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Mittal Y, Srivastava P, Pandey S, Yadav AK. Development of nature-based sustainable passive technologies for treating and disinfecting municipal wastewater: Experiences from constructed wetlands and slow sand filter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165320. [PMID: 37414182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop low-cost technology for effective wastewater treatment and its further disinfection to the level that makes it economically useful. This work has designed and evaluated the various types of constructed wetlands (CWs) followed by a slow sand filter (SSF) for wastewater treatment and disinfection. The studied CWs were, CWs with gravels (CW-G), free water surface-CW (FWS-CWs), and CWs integrated microbial fuel cell (MFC) with granular graphite (CW-MFC-GG) planted with Canna indica plant species. These CWs were operated as secondary wastewater treatment technologies followed by SSF for disinfection purposes. The highest total coliform removal was observed in the combination of CW-MFC-GG-SSF which achieved a final concentration of 172 CFU/100 mL, whereas faecal coliform removal was 100 % with the combinations of CW-G-SSF and CW-MFC-GG-SSF, achieving 0 CFU/100 mL in the effluent. In contrast, FWS-SSF achieved the lowest total and faecal coliform removal attaining a final concentration of 542 CFU/100 mL and 240 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Furthermore, E. coli were detected as negative/absent in CW-G-SSF and CW-MFC-GG-SSF, while it was positive for FWS-SSF. In addition, the highest turbidity removal was achieved in CW-MFC-GG and SSF combination of 92.75 % from the municipal wastewater influent turbidity of 82.8 NTU. Furthermore, in terms of overall treatment performance of CW-G-SSF and CW-MFC-GG-SSF, these systems were able to treat 72.7 ± 5.5 % and 67.0 ± 2.4 % of COD and 92.3 % and 87.6 % of phosphate, respectively. Additionally, CW-MFC-GG also exhibited a power density of 85.71 mA/m3 and a current density of 25.71 mW/m3 with 700 Ω of internal resistance. Thus, CW-G and CW-MFC-GG followed by SSF could be a promising solution for enhanced disinfection and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Mittal
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pratiksha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sony Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asheesh Kumar Yadav
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Koseoglu-Imer DY, Oral HV, Coutinho Calheiros CS, Krzeminski P, Güçlü S, Pereira SA, Surmacz-Górska J, Plaza E, Samaras P, Binder PM, van Hullebusch ED, Devolli A. Current challenges and future perspectives for the full circular economy of water in European countries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118627. [PMID: 37531861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current problems and prospects to overcome circular water economy management challenges in European countries. The geopolitical paradigm of water, the water economy, water innovation, water management and regulation in Europe, environmental and safety concerns at water reuse, and technological solutions for water recovery are all covered in this review, which has been prepared in the frame of the COST ACTION (CA, 20133) FULLRECO4US, Working Group (WG) 4. With a Circular Economy approach to water recycling and recovery based on this COST Action, this review paper aims to develop novel, futuristic solutions to overcome the difficulties that the European Union (EU) is currently facing. The detailed review of the current environmental barriers and upcoming difficulties for water reuse in Europe with a Circular Economy vision is another distinctive aspect of this study. It is observed that the biggest challenge in using and recycling water from wastewater treatment plants is dealing with technical, social, political, and economic issues. For instance, geographical differences significantly affect technological problems, and it is effective in terms of social acceptance of the reuse of treated water. Local governmental organizations should support and encourage initiatives to expand water reuse, particularly for agricultural and industrial uses across all of Europe. It should not also be disregarded that the latest hydro politics approach to water management will actively contribute to addressing the issues associated with water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Y Koseoglu-Imer
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Volkan Oral
- İstanbul Aydın University, Department of Civil Engineering (English), Faculty of Engineering, Florya Campus, K. Cekmece, 34295, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cristina Sousa Coutinho Calheiros
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Pawel Krzeminski
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, N-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serkan Güçlü
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sofia Almeida Pereira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joanna Surmacz-Górska
- Silesian University of Technology, Environmental Biotechnology Department, Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Plaza
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petros Samaras
- International Hellenic University, Department of Food Science and Technology, Sindos campus, 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pablo Martin Binder
- BETA Tech. Center (TECNIO Network). University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Carretera de Roda 70, 08500, Vic, Spain
| | | | - Ariola Devolli
- Agricultural University of Tirana, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food, Tirana, Albania
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Marques MVA, Lopes BC, Silvério THR, von Sperling M, Neves TDA. Persistence of pathogens and bacterial community dynamics in tropical soil after application of raw sewage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13435. [PMID: 37596413 PMCID: PMC10439161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the persistence of faecal indicators and pathogenic organisms (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and viable helminth eggs) and the structure/diversity of bacterial communities in soil receiving raw sewage (RS) for an extended period of application (3 uninterrupted years). In the experimental design, three treatments were defined: (1) Control soil, characterized by the analysis of a composite sample collected in an area of similar soil, but not a recipient of RS (TSC); (2) Soil receiving conventional mineral fertilization, and furrow irrigation with supply water (TW); and (3) Fertirrigated soil with RS applied by furrows (TF). The results of persistence of pathogenic organisms and indicators in TF indicated a sanitary quality similar to the control soil (TSC), thus potentially bringing low risks of contamination with pathogens present in the soil. The presence of viable helminth eggs was not identified in any treatment studied, because of its low concentration in the raw sewage of the studied system. The TW, TF and TSC treatments had 34.8% of bacterial diversity in common. The bacterial composition of the soil showed a predominance of the Proteobacteria phylum in all treatments studied; however, TF was the one with the highest relative abundance of this phylum (44.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Araújo Marques
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Coelho Lopes
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Ribeiro Silvério
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos von Sperling
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Alencar Neves
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ni H, Wu Y, Zong R, Ren S, Pan D, Yu L, Li J, Qu Z, Wang Q, Zhao G, Zhao J, Liu L, Li T, Zhang Y, Tu Q. Combination of Aspergillus niger MJ1 with Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166 or mutant Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0- nif improved crop quality, soil properties, and microbial communities in barrier soil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1064358. [PMID: 36819023 PMCID: PMC9932699 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1064358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization and acidification seriously damage soil health and restricts the sustainable development of planting. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer and other reasons will lead to soil acidification and salinization. This study focus on acid and salinized soil, investigated the effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, Aspergillus niger MJ1 combined with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166 or mutant Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0-nif on crop quality, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial communities. A total of 5 treatments were set: regular fertilization (T1), regular fertilization with MJ1 and DSM4166 (T2), regular fertilization with MJ1 and CHA0-nif (T3), 30%-reducing fertilization with MJ1 and DSM4166 (T4), and 30%-reducing fertilization with MJ1 and CHA0-nif (T5). It was found that the soil properties (OM, HN, TN, AP, AK, and SS) and crop quality of cucumber (yield production, protein, and vitamin C) and lettuce (yield production, vitamin C, nitrate, soluble protein, and crude fiber) showed a significant response to the inoculated strains. The combination of MJ1 with DSM4166 or CHA0-nif influenced the diversity and richness of bacterial community in the lettuce-grown soil. The organismal system-, cellular process-, and metabolism-correlated bacteria and saprophytic fungi were enriched, which were speculated to mediate the response to inoculated strains. pH, OM, HN, and TN were identified to be the major factors correlated with the soil microbial community. The inoculation of MJ1 with DSM4166 and CHA0-nif could meet the requirement of lettuce and cucumber growth after reducing fertilization in acid and salinized soil, which provides a novel candidate for the eco-friendly technique to meet the carbon-neutral topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Ni
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,Qingdao Hexie Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zong
- Qingdao Hexie Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Shiai Ren
- Qingdao Hexie Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, China
| | - Zhuling Qu
- Qingdao Hexie Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Gengxing Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhao
- Shandong Rural Economic Management and Service Center, Jinan, China
| | - Lumin Liu
- Qingdao Hexie Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Youming Zhang, ✉
| | - Qiang Tu
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,Qiang Tu, ✉
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Gallego S, Brienza M, Béguet J, Chiron S, Martin-Laurent F. Impact of repeated irrigation of lettuce cultures with municipal wastewater on soil bacterial community diversity and composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29236-29243. [PMID: 34117546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of wastewater irrigation on the diversity and composition of bacterial communities of soil mesocosms planted with lettuces was studied over an experiment made of five cultivation campaigns. A limited effect of irrigation with either raw or treated wastewater was observed in both α-diversity and β-diversity of soil bacterial communities. However, the irrigation with wastewater fortified with a complex mixture of fourteen relevant chemicals at 10 μg/L each, including pharmaceutical, biocide, and pesticide active substances, led to a drift in the composition of soil bacterial community. One hundred operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified as responsible for changes between treated and fortified wastewater irrigation treatments. Our findings indicate that under a realistic agronomical scenario, the irrigation of vegetables with domestic (treated or raw) wastewater has no effect on soil bacterial communities. Nevertheless, under the worst-case scenario tested here (i.e., wastewater fortified with a mixture of chemicals), non-resilient changes were observed suggesting that continuous/repeated irrigation with wastewater could lead to the accumulation of contaminants in soil and induce changes in bacterial communities with unknown functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gallego
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, 17 rue Sully, BP86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Monica Brienza
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Vial dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Jérémie Béguet
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, 17 rue Sully, BP86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, 17 rue Sully, BP86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France.
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Bibi F, Ilyas N, Arshad M, Khalid A, Saeed M, Ansar S, Batley J. Formulation and efficacy testing of bio-organic fertilizer produced through solid-state fermentation of agro-waste by Burkholderia cenocepacia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132762. [PMID: 34740700 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bio-organic fertilizers (BIOs), prepared from inoculating plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) into agro-industrial wastes, are gaining more attention due to their tremendous positive effects on soil health. This study was conducted to prepare and evaluate the effect of bio-organic fertilizers on maize. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil of farmer's field near Islamabad, Pakistan and were screened for plant growth promotion characters and one strain Burkholderia cenocepacia was selected based on PGPR's characteristics. In-vitro characterization, the whole genome sequence analysis, RAST and antiSMASH analysis were performed. The number of coding sequences was 7157 with the number of subsystems 382. The GC contents included 66.96%. The sequence was submitted to NCBI with BioProject submission number PRJNA730996. Inoculum of selected bacterial strain Burkholderia cenocepacia was used for carrying solid-state fermentation of organic wastes. Four different agro-industrial wastes with a good amount of crude protein were selected: black gram husks (BGH) (15-22% Crude protein CP), rice bran (RB) (10-15% CP), peanut shell (PS) (6-7% CP), and dry leaves (DL) (as conventional fertilizers for comparison) were collected, dried, ground and sieved. Different parameters like pH, moisture content, particle size, temperature etc. were optimized. Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis of bio-organic fertilizers was performed. In general, concentration of nitrogen was higher in the first three biofertilizers i.e. BGH, RB and PS as compared to DL. Germination and glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of four different BIOs on maize growth. The results showed that agro-industrial wastes inoculated with PGPR (BIOs) significantly enhanced (ϸ 0.05) germination percentage (100%) as compared to control (80%), whereas germination index, promptness index and seedling vigour index showed 32%, 34% and 21% increase respectively as compared to control. In the pot experiment, chlorophyll content increased by 28%, relative water content by 39.28%, protein by 3% and amino acid increased by 20.73% as compared to control. It was concluded that there is a positive effect of BIOs on germination parameters and the growth of maize. Thus, these BIOs can be recommended to farmers for the production of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Bibi
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Khalid
- Department of Environmental Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Maimoona Saeed
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
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Heavy Metals and Nutrients Loads in Water, Soil, and Crops Irrigated with Effluent from WWTPs in Blantyre City, Malawi. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals may cause acute and chronic toxic effects to humans and other organisms, hence the need to treat wastewater properly, as it contains these toxicants. This work aimed at assessing zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium in water, soil, and plants that are irrigated with effluent from Manase and Soche Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Blantyre, Malawi. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to assess the heavy metals. Heavy Metal Health Risk Assessment (HMHRA) on plants (vegetables) around both WWTPs was also conducted. Average daily dose (ADD) and target hazard quotients (THQ) were used to assess HMHRA. Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods from American Public Health Association (APHA). The heavy metal ranges were below detection limit (BDL) to 6.94 mg/L in water, 0.0003 to 4.48 mg/kg in soil, and 3 to 32 mg/L in plants. The results revealed that plants irrigated with effluent from WWTP had high values of aforementioned metals exceeding the Malawi Standards and WHO permissible limits. Furthermore, the health risk assessment values showed that vegetables consumed for a long period of time from Manase WWTP were likely to cause adverse health effects as compared to those from Soche WWTP.
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New standards at European Union level on water reuse for agricultural irrigation: Are the Spanish wastewater treatment plants ready to produce and distribute reclaimed water within the minimum quality requirements? Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 356:109352. [PMID: 34385095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The new European regulation on minimum quality requirements (MQR) for water reuse (EU, 2020/741) was launched in May 2020 and describes the directives for the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation. This Regulation will be directly applicable in all Member States from 26 June 2023. Since its publication in 2020, concerns have raised about potential non-compliance situations in water reuse systems. The present study represents a case study where three different water reuse systems have been monitored to establish their compliance with the MQR. Each water reuse system includes a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), a distribution/storage system and an end-user point, where water is used for irrigation of leafy greens. The selected water reuse systems allowed us to compare the efficacy of water treatments implemented in two WWTPs as well as the impact of three different irrigation systems (drip, furrow and overhead irrigation). The presence and concentration of indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli and C. perfringens spores) as well as pathogenic bacteria (Shiga toxin-producing, E. coli (STEC), E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp.) were monitored in different sampling points (influent and effluent of the WWTPs, water reservoirs located at the distribution system and the end-user point at the irrigation system as well as in the leafy greens during their growing cycle. Average levels of E. coli (0.73 ± 1.20 log cfu E. coli/100 mL) obtained at the point where the WWTP operator delivers reclaimed water to the next actor in the chain, defined in the European regulation as the 'point of compliance', were within the established MQR (<1 log cfu/100 mL) (EU, 2020/741). On the other hand, average levels of E. coli at the end-user point (1.0 ± 1.2 log cfu/100 mL) were below the recommended threshold (2 log cfu E. coli/100 mL) for irrigation water based on the guidance document on microbiological risks in fresh fruits and vegetables at primary production (EC, 2017/C_163/01). However, several outlier points were observed among the samples taken at the irrigation point, which were linked to a specific cross-contamination event within the distribution/storage system. Regarding pathogenic bacteria, water samples from the influent of the WWTPs showed a 100% prevalence, while only 5% of the effluent samples were positive for any of the monitored pathogenic bacteria. Obtained results indicate that reclaimed water produced in the selected water reuse system is suitable to be used as irrigation water. However, efforts are necessary not only in the establishment of advance disinfection treatments but also in the maintenance of the distribution/storage systems.
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Alayu E, Leta S. Evaluation of irrigation suitability potential of brewery effluent post treated in a pilot horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system: implications for sustainable urban agriculture. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07129. [PMID: 34136695 PMCID: PMC8180603 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of untreated or partially treated wastewater reuse for urban and peri-urban agricultural irrigation is a common practice in developing countries like Ethiopia. Such practices, however, pose significant environmental and public health risks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the irrigation suitability of anaerobic digestion brewery effluent (ADBE) and two-stage horizontal subsurface constructed wetland post-treated ADBE (CWPBE). A series of pot experiments were conducted in a plastic - greenhouse system arranged in three sets of irrigation schemes: Treatment Group1 (TG1): municipal pipe tap water (MPTW) irrigated pots; Treatment Group2 (TG2): ADBE irrigated pots, and Treatment Group3 (TG3): CWPBE irrigated pots. Pots packed with the same amount of sandy clay loam soil and local tomato seeds sown were irrigated following an updated tomato irrigation schedule derived from the FAO CROPWAT stimulation model for 120 days. The findings from key irrigation water quality parameters showed that the CWPBE achieved the prescribed irrigation water standards with values of pH (7.4 ± 0.15), electrical conductivity (1.9 ± 0.11 dS.m-1), total suspended solids (25 ± 4.17 mgL-1), chemical oxygen demand (185.1 ± 1.66 mgL-1), total nitrogen (17.4 ± 0.7 mgL-1), total phosphorous (8.8 ± 0.26 mgkg-1), calcium (10.5 ± 3.6 mgkg-1), magnesium (4.9 ± 0.98 mgkg-1), sodium (4.4 ± 1.51 mgkg-1), potassium (2.3 ± 1.15 mgkg-1), sodium adsorption ratio (1.6 ± 0.34), and total coliform (8 ± 0.16×10-5 CFU/100 mL). Moreover, tomato plants grown in TG3 attained higher growth such as number of leaves (85.6 ± 4.68), plant height (92.2 ± 1.29 cm), stem diameter (13.1 ± 2.35 cm) and leaf area (35.5 ± 1.03 cm2) as well as higher biomass (61.2 ± 1.33 kgm-2) and fruit (46.4 ± 3.51 kgm-2) yields over other treatment groups. The results revealed that irrigation waters significantly improved both growth and yield parameters of tomato plants with the ascending order of TG1 < TG2 < TG3. Moreover, CWPBE showed minima short-term residual effect on soil physicochemical properties as compared to ADBE, and thus, it has potential suitability for agricultural irrigation reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Alayu
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Assosa University, P. O. Box 18, Assosa, Ethiopia
| | - Seyoum Leta
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Due to climate change, two-thirds of mankind will face water scarcity by 2025, while by 2050, global food production must increase by at least 50% to feed 9 billion people. To overcome water scarcity, 15 million m3/day of untreated wastewater is used globally for crop irrigation, polluting the soil with pathogens, heavy metals and excess salts. Since 10% of the global population consumes food from crops irrigated with wastewater, pathogens transmitted through the food chain cause diseases especially in young children and women. In this paper, we discuss the status of water scarcity and the challenges to food security, the reuse of wastewater in agriculture and the possible risks to human and environmental health. The efficiency of different irrigation systems in limiting the risks of wastewater reuse and the latest regulations of the European Commission on effluent recovery are also presented. Hence, we emphasize that irrigation offers real perspectives for large-scale recovery of wastewater, helping to reduce the deficit and conserve water resources, and increasing food safety, with the express mention that investments must be made in wastewater treatment plants and wastewater must be properly treated before recovery, to limit the risks on human health and the environment.
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11
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Letshwenyo MW, Mokokwe G. Accumulation of heavy metals and bacteriological indicators in spinach irrigated with further treated secondary wastewater. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05241. [PMID: 33088974 PMCID: PMC7566104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortage of water for agriculture has resulted in the need to explore the use of wastewater for irrigation, however this can pose a health problem to the people emanating from the produced food as a result of the accumulation of pollutants. The purpose of this research was to investigate the accumulation of some heavy metals and bacteriological indicators in the different parts of spinach vegetable irrigated with secondary wastewater effluent treated through a pilot filtration system. There was a variation of heavy metals accumulation in the roots, stem and leafy parts of the vegetable. Bioaccumulation factors of some metals were greater than 1 in the roots and stems but not in the leaves. Three heavy metals being copper, iron and zinc revealed high translocation factors in the stems than leaves; whereas arsenic, chromium, nickel, manganese and lead had high translocation factors in the leaves than stems. Health index coefficients in the stem during the first, second and third months were 2.33, 0.18 and 3.57 respectively, and corresponding values in the leaves were 0.68, 0.09 and 6.75 if consumed by adults. The health index values greater than 1 in children were 2.68 in the stem during the first month and then 4.1 and 7.76 in the stem and leaves during the third month for spinach consumed by children. There was no bacteriological indicators detected in the aboveground parts of the vegetable. To conclude, irrigation of vegetables should be practiced using secondary treated wastewater and monitoring over time intervals in order to safe guard human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moatlhodi Wise Letshwenyo
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Gobusaone Mokokwe
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
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12
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Malayil L, Ramachandran P, Chattopadhyay S, Cagle R, Hittle L, Ottesen A, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Metabolically-active bacteria in reclaimed water and ponds revealed using bromodeoxyuridine DNA labeling coupled with 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116185. [PMID: 32726735 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex microbiota of agricultural irrigation water is vital to multiple sectors of sustainable agriculture and public health. To date, microbiome characterization methods have provided comprehensive profiles of aquatic microbiotas, but have not described which taxa are likely metabolically-active. Here, we combined 5‑bromo‑2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling with 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing to identify metabolically-active bacteria in reclaimed and agricultural pond water samples (n = 28) recovered from the Mid-Atlantic United States between March 2017 and January 2018. BrdU-treated samples were significantly less diverse (alpha diversity) compared to non-BrdU-treated samples. The most abundant taxa in the metabolically-active fraction of water samples (BrdU-treated samples) were unclassified Actinobacteria, Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. Interestingly, we also observed that antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles seemed to be more diverse and more abundant in non-BrdU-treated water samples compared to BrdU-treated samples. These findings raise the possibility that these genes may be associated more with relic (inactive) DNA present in the tested water types rather than viable, metabolically-active microorganisms. Our study demonstrates that the coupled use of BrdU labeling and sequencing can enhance understanding of the metabolically-active fraction of bacterial communities in alternative irrigation water sources. Agricultural pond and reclaimed waters are vital to the future of sustainable agriculture, and thus, the full understanding of the pathogenic potential of these waters is important to guide mitigation strategies that ensure appropriate water quality for intended purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD20740, United States
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Robin Cagle
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD20740, United States
| | - Lauren Hittle
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201United States
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD20740, United States
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201United States
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States.
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Deepnarain N, Nasr M, Amoah ID, Enitan-Folami AM, Reddy P, Stenström TA, Kumari S, Bux F. Impact of sludge bulking on receiving environment using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)-based management for full-scale wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 267:110660. [PMID: 32421681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During sludge bulking in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), high amounts of potentially pathogenic bacteria would release into the environment, causing various human-health risks. This is the first study attempting to assess the microbial infections associated with the reuse of WWTP effluents under various bulking conditions. Three common waterborne pathogens, viz., E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Mycobacterium, were quantified from full-scale WWTPs using DNA extraction and qPCR at different sludge volume indices (SVIs). The detected pathogens were incorporated into a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to determine the applicability of WWTP discharge for recreational (bathing) activities and agricultural practices. The QMRA exposures were children, women, and men during swimming, and farmers and vegetable consumers during irrigation. Bacterial abundance in the treated wastewater increased in response to SVIs, and the QMRA values at all bulking events exceeded the tolerable risk of one case of infection per 10,000 people per year. Hence, various disinfection scenarios (chlorination, ultraviolet, and ozonation) were hypothetically tested to control the risks associated with pathogenic bacteria, allowing for safe disposal and reuse of the treated effluent. The ultraviolet application provided the highest ability to inactivate the pathogenic bacteria, except for the case of children exposed to Salmonella infection during swimming. The reduction of Mycobacterium infection risks with either chlorination or ozonation showed inefficient results. This study would be helpful for the management of human health risks associated with effluent wastewater containing pathogens, i.e., particularly concerning the case of sludge bulking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashia Deepnarain
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud Nasr
- Sanitary Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt
| | - Isaac Dennis Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | | | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Borjac J, El Joumaa M, Youssef L, Kawach R, Blake DA. Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds in Soil from Deir Kanoun Ras El Ain Dump, Lebanon. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:8151676. [PMID: 32547327 PMCID: PMC7271233 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8151676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a worldwide concern regarding soil contamination by heavy metals and organic compounds, especially in the developing countries including Lebanon that has suffered from solid waste mismanagement for decades. Deir Kanoun Ras El Ain is a village in southern Lebanon that possesses one of the country's worst dumps, and its leachates influx into a running canal that irrigates surrounding agricultural lands. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of some toxic heavy metals and organic compounds in different soil samples collected from the dump and along the canal during winter and summer seasons. Six research sites (four from the dump and two along the canal) were selected, and the soil samples for analysis were collected from a depth of around 10 cm. Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) and organic compounds (phthalates, bisphenol A, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons) content were determined using atomic absorption and high pressure liquid chromatography, respectively. The conducted research confirmed high levels of contamination in the collected soil samples by both heavy metals and organic compounds. The present study provided evidence that different sampling sites accumulated heavy metals at concentrations that exceeded the average maximum permissible levels for sewage sludge and agricultural land. These findings suggest the need for mitigation measures by the Lebanese authorities and new waste management programs to resolve the problems associated with uncontrolled dumping of solid wastes in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Borjac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Manal El Joumaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Lobna Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Rawan Kawach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Diane A. Blake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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15
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Ezzat SM. Applying Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model in Developing Appropriate Standards for Irrigation Water. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:353-361. [PMID: 31799730 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to apply a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with the consumption of crops, which were irrigated with raw wastewater abstracted by farmers without official permission. Data generated from the model were used to propose realistic standards for Salmonella in irrigation water needed for safe crop production. Results demonstrated the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Salmonella in wastewater samples. Salmonella was recorded on lettuce and spinach in 3 different harvesting events, although it was not found in data obtained for parsley plant. The QMRA scenario included surface irrigation, consumption of raw crops, and 1-day withholding period before harvest. The annual risk probability of Salmonella infection for consumers exceeded the target tolerable risk (7.7 × 10-4 ) for investigated crops. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between different annual risk probabilities showed significant correlation (p < 0.05). The levels of risk posed from spinach and lettuce were roughly similar, although they tended to be higher for lettuce. The optimum concentrations of Salmonella in irrigation water needed to satisfy the World Health Organization guidelines of disease burden (disability-adjusted life years 10-6 ) per person per year ranged from 34 to 119 via multiple-tube fermentation technique/100 mL, for spinach and lettuce plants, respectively. The study concluded that unofficial reuse of wastewater in irrigation is a principle route for crop contamination. Water quality monitoring programs should be integrated with QMRA investigations for better estimation of risk level. The fit parameters used could be tailored to cover a wide array of local situations in different countries. Models applied for viruses, helminths, and bacteria other than Salmonella are encouraged in future studies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:353-361. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa M Ezzat
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring, National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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The Hazardous Level of Heavy Metals in Different Medicinal Plants and Their Decoctions in Water: A Public Health Problem in Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1465051. [PMID: 32258102 PMCID: PMC7093906 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1465051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Na, Zn, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was performed on dry matter and decoctions of the medicinal plants Cordia salicifolia, Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc., and Echites peltata used as an appetite suppressant and diuretic in Brazil. The accuracy of the measurements was analyzed by the spike recovery test. Results showed that the concentration of these seven metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Na, and Zn) in dry plant samples is below the oral concentration of elemental impurities established by the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention (USP). However, there are no concentration limits for Fe, Na, and Zn established by the USP in drug substances and excipients. Levels higher than the recommended value by the USP were observed for Pb and the lowest for Cd, Co, Cr, and Cu, both in dried plant samples and their decoctions. In the decoctions prepared from these plants were found elements such as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Na, Zn, and Pb. In the decoction prepared from 40 g C. salicifolia leaves and 40 g C. alba wood, the content of Cd is above the oral daily exposure value set by the USP. Hazard index (HI) for decoctions prepared from these plants exceeded the threshold (1). Given the uncertainties associated with the estimates of toxicity values and exposure factors, futures researches should address the possible toxicity in humans. Uncontrolled selling and long-term ingestion of medicinal plants can cause toxicity and interfere with the effect of drugs. Limited knowledge on the interaction potential of medicinal plants poses a challenge and public health problem in Brazil and other countries.
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Ibrahim S, Azab El-Liethy M, Abia ALK, Abdel-Gabbar M, Mahmoud Al Zanaty A, Mohamed Kamel M. Design of a bioaugmented multistage biofilter for accelerated municipal wastewater treatment and deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134786. [PMID: 31731155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatment of municipal wastewater for reuse in irrigation is highly required, especially with the current global financial and water shortage crises. Bioaugmentation is a simple and cost-effective technology which could be a useful tool in alleviating this challenge. Thus, this study aimed to enhance the biological treatment of municipal wastewater using a bioaugmented substance supplemented in a three-stages bio-filter consisting of a sedimentation step followed by gravel biofiltration and then sand biofiltration at a laboratory scale. Also, a toxicity assay, the antimicrobial effect of the bioaugmented substance against pathogenic microorganisms, and identification of the synergistic effect of the bacterial consortium involved in the bioaugmented substance were studied. The bioaugmented substance was nontoxic and had an antimicrobial effect against the tested potentially pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans). The minimum effective concentration of the bioaugmented substance for organic, inorganic and microbial pollutants removal from high strength wastewater was 2.5 ppm with a contact time of 6-8 h. The removal efficiencies of H2S, COD, BOD5, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, and oil and grease reached 85, 93.4, 83.5, 37, 49.2, 93.4, 100, 55.7, 76.6 and 76.6%, respectively in the treated effluent after sand biofiltration. The physicochemical parameters of the treated wastewater effluent were below the Egyptian recommended limits (Law 84/1984) for use in irrigation. However, COD and BOD values were 90.33 and 38.46 mgO2/L, respectively, and were still above the regulations (COD ≤60 and BOD ≤20). The high fecal coliforms count in the wastewater influent (8.4 × 108 MPN-index/100 mL) were 95.1% removed after the sedimentation stage, and 99.99% removal was achieved after gravel and sand biofiltration. Thus, this study successfully designed a bioaugmented multistage biofiltration system for the effective removal of pollutants from wastewater, especially in resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ibrahim
- Water and Wastewater Company, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Azab El-Liethy
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, X54001 Durban, South Africa.
| | - Mohammed Abdel-Gabbar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, BeniSuef Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ali Mahmoud Al Zanaty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, BeniSuef Governorate, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Kamel
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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18
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Wastewater conservation and reuse in quality vegetable cultivation: Overview, challenges and future prospects. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Szczech M, Kowalska B, Smolińska U, Maciorowski R, Oskiera M, Michalska A. Microbial quality of organic and conventional vegetables from Polish farms. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 286:155-161. [PMID: 30145444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological analyses of lettuce, radish, carrot and beetroot were conducted to determine the effect of production system (organic and conventional) on the microbial quality of vegetables in Poland. During 2010-2014 growing seasons, 600 organic and 372 conventional samples were collected from certified farms. The vegetables were analyzed for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Escherichia coli according to Polish standards. The farmer's survey was conducted to collect information on farm management practices. The index (from 0 - no risk to 4 - high risk) of potential contamination of the produce by human pathogens, related to fertilization system was developed. The mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae numbers for the radish and carrot were similar for organic and conventional cultivation systems (mesophilic bacteria 7.0 log10 cfu g-1 and 6.6 log10 cfu g-1; yeasts and molds 5.1 and 4.8; coliforms 1.3 and 1.5; Enterobacteriaceae 2.1 and 2.3 for radish and carrot respectively). Organic lettuce harbored significantly more bacteria than conventional (mesophilic 6.7 log10 cfu g-1 and 6.4 log10 cfu g-1, coliforms 1.8 and 1.4; Enterobacteriaceae 2.5 and 1.9 for organic and conventional respectively). Organic beetroot contained higher number of yeasts and molds (5.1 log10 cfu g-1) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log10 cfu g-1) than conventional (4.9 and 2.5 log10 cfu g-1). The vegetables from organic farms showed significantly higher load of E. coli (on average 0.42 log10 cfu g-1) than conventionally cultivated vegetables (in average 0.05 log10 cfu g-1). The index 0-4 of potential risk of produce contamination by human pathogens was created according to fertilization practices in both farm types. Its value increased with enhanced contribution of manures and other animal wastes. In organic production the main fertilization practice was application of animal manures, composted and not composted. A popular practice was also top dressing of growing plants with fermented plant extracts, sometimes enriched with dungwater. In conventional farming system mineral fertilization was the main source of the vegetable nutrition. Therefore, organic produce indicated higher index of contamination risk (2-4) than conventional vegetables (1-2). High indexes were positively associated with higher number of E. coli. It was found that fertilization system practiced in organic farms may deteriorate sanitary quality of the produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szczech
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland.
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Urszula Smolińska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Robert Maciorowski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Economics and Statistics Section, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Michał Oskiera
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Anna Michalska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Javanmard E, Mirjalali H, Niyyati M, Sharifdini M, Jalilzadeh E, Seyed Tabaei SJ, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Rostami R, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Haghighi A, Zali MR. Small-scale risk assessment of transmission of parasites from wastewater treatment plant to downstream vegetable farms. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2018; 11:352-358. [PMID: 30425815 PMCID: PMC6204253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to simultaneously investigate parasitic contamination of treated wastewater and downstream vegetable farms that are irrigated with treated sewage, during a year. BACKGROUND (Oo) Cysts and eggs of parasites are resistant to most of routine wastewater treatment process. Irrigation of vegetables farms with either treated wastewater or illegally use of raw wastewaters enhances the risk of contamination with enteric pathogens. METHODS The treated wastewater samples were taken after chlorination from a wastewater treatment plant located at the south of Tehran. In addition, 60 vegetable samples (5 samples from each farm) were collected from the selected downstream farms that routinely used treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. Parasitological tests were performed using Ziehl-Neelsen, conventional lugol's iodine staining and direct microscopical examination. RESULTS Parasites including free living larvae, eggs of Toxoascaris leonina, egg of Toxocara sp. Trichuris sp, Trichostrongylus sp and amoeboid trophozoite were seen in 5/12 (41.7%) of vegetable samples gathered during a year. There was no statistically significant correlation between the season and parasitic contamination of the vegetables (P= 1). Furthermore, parasitic contamination was observed in 7/12 (53.8%) of treated wastewater samples. The correlation between season and parasitic contamination of treated wastewater was evaluated that the results showed a higher contamination of treated wastewater in spring and autumn (P<0.05). Fisher's exact test also showed that there was no significant correlation between parasitic contaminations of vegetable samples and treated wastewater according to seasonal change. CONCLUSION The results showed parasites in both treated wastewater plant and downstream crops farms that suggests the public health importance of the quality of water resources that routinely used for irrigation of vegetable farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Javanmard
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Niyyati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Esfandiar Jalilzadeh
- Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roghieh Rostami
- Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Balkhair KS. Modeling fecal bacteria transport and retention in agricultural and urban soils under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 110:313-320. [PMID: 28039813 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria, that enter surface water bodies and groundwater systems through unmanaged wastewater land application, pose a great risk to human health. In this study, six soil column experiments were conducted to simulate the vulnerability of agricultural and urban field soils for fecal bacteria transport and retention under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions. HYDRUS-1D kinetic attachment and kinetic attachment-detachment models were used to simulate the breakthrough curves of the experimental data by fitting model parameters. Results indicated significant differences in the retention and drainage of bacteria between saturated and unsaturated flow condition in the two studied soils. Flow under unsaturated condition retained more bacteria than the saturated flow case. The high bacteria retention in the urban soil compared to agricultural soil is ascribed not only to the dynamic attachment and sorption mechanisms but also to the greater surface area of fine particles and low flow rate. All models simulated experimental data satisfactorily under saturated flow conditions; however, under variably saturated flow, the peak concentrations were overestimated by the attachment-detachment model and underestimated by the attachment model with blocking. The good match between observed data and simulated concentrations by the attachment model which was supported by the Akaike information criterion (AIC) for model selection indicates that the first-order attachment coefficient was sufficient to represent the quantitative and temporal distribution of bacteria in the soil column. On the other hand, the total mass balance of the drained and retained bacteria in all transport experiments was in the range of values commonly found in the literature. Regardless of flow conditions and soil texture, most of the bacteria were retained in the top 12 cm of the soil column. The approaches and the models used in this study have proven to be a good tool for simulating fecal bacteria transport under a variety of initial and boundary flow conditions, hence providing a better understanding of the transport mechanism of bacteria as well as soil removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Balkhair
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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