Biosensors in diagnosing COVID-19 and recent development

Emerging Biosensing Methods to Monitor Lung Cancer Biomarkers in Biological Samples: A Comprehensive Review

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed of all cancers and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among men and women worldwide, causing 1.5 million deaths every year. Despite developments in cancer treatment technologies and new pharmaceutical products, high mortality and morbidity remain major challenges for researchers. More than 75% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced stages, leading to poor prognosis. Lung cancer is a multistep process associated with genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Rapid, accurate, precise, and reliable detection of lung cancer biomarkers in biological fluids is essential for risk assessment for a given individual and mortality reduction. Traditional diagnostic tools are not sensitive enough to detect and diagnose lung cancer in the early stages. Therefore, the development of novel bioanalytical methods for early-stage screening and diagnosis is extremely important. Recently, biosensors have gained tremendous attention as an alternative to conventional methods because of their robustness, high sensitivity, inexpensiveness, and easy handling and deployment in point-of-care testing. This review provides an overview of the conventional methods currently used for lung cancer screening, classification, diagnosis, and prognosis, providing updates on research and developments in biosensor technology for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers in biological samples. Finally, it comments on recent advances and potential future challenges in the field of biosensors in the context of lung cancer diagnosis and point-of-care applications.

A Sensitive Biosensor Based on Plasmonic-Graphene Configuration for Detection of COVID-19 Virus

In this paper, four individual structures based on graphene-plasmonic nano combinations are proposed for detection of corona viruses and especially COVID-19. The structures are arranged based on arrays in the shapes of half-sphere and one-dimensional photonic crystal formats. The half-sphere and plate shaped layers are made of Al, Au, SiO2 and graphene. The one-dimensional photonic crystals lead the wavelength and peak corresponding to the absorption peak to lower and higher amounts, respectively. In order to improve the functionality of the proposed structures, effects of structural parameters and chemical potentials are considered. A defect layer of GZO is positioned in the middle of one-dimensional photonic crystal layers to shift the absorption's peak wavelength to the appropriate wavelength range for diagnosing corona viruses (~300 nm to 600 nm). The last proposed structure is considered as a refractive bio-sensor for detection of corona viruses. In the final proposed structure (based on different layers of Al, Au, SiO2, GZO and graphene), corona viruses are considered as the biomolecule layer and the results are obtained. The proposed bio-sensor can be a good and functional candidate for detection of corona viruses and especially COVID-19 in photonic integrated circuits with the satisfying sensitivity of ~664.8 nm/RIU (refractive index unit).

Recent trends in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors for the fast and sensitive detection of human viruses: a critical review

The current COVID-19 pandemic, with its numerous variants including Omicron which is 50-70% more transmissible than the previously dominant Delta variant, demands a fast, robust, cheap, and easily deployed identification strategy to reduce the chain of transmission, for which biosensors have been shown as a feasible solution at the laboratory scale. The use of nanomaterials has significantly enhanced the performance of biosensors, and the addition of CNTs has increased detection capabilities to an unrivaled level. Among the various CNT-based detection systems, CNT-based field-effect transistors possess ultra-sensitivity and low-noise detection capacity, allowing for immediate analyte determination even in the presence of limited analyte concentrations, which would be typical of early infection stages. Recently, CNT field-effect transistor-type biosensors have been successfully used in the fast diagnosis of COVID-19, which has increased research and commercial interest in exploiting current developments of CNT field-effect transistors. Recent progress in the design and deployment of CNT-based biosensors for viral monitoring are covered in this paper, as are the remaining obstacles and prospects. This work also highlights the enormous potential for synergistic effects of CNTs used in combination with other nanomaterials for viral detection.

An Optical Modeling Framework for Coronavirus Detection Using Graphene-Based Nanosensor

The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has faced the world with a new and dangerous challenge due to its contagious nature. Hence, developing sensory technologies to detect the coronavirus rapidly can provide a favorable condition for pandemic control of dangerous diseases. In between, because of the nanoscale size of this virus, there is a need for a good understanding of its optical behavior, which can give an extraordinary insight into the more efficient design of sensory devices. For the first time, this paper presents an optical modeling framework for a COVID-19 particle in the blood and extracts its optical characteristics based on numerical computations. To this end, a theoretical foundation of a COVID-19 particle is proposed based on the most recent experimental results available in the literature to simulate the optical behavior of the coronavirus under varying physical conditions. In order to obtain the optical properties of the COVID-19 model, the light reflectance by the structure is then simulated for different geometrical sizes, including the diameter of the COVID-19 particle and the size of the spikes surrounding it. It is found that the reflectance spectra are very sensitive to geometric changes of the coronavirus. Furthermore, the density of COVID-19 particles is investigated when the light is incident on different sides of the sample. Following this, we propose a nanosensor based on graphene, silicon, and gold nanodisks and demonstrate the functionality of the designed devices for detecting COVID-19 particles inside the blood samples. Indeed, the presented nanosensor design can be promoted as a practical procedure for creating nanoelectronic kits and wearable devices with considerable potential for fast virus detection.

Diagnostic Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test in relation to RT-PCR Cq Value

Background

Early detection of the SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for both the improvement of turnaround time and limiting the spread of the virus in the community. Thus, this study aims to establish rapid antigen tests as an effective diagnostic tool to improve the testing strategies of COVID-19 diagnosis.

Methods

A laboratory based cross-sectional study was performed on the patients that visited Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) in Kathmandu, Nepal, from November 2020 to January 2021. A total of 213 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients for rapid antigen test, followed by RT-PCR assay as reference test for confirmation of COVID-19. A standard questionnaire was administered to collect other information from patients. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Results

Out of 213 individuals, 75 tested positive in Ag-RDT test, while 118 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome via Real time PCR assay. The overall diagnostic performance of Ag-RDT showed 63.6% sensitivity and 97.9% specificity. The diagnostic accuracy of Ag- RDT was 78.9% with κ value 0.590, showing moderate agreement with RT-PCR. Significant difference (p value <0.001) was observed between Ag- RDT+ and Ag- RDT- results when compared to Cq values obtained from RT- PCR.

Conclusion

The promising performance of Ag-RDT renders it useful as screening tool alongside RT-PCR to reduce transmission via improving contact tracing, implementation of local mitigation strategies, and refining existing testing protocol for diagnosis of COVID-19.

Development of corona sensor

The outbreak of corona virus (COVID-19) has imposed serious concern all over the world as many part of the globe have been severely affected by this. It has become essential to develop efficient methods for the treatment and detection of this virus. Among the new approaches, the nanosensor has played a vital role in tracing and detecting the virus. Sensors are tools to assist detect events or changes in the environment while also sending data to other electronics, most commonly a computer processor. This chapter contains the approach followed and development in several biosensors, wearable sensor, and colorimetric sensors toward the identification of corona virus.

Role of nanotechnology in facing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Solving crux of the matter with a hopeful arrow in the quiver

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species with a zoonotic origin and responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). This novel virus has an extremely high infectious rate, which occurs through the contact of contaminated surfaces and also by cough, sneeze, hand-to-mouth-to-eye contact with an affected person. The progression of infection, which goes beyond complications of pneumonia to affecting other physiological functions which cause gastrointestinal, Renal, and neurological complication makes this a life threatening condition. Intense efforts are going across the scientific community in elucidating various aspects of this virus, such as understanding the pathophysiology of the disease, molecular biology, and cellular pathways of viral replication. We hope that nanotechnology and material science can provide a significant contribution to tackle this problem through both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. But the area is still in the budding phase, which needs urgent and significant attention. This review provides a brief idea regarding the various nanotechnological approaches reported for managing COVID-19 infection. The nanomaterials recently said to have good antiviral activities like Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and quantum dots (QDs) were also discussed since they are also in the emerging stage of attaining research interest regarding antiviral applications.

SenSARS: A Low-Cost Portable Electrochemical System for Ultra-Sensitive, Near Real-Time, Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections

A critical path to solving the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, without further socioeconomic impact, is to stop its spread. For this to happen, pre- or asymptomatic individuals infected with the virus need to be detected and isolated opportunely. Unfortunately, there are no current ubiquitous (i.e., ultra-sensitive, cheap, and widely available) rapid testing tools capable of early detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this article, we introduce an accurate, portable, and low-cost medical device and bio-nanosensing electrode dubbed SenSARS and its experimental validation. SenSARS' device measures the electrochemical impedance spectra of a disposable bio-modified screen-printed carbon-based working electrode (SPCE) to the changes in the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 antigen molecules ("S" spike proteins) contained within a sub-microliter fluid sample deposited on its surface. SenSARS offers real-time diagnostics and viral load tracking capabilities. Positive and negative control tests were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at different concentrations (between 1 and 50 fg/mL) of SARS-CoV-2(S), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein gp350, and Influenza H1N1 M1 recombinant viral proteins. We demonstrate that SenSARS is easy to use, with a portable and lightweight (< 200 g) instrument and disposable test electrodes ( Collapse

Key Words

• Biosensors
• SARS-CoV-2
• electrochemical biosensors
• electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

Collapse

MESH Headings Collapse

Grants

• Colombian Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Technology, through the Mincienciatón health emergency

Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Sammy A. Perdomo Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Viviana Ortega Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y ExactasUniversidad del ValleCali760032Colombia
Andres Jaramillo-Botero Chemistry and Chemical Engineering DivisionCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA Omicas ProgramPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Nelson Mancilla Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
José Hernando Mosquera-DeLaCruz Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Drochss Pettry Valencia Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Mauricio Quimbaya Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Juan David Contreras Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Gabriel Esteban Velez Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad ICESICali760031Colombia
Oscar A. Loaiza Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Adriana Gómez Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia
Jhonattan de la Roche Facultad de Ingeniería y CienciasPontificia Universidad JaverianaCali760031Colombia

Collapse

Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19: A Mini-review of Early Diagnostic Methods

The outbreak of severe pneumonia at the end of 2019 was proved to be caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreading out the world. And COVID-19 spread rapidly through a terrible transmission way by human-to-human, which led to many suspected cases waiting to be diagnosed and huge daily samples needed to be tested by an effective and rapid detection method. With an increasing number of COVID-19 infections, medical pressure is severe. Therefore, more efficient and accurate diagnosis methods were keen urgently established. In this review, we summarized several methods that can rapidly and sensitively identify COVID-19; some of them are widely used as the diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2 in various countries, some diagnostic technologies refer to SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) or/and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) detection, which may provide potential diagnosis ideas.

A comprehensive review on current COVID-19 detection methods: From lab care to point of care diagnosis

Without a doubt, the current global pandemic affects all walks of our life. It affected almost every age group all over the world with a disease named COVID-19, declared as a global pandemic by WHO in early 2020. Due to the high transmission and moderate mortality rate of this virus, it is also regarded as the panic-zone virus. This potentially deadly virus has pointed up the significance of COVID-19 research. Due to the rapid transmission of COVID-19, early detection is very crucial. Presently, there are different conventional techniques are available for coronavirus detection like CT-scan, PCR, Sequencing, CRISPR, ELISA, LFA, LAMP. The urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection and the requirement to cut off shortcomings of traditional detection methods, make scientists realize to advance new technologies. Biosensors are one of the reliable platforms for accurate, early diagnosis. In this article, we have pointed recent diagnosis approaches for COVID-19. The review includes basic virology of SARS-CoV-2 mainly clinical and pathological features. We have also briefly discussed different types of biosensors, their working principles, and current advancement for COVID-19 detection and prevention.

Nanotechnology as a Shield against COVID-19: Current Advancement and Limitations

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health problem that the WHO declared a pandemic. COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide lockdown and threatened to topple the global economy. The mortality of COVID-19 is comparatively low compared with previous SARS outbreaks, but the rate of spread of the disease and its morbidity is alarming. This virus can be transmitted human-to-human through droplets and close contact, and people of all ages are susceptible to this virus. With the advancements in nanotechnology, their remarkable properties, including their ability to amplify signal, can be used for the development of nanobiosensors and nanoimaging techniques that can be used for early-stage detection along with other diagnostic tools. Nano-based protection equipment and disinfecting agents can provide much-needed protection against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, nanoparticles can serve as a carrier for antigens or as an adjuvant, thereby making way for the development of a new generation of vaccines. The present review elaborates the role of nanotechnology-based tactics used for the detection, diagnosis, protection, and treatment of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Critical neurological features of COVID-19: Role of imaging methods and biosensors for effective diagnosis

COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that has been declared as a global health crisis by the WHO. It mainly affects the respiratory system. Apart from respiratory system, it also affects other organs as well including the brain. Numerous emerging reports have demonstrated that the COVID-19 has detrimental effects on neurological functions, and can lead to severe impairment of the central nervous system (CNS). The neurological manifestations linked with COVID-19 include headache, anosmia, encephalitis, epileptic seizures, Guillain-Barre syndrome, stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage alongwith multiple others complications. The CNS related complications may be severe and are linked with poor diagnosis which may worsen the condition. Therefore, there is a need to precisely understand the neurological sequelae along with upcoming clinical outcomes. Here, we present a brief review of the neurological complications and symptoms associated with COVID-19 along with brain imaging findings. Further, we have discussed about the emerging biosensing approaches which may aid in rapid, precise and mass diagnosis of COVID-19.

Insight from nanomaterials and nanotechnology towards COVID-19

The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) becomes one of the most dreadful disease in the history of mankind in the entire world. The covid-19 outbreak started from Wuhan city of China and then rapidly transmitted throughout the world causing mass destruction and seldom. This sporadical disease has taken many lives due to sudden outbreak and no particular vaccines were available at the early wave. All the vaccines developed are mostly targeted to spike protein of the virus which involves the encapsulation of mRNA and nanoparticles. Nanotechnology intervention in fighting against the covid-19 is one way to tackle the disease from different angles including nano coating mask, nano diagnostic kits, nano sanitizer, and nano medicine. This article highlights the intervention of nanotechnology and its possible treatment against the covid-19. It is high time to come together all the units of material science and biological science to fight against the dreadful COVID-19. As an alternative strategy, a multidisciplinary research effort, consisting of classical epidemiology and clinical methodologies, drugs and nanotechnology, engineering science and biological apprehension, can be adopted for developing improved drugs exhibiting antiviral activities. The employment of nanotechnology and its allied fields can be explored to detect, treat, and prevent the covid-19 disease.

Biosensors promising bio-device for pandemic screening "COVID-19"

Undoubtedly, the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most influential events not only in medicine but also in the economic field in the world. Rapid transmission and high mortality rates, as well as prolonged and asymptomatic communal periods, are the most important reasons for the global panic due to coronavirus. Since coronavirus treatment and specific vaccines are not yet available, early detection of the virus is critical. A rapid and accurate diagnosis can play a crucial role in the treatment and control of the COVID 19 disease. Serological, ELISA, and molecular-based tests, including PCR and RT-PCR, are among the most important routine methods for detecting coronaviruses. False-positive/negative results, low sensitivity and specificity, and the need for advanced equipment are among the disadvantages and problems of routine methods. To eliminate the drawbacks of routine methods, new technologies are being developed. Biosensors are one of the most important ones. This paper is a summary of the up-to-date states of innovative bio-sensing tools for the ultrasensitive detection of coronaviruses (COVID 19) with encouraging uses for future challenges in disease diagnosis.

A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1-3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2's potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.

"

The on-going SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 discovered in December 2019, is responsible for a global pandemic. The virus belongs to the group of enveloped viruses containing linear, non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense strand RNA as genetic material. Already six different strains Coronaviruses are being reported to infect humans, however the seventh one is genetically similar to the SARS Coronavirus and termed as SARS-CoV-2. Specific crucial macromolecules such as membrane, nuclear, spike and enveloped proteins including HE esterase are present in the virus that interact with ACE2, APN, NEU-5, 9SC2 moiety of humans plays significant role in occurrence and transmission of the devastating disease. This review article summarizes the structure, histopathology, transmission of novel Coronavirus, its symptoms with preventive measures & currently prescribed drugs. Though various drugs and therapy have been administrated or implemented to restrict COVID-19, however it is imperative to develop an antidote against SARS-CoV-2 by the scientific or research community to save life.