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Kang W, Hu X, Feng R, Wei C, Yu F. DOM Associates with Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Chinese Rivers under Diverse Land Uses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15004-15013. [PMID: 37782146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that rivers are hotspots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and play multiple roles in the global carbon budget. However, the roles of terrestrial carbon from land use in river GHG emissions remain largely unknown. We studied the microbial composition, dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties, and GHG emission responses to different landcovers in rivers (n = 100). The bacterial community was mainly constrained by land-use intensity, whereas the fungal community was mainly controlled by DOM chemical composition (e.g., terrestrial DOM with high photoreactivity). Anthropogenic stressors (e.g., land-use intensity, gross regional domestic product, and total population) were the main factors affecting chromophoric DOM (CDOM). DOM biodegradability exhibited a positive correlation with CDOM and contributed to microbial activity for DOM transformation. Variations in CO2 and CH4 emissions were governed by the biodegradation or photomineralization of dissolved organic carbon derived from autotrophic DOM and were indirectly affected by land use via changes in DOM properties and water chemistry. Because the GHG emissions of rivers offset some of the climatic benefits of terrestrial carbon (or ocean) sinks, intensified urban land use inevitably alters carbon cycling and changes the regional microclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruihong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fubo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wei Z, Chen J, Tong H, Sun M, Tian J, Fan L. Micro-electrolysis based nitrate reduction from aqueous solution by CNTs-Al-Cu composite under alkaline environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137563. [PMID: 36526139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CNTs-Al was prepared by ball milling combined with sintering process and then used for CNTs-Al-Cu synthesis with chemical deposition method. The obtained CNTs-Al-Cu composite was systematically characterized and its NO3--N reduction performance under alkaline condition was also evaluated. As indicated by the reduction batch experiment, 80.2% of NO3--N removal efficiency was obtained in 90 min at pH of 9. The product of the reduction process was dominated by NO2--N, which was further reduced to harmless N2. The reusability of CNTs-Al-Cu composite was evaluated, and the experiment results showed that 68.1% of NO3--N removal efficiency was maintained after 3 cycles of regeneration. Finally, based on the characterization results and kinetic analysis, it was concluded that micro-electrolysis was mainly responsible for the removal of NO3--N by CNTs-Al-Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmetal Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongjin Tong
- Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmetal Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingchao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China; Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Persistent Pollutant Wastewater Treatment, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China; Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Persistent Pollutant Wastewater Treatment, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Lu Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China; Sichuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Persistent Pollutant Wastewater Treatment, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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Liu T, Deng J, Yang C, Liu M, Liu Y. Photo-reduction of nitrate to nitrite in aqueous solution in presence of CaO: Selectivity, mechanism and application. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Rapid and effective nitrate reduction over wide pH range using CuxO-CNT with the presence of KBH4: The role of in situ produced hydrogen and zero-valent copper. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yan C, Liu J, Wei Z, Chen J, Ji Y, Fan L. Algal/bacterial uptake kinetics of dissolved organic nitrogen in municipal wastewater treatment facilities effluents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114719. [PMID: 35180440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The simulation and analysis of the degradation process of organic nitrogen contaminants in wastewater treatment facility effluent is important to the estimation of its actual contribution to eutrophication, and it is crucial to the developing of watershed protection plan. In this study, algal and algal/bacterial based bioassay was conducted to study the bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen contaminants in wastewater treatment plants effluents, and 4 kinetic models were used to describe the mineralization process. The traditional 1-pool model that was commonly used in water quality models showed poor correlation (r2 = 0.613 ± 0.261), while the other three models performed much better (r2 > 0.950). The model coefficient and simplicity were studied using Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion, and Gamma model was indicated to be the best model since it presented the most parsimonious fit to the data with the fewest terms. This study exhibited that the bioavailability and degradation rate of organic nitrogen in wastewater effluent varied greatly, and this variation should be considered in water quality models. Besides, Gamma model could be used to modify the current Total Maximum Daily Load models to provide a scientific basis for making watershed protection plans and controlling eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Yan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Zhiyu Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yutong Ji
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lu Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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An B, Cai L, Liu T, Tian J, Liu Y. Selective photo-reduction of NO 2- to N 2 in the presence of Fe 2+ and citric acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152963. [PMID: 35016941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The photo-reduction of NO2- has received increasing attention due to its high photo-activity. However, the intermediate products of NO2- photo-reduction might contain NOx, which are also toxic pollutants. Herein, a novel strategy to selectively photo-reduce NO2- to N2 was proposed using Fe2+ and citric acid (H3Cit) as assistant to eliminate the formation of NOx. In this strategy, NO2- was firstly reduced to NO by the combination of photon, Fe2+ and H3Cit; the generated NO was then immediately captured by Fe2+-H3Cit to form Fe2+-H3Cit-NO complex; finally, H3Cit was activated by Fe3+ and •OH in Fe2+/H3Cit/UV/NO2- system to produce carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2•-), which could reduce the NO in Fe2+-H3Cit-NO complex to N2 with high efficiency and selectivity. The removal efficiencies of NO2- and TN were 98.6% and 87.5%, respectively, and the selectivity of N2 was 81.6% in Fe2+/H3Cit/UV/NO2- system after 60-min reaction at initial pH of 2.2, Fe2+ dosage of 3.0 mmol·L-1 and H3Cit dosage of 3.0 mmol·L-1. Based on the experimental results and spectral analysis, the mechanism of NO2- selective reduction in Fe2+/H3Cit/UV/NO2- system was proposed. Our finding provides a new way for wastewater denitrification and water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua An
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Li Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu 610066, China.
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Guo J, Deng J, An B, Tian J, Wu J, Liu Y. Selective reduction of nitrate to nitrogen by Fe 0-Cu 0-CuFe 2O 4 composite coupled with carbon dioxide anion radical under UV irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133785. [PMID: 35104554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zero-valent iron (Fe0) has been widely used for the reduction of nitrate, but the end reduction product is mainly ammonium. Here, a novel strategy for selective reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2) with high efficiency and N2 selectivity was investigated using Fe-based material (Fe0-Cu0-CuFe2O4) combined with citric acid (CA) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In this strategy, the nitrate was firstly reduced to nitrite (NO2-) by Fe0-Cu0-CuFe2O4/UV process, and then the produced NO2- could be further reduced to N2 by carbon dioxide anion radicals (CO2•-) which was generated from CA that was added later. In this process, the selective reduction of NO3- to NO2- was a key step. For this purpose, we synthesized Fe0-Cu0-CuFe2O4 composite by simple chemical replacement and in-situ growth process, which made it have a delicate structure with good contact between Cu and Fe and CuFe2O4. The selective reduction of NO3- to NO2- in Fe0-Cu0-CuFe2O4/UV process was due to that the Cu0 was the electron enrichment center and the photo-generated hole could suppress the NO3- reduction to NH4+ by Fe2+. In this proposed strategy, 100% NO3- removal efficiency and 96.3% N2 selectivity were achieved when the initial NO3- concentration was 30 mg N/L and the reduction time was 60 min. The denitrification mechanism of the Fe0-Cu0-CuFe2O4/UV/CA system was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jinhua Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Baohua An
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Junshu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Jing'an Road 5, Jinjiang District, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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New insights into iron/nickel-carbon ternary micro-electrolysis toward 4-nitrochlorobenzene removal: Enhancing reduction and unveiling removal mechanisms. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:308-322. [PMID: 34998191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ternary micro-electrolysis material iron/nickel-carbon (Fe/Ni-AC) with enhanced reducibility was constructed by introducing the trace transition metal Ni based on the iron/carbon (Fe/AC) system and used for the removal of 4-nitrochlorobenzene (4-NCB) in solution. The composition and structures of the Fe/Ni-AC were analyzed by various characterizations to estimate its feasibility as reductants for pollutants. The removal efficiency of 4-NCB by Fe/Ni-AC was considerably greater than that of Fe/AC and iron/nickel (Fe/Ni) binary systems. This was mainly due to the enhanced reducibility of 4-NCB by the synergism between anode and double-cathode in the ternary micro-electrolysis system (MES). In the Fe/Ni-AC ternary MES, zero-iron (Fe0) served as anode involved in the formation of galvanic couples with activated carbon (AC) and zero-nickel (Ni0), respectively, where AC and Ni0 functioned as double-cathode, thereby promoting the electron transfer and the corrosion of Fe0. The cathodic and catalytic effects of Ni0 that existed simultaneously could not only facilitate the corrosion of Fe0 but also catalyze H2 to form active hydrogen (H*), which was responsible for 4-NCB transformation. Besides, AC acted as a supporter which could offer the reaction interface for in-situ reduction, and at the same time provide interconnection space for electrons and H2 to transfer from Fe0 to the surface of Ni0. The results suggest that a double-cathode of Ni0 and AC could drive much more electrons, Fe2+ and H*, thus serving as effective reductants for 4-NCB reduction.
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Effective and selective conversion of nitrate from aqueous solutions to nitrogen gas under neutral pH condition using Al/Cu bimetal-sulfamic acid reduction method. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang J. A critical review of various adsorbents for selective removal of nitrate from water: Structure, performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132728. [PMID: 34718027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is ubiquitous pollutant due to its high water solubility, usually contributing to eutrophication, and posing a threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. Adsorption approach has been widely used for nitrate removal because of the simplicity, easy operation, and low cost. Adsorbent plays a key role in the adsorptive removal of nitrate. The adsorption performance and adsorption mechanism are determined by the structural feature of adsorbent that is dependent on the preparation method. In this review, various types of adsorbents for nitrate removal were systematically summarized, their preparation, characterization, and adsorption performance were evaluated; the factors influencing the nitrate adsorption performance were discussed; the adsorption isotherm models, kinetic models and thermodynamic parameters were examined; and the possible adsorption mechanisms responsible for nitrate adsorption were categorized; the possible correlation of adsorbent structure to adsorption performance and adsorption mechanism were explained; the potential applications of adsorbents were discussed; finally, the strategies for improving adsorption capacity and selectivity towards nitrate, the challenges and future perspectives for developing novel adsorbent were also proposed. This review will deepen the understanding of nitrate removal by adsorption process and help the development of high-performance adsorbents for selective nitrate removal from water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education Process, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Xia L, Li X, Fan W, Wang J. Denitrification performance and microbial community of bioreactor packed with PHBV/PLA/rice hulls composite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150033. [PMID: 34492486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel biodegradable PHBV/PLA/rice hulls (PPRH) composite was applied and tested as biofilm attachment carrier and carbon source in two bioreactors for biological denitrification process. The denitrification performance, effect of operational conditions and microbial community structure of PPRH biofilm were evaluated. The batch experiment results showed that PPRH-packed bioreactor could completely remove 50 mg L-1 of NO3--N at natural pH (ca. 7.5) and room temperature. The continuous flow experiments indicated that high NO3--N removal efficiency (77%-99%) was achieved with low nitrite (<0.48 mg L-1) and ammonia (<0.81 mg L-1) accumulation, when influent NO3--N concentration was 30 mg L-1 and hydraulic retention time was 2-6 h. Furthermore, the microbial community analysis indicated that bacteria belonging to genus Diaphorobacter in phylum Proteobacteria were the most dominant and major denitrifiers in denitrification. In summary, PPRH composite was a promising carbon source for biological nitrate removal from water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Piao C, Chen L, Liu Z, Tang J, Liu Y, Lin Y, Fang D, Wang J. Construction of solar light-driven dual Z-scheme Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag photocatalyst for enhanced simultaneous degradation and conversion of nitrogenous organic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang B, An B, Su Z, Li L, Liu Y. A novel strategy for sequential reduction of nitrate into nitrogen by CO 2 anion radical: Experimental study and DFT calculation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128754. [PMID: 33168291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to expand the application of CO2 anion radical (CO2-), as a novel green reductant in the control of environmental pollution, CO2- radical was induced into the reduction of nitrate. The reduction efficiency, products and mechanism of nitrate or nitrite by CO2- radical were investigated based on the results of batch experiments and theoretical calculation using density functional theory (DFT) methods, respectively. It was found that: (1) the efficiency of nitrate reduction by CO2- radical from the HCOOH/UV system was far lower than that of nitrite under the same reaction conditions, (2) the rate-control step of nitrate reduction by CO2- radical was the transformation process of nitrate into nitrite with an activation energy of 23.9 kcal/mol, (3) the final products of nitrate reduction were mainly composed of nitrogen (N2). On this basis, a novel strategy of rapid reduction of nitrate into N2 using CO2- radical was proposed. Specifically, nitrate was firstly reduced into nitrite with the assistance of Zn/Ag bimetal, and then nitrite was further reduced into N2 by CO2- radical. In this way, the removal efficiency of nitrate was all achieved nearly 100% in the initial nitrate concentration ranging from 25 to 100 mg (N)/L, while the highest N2 selectivity could reach 97.5%. This work provided a promising approach for the reduction of nitrate into nitrogen with high efficiency and high N2 selectivity by CO2- radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Baohua An
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Zhi Su
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Laicai Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China; Key Laboratory of Treatment for Special Wastewater of Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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