043 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype of systemic autoimmune disease in which cytokines such as B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC, or CXC motif ligand 13, CXCL13) may play important roles in pathogenesis. We investigated the implications of CXCL13 in SLE and lupus nephritis. METHODS Serum samples from 425 patients with SLE and 106 healthy control individuals were analyzed for the concentration of CXCL13 by ELISA. Tissue expression of CXCL13 and its corresponding receptor CXCR5 were observed in lupus kidney. The CXCR5-bearing B cells in SLE patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Serum levels of CXCL13 were higher in SLE patients compared to controls. SLE patients with lupus nephritis or positive anti-dsDNA antibodies had significantly higher serum CXCL13 levels. The peripheral venous blood B cells that bear CXCR5 were more abundant in SLE patients as detected by flow cytometry. CXCR5 and CXCL13 were highly expressed in the renal cortex from patients with lupus nephritis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BLC/CXCL13 as well as its corresponding receptor, CXCR5, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of SLE and in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Lee
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
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Schiffer L, Kumpers P, Davalos-Misslitz AM, Haubitz M, Haller H, Anders HJ, Witte T, Schiffer M. B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 as a marker of disease activity and renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3708-12. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Odegard JM, DiPlacido LD, Greenwald L, Kashgarian M, Kono DH, Dong C, Flavell RA, Craft J. ICOS controls effector function but not trafficking receptor expression of kidney-infiltrating effector T cells in murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4076-84. [PMID: 19299705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus involves both autoantibody deposition and a cellular inflammatory response, both of which are mediated by effector CD4 T cells. MRL(lpr) mice spontaneously develop massive perivascular infiltrates, but the pathways that regulate the development, trafficking, and effector functions of kidney-infiltrating T cells are poorly defined. To address these questions, we first surveyed inflammatory chemokine protein levels in nephritic kidneys from lupus-prone MRL(lpr) mice. After identifying highly elevated levels of the CXCR3 ligand CXCL9, we found that kidney-infiltrating effectors are enriched for expression of CXCR3, as well as P-selectin ligand and ICOS. Using genetic ablation, we demonstrate that ICOS plays an essential role in the establishment of renal perivascular infiltrates, although a small number of infiltrating cells remain around the blood vessels. Interestingly, though IgG autoantibody production is substantially reduced in Icos(-/-) MRL(lpr) mice, the progression of immune complex glomerulonephritis is only modestly diminished and the production of inflammatory chemokines, such as CXCL9, remains high in the kidney. We find that Icos(-/-) effector cell numbers are only slightly reduced and these have normal expression of CXCR3 and P-selectin ligand with intact migration to CXCL9. However, they have impaired production of inflammatory cytokines and fail to show evidence of efficient proliferation in the kidney. Thus, while dispensable for acquisition of renal trafficking receptor expression, ICOS is strictly required for local inflammatory functions of autoreactive CD4 T cells in murine lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Odegard
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Lech M, Kulkarni OP, Pfeiffer S, Savarese E, Krug A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Anders HJ. Tir8/Sigirr prevents murine lupus by suppressing the immunostimulatory effects of lupus autoantigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1879-88. [PMID: 18644972 PMCID: PMC2525585 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Sigirr gene (also known as Tir8) encodes for an orphan receptor of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin 1 receptor family that inhibits TLR-mediated pathogen recognition in dendritic cells. Here, we show that Sigirr also inhibits the activation of dendritic cells and B cells upon exposure to RNA and DNA lupus autoantigens. To evaluate the functional role of Sigirr in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we generated Sigirr-deficient C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice. These mice developed a progressive lymphoproliferative syndrome followed by severe autoimmune lung disease and lupus nephritis within 6 mo of age as compared with the minor abnormalities observed in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice. Lack of Sigirr was associated with enhanced activation of dendritic cells and increased expression of multiple proinflammatory and antiapoptotic mediators. In the absence of Sigirr, CD4 T cell numbers were increased and CD4+CD25+ T cell numbers were reduced. Furthermore, lack of Sigirr enhanced the activation and proliferation of B cells, including the production of autoantibodies against multiple nuclear lupus autoantigens. These data identify Sigirr as a novel SLE susceptibility gene in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Lech
- Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Lui SL, Tsang R, Chan KW, Zhang F, Tam S, Yung S, Chan TM. Rapamycin attenuates the severity of established nephritis in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:2768-76. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Schramme A, Abdel-Bakky MS, Kämpfer-Kolb N, Pfeilschifter J, Gutwein P. The role of CXCL16 and its processing metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the proliferation and migration of human mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:311-6. [PMID: 18373975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the regulation and functional role of CXCL16 in human mesangial cells (hMCs). We can show, that CXCL16 is constitutively expressed in hMCs and is further up-regulated by cytokine mix (IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and IL1beta). The constitutive release of CXCL16 from hMCs was rapidly induced by the stimulation with cytokines. We identified ADAM10 and ADAM17 as being responsible for the cytokine-induced shedding of CXCL16. Notably, targeting ADAM10 and ADAM17 in hMCs decreased the chemotaxis of T-Jurkat cells, whereas the inhibition of CXCL16 had no significant influence. This suggests that both proteases are important players in the recruitment of immune cells into the glomerulus, but other substrates than CXCL16 are involved in this process. Finally, we could show that the inhibition of CXCL16, ADAM10, and ADAM17 led to a strong reduction of cell proliferation and migration of hMCs. This finding could be important to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat mesangial proliferative kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schramme
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Schiffer L, Bethunaickan R, Ramanujam M, Huang W, Schiffer M, Tao H, Madaio MP, Madaio MM, Bottinger EP, Davidson A. Activated renal macrophages are markers of disease onset and disease remission in lupus nephritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1938-47. [PMID: 18209092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory blockade with CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40L along with a single dose of cyclophosphamide induces remission of systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis in NZB/W F(1) mice. To understand the mechanisms for remission and for impending relapse, we examined the expression profiles of 61 inflammatory molecules in the perfused kidneys of treated mice and untreated mice at different stages of disease. Further studies using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry allowed us to determine the cellular origins of several key markers. We show that only a limited set of inflammatory mediators is expressed in the kidney following glomerular immune complex deposition but before the onset of proteinuria. Formation of a lymphoid aggregate in the renal pelvis precedes the invasion of the kidney by inflammatory cells. Regulatory molecules are expressed early in the disease process and during remission but do not prevent the inevitable progression of active inflammation. Onset of proliferative glomerulonephritis and proteinuria is associated with activation of the renal endothelium, expression of chemokines that mediate glomerular cell infiltration, and infiltration by activated dendritic cells and macrophages that migrate to different topographical areas of the kidney but express a similar profile of inflammatory cytokines. Increasing interstitial infiltration by macrophages and progressive tubular damage, manifested by production of lipocalin-2, occur later in the disease process. Studies of treated mice identify a type II (M2b)-activated macrophage as a marker of remission induction and impending relapse and suggest that therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis should include strategies that prevent both activation of monocytes and their migration to the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schiffer
- Autoimmunity Center, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Menke J, Zeller GC, Kikawada E, Means TK, Huang XR, Lan HY, Lu B, Farber J, Luster AD, Kelley VR. CXCL9, but not CXCL10, promotes CXCR3-dependent immune-mediated kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:1177-89. [PMID: 18337479 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are instrumental in macrophage- and T cell-dependent diseases. The chemokine CCL2 promotes kidney disease in two models of immune-mediated nephritis (MRL-Fas(lpr) mice and the nephrotoxic serum nephritis model), but evidence suggests that multiple chemokines are involved. For identification of additional therapeutic targets for immune-mediated nephritis, chemokine ligands and receptors in CCL2-/- and wild-type (WT) MRL-Fas(lpr) kidneys were profiled. The focus was on intrarenal chemokine ligand/receptor pairs that were highly upregulated downstream of CCL2; the chemokine CXCL10 and its cognate receptor, CXCR3, stood out as potential therapeutic targets. However, renal disease was not suppressed in CXCL10-/- MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, and CXCL10-/- C57BL/6 mice were not protected from nephrotoxic serum nephritis compared with WT mice. Because CXCR3 engages with the ligand CXCL9, CXCR3-/- , CXCL9-/- , and CXCL10-/- B6 mice were compared with WT mice with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Kidney disease, measured by loss of renal function and histopathology, was suppressed in both CXCR3-/- and CXCL9-/- mice but not in CXCL10-/- mice. With nephrotoxic serum nephritis, CXCR3-/- and CXCL9-/- mice had fewer intrarenal activated T cells and activated macrophages. Both IgG glomerular deposits and antigen-specific IgG in serum were reduced in these mice, suggesting that although CXCR3 and CXCL9 initiate nephritis through cell-mediated events, renal inflammation may be sustained by their regulation of IgG. It is concluded that specific blockade of CXCL9
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Menke
- Laboratory of Molecular Autoimmune Disease, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Teramoto K, Negoro N, Kitamoto K, Iwai T, Iwao H, Okamura M, Miura K. Microarray Analysis of Glomerular Gene Expression in Murine Lupus Nephritis. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:56-67. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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31
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Neumann D, Tschernig T, Boraschi D. Development of biologicals for the therapy of lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:1001-11. [PMID: 18034656 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.6.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with largely unknown etiopathogenesis and no known cure. However, key steps in its pathophysiology have been recognized and targeted by specific therapeutic techniques. Human patients and murine models of lupus erythematosus manifest a wide range of immunological abnormalities. Therapeutic antibodies, which affect the activation of potentially autoreactive B cells, have been developed and are being tested in clinical trials. Preclinical studies have provided proof of concept for the feasibility and efficacy of gene therapy in human lupus erythematosus. In this article, we briefly review the clinical characteristics and immunological abnormalities of lupus erythematosus and summarize recent studies on the use of therapeutic antibodies and gene therapy for the management of human lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Neumann
- Hannover Medical School, Department for Pharmacology OE5320, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Fu Y, Du Y, Mohan C. Experimental anti-GBM disease as a tool for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:109-18. [PMID: 17640604 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is an immune-mediated disease, where antibodies and T cells both play pathogenic roles. Since spontaneous lupus nephritis in mouse models takes 6-12 months to manifest, there is an urgent need for a mouse model that can be used to delineate the pathogenic processes that lead to immune nephritis, over a quicker time frame. We propose that the experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease model might be a suitable tool for uncovering some of the molecular steps underlying lupus nephritis. This article reviews the current evidence that supports the use of the experimental anti-GBM nephritis model for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis. Importantly, out of about 25 different molecules that have been specifically examined in the experimental anti-GBM model and also spontaneous lupus nephritis, all influence both diseases concordantly, suggesting that the experimental model might be a useful tool for unraveling the molecular basis of spontaneous lupus nephritis. This has important clinical implications, both from the perspective of genetic susceptibility as well as clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology) and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Y8.204, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
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