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S-scheme mesoporous Li2MnO3/g-C3N4 heterojunctions as efficient photocatalysts for the mineralization of trichloroethylene in aqueous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ballari MDLM, Satuf ML, Alfano OM. Photocatalytic Reactor Modeling: Application to Advanced Oxidation Processes for Chemical Pollution Abatement. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de O B Lira J, Padoin N, Vilar VJP, Soares C. Photocatalytic NO x abatement: Mathematical modeling, CFD validation and reactor analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 372:145-153. [PMID: 30075969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2D CFD model was implemented for the numerical simulation of NOx abatement in a photocatalytic reactor, considering the effect of relative humidity (10-60%), light intensity (0.3-13 W⋅m-2) and inlet NO concentration (0.1-1.0 ppm). Significant differences of NOx concentration at the catalytic surface and bulk gas were found (Δmax of ∼12% and ∼16% for NO and NO2, respectively) and corrections were proposed to achieve intrinsic rate laws from a model available in the literature. An analysis of the reactor performance was conducted and a nonlinear behavior was observed when the channel height (H) was varied. A point of maximum for the integral rate of NO and NO2 consumption as a function of H was found (ΔNO of ∼2% and ∼-1% for H→2H→4H; [Formula: see text] of ∼46% and -8.5% for H→2H→4H). Additionally, the NO conversion decreased from ∼29% to ∼7% and the selectivity decreased from ∼85% to ∼80% (passing through a point of minimum at 2H) when the height was varied in the range H-4H. When comparing the results from the CFD simulations and the predictions of a plug flow model, deviations for NO conversion and selectivity increased with H (Δmax of ∼2% and ∼45%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica de O B Lira
- Laboratory of Materials and Corrosion (LABMAC), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Natan Padoin
- Laboratory of Materials and Corrosion (LABMAC), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cíntia Soares
- Laboratory of Materials and Corrosion (LABMAC), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Muñoz-Batista MJ, Ballari MM, Kubacka A, Alfano OM, Fernández-García M. Braiding kinetics and spectroscopy in photo-catalysis: the spectro-kinetic approach. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 48:637-682. [PMID: 30516217 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The combination of kinetic and spectroscopic tools has become a key scientific methodology for the understanding of catalytic behavior but its application in photocatalysis has inherent difficulties due to the nature of the energy source of the reaction. This review article provides an overview of its use by, first, presenting mechanistically derived kinetic formulations and spectroscopic data handling methods including intrinsic expressions for light and, second, highlighting representative examples of application. To do it we consider universal catalytic systems, particularly (although not exclusively) titania-based materials, and the most frequent hole and/or electron triggered reaction schemes. This review also provides a general framework to pave the way for the future progress of the spectro-kinetic approach in the photocatalysis area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Muñoz-Batista
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. Marie Curie, Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María M Ballari
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Güemes 3450, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Anna Kubacka
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Orlando M Alfano
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Güemes 3450, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Dumont É, Héquet V. Determination of the Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) of Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) Purifiers for Indoor Air Pollutants Using a Closed-Loop Reactor. Part I: Theoretical Considerations. Molecules 2017; 22:E407. [PMID: 28272308 PMCID: PMC6155194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrated that a laboratory-scale recirculation closed-loop reactor can be an efficient technique for the determination of the Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) of PhotoCatalytic Oxidation (PCO) air purification devices. The recirculation closed-loop reactor was modeled by associating equations related to two ideal reactors: one is a perfectly mixed reservoir and the other is a plug flow system corresponding to the PCO device itself. Based on the assumption that the ratio between the residence time in the PCO device and the residence time in the reservoir τP/τR tends to 0, the model highlights that a lab closed-loop reactor can be a suitable technique for the determination of the efficiency of PCO devices. Moreover, if the single-pass removal efficiency is lower than 5% of the treated flow rate, the decrease in the pollutant concentration over time can be characterized by a first-order decay model in which the time constant is proportional to the CADR. The limits of the model are examined and reported in terms of operating conditions (experiment duration, ratio of residence times, and flow rate ranges).
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Dumont
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
| | - Valérie Héquet
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
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Héquet V, Batault F, Raillard C, Thévenet F, Le Coq L, Dumont É. Determination of the Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) of Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) Purifiers for Indoor Air Pollutants Using a Closed-Loop Reactor. Part II: Experimental Results. Molecules 2017; 22:E408. [PMID: 28272309 PMCID: PMC6155512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The performances of a laboratory PhotoCatalytic Oxidation (PCO) device were determined using a recirculation closed-loop pilot reactor. The closed-loop system was modeled by associating equations related to two ideal reactors: a perfectly mixed reservoir with a volume of VR = 0.42 m³ and a plug flow system corresponding to the PCO device with a volume of VP = 5.6 × 10-3 m³. The PCO device was composed of a pleated photocatalytic filter (1100 cm²) and two 18-W UVA fluorescent tubes. The Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) of the apparatus was measured under different operating conditions. The influence of three operating parameters was investigated: (i) light irradiance I from 0.10 to 2.0 mW·cm-2; (ii) air velocity v from 0.2 to 1.9 m·s-1; and (iii) initial toluene concentration C₀ (200, 600, 1000 and 4700 ppbv). The results showed that the conditions needed to apply a first-order decay model to the experimental data (described in Part I) were fulfilled. The CADR values, ranging from 0.35 to 3.95 m³·h-1, were mainly dependent on the light irradiance intensity. A square root influence of the light irradiance was observed. Although the CADR of the PCO device inserted in the closed-loop reactor did not theoretically depend on the flow rate (see Part I), the experimental results did not enable the confirmation of this prediction. The initial concentration was also a parameter influencing the CADR, as well as the toluene degradation rate. The maximum degradation rate rmax ranged from 342 to 4894 ppbv/h. Finally, this study evidenced that a recirculation closed-loop pilot could be used to develop a reliable standard test method to assess the effectiveness of PCO devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Héquet
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
| | - Frédéric Batault
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
- IMT Lille-Douai, Université de Lille, SAGE, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Cécile Raillard
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
| | | | - Laurence Le Coq
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
| | - Éric Dumont
- UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, IMT Atlantique, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, CS 20722, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 3, France.
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Hay SO, Obee T, Luo Z, Jiang T, Meng Y, He J, Murphy SC, Suib S. The viability of photocatalysis for air purification. Molecules 2015; 20:1319-56. [PMID: 25594345 PMCID: PMC6272289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air purification technology is reviewed based on the decades of research conducted by the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) and their external colleagues. UTRC conducted basic research on the reaction rates of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The knowledge gained allowed validation of 1D and 3D prototype reactor models that guided further purifier development. Colleagues worldwide validated purifier prototypes in simulated realistic indoor environments. Prototype products were deployed in office environments both in the United States and France. As a result of these validation studies, it was discovered that both catalyst lifetime and byproduct formation are barriers to implementing this technology. Research is ongoing at the University of Connecticut that is applicable to extending catalyst lifetime, increasing catalyst efficiency and extending activation wavelength from the ultraviolet to the visible wavelengths. It is critical that catalyst lifetime is extended to realize cost effective implementation of PCO air purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Hay
- United Technologies Research Center (ret.), 35 Weigel Valley Drive, Tolland, CT 06082, USA.
| | - Timothy Obee
- United Technologies Research Center (ret.), 351 Foster Street, South Windsor, CT 06074, USA.
| | - Zhu Luo
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, U-3222, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Yongtao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Junkai He
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Steven C Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Steven Suib
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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Miranda SM, Lopes FVS, Rodrigues-Silva C, Martins SDS, Silva AMT, Faria JL, Boaventura RAR, Vilar VJP. Solar photocatalytic gas-phase degradation of n-decane--a comparative study using cellulose acetate monoliths coated with P25 or sol-gel TiO₂ films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:820-832. [PMID: 24809494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate monoliths (CAM) were used as the substrate for the deposition of TiO2 films to produce honeycombed photoactive structures to fill a tubular photoreactor equipped with a compound parabolic collector. By using such a setup, an efficient single-pass gas-phase conversion was achieved in the degradation of n-decane, a model volatile organic compound. The CAM three-dimensional, gas-permeable transparent structure with a rugged surface enables a good adhesion of the catalytic coating. It also provides a rigid structure for packing the tubular photoreactor, and maximizing the illuminated catalyst surface. The efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) process on n-decane degradation was evaluated under different operating conditions, such as feeding concentration (73 and 146 ppm), gas stream flow rate (73, 150, and 300 mL min(-1)), relative humidity (3 and 25 %), and UV irradiance (18.9, 29.1, and 38.4 WUV m(-2)). The results show that n-decane degradation by neat photolysis is negligible, but mineralization efficiencies of 86 and 82 % were achieved with P25-CAM and SG-CAM, respectively, for parent pollutant conversions above 95 %, under steady-state conditions. A mass transfer model, considering the mass balance to the plug-flow packed photoreactor, and PCO reaction given by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood bimolecular non-competitive two types of sites equation, was able to predict well the PCO kinetics under steady-state conditions, considering all the operational parameters tested. Overall, the performance of P25-CAM was superior taking into account mineralization efficiency, cost of preparation, surface roughness, and robustness of the deposited film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Miranda
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
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Jo WK, Kang HJ. Photocatalysis of sub-ppm limonene over multiwalled carbon nanotubes/titania composite nanofiber under visible-light irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:680-688. [PMID: 25464310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted under visible-light exposure to investigate the photocatalytic characteristics of a multiwalled carbon nanotube/titania (TiO2) composite nanofiber (MTCN) using a continuous-flow tubular reactor. The MTCN was prepared by a sol-gel process, followed by an electrospinning technique. The photocatalytic decomposition efficiency for limonene on the MTCN was higher than those obtained from reference TiO2 nanofibers or P25 TiO2, and the experimental results agreed well with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The CO concentrations generated during the photocatalysis did not reach levels toxic to humans. The mineralization efficiency for limonene on the MTCN was also higher than that for P25 TiO2. Moreover, the mineralization efficiency obtained using the MTCN increased steeply from 8.3 to 91.1% as the residence time increased from 7.8 to 78.0s, compared to the increase in the decomposition efficiencies for limonene from 90.1 to 99.9%. Three gas-phase intermediates (methacrolein, acetic acid, and limonene oxide) were quantitatively determined for the photocatalysis for limonene over the MTCN, whereas only two intermediates (acetic acid and limonene oxide) were quantitatively determined over P25 TiO2. Other provisional gas-phase intermediates included cyclopropyl methyl ketone and 2-ethylbutanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Kuen Jo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jung Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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Hong GB, Chang CT. Study on particulates and volatile organic compounds removal with TiO2 nonwoven filter prepared by electrospinning. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:738-742. [PMID: 25039206 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.889614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titania (TiO2) Degussa P-25 were mixed to generate TiO2 nonwoven filters using electrospinning. The wires of titanium dioxide and the nonwoven binding titania nanofibers were formed using 14 kV voltage and a distance of 15 cm. A single-factor experimental method was used to investigate the effects of parameters such as initial concentration, retention time, and light source on acetone removal by nonwoven binding titania nanofibers. Furthermore, the effects of parameters such as gas pressure, particle size, initial concentration, and retention time on the removal of particulates were also assessed. The results showed that the degradation efficiency increased with decreasing initial concentrations and increasing retention time. The best operational conditions during this study for the removal of acetone using the TiO2 nonwoven filters were a retention time of 100 sec, initial acetone concentration of 250 ppm, and ultraviolet (UV) light source of 254 nm. Under those conditions, 99% acetone removal efficiency was obtained. In addition, 90% particulate matter removal efficiency was reached when the particulate size was greater than 200 nm and the reaction time was longer than 5 minutes. The prepared TiO2/nanofiber has good performance for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate removal at the same time. IMPLICATIONS In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titania (TiO2) Degussa P-25 were mixed to generate TiO2 nonwoven filters using electrospinning. The results showed that the optimum operating conditions for the removal of acetone using the TiO2 nonwoven filters were a retention time of 100 sec, initial acetone concentration of 250 ppm, and UV light source of 254 nm. Under those conditions, 99% acetone removal efficiency was obtained.
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Jo WK. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Low-Level Airborne 2-Propanol and Trichloroethylene over Titania Irradiated with Bulb-Type Light-Emitting Diodes. MATERIALS 2013; 6:265-278. [PMID: 28809307 PMCID: PMC5452117 DOI: 10.3390/ma6010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase trichloroethylene (TCE) and 2-propanol, at indoor levels, over titanium dioxide (TiO2) irradiated with light-emitting diodes (LED) under different operational conditions. TiO2 powder baked at 450 °C exhibited the highest photocatalytic decomposition efficiency (PDE) for TCE, while all photocatalysts baked at different temperatures showed similar PDEs for 2-propanol. The average PDEs of TCE over a three hour period were four, four, five, and 51% for TiO2 powders baked at 150, 250, 350, and 450 °C, respectively. The average PDEs of 2-propanol were 95, 97, 98, and 96% for TiO2 powders baked at 150, 250, 350, and 450 °C, respectively. The ratio of anatase at 2θ = 25.2° to rutile at 2θ = 27.4° was lowest for the TiO2 powder baked at 450 °C. Although the LED-irradiated TiO2 system revealed lower PDEs of TCE and 2-propanol when compared to those of the eight watt, black-light lamp-irradiated TiO2 system, the results for the PDEs normalized to the energy consumption were reversed. Other operational parameters, such as relative humidity, input concentrations, flow rate, and feeding type were also found to influence the photocatalytic performance of the UV LED-irradiated TiO2 system when applied to the cleaning of TCE and 2-propanol at indoor air levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Kuen Jo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea.
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Dillert R, Engel A, Große J, Lindner P, Bahnemann DW. Light intensity dependence of the kinetics of the photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen(ii) oxide at the surface of TiO2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20876-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Augugliaro V, Bellardita M, Loddo V, Palmisano G, Palmisano L, Yurdakal S. Overview on oxidation mechanisms of organic compounds by TiO2 in heterogeneous photocatalysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Assadi AA, Bouzaza A, Wolbert D. Photocatalytic oxidation of trimethylamine and isovaleraldehyde in an annular reactor: Influence of the mass transfer and the relative humidity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhong L, Haghighat F. Modeling and validation of a photocatalytic oxidation reactor for indoor environment applications. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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