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Li L, Gao Y, Nie G, Yan X, Wang S, Zhang T, Ramakrishna S, Long YZ, Han W. Biodegradable Poly (L-Lactic acid) Fibrous Membrane with Ribbon-Structured Fibers and Ultrafine Nanofibers Enhances Air Filtration Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402317. [PMID: 38988143 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, the poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) membrane with multi-structured networks (MSN) is successfully prepared by electrospinning technology for the first time. It is composed of micron-sized ribbon-structured fibers and ultrafine nanofibers with a diameter of tens of nanometers, and they are connected to form the new network structure. Thanks to the special fiber morphology and structure, the interception and electrostatic adsorption ability for against atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are significantly enhanced, and the resistance to airflow is reduced due to the "slip effect" caused by ultrafine nanofibers. The PLLA MSN membrane shows excellent filtration performance with ultra-high filtration efficiency (>99.9% for PM2.5 and >99.5% for PM0.3) and ultra-low pressure drop (≈20 Pa). It has demonstrated filtration performance that even exceeds current non-biodegradable polymer materials, laying the foundation for future applications of biodegradable PLLA in the field of air filtration. In addition, this new structure also provides a new idea for optimizing the performance of other polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guangzhi Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xunchang Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yun-Ze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenpeng Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Kim M, Yang E, Liang Y, Kim S, Byun J, Kim H, Choi H. Rational Design of a Necklace-like ZIF-67/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Electrospun Nanofiber Hybrid Membrane for Simultaneous Removal of PM 0.3 and SO 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38471079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Growing concerns over poor air quality, especially in urban and industrial regions, have led to increased global demands for advanced air-purification technologies. However, the stability and airborne pollutant control abilities of the available air-purification materials under diverse environmental conditions are limited. Thus, the advanced development of filtration materials that can effectively control different types of pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants, simultaneously has attracted attention. The zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), a type of porous metal-organic framework (MOF), is a promising material for capturing weakly acidic toxic gases such as SO2 owing to its excellent adsorption performance and high thermal and chemical stability. In this study, we successfully developed an ultrastable necklace-like multifunctional hybrid membrane via the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-assisted in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-67 crystals on electrospun Co2+-doped poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers (70 nm) that can be used in different moisture environments to achieve sustainable air-filtration performance. The hybrid nanocomposite membrane demonstrated excellent performance for the simultaneous control of intractable fine PM0.3 (filtration efficiency, 99.461%) and SO2 (adsorption capacity, 1476.5 mg g-1) under different humidity conditions. This study contributes to the optimal synergistic integration of the advanced metal-organic framework (MOF)-nanofiber nanocomposite membranes and can guide the rational design and conceptualization of a facile and novel membrane for various applications in the environmental science and energy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minbeom Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmok Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Liang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jaehyun Byun
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseo Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechul Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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3
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Yang Y, Li X, Zhou Z, Qiu Q, Chen W, Huang J, Cai W, Qin X, Lai Y. Ultrathin, ultralight dual-scale fibrous networks with high-infrared transmittance for high-performance, comfortable and sustainable PM 0.3 filter. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1586. [PMID: 38383519 PMCID: PMC10881466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly permeable particulate matter (PM) can carry various bacteria, viruses and toxics and pose a serious threat to public health. Nevertheless, current respirators typically sacrifice their thickness and base weight for high-performance filtration, which inevitably causes wearing discomfort and significant consumption of raw materials. Here, we show a facile yet massive splitting eletrospinning strategy to prepare an ultrathin, ultralight and radiative cooling dual-scale fiber membrane with about 80% infrared transmittance for high-protective, comfortable and sustainable air filter. By tailoring antibacterial surfactant-triggered splitting of charged jets, the dual-scale fibrous filter consisting of continuous nanofibers (44 ± 12 nm) and submicron-fibers (159 ± 32 nm) is formed. It presents ultralow thickness (1.49 μm) and base weight (0.57 g m-2) but superior protective performances (about 99.95% PM0.3 removal, durable antibacterial ability) and wearing comfort of low air resistance, high heat dissipation and moisture permeability. Moreover, the ultralight filter can save over 97% polymers than commercial N95 respirator, enabling itself to be sustainable and economical. This work paves the way for designing advanced and sustainable protective materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yang
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiangshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qiaohua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Weilong Cai
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China.
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Ke L, Yang T, Liang C, Guan X, Li T, Jiao Y, Tang D, Huang D, Li S, Zhang S, He X, Xu H. Electroactive, Antibacterial, and Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) Nanofibrous Air Filters for Healthcare. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37378641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) hold great potential in the field of biodegradable filters for air purification but are largely limited by the relatively low electret properties and high susceptibility to bacteria. Herein, we disclosed a facile approach to the fabrication of electroactive and antibacterial PLA NFMs impregnated with a highly dielectric photocatalyst. In particular, the microwave-assisted doping (MAD) protocol was employed to yield Zn-doped titanium dioxide (Zn-TIO), featuring the well-defined anatase phase, a uniform size of ∼65 nm, and decreased band gap (3.0 eV). The incorporation of Zn-TIO (2, 6, and 10 wt %) into PLA gave rise to a significant refinement of the electrospun nanofibers, decreasing from the highest diameter of 581 nm for pure PLA to the lowest value of 264 nm. More importantly, dramatical improvements in the dielectric constants, surface potential, and electret properties were simultaneously achieved for the composite NFMs, as exemplified by a nearly 94% increase in surface potential for 3-day-aged PLA/Zn-TIO (90/10) compared with that of pure PLA. The well regulation of morphological features and promotion of electroactivity contributed to a distinct increase in the air filtration performance, as demonstrated by 98.7% filtration of PM0.3 with the highest quality factor of 0.032 Pa-1 at the airflow velocity of 32 L/min for PLA/Zn-TIO (94/6), largely surpassing pure PLA (89.4%, 0.011 Pa-1). Benefiting from the effective generation of reactive radicals and gradual release of Zn2+ by Zn-TIO, the electroactive PLA NFMs were ready to profoundly inactivate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The exceptional combination of remarkable electret properties and excellent antibacterial performance makes the PLA membrane filters promising for healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Ke
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Chenyu Liang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xin Guan
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Daoyuan Tang
- Anhui Sentai WPC Group Share Co., Ltd., Guangde 242299, China
| | - Donghui Huang
- Anhui Sentai WPC Group Share Co., Ltd., Guangde 242299, China
| | - Shihang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Dust Control and Occupational Protection, Xuzhou 221008, China
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xinjian He
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Dust Control and Occupational Protection, Xuzhou 221008, China
| | - Huan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Dust Control and Occupational Protection, Xuzhou 221008, China
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5
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Zhang L, Zheng Q, Ge X, Chan H, Zhang G, Fang K, Liang Y. Preparation of Nylon-6 micro-nanofiber composite membranes with 3D uniform gradient structure for high-efficiency air filtration of ultrafine particles. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Low viscosity of spinning liquid to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid ultrafine nanofiber membrane for high-efficiency filtration application. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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7
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Shao Z, Chen H, Wang Q, Kang G, Wang X, Li W, Liu Y, Zheng G. High-performance multifunctional electrospun fibrous air filter for personal protection: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 302:122175. [PMID: 36168392 PMCID: PMC9492398 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With the increasingly serious air pollution and the rampant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19), preparing high–performance air filter to achieve the effective personal protection has become a research hotspot. Electrospun nanofibrous membrane has become the first choice of air filter because of its small diameter, high specific surface area and porosity. However, improving the filtration performance of the filter only cannot meet the personal needs: it should be given more functions based on high filtration performance to maximize the personal benefits, called, multifunctional, which can also be easily realized by electrospinning technology, and has attracted much attention. In this review, the filtration mechanism of high–performance electrospun air filter is innovatively summarized from the perspective of membrane. On this basis, the specific preparation process, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, other functions required for achieving maximum personal protection benefits are introduced specifically, and the existing high–performance electrospun air filter with multiple functions are summarized. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and development trends of manufacturing high–performance air filter with multiple functions for personal protection are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zungui Shao
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huatan Chen
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guoyi Kang
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Wenwang Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Chen HW, Kuo YL, Chen CH, Chiou CS, Chen WT, Lai YH. Biocompatibile nanofiber based membranes for high-efficiency filtration of nano-aerosols with low air resistance. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2022; 167:695-707. [PMID: 36185493 PMCID: PMC9510075 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PMs) from combustion emissions (traffic, power plant, and industries) and the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have recently enhanced the development of personal protective equipment against airborne pathogens to protect humans' respiratory system. However, most commercial face masks still cannot simultaneously achieve breathability and high filtration of PMs, bacteria, and viruses. This study used the electrospinning method with polyimide (PI) and polyethersulfone (PES) solutions to form a nanofiber membrane with low-pressure loss and high biocompatibility for high-efficiency bacteria, viruses, and nano-aerosol removal. Conclusively, the optimized nano-sized PI/PES membrane (0.1625 m2/g basis weight) exhibited conspicuous performance for the highest filtration efficiency towards PM from 50 to 500 nm (99.74 %), good filter quality of nano-aerosol (3.27 Pa-1), exceptional interception ratio against 100-nm airborne COVID-19 (over 99 %), and non-toxic effect on the human body (107 % cell viability). The PI/PES nanofiber membrane required potential advantage to form a medical face mask because of its averaged 97 % BEF on Staphylococcus aureus filiation and ultra-low pressure loss of 0.98 Pa by referring ASTM F2101-01. The non-toxic PI/PES filters provide a new perspective on designing excellent performance for nano-aerosols from air pollution and airborne COVID-19 with easy and comfortable breathing under ultra-low air flow resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Lin Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Hua Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chyow-San Chiou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Application & Management, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan 266, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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Dong T, Hua Y, Han G, Zhang Y, Chi S, Liu Y, Liu C, Lou CW, Lin JH. Biomimetic Fibrous Leaf-Vein Membrane Enabling Unidirectional Water Penetration and Effective Antibacterial PM Filtration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37192-37203. [PMID: 35916495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution induced by pathogenic particulate matter (PM) has posed a serious threat to public health worldwide. Advanced air filters are thus required, not only exhibiting high PM capture efficiency, low breathing resistance, and high internal moisture transferring performance but also isolating and inactivating external pathogenic aerosols. In this study, we demonstrated a facile approach to construct a biomimetic fibrous leaf-vein membrane with unidirectional water penetration and effective antibacterial PM filtration by one-step electrospinning of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based multilayer nanofibers. With ultrathin fibers penetrating the skeletal framework of bimodal thick fibers, the membranes showed gradient interconnected porous structures and achieved a highly efficient and stable (in an acid and alkali environment) PM0.3 interception (>99.98%) with low air drag (51-71 Pa). In addition, the gradient narrow pores of the membranes contributed to a gradient higher hydrophilicity. The subsequent unidirectional water motion effectively isolates pathogenic aerosols typically generated by external individuals or ultrafast water penetration from the inverse face. Moreover, the membranes demonstrated an antibacterial efficacy (>99.99%) in a 5 min contact, inactivating the intercepted airborne pathogens efficiently. The test results proved that the proposed membranes were promising advanced air filters for respirator applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dong
- College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University, #308, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yue Hua
- College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University, #308, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Guangting Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Shan Chi
- Bestee Material Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266001, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Sinotech Academy of Textile Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266001, P. R. China
| | - Cui Liu
- Qingdao Byherb New Material Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266001, P. R. China
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University, #308, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 413305, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City 404333, Taiwan
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University, #308, Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Qingdao University, #308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 407102, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City 404333, Taiwan
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
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