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Coates M, Lee MJ, Norton D, MacLeod AS. The Skin and Intestinal Microbiota and Their Specific Innate Immune Systems. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2950. [PMID: 31921196 PMCID: PMC6928192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin and intestine are active organs of the immune system that are constantly exposed to the outside environment. They support diverse microbiota, both commensal and pathogenic, which encompass bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The skin and intestine must maintain homeostasis with the diversity of commensal organisms present on epithelial surfaces. Here we review the current literature pertaining to epithelial barrier formation, microbial composition, and the complex regulatory mechanisms governing the interaction between the innate immune system and microbiota in the skin and intestine. We also compare and contrast the skin and intestine—two different organ systems responsible creating a protective barrier against the external environment, each of which has unique mechanisms for interaction with commensal populations and host repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Coates
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Min Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Diana Norton
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Varo R, Chris Buck W, Kazembe PN, Phiri S, Andrianarimanana D, Weigel R. Seroprevalence of CMV, HSV-2 and HBV among HIV-Infected Malawian Children: A Cross-sectional Survey. J Trop Pediatr 2016; 62:220-6. [PMID: 26884443 PMCID: PMC4912665 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about viral co-infections in African human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. We examined the prevalence of seromarkers for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections among HIV-infected, antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve children in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS Ninety-one serum samples were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies to CMV, and IgG antibodies to HSV-2 and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory data were abstracted from electronic records. RESULTS CMV IgG was the most common positive result in all age groups (in 73% of children <1 year, and 100% in all other groups). Three patients were CMV IgM positive (3.3%), suggesting acute infection. HSV-2 IgG was positive in four patients (4.4%), and HBsAg in two (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS CMV infection occurred early in life, and few children had specific signs of CMV infection at the time of ART initiation. Unrecognized HBV infection represents opportunities for testing and treatment of HIV/HBV co-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosauro Varo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health (IS Global), Barcelona, Spain
| | - W. Chris Buck
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Maputo, Mozambique,Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Peter N. Kazembe
- Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Ralf Weigel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Zayachkivsky A, Lehmkuhle MJ, Ekstrand JJ, Dudek FE. Ischemic injury suppresses hypoxia-induced electrographic seizures and the background EEG in a rat model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2753-63. [PMID: 26354320 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00796.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship among neonatal seizures, abnormalities of the electroencephalogram (EEG), brain injury, and long-term neurological outcome (e.g., epilepsy) remains controversial. The effects of hypoxia alone (Ha) and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) were studied in neonatal rats at postnatal day 7; both models generate EEG seizures during the 2-h hypoxia treatment, but only HI causes an infarct with severe neuronal degeneration. Single-channel, differential recordings of acute EEG seizures and background suppression were recorded with a novel miniature telemetry device during the hypoxia treatment and analyzed quantitatively. The waveforms of electrographic seizures (and their behavioral correlates) appeared virtually identical in both models and were identified as discrete events with high power in the traditional delta (0.1-4 Hz) and/or alpha (8-12 Hz) bands. Although the EEG patterns during seizures were similar in Ha- and HI-treated animals at the beginning of the hypoxic insult, Ha caused a more severe electrographic seizure profile than HI near the end. Analyses of power spectral density and seizure frequency profiles indicated that the electrographic seizures progressively increased during the 2-h Ha treatment, while HI led to a progressive decrease in the seizures with significant suppression of the EEG background. These data show that 1) the hypoxia component of these two models drives the seizures; 2) the seizures during Ha are substantially more robust than those during HI, possibly because ongoing neuronal damage blunts the electrographic activity; and 3) a progressive decrease in background EEG, rather than the presence of electrographic seizures, indicates neuronal degeneration during perinatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zayachkivsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - M J Lehmkuhle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - J J Ekstrand
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - F E Dudek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
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Bache M, Andrei G, Bindl L, Bofferding L, Bottu J, Géron C, Neuhäuser C, Gillemot S, Fiten P, Opdenakker G, Snoeck R. Antiviral Drug-Resistance Typing Reveals Compartmentalization and Dynamics of Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) in a Case of Neonatal Herpes. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:e24-7. [PMID: 26625375 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A neonate suffering from herpes simplex virus type 2 disease with central nervous system involvement developed an early recurrence under acyclovir therapy. Isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid and skin lesions were acyclovir resistant, while viruses from blood and trachea were not. Acyclovir combined with foscavir followed by long-term suppressive acyclovir therapy supported normal neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bache
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | | | - Lutz Bindl
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Léon Bofferding
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Jean Bottu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Christine Géron
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Pierre Fiten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Bauchat J. Editorial Comment: Possible Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Acquired Postpartum from Maternal Oral HSV Reactivation after Neuraxial Morphine. A & A CASE REPORTS 2014; 2:106-107. [PMID: 25611873 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Bauchat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, ,
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Schutz PW, Fauth CT, Al-Rawahi GN, Pugash D, White VA, Stockler S, Dunham CP. Granulomatous herpes simplex encephalitis in an infant with multicystic encephalopathy: a distinct clinicopathologic entity? Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:392-6. [PMID: 24485930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus encephalitis can manifest as a range of clinical presentations including classic adult, neonatal, and biphasic chronic-granulomatous herpes encephalitis. METHOD We report an infant with granulomatous herpes simplex virus type 2 encephalitis with a subacute course and multicystic encephalopathy. CASE A 2-month-old girl presented with lethargy and hypothermia. Computed tomography scan of the head showed multicystic encephalopathy and calcifications. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis by polymerase chain reaction testing for herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, enterovirus, and cytomegalovirus was negative. Normal cerebrospinal fluid interferon-α levels argued against Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. The patient died 2 weeks after presentation. At autopsy, multicystic encephalopathy was confirmed with bilateral gliosis, granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant cells, and calcifications. Bilateral healing necrotizing retinitis suggested a viral etiology, but retina and brain were free of viral inclusions and immunohistochemically negative for herpes simplex virus-2 and cytomegalovirus. However, polymerase chain reaction analysis showed herpes simplex virus-2 DNA in four cerebral paraffin blocks. Subsequent repeat testing of the initial cerebrospinal fluid sample using a different polymerase chain reaction assay was weakly positive for herpes simplex virus-2 DNA. CONCLUSION Granulomatous herpes simplex virus encephalitis in infants can present with subacute course and result in multicystic encephalopathy with mineralization and minimal cerebrospinal fluid herpes simplex virus DNA load. Infectious etiologies should be carefully investigated in the differential diagnosis of multicystic encephalopathy with mineralization, in particular if multinucleated giant cells are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Clarissa T Fauth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology, Red Deer Regional Hospital, Red Deer, Canada
| | - Ghada N Al-Rawahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Denise Pugash
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Valerie A White
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvia Stockler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher P Dunham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Amel Jamehdar S, Mammouri G, Sharifi Hoseini MR, Nomani H, Afzalaghaee M, Boskabadi H, Aelami MH. Herpes simplex virus infection in neonates and young infants with sepsis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e14310. [PMID: 24719742 PMCID: PMC3965875 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal herpes infection is the most serious complication of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection during pregnancy and perinatal period. Few studies have reported neonatal HSV infection in developing countries. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to detect the HSV infection among neonates and infants with sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross sectional study all infants aged less than 3 months, admitted to neonatal intensive care unit and pediatric emergency ward of Ghaem Hospital (a university hospital with 900 beds) in Mashhad (Northeast of Iran) with clinical diagnosis of sepsis and at least one inclusion criteria during one year from November 2009 to October 2010, were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done on clinical samples obtained from patients. RESULTS Among 150 neonates and infants younger than 3 months old with sepsis, the PCR results for detecting the HSV DNA, were positive in 6 samples of 5 patients (3.3 %). None of the mothers had symptomatic HSV infection during delivery. The mean age of the patients was 18 days. Two of them died due to shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). CONCLUSIONS In neonates and infants with primary diagnosis of sepsis, HSV infection should be considered especially if the clinical condition does not improve after 48 hours of antibiotic therapy, and sepsis still exists with elevated liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Gholamali Mammouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sharifi Hoseini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Hosein Nomani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Monavvar Afzalaghaee
- Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Boskabadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Aelami
- Department of Pediatrics and Infection Control & Hand Hygiene Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hassan Aelami, Department of Pediatrics and Infection Control & Hand Hygiene Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9153595747, Fax: +98-5118593045, E-mail:
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Conde-Glez C, Lazcano-Ponce E, Rojas R, DeAntonio R, Romano-Mazzotti L, Cervantes Y, Ortega-Barria E. Seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in a cross-sectional study in Mexico. Vaccine 2013; 31:5067-74. [PMID: 24021305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We estimated the seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in this cross-sectional database study. Serum samples collected during the National Health and Nutrition survey (ENSANUT 2006) were obtained from subjects aged 1-70 years between January and October 2010. Serological assays for the determination of antibodies against VZV, HSV and CMV were performed. The overall seroprevalences of VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and CMV were 85.8%, 80.9%, 9.9% and 89.2%, respectively. Seroprevalences of VZV, HSV-1 and CMV were comparable between males and females. For HSV-2, although the seroprevalence rate was higher in females when compared to males, this difference in seroprevalence was not statistically significant. Seroprevalence rates for VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and CMV increased with age (p-value<.0001). Differences in seroprevalence rate for VZV by socioeconomic status (SES) were significant (p-value<0001). Results of the serological analyses reported high VZV seroprevalence, indicating high transmission in the Mexican population with children and adolescents at risk of acquiring VZV. Global HSV-1 seroprevalence was high, especially in adults. HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalences were consistently higher in women than men, particularly for HSV-2. CMV seroprevalence was higher in Mexico when compared to developed countries. Seroepidemiological data on VZV supports the fact that varicella vaccination may serve as an alternative effective solution to reduce transmission in the Mexican population. For CMV and HSV, since no vaccines are available, activities to reduce transmission are important to reduce the risk of complications and therefore need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Conde-Glez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Low LCM, Carton J, Walker M, Tudor-Williams G, Hardman C. Intrauterine herpes simplex virus infection presenting with hypopigmented lesions. Pediatr Dermatol 2012; 29:515-8. [PMID: 22010816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a sexually transmitted infection that can be transmitted from mother to child in utero, perinatally, or postnatally. Cutaneous infection with HSV commonly presents as vesicles affecting the skin, eyes, or mouth. In our case, we report a well child with cutaneous hypopigmented patches at birth that preceded typical blistering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette C M Low
- Dermatology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Kim ID, Chang HS, Hwang KJ. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection rate and necessity of screening during pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiologic study. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:401-7. [PMID: 22318830 PMCID: PMC3282958 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study determined the seroprevalence of herpes virus 2 in gravidas and the differences between herpes virus 2-infected and healthy gravidas. The need to screen gravidas for herpes virus 2 was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis involving 500 gravidas who underwent herpes virus 2 serologic testing and delivery in our hospital between January 2009 and August 2010 was performed. All patients in the study group were classified as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) positive, and all cases were analyzed with respect to the clinical course of the pregnancy, pregnancy outcome, obstetric complications, and neonatal outcomes. SPSS software (version 14.0) was used for statistical analysis. A chi-square test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS In the current study, the herpes virus 2 seroprevalence rate in gravidas was 17%. There was no significant difference in the rates of preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, and intrauterine growth restriction between the herpes virus 2-infected gravidas and the healthy control group. The rates of spontaneous abortion and sexually transmitted disease were higher in the herpes virus 2 infection group than the healthy control group. CONCLUSION After educating gravidas on genital herpes and, if gravidas thereafter consent to herpes virus 2 screening, the risk of neonatal herpes virus 2 infections can be reduced. In addition, examination of gravidas for sexually transmitted diseases would increase as would appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Dong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Grace Women's Hospital, 1334 Baekseok-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 410-360, Korea.
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Wolfert S, de Jong E, Vossen A, Zwaveling J, Te Pas A, Walther F, Lopriore E. Diagnostic and therapeutic management for suspected neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gunson R, Jackson A, Aitken C. A case of neonatal sepsis with acute liver failure. J Clin Virol 2011; 50:266-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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THURMAN R, KÖNIG K, WATKINS A, WEERASIRI T, PERMEZEL M. Fulminant herpes simplex virus hepatic failure in pregnancy requiring liver transplantation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 50:492-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2010.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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