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Li C, Liu C, Han Y, Xu W, Bing Y, Du A, Li Q, Yu J. Pathways and enhancement strategies for magnesium hardness removal in modified induced crystallization softening. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122729. [PMID: 39369533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of total hardness in drinking water can readily result in scaling, which poses a threat to both the safety of water quality and the convenience of its use. While there is a wealth of research on the removal of calcium hardness, there is a dearth of studies focusing on the removal of magnesium hardness. In light of this, the present study employs modified induced crystallization softening (MICS) to delineate the removal pathways and mechanisms of magnesium hardness, and to investigate viable methods for its enhancement and application. Our research has determined that magnesium hardness can be effectively removed from water through the MICS, with the dosage of softening agents (NaOH) being a significant factor that influences this removal, whereas the fixed bed height within the fluidized bed exerts minimal impact on the process. In the low-dose stage (less than 250 mg/L), when the pH is below 10.0, up to 20% of magnesium hardness can be removed, predominantly through the crystallization of (Ca0.936Mg0.064)CO3. As the dosage increases to the moderate stage (250-400 mg/L), the conversion of excess bicarbonate (HCO3-) to carbonate (CO32-) in the water hinders further removal of magnesium hardness. In the high-dose stage (exceeding 400 mg/L), when the pH rises above 10.5, the removal rate of magnesium hardness can be enhanced to over 75%, with the crystallization of Mg(OH)2 being the primary removal mechanism. Density functional theory calculations, along with molecular dynamics simulations of cohesive energy and bond energy, substantiate the feasibility of the identified magnesium removal pathways. The addition of coagulants (FeCl3) and an decrease in the up-flow velocity can further augment the removal efficiency of magnesium hardness by promoting the crystallinity of Mg(OH)2 during the high-dose stage (exceeding 400 mg/L). In practical engineering applications, the strategic control of softening agent dosages enables the achievement of varying levels of magnesium hardness removal, tailored to specific water quality requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
| | - Yun Han
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Weibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Yan Bing
- Jiangsu Heqinghaiyan Environment Co., LTD., Suqian, 223815, China
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Qin Li
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
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Zhao J, Wang L, Sun W, Yang Z, Chen X, Zhang P, Chen X, Zhao J, Liu J, Liu G. Ni-P-PTFE cathode with low surface energy for enhancing electrochemical water softening performance. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 90:1210-1224. [PMID: 39215733 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Efficient cathode regeneration is a significant challenge in the electrochemical water softening process. This work explores the use of an electroless plating Ni-P-PTFE electrode with low surface energy for this purpose. The Ni-P-PTFE electrode demonstrates improved self-cleaning performance at high current densities. By combining the low surface energy of the electrode with fluid flushing shear force, the precipitation rate on the Ni-P-PTFE electrode remains stable at approximately 18 g/m2·h over extended periods of operation. Additionally, the cleaning efficiency of the Ni-P-PTFE electrode surpasses that of stainless steel by 66.34%. The Ni-P-PTFE electrode can maintain a larger active area and a longer operational lifespan is attributed to its self-cleaning performance derived from low surface energy. Furthermore, the loose scale layers on the electrode surface are easily removed during electrochemical water softening processes, presenting a novel approach to cathode surface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lida Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China E-mail:
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Zhengqing Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Piji Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Guichang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
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Vinayagam V, Kishor Kumar NK, Palani KN, Ganesh S, Kushwaha OS, Pugazhendhi A. Recent breakthroughs on the development of electrodeionization systems for toxic pollutants removal from water environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117549. [PMID: 37931737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Since ecosystems are becoming inherently polluted, long-term contaminant removal methods are required. Electrodeionization, in particular, has recently been demonstrated as an effective approach for eliminating ionic compounds from contaminated water sources. Being a more environmentally friendly technology is most likely the main reason for its eminence. It uses electricity to replace toxic contaminants that are conventionally used to regenerate and hence reducing the toxins associated with resin regeneration. In wastewater treatment, continuous electrodeionization system overcomes several limitations of ion exchange resins, notably ion dumping. This prospective assessment delves into the mechanism, principle, and theory of electrodeionization system. It also focused on the design and applications, particularly in the removal of toxic compounds, as well as current advances in the electrodeionization system. Recent breakthroughs in electrodeionization were comprehensively discussed. Further developments in electrodeionization systems are also projected, with improved efficiency at the time of functioning at lower costs because of reduced energy use, proving them desirable for commercial usage with a broad array of applications across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Vinayagam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Kishor Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | | | - Sudha Ganesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - Omkar Singh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 60036, India
| | - A Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Demir G, Mert AN, Arar Ö. Utilization of Electrodeionization for Lithium Removal. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17583-17590. [PMID: 37251165 PMCID: PMC10210215 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, usage of a hybrid polymeric ion exchange resin and a polymeric ion exchange membrane in the same unit to remove Li+ from aqueous solutions was reported. The effects of the applied potential difference to the electrodes, the flow rate of the Li-containing solution, the presence of coexisting ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and Mg2+), and the influence of the electrolyte concentration in the anode and cathode chambers on Li+ removal were investigated. At 20 V, 99% of Li+ was removed from the Li-containing solution. In addition, a decrease in the flow rate of the Li-containing solution from 2 to 1 L/h resulted in a decrease in the removal rate from 99 to 94%. Similar results were obtained when the concentration of Na2SO4 was decreased from 0.01 to 0.005 M. The selectivity test showed that the simultaneous presence of monovalent ions such as Na+ and K+ did not change the removal rate of Li+. However, the presence of divalent ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Ba2+, reduced the removal rate of Li+. Under optimal conditions, the mass transport coefficient of Li+ was found as 5.39 × 10-4 m/s, and the specific energy consumption was found as 106.2 W h/g LiCl. Electrodeionization provided stable performance in terms of the removal rate and transport of Li+ from the central compartment to the cathode compartment.
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Senthil Kumar P, Varsha M, Senthil Rathi B, Rangasamy G. Electrodeionization: Principle, techniques and factors influencing its performance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114756. [PMID: 36372148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems are becoming more and more polluted, hence sustainable techniques of pollution removal are needed. In the recent times, exceedingly pure water has become ideal for several industries. Modern industry needs ultra-pure water, which is highly processed water that is devoid of colloidal particles and has a conductivity of less than 0.06 μS. A very effective method for removing ionic chemicals from polluted waters emerged recently called electrodeionization. Continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) is a technique for producing high-purity water. Besides rendering purified water, the technique has got promising wastewater treatment technologies - by facilitating the eradication of ionizable compounds, hazardous chemicals, radioactive pollutants, heavy metals and other potential contaminants. Innovative materials have been developed in order to advance and improve this technique, which would result in enormous ecological and financial benefit on a worldwide scale. In this review article, several factors that affect the performance of CEDI has been comprehended, with the impact of Ion-exchange resins and membranes as the focal point.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Senthil Kumar
- Deprtament of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - M Varsha
- Deprtament of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Senthil Rathi
- Deprtament of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph' College of Engineering, Chennai, 600119, India
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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6
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Alkhadra MA, Jordan ML, Tian H, Arges CG, Bazant MZ. Selective and Chemical-Free Removal of Toxic Heavy Metal Cations from Water Using Shock Ion Extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14091-14098. [PMID: 36150156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods are known to have attractive features and capabilities when used for ion separations and water purification. In this study, we developed a new process called shock ion extraction (shock IX) for selective and chemical-free removal of toxic heavy metals from water. Shock IX is a hybrid process that combines shock electrodialysis (shock ED) and ion exchange using an ion exchange resin wafer (IERW), and this method can be thought of functionally as an electrochemically assisted variation of traditional ion exchange. In particular, shock IX exhibits greater ion removal and selectivity for longer periods of time, compared to the use of ion exchange alone. The use of an IERW in shock ED also increases multivalent ion selectivity, reduces energy consumption, and improves the hydrodynamics and scalability of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alkhadra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew L Jordan
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher G Arges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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The Role of Conventional Methods and Artificial Intelligence in the Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water pollution is a severe health concern. Several studies have recently demonstrated the efficacy of various approaches for treating wastewater from anthropogenic activities. Wastewater treatment is an artificial procedure that removes contaminants and impurities from wastewater or sewage before discharging the effluent back into the environment. It can also be recycled by being further treated or polished to provide safe quality water for use, such as potable water. Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment systems are designed to create effluent discharged to the surrounding environments and must comply with various authorities’ environmental discharge quality rules. An effective, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and long-term wastewater treatment system is critical to protecting our unique and finite water supplies. Moreover, this paper discusses water pollution classification and the three traditional treatment methods of precipitation/encapsulation, adsorption, and membrane technologies, such as electrodialysis, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and other artificial intelligence technology. The treatment performances in terms of application and variables have been fully addressed. The ultimate purpose of wastewater treatment is to protect the environment that is compatible with public health and socioeconomic considerations. Realization of the nature of wastewater is the guiding concept for designing a practical and advanced treatment technology to assure the treated wastewater’s productivity, safety, and quality.
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8
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Richa A, Touil S, Fizir M. Recent advances in the source identification and remediation techniques of nitrate contaminated groundwater: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115265. [PMID: 35576711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have long been committed to identify nitrate sources in groundwater and to develop an advanced technique for its remediation because better apply remediation solution and management of water quality is highly dependent on the identification of the NO3- sources contamination in water. In this review, we systematically introduce nitrate source tracking tools used over the past ten years including dual isotope and multi isotope techniques, water chemistry profile, Bayesian mixing model, microbial tracers and land use/cover data. These techniques can be combined and exploited to track the source of NO3- as mineral or organic fertilizer, sewage, or atmospheric deposition. These available data have significant implications for making an appropriate measures and decisions by water managers. A continuous remediation strategy of groundwater was among the main management strategies that need to be applied in the contaminated area. Nitrate removal from groundwater can be accomplished using either separation or reduction based process. The application of these processes to nitrate removal is discussed in this review and some novel methods were presented for the first time. Moreover, the advantages and limitations of each approach are critically summarized and based on our own understanding of the subject some solutions to overcomes their drawbacks are recommended. Advanced techniques are capable to attain significantly higher nitrate and other co-contaminants removal from groundwater. However, the challenges of by-products generation and high energy consumption need to be addressed in implementing these technologies for groundwater remediation for potable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Richa
- University of Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana, Algeria.
| | - Sami Touil
- University of Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana, Algeria.
| | - Meriem Fizir
- Laboratoire de Valorisation des Substances Naturelles, Université Djilali Bounaâma, Khemis Miliana, Algeria.
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Rathi BS, Kumar PS, Parthiban R. A review on recent advances in electrodeionization for various environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133223. [PMID: 34896170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing contamination of ecosystems necessitates the development of long-term pollution-removal technologies. Electrodeionization, in notably, has newly proven as an efficient method for removing ionic chemicals from polluted waterways. The fact that continuous electrodeionization is a greener technique is most probably the biggest cause for its success. It replaces the toxic chemicals typically required to replenish resins with electric power, therefore eliminating the wastewater involved with resin renewal. In water treatment, electrodeionization solves some of the drawbacks of ion exchange resin beds, particularly ion dumping as beds expire. This comprehensive review explores the theory, principles, and mechanisms of ion movement and separation in an electrodeionization unit. Also, it investigated the construction and usage, notably in removing heavy metal and its current developments in electrodeionization unit. Recent advances in Electrodeionization like polarity reversal, Resin wafer Electrodeionization, membrane free Electrodeionization, and electrostatic shielding with novel materials and hybrid process along with Electrodeionization were addressed. Further advancements are expected in electrodeionization systems that exhibit better efficacy while running at lower costs due to decreased energy usage, rendering them appealing for industrial scale up across a wide range of applications across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senthil Rathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai, 600119, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - R Parthiban
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India
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Abstract
Groundwater, the main drinking water source in the West Bank, is highly vulnerable to pollution given the karstic nature of the aquifer. This study was aimed at screening the quality of groundwater used for water supply, in terms of physicochemical and microbiological properties, and heavy metals concentrations. Attention was given to groundwater chemistry, using piper and Durov diagrams, to assess potent impact of pollution on groundwater. Twenty-nine groundwater samples from selected wells, representing the different groundwater fields in the West Bank, were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that the concentration of the ions and parameters affecting the aesthetic and health related water quality, such as Cl−, Na+, NH4+, TDS, and NO3−, and selected (semi) metals, including Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, and As, are within the limits recommended for drinking water. The dominant cations and anions were in the order of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > NH4+ and HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > SO42−, respectively. The total average groundwater hardness is approximately 2.1 mmol/L and can be attributed to calcium (approximately 60%) and magnesium. The major ground water types in the West Bank were fresh water (Ca-Mg-HCO3), fresh water mixed with another water type (Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 or Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl), and extreme water type (Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl or Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl) showing high TDS, Cl− and Na+. Signs of pollution, namely elevated levels of nitrate and ammonium, were, however, observed even in some deep wells (>600 m), despite the thick cover of soil, tapping the Lower Ceneomanian confined aquifer.
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Improved NH3-N conversion efficiency to N2 activated by BDD substrate on NiCu electrocatalysis process. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fateminia R, Rowshanzamir S, Mehri F. Synergistically enhanced nitrate removal by capacitive deionization with activated carbon/PVDF/polyaniline/ZrO2 composite electrode. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Aliaskari M, Schäfer AI. Nitrate, arsenic and fluoride removal by electrodialysis from brackish groundwater. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116683. [PMID: 33373946 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate, arsenic and fluoride are some of the most hazardous elements contaminating groundwater resources. In this work, the impact of operative (flowrate, electricpotential) and water quality (salinity, contaminant feed concentration, pH) parameters on brackish water decontamination was investigated using a batch electrodialysis (ED) system. Electrodialysis at low electric potentials (5 V) was more selective toward monovalent ions, at higher potentials (>15 V) removal of all ions increased and selectivity approached one, meaning removal of all ions. Changing the flowrate from 30 to 70 L/h, increased nitrate and fluoride removal slightly, while arsenic(V) removal was maximum at 50 L/h. Rising salinity delayed removal of ions with low ionic mobility and diffusivity (i.e. fluoride, arsenic(V)). Increased feed concentration of contaminants had no impact on removal values. pH variations did not impact the nitrate, fluoride and salinity removal, yet arsenic(V) removal was greatly pH dependent. This was explained in part by lower diffusivity and higher hydration number of bi- and trivalent species of arsenic(V) at basic pH. The results of this work showed the significance of ionic characteristics (diffusivity, ionic mobility, hydration number) in ED. Nitrate concentrations satisfied guideline threshold in all experiments with concentrations below 50 mg/L. Lowest arsenic(V) concentration was 35 µg/L at the highest electric potential, 25 V. Using ionic characteristics makes separation of different ions possible, providing new opportunities for ED in environmentally friendly processes (e.g. resource recovery and zero liquid discharge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Aliaskari
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea I Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Ulusoy Erol HB, Hestekin CN, Hestekin JA. Effects of Resin Chemistries on the Selective Removal of Industrially Relevant Metal Ions Using Wafer-Enhanced Electrodeionization. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11010045. [PMID: 33435388 PMCID: PMC7827004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Wafer-enhanced electrodeionization (WE-EDI) is an electrically driven separations technology that occurs under the influence of an applied electric field and heavily depends on ion exchange resin chemistry. Unlike filtration processes, WE-EDI can be used to selectively remove ions even from high concentration systems. Because every excess ion transported increases the operating costs, the selective separation offered by WE-EDI can provide a more energy-efficient and cost-effective process, especially for highly concentrated salt solutions. This work reports the performance comparison of four commonly used cation exchange resins (Amberlite IR120 Na+, Amberlite IRP 69, Dowex MAC 3 H+, and Amberlite CG 50) and their influence on the current efficiency and selectivity for the removal of cations from a highly concentrated salt stream. The current efficiencies were high for all the resin types studied. Results also revealed that weak cation exchange resins favor the transport of the monovalent ion (Na+) while strong cation exchange resins either had no strong preference or preferred to transport the divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). Moreover, the strong cation exchange resins in powder form generally performed better in wafers than those in the bead form for the selective removal of divalent ions (selectivity > 1). To further understand the impact of particle size, resins in the bead form were ground into a powder. After grinding the strong cation resins displayed similar behavior (more consistent current efficiency and preference for transporting divalent ions) to the strong cation resins in powder form. This indicates the importance of resin size in the performance of wafers.
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Li C, Ramasamy DL, Sillanpää M, Repo E. Separation and concentration of rare earth elements from wastewater using electrodialysis technology. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Li S, Yang M, Wang H, Zhao Y. Dynamic characteristics of immobilized microorganisms for remediation of nitrogen-contaminated groundwater and high-throughput sequencing analysis of the microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:114875. [PMID: 33254631 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adsorption by a composite active medium (nitrogen-degrading bacteria immobilized on scoria) on the removal of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N). Transport of these three forms of nitrogen was investigated using columns with different flow rates, initial concentrations and depths. Immobilization of the bacteria on the scoria significantly enhanced the ability of the composite active medium to remove nitrogen during the remediation process. As the flow rate increased, the shear force increased and solute diffusion decreased, thereby improving the tolerance of the bacteria for the three forms of nitrogen and reducing the penetration time. Increasing the initial nitrogen concentration resulted in a decrease in the adsorption rate constant (KTh). The nitrogen-degrading bacteria immobilized on scoria rapidly reached saturation with regards to their nitrogen adsorption capacity. The initial nitrogen concentration of each media layer was different, and the composite active medium had a certain blocking effect, which resulted in a slow increase in the concentration of nitrogen in the deeper media layer. The transport experiments showed that the process accords with the thomas model and the Bohart-Adams model. The contents of the three forms of nitrogen were within acceptable standards for drinking water after 2 months of a column containing the composite active medium. The composite active medium can be used for in situ and ex situ remediation of groundwater containing excessive nitrogen. High-throughput sequencing analysis was used to monitor the composition of the bacterial community present within the composite active medium. During the remediation process, there were only slight changes in the structure and composition of the nitrogen-degrading bacterial community, although there were clear differences in abundance. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the three bacterial genera that were effective removal of all three forms of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing, 100038, China; China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing, 100038, China; China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing, 100038, China; China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing, 100038, China; China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
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Highly efficient water softening by mordenite modified cathode in asymmetric capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Zahakifar F, Keshtkar A, Souderjani EZ, Moosavian M. Use of response surface methodology for optimization of thorium(IV) removal from aqueous solutions by electrodeionization (EDI). PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Wang J, Tang X, Liang H, Bai L, Xie B, Xing J, Wang T, Zhao J, Li G. Efficient recovery of divalent metals from nanofiltration concentrate based on a hybrid process coupling single-cation electrolysis (SCE) with ultrafiltration (UF). J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Li S, Zhang Y, Qian H, Deng Z, Wang X, Yin S. Removal characteristics of a composite active medium for remediation of nitrogen-contaminated groundwater and metagenomic analysis of degrading bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113053. [PMID: 31465898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the removal characteristics of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2--N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), and total nitrogen from groundwater by a degradable composite active medium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium adsorption, experiments were performed using scoria and degrading bacteria immobilized on scoria. Removal of NH4+-N, NO2--N, and NO3--N was conducted in adsorption experiments using different times, initial concentrations, pH values, and groundwater chemical compositions (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, CO32-, Fe2+, Mn2+, and SO42-). The results showed that the removal of nitrogen by the composite active medium was obviously better than that of scoria alone. The removal rates of NH4+-N (C0 = 5 mg/L), NO2--N (C0 = 5 mg/L), and NO3--N (C0 = 100 mg/L) by the composite active medium within 1 h were 96.05%, 82.40%, and 83.16%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics were well fitted to a pseudo-second order model, whereas the equilibrium adsorption agreed with the Freundlich model. With changes in the pH, variation in the removal could be attributed to the combined effect of hydrolysis and competitive ion adsorption, and the optimum pH was 7. Different concentration conditions, hardness, alkalinity, anions, and cations showed different promoting and inhibiting effects on the removal of nitrogen. A careful examination of ionic concentrations in adsorption batch experiments suggested that the sorption behavior of nitrogen onto the immobilized medium was mainly controlled by ion exchange. The degrading bacteria on the scoria surface were eluted and analyzed by metagenomic sequencing. There were significant differences in the number of operational taxons, relative abundances, and community diversity among degrading bacteria after adsorption of the three forms of nitrogen. The relative abundance of degrading bacteria was highest after NO3--N removal, and the diversity was highest after NO2--N removal. Pseudomonas and Serratia were the dominant genera that could efficiently remove NH4+-N and NO2--N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Qian
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqun Deng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yin
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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Luan J, Wang L, Sun W, Li X, Zhu T, Zhou Y, Deng H, Chen S, He S, Liu G. Multi-meshes coupled cathodes enhanced performance of electrochemical water softening system. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Soliman MA, Rashad GM, Mahmoud MR. Development of the adsorption capability of MCM-41 particles synthesized at room temperature using 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid for removal of Co(II) and Cr(VI) in binary systems. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Combined ultrafiltration and electrodeionization techniques for microbial xylitol purification. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Preparation and characterization of heterogeneous weak base anion-exchange membranes. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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26
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Uzun HI, Debik E. Economical approach to nitrate removal via membrane capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Bahmani P, Maleki A, Daraei H, Khamforoush M, Dehestani Athar S, Gharibi F. Fabrication and characterization of novel polyacrylonitrile/α-Fe2O3 ultrafiltration mixed-matrix membranes for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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28
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Zheng XY, Pan SY, Tseng PC, Zheng HL, Chiang PC. Optimization of resin wafer electrodeionization for brackish water desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Cecconet D, Devecseri M, Callegari A, Capodaglio AG. Effects of process operating conditions on the autotrophic denitrification of nitrate-contaminated groundwater using bioelectrochemical systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:663-671. [PMID: 28938208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrates have been detected in groundwater worldwide, and their presence can lead to serious groundwater use limitations, especially because of potential health problems. Amongst different options for their removal, bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) have achieved promising results; in particular, attention has raised on BES-driven autotrophic denitrification processes. In this work, the performance of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) for groundwater autotrophic denitrification, is assessed in different conditions of nitrate load, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and process configuration. The system obtained almost complete nitrate removal under all conditions, while nitrite accumulation was recorded at nitrate loads higher than 100mgNO3-L-1. The MEC system achieved, in different tests, a maximum nitrate removal rate of 62.15±3.04gNO3--Nm-3d-1, while the highest TN removal rate observed was 35.37±1.18gTNm-3d-1. Characteristic of this process is a particularly low (in comparison with other reported works) energy consumption: 3.17·10-3±2.26·10-3kWh/gNO3-N removed and 7.52·10-2±3.58·10-2kWhm-3 treated. The anolyte configuration in closed loop allowed the process to use less clean water, while guaranteeing identical performances as in other conventional configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cecconet
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - M Devecseri
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Callegari
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A G Capodaglio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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30
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Jiang B, Zhang X, Zhao X, Li F. Removal of high level boron in aqueous solutions using continuous electrodeionization (CEDI). Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Yu Y, Jin H, Meng P, Guan Y, Shao S, Chen X. Electrochemical water softening using air-scoured washing for scale detachment. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Mahasti NN, Shih YJ, Vu XT, Huang YH. Removal of calcium hardness from solution by fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) process. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Lado JJ, Pérez-Roa RE, Wouters JJ, Tejedor-Tejedor MI, Federspill C, Ortiz JM, Anderson MA. Removal of nitrate by asymmetric capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Hojjat Ansari M, Basiri Parsa J. Removal of nitrate from water by conducting polyaniline via electrically switching ion exchange method in a dual cell reactor: Optimizing and modeling. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Couto A, Oishi S, Ferreira N. Enhancement of nitrate electroreduction using BDD anode and metal modified carbon fiber cathode. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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