Effect of Olea europaea leaves extract on streptozotocin induced diabetes in male albino rats

Can Polyherbal Medicine be used for the Treatment of Diabetes? - A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.

Effect of Streptozocin on the Langerhans Islands in the pancreas of birds

In the current study, birds (Columba livia ) were used as a new model to study the effect of streptozotocin on the pancreas gland and the blood glucose level. Three concentrations of 75,65,55 mg/kg were adopted for five consecutive days with one IP dose daily. The experimental animals showed a gradual rise in blood glucose the average glucose in the first week of the experiment was usual for the three groups compared with the control group, while there was a significant change in the blood glucose level in the three groups at the end of the experiment (4th week), where the average glucose in the streptozotocin groups was 55 mg/kg (213.80 ± 12.43) mg/dl and the group 65 mg/kg(282.60 ± 16.78) mg/dl and a group of 75 mg/kg( 371.0 ± 38.39) mg/dl. Keywords: Streptozocin, Langerhans islands, pancreas.

Investigating the effects of Citrullus colocynthis on cognitive performance and anxiety-like behaviors in STZ-induced diabetic rats

Background: Diabetes can impair cognitive performance and lead to dementia. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are reported with different levels of cognitive dysfunctions in various cognitive domains ranging from general intellectual testing to specific deficits with visuospatial abilities, motor speed, writing, attention, reading, and psychomotor efficiency. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Citrullus colocynthis on cognitive functions.Methods: A total of 42 male Wistar rats (3-4  months old and weighing 200-250  g) were tested in the current study. Rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups of control, Diabetes, and Diabetes + Drug. The diabetic rats received Citrullus colocynthis extraction orally. The behavioral tests included the open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), novel object recognition (NOR), passive avoidance tests, and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Data were analyzed using student and paired t-tests via SPSS software version 16.Results: Our results showed the protective effects of Citrullus colocynthis administration against cognitive impairments. This is followed by STZ-induced diabetes in the MWM, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tasks. Also, it was found that Citrullus colocynthis improved anxiety in diabetic rats.Conclusion According to the findings of this study, the administration of 200  mg/kg C. colocynthis once per day for 40  days can lead to ameliorated cognitive impairments and antidiabetic effects such as increasing body weight and decreasing FBS.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties of olive leaf extract protect against L-arginine induced chronic pancreatitis in the adult male albino rat

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease affects the pancreas with upcoming fibrosis and notable parenchymal destruction. CP poses a high risk for pancreatic carcinoma. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time up to our knowledge, the effect of olive leaf extract on L-arginine induced CP with referral to some of its underlying mechanisms. Forty adult male albino rats were divided equally into four groups; control, olive leaf extract treated (200 mg/kg orally once daily), CP group (300 mg L-arginine/100 g body weight intraperitoneally, once daily for 3 weeks then every 3 days for the subsequent 3 weeks), and CP treated with olive leaf extract group. At the end of the experiment, body weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum amylase and lipase as well as tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed. Pancreatic tissues were subjected to histological and immuno-histochemical studies. The CP group revealed significant decrease in body weight and increase in serum glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR score, serum amylase, and serum lipase levels. Significant increase in MDA level and decrease in SOD level were detected. Marked degenerative changes and fibrosis were detected. Upregulation of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), caspase-3, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) immunoreactions were implicated in CP pathogenesis. Olive leaf extract alleviated all the examined parameters via its-antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties. Olive leaf extract can protect against CP and restore pancreatic functions.

In vitro and in vivo study of inhibitory potentials of α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase and biochemical profiling of M. charantia in alloxan-induced diabetic rat models

OBJECTIVES

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial chronic disease that affects the human population and it is the third most common cause of death worldwide. Momordica charantia is used as popular folk medicine and its action against diabetes mellitus remains unclear. We investigated the inhibitory potentials of α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and biochemical profiling of M. charantia in alloxan-induced diabetic rat models.

METHODS

An In vivo study was carried out by using twenty male albino Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups each comprising four rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal administration of 80 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment with plant extract was conducted for a period of thirty days to check their impact on body weight and differentblood values. Biochemical profiling and characterization were performed by in vitro assays and HPLC, and FTIR. Histopathologic effects of M. charantia were examined through automated image analysis. Results were analyzed through Tukey's test, a complete randomized design and two factorial designs under CRD.

RESULTS

Methanolic extract demonstrated potent alpha-glucosidase (72.30 ± 1.17%) and acetylcholinesterase (50.12 ± 0.82%) inhibitory activities. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of vital flavonoids, antioxidants, and saponins. FTIR revealed the presence of hydroxyl groups, esters, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, ketones, alcohols, amines and carboxylic acids as major functional groups. Results of in vivo study demonstrated that co-administration of alloxan and methanolic extract of M. charantia significantly improved the levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and insulin in diabetic rats.

CONCLUSION

M. charantia can be recommended as a therapeutic adjunct for diabetic patients as it can provide favorable remedial action in the context of the diabetes continuum of metabolic syndrome.

Effect of nano extracts of olea europaea leaves, ficus carica and liraglutide in lipidemic liver of type 2 diabetic rat model

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of Ficus carica mixture and Olea europaea leaf nano extracts, and liraglutide, on liver tissue and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic male albino rat model. Forty rats were divided equally into 4 groups were used. Group 1 was the non-diabetic control group. The animals in Groups 2–4 was injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 60 mg/kg b.w. Streptozotocin to induce a diabetic rat model. Group 2 served as a positive control for diabetes. 0.02 mg/kg b.w./day of Liraglutide gave to groups 3 and 4 and 4.8 ng/ml × 10⁵ b.w./day of a mixture of the nano extracts, respectively. Eight weeks after treatment, the animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for glucose analysis and serum low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides analysis, and the livers processed for histopathological examination. The elevated lipid profiles and blood glucose levels in diabetic group (Group 2) were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) following the administration of liraglutide and nano extracts in Groups 3 and 4. Progressive fatty acid changes were found in the liver sections, indicated by the deposition of various sizes of lipid droplets in most liver lobules, along with patchy hepatocyte necrosis. These pathological changes were ameliorated in the liraglutide- and nano-extract-treated rats. Treatment with the nano extracts resulted in significant power assays associated with recovery of hepatic histology and functional alterations, compared to liraglutide treatment.

Antidiabetic efficacy of Trifolium alexandrinum extracts hesperetin and quercetin in ameliorating carbohydrate metabolism and activating IR and AMPK signaling in the pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that is mainly characterized by hyperglycemia. The present work investigated the efficacy of the flavanones hesperetin (HES) and quercetin (Q) extracted from Trifolium alexandrinum (TA) to treat type 2 diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats were supplemented with a high fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks and then administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were orally treated with Q, HES, and TA extract at concentrations of 40, 50, and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively, for 4 weeks. Various biochemical, molecular, and histological analysis were performed to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of these treatments. Q, HES, and TA extract treatments all significantly improved diabetic rats' levels of serum glucose, insulin, glucagon, liver function enzymes, hepatic glycogen, α-amylase, lipase enzymes, lipid profiles, oxidative stress indicators, and antioxidant enzymes as compared with control diabetic untreated rats. In addition, supplementation with Q, HES, and TA extract attenuated the activities of glucose-6-phosphate; fructose-1,6-bisphospahate; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucokinase; and hexokinase in pancreatic tissue, and they improved the levels of glucose transporter 2 and glucose transporter 4. Furthermore, these treatments modulated the expressions levels of insulin receptor (IR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), caspase-3, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Enhancement of the histological alterations in pancreatic tissues provided further evidence of the ability of Q, HES, and TA extract to exert antidiabetic effects. Q, HES, and TA extract remedied insulin resistance by altering the IR/PI3K and AMPK signaling pathways, and they attenuated type 2 diabetes by improving the antioxidant defense system.

Silymarin from Milk Thistle Fruits Counteracts Selected Pathological Changes in the Lenses of Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a metabolic disease affecting many tissues and organs. The main etiological factor for diabetic complications is hyperglycemia and subsequent pathologies, such as oxidative stress. One of the organs susceptible to the development of diabetic complications is the eye with all of its elements, including the lens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin, an extract obtained from milk thistle fruit husks, on the oxidative stress markers in the lenses of type 1 diabetic rats. The study was performed on male rats in which type 1 diabetes was induced with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin injection. Diabetic animals were treated via an intragastric tube with silymarin at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses for four weeks. Multiple oxidative stress and polyol pathway-related parameters were measured in the lenses, and auxiliary biochemical tests in the serum were conducted. Diabetes induced severe pathological changes both in the lenses and the serum, and silymarin counteracted several of them. Nevertheless, the qualitative analyses encompassing all tested parameters indicate that silymarin slightly improved the overall state of diabetic animals. Upon the obtained results, it can be concluded that silymarin reveals a faint positive effect on the lenses in type 1 diabetic rats.

Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation Combined with Calorie-Restricted Diet on Reducing Body Weight and Fat Mass in Obese Women: Result of a Randomized Control Trial

The present trial aims to evaluate a supplementation of the olive leaf extract (OLE) in adjunct with a weight loss diet on anthropometric indices, glycemic indices, lipid profile, as well as the level of adipokines, and free fatty acid in obese women. We carried out an 8-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, clinical trial. The participants were randomly stratified according to age and they were assigned to one of the two study groups: Standard weight loss diet (estimated daily energy requirements minus 500 kcal) + OLE supplementation (n = 35) in intervention group or Standard weight loss diet (estimated daily energy requirements minus 500 kcal) + placebo (n = 35) in placebo group. The study groups were homogeneous regarding the baseline age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences, married status, and physical activity levels (p > 0.05). The results of analysis of covariance presented significant decreases in BMI, fat mass, and body weight in the OLE group compared to those in the placebo group (p < 0.05). At the end of the study, the serum levels of fasting blood sugar, insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, leptin, fatty free acid, and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance significantly decreased, and serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin elevated in the intervention group (p < 0.05). Based on results it seems that the addition of OLE to a hypocaloric diet for 8-week compared with a hypocaloric diet alone may be more effective in modifying obesity and metabolic risk factors.

The Antioxidative Role of Natural Compounds from a Green Coconut Mesocarp Undeniably Contributes to Control Diabetic Complications as Evidenced by the Associated Genes and Biochemical Indexes

The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of green coconut mesocarp juice extract (CMJE) on diabetes-related problems in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 2 diabetes, as well as the antioxidative functions of its natural compounds in regulating the associated genes and biochemical markers. CMJE's antioxidative properties were evaluated by the standard antioxidant assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical, nitric oxide, and ferrous ions along with the total phenolic and flavonoids content. The α-amylase inhibitory effect was measured by an established method. The antidiabetic effect of CMJE was assayed by fructose-fed STZ-induced diabetic models in albino rats. The obtained results were verified by bioinformatics-based network pharmacological tools: STITCH, STRING, GSEA, and Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba bioinformatics tools. The results showed that GC-MS-characterized compounds from CMJE displayed a very promising antioxidative potential. In an animal model study, CMJE significantly (P < 0.05) decreased blood glucose, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, uric acid, and lipid levels and increased glucose tolerance as well as glucose homeostasis (HOMA-IR and HOMA-b scores). The animal's body weights and relative organ weights were found to be partially restored. Tissue architectures of the pancreas and the kidney were remarkably improved by low doses of CMJE. Compound-protein interactions showed that thymine, catechol, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural of CMJE interacted with 84 target proteins. Of the top 15 proteins found by Cytoscape 3.6.1, 8, CAT and OGG1 (downregulated) and CASP3, COMT, CYP1B1, DPYD, NQO1, and PTGS1 (upregulated), were dysregulated in diabetes-related kidney disease. The data demonstrate the highly prospective use of CMJE in the regulation of tubulointerstitial tissues of patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Ameliorative property of Sesbania grandiflora on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In diabetic condition, endogenous glucose synthesis will be elevated due to defect in the action of vital enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which is the main cause for hyperglycemia. The current study was designed to explore the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy of Sesbania grandiflora flower (SGF) extract by evaluating the concentration of C-peptide, insulin, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), hemoglobin (Hb), glycogen and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities in diabetic rats. The study found to lower the level of glucose, HbA1C and simultaneously ameliorated concentrations of C-peptide, insulin, hemoglobin (Hb), glycogen and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities in SGF treated (250 mg/kg body weight for 45 days) diabetic rats. Moreover, SGF administered diabetic rats showed diminished consumption of food and water at the same time improved body weight. The results obtained from the present study were compared with glibenclamide treated (600 µg/kg body weight) diabetic rats. SGF were supplemented to normal rats to rule out toxic effect of SGF, to explore any significant alteration in the above parameters. Hence, the results depict that SGF modulated the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities through ameliorating the secretion of insulin and diminishing the level of glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetic rats by its bioactive compounds.

Chemical analysis, biological and therapeutic activities of Olea europaea L. extracts

The Olea europaea L. is a very well-known and widely used plant, especially for its nutritional qualities. Its extracts from leaves and fruits are widely used in contrasting and preventing various pathologies. In this review, the collected data highlight important chemical analyses and biological effects of this plant extracts. It exhibits cholesterol-lowering, hypoglycemic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypotensive activities. The results show that extracts from O. europaea could be used as a food additive in the supplementary treatment of many diseases.

Olive Leaf Powder Modulate Insulin Production and Circulating Adipokines in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Olives (Olea europaea) have natural phytochemical compounds that are of great importance for their potential beneficially health effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of olive leaf powder (OLP) on insulin production and circulating adipokines in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty Wistar-albino male rats, weighing 200-225 g were divided into four groups (n = 10); group I: Normal healthy rats received balanced diet; group II: Diabetic control rats receiving balanced diet; group III: Diabetic rats receiving balanced diet + standard antidiabetic drugs (metformin, 600 mg/bw) and group four: Diabetic rats received diet supplemented with 2.0% OLP. The experiment was conducted for four weeks. Our results showed that the consumption of 2.0% OLP decreased serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, whereas serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level was increased. OLP supplementation also inhibited the atherogenic index [AI; log (TG/HDL-C) and atherogenic coefficient (AC)] levels relative to those of the untreated diabetic group. Moreover, OLP increased serum adiponectin concentration, and decreased serum leptin concentration. Liver and kidney functions were also attenuated by OLP. This finding also implies that OLP can play an important role in the treatment and delay of diabetic complications.

p53 Rather Than β-Catenin Mediated the Combined Hypoglycemic Effect of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model

Background: The antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and insulin-enhancing effects of ginger and cinnamon were previously confirmed in experimental and human studies, while the combined effect of ginger and cinnamon was not thoroughly investigated until now.

Objectives: This study was designed to assess the antidiabetic effect of combined administration of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia L.) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats compared to metformin and to explain the mechanism behind this effect.

Materials and methods: STZ was utilized to induce diabetes mellitus in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Assessments of fasting blood glucose level (BGL), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA–β cells were performed. Pancreatic gene expression of β-catenin and p53 was assessed using RT-PCR. Assessment of histopathological alterations of pancreatic islet cells was performed using routine and immunohistochemical techniques.

Results: BGL significantly decreased (p = 0.01), while serum insulin and TAC significantly increased (p < 0.001) in both metformin- and ginger plus cinnamon–treated groups compared to the untreated diabetic group. HOMA–β cell index significantly increased (p = 0.001) in ginger plus cinnamon, indicating their enhancing effect on insulin secretion in diabetic conditions. p53 gene expression was significantly upregulated (p < 0.001), while β-catenin was insignificantly downregulated (p = 0.32) in ginger plus cinnamon–treated groups. Insulin immunoexpression in β cells significantly increased (p = 0.001, p = 0.004) in metformin- and ginger plus cinnamon–treated groups, respectively.

Conclusions: The combined administration of ginger and cinnamon has a significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect in STZ-induced diabetes mostly through enhancing repair of islet cells mediated via upregulation of pancreatic p53 expression. Therefore, testing this effect in diabetic patients is recommended.

Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Effect of Rhizophora Mucronata and Avicennia Marina in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction:

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease worldwide. It is considered as the third leading cause of death, in the developed countries followed by heart diseases and cancer.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the aqueous fraction of R. mucronata and A. marina leaves grown in Saudi Arabia alone or in combination as antidiabetic agents and explore its effect on the antioxidants status.

Methods:

One hundred and twenty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 8 groups were utilized in this study. Streptozotocin (STZ) was utilized for induction of diabetes. The effects of daily oral administration of aqueous extract from the leaves of R. mucronata (400 mg/kg BW), A. marina (400 mg/kg BW) and the combination of both plant extracts for 6 weeks were evaluated on blood glucose, insulin, tissues’ antioxidants as well as pancreatic immunohistochemistry in normal, (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Results:

Oral administration of the plants extracts significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.001) serum glucose, insulin and improved the antioxidants status in the liver compared to the untreated rats. Immunohistochemically, the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with R. mucronata revealed a few islets β-cells (2-3%/ HPF) with positive caspase-3.

Conclusion:

The extract of R. mucronata exhibited a promising antidiabetic, antioxidant and tissue enhancing effects compared with A. marina alone or in combination.

Antioxidative Capacity of Liver- and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Media and Their Applicability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mainly characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, which cannot be reversed with existing therapeutic strategies. Using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cell-based therapy has been demonstrated in displaying therapeutic effects in T2DM for their self-renewable, differentiation potential, and immunosuppressive properties and higher levels of angiogenic factors. Stem cell therapies are complicated and have a serious adverse effect including tumor formation and immunogenicity, while using mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (MSC-CM) significantly reduces stem cell risk, maintaining efficacy and showing significantly higher levels of growth factors, cytokines, and angiogenic factors that stimulate angiogenesis and promote fracture healing in diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the liver and adipose MSC-CM in diabetic endothelial dysfunction compared with standard insulin therapy. Fifty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into 5 groups as follows: control, diabetic, diabetic+insulin, diabetic+liver MSC-CM, and diabetic+adipose MSC-CM; all treatments continued for 4 weeks. Finally, we observed that liver MSC-CM therapy had the most apparent improvement in levels of blood glucose; HbA1c; AGEs; lipid panel (cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL, and total lipids); renal function (urea, uric acid, creatinine, and total protein); liver function (AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, and albumin); CPK; C-peptide; HO-1; inflammatory markers including IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP; growth factors (liver and serum IGF-1); amylase; histopathological changes; pancreatic cell oxidative stress; and antioxidant markers (MDA, GSH, ROS, CAT, SOD, HO-1, and XO) toward the normal levels compared with insulin and adipose MSCs-CM. Moreover, both the liver and adipose MSC-CM relieved the hyperglycemic status by improving pancreatic islet β cell regeneration, promoting the conversion of alpha cells to beta cells, reducing insulin resistance, and protecting pancreatic tissues against oxidative stress-induced injury as well as possessing the ability to modulate immunity and angiogenesis. These results indicated that MSC-CM infusion has therapeutic effects in T2DM rats and may be a promising novel therapeutic target.

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl Aqueous Leaf Extract Ameliorate Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats via Urotensin II and FABP3 Expressions

Sterculia tragacantha (ST) Lindl leaf is commonly used locally in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. This study was aimed at assessing the valuable effects of ST leaf on streptozotocin-diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally to the experimental animals to induce DM, and hence, placed on different doses of ST for 14 days. Thereafter, on the 15th day of the experiment, the animals were euthanized, and a number of cardiomyopathy indices were investigated. The diabetic rats exhibited a momentous increase in hyperlipidemia, lipid peroxidation as well as a significant (p < 0.05) decline in antioxidant enzyme activities. The serum creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), cardiac troponin I, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and urotensin II expression revealed a significant (p < 0.05) upsurge in diabetic rats. Also, the expression of GLUT4 and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in diabetic rats. However, at the conclusion of the experimental trial ST significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress biomarkers by augmenting the antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease in lipid peroxidation, ameliorated CK-MB, CRP, cardiac troponin I, TNF-α, and urotensin-II levels, and improved GLUT4 and FABP3 expressions. Similarly, the administration of ST prevented histological alterations in the heart of diabetic animals. Therefore, the obtained results suggest that ST could mitigate DCM in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Herbal Medicines for Diabetes Management and its Secondary Complications

Diabetic Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that is concerning for people all over the world. DM is caused due to lack of insulin or ineffective production of insulin in the pancreas. A total of 463 million people were reported to have diabetes mellitus in 2019 and this number is predicted to rise up to 578 million by the year 2030 and 700 million by 2045. High blood sugar gives rise to many complications like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, atherosclerosis, hypercoagulability, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, foot damage, skin complications, Alzheimer's disease, hearing impairment, and depression. These life-threatening complications make diabetes more severe than other diseases. Many synthetic drugs have been developed, but still, a complete cure is not provided by any of the molecules. Continuous use of some synthetic agents causes severe side effects, and thus the demand for non-toxic, affordable drugs still persists. Traditional treatments have been an extremely valued source of medicine all over human history. These are extensively used throughout the world, indicating that herbs are a growing part of modern and high-tech medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed a total of 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. Among them, more than 400 plants are available for the treatment of diabetes. Despite the fact that there are many herbal drugs available for treating diabetes, only a small number of these plants have undergone scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Caesalpinia bonduc, Ferula assafoetida,etc., are some of the medicinal plants used for antidiabetic therapy. The presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, and coumarins is responsible for the antidiabetic nature of the medicinal plants. These constituents have shown a reduction in blood glucose levels. Pycnogenol, acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are some of the examples of marketed drugs, which are obtained from natural origin and used as antidiabetic drugs. The active principles derived from the plants work through many antidiabetic mechanisms, which include inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activities. One of the major advantages of herbal drugs is the low level of side effects attributed to these medicines, and this attracted various researchers to develop new molecules for the treatment of diabetes. In this review, recent advances in the field of herbal drugs to treat diabetes, prevent secondary complications from arising due to diabetes, and various herbal molecules in different stages of clinical trials will be emphasized upon.

Effect of the consumption of natural products on some biochemical parameters of a type 2 diabetic population

PURPOSE

The use of phytotherapy is common worldwide and especially in Algeria. This practice was transmitted orally and ritually to treat chronic diseases. Safe extracts of edible plants can provide a resource of structurally diverse molecules that can effectively interfere with multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. The objective of this work is to study the biochemical parameters of diabetic populations who consume medicinal plants.

METHODS

This study involved 100 T2D subjects, recruited over a five-month period via a questionnaire containing anthropometric information: sex, age, age of diabetes, type of diabetes, plants consumed. Recruited patients were recalled for further examination of the biochemical record (fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, ASL and ASP).

RESULTS

We found that diabetic patient associated with prescribed medical treatment uses the medicinal plants. This use is strongly predominant by women in both populations with 76% of them using herbal medicine. 58% of diabetics under herbal medicine had slightly unbalanced diabetes with HbA1c > 7. The difference between the total cholesterol, ASL and ASP parameters of the two populations was not significant. The study of correlation showed that the consumption of plant had an effect on the type of correlation between biochemical parameters of diabetic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The consumption of medicinal plants did not affect the values of the measured biochemical parameters, while the correlation between these parameters can be modified.

Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil an Ally for Women's and Men's Cardiovascular Health?

Noncommunicable diseases are long-lasting and slowly progressive and are the leading causes of death and disability. They include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) that are rising worldwide, with CVD being the leading cause of death in developed countries. Thus, there is a need to find new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Polyphenols seem to have cardioprotective properties; among them, polyphenols and/or minor polar compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are attracting special interest. In consideration of numerous sex differences present in CVD and DM, in this narrative review, we applied "gender glasses." Globally, it emerges that olive oil and its derivatives exert some anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, modulate glucose metabolism, and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. However, as in prescription drugs, also in this case there is an important gender bias because the majority of the preclinical studies are performed on male animals, and the sex of donors of cells is not often known; thus a sex/gender bias characterizes preclinical research. There are numerous clinical studies that seem to suggest the benefits of EVOO and its derivatives in CVD; however, these studies have numerous limitations, presenting also a considerable heterogeneity across the interventions. Among limitations, one of the most relevant in the era of personalized medicine, is the non-attention versus women that are few and, also when they are enrolled, sex analysis is lacking. Therefore, in our opinion, it is time to perform more long, extensive and lessheterogeneous trials enrolling both women and men.

Ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which affects millions of people every year. If diabetes is not controlled, it can cause serious damage and a number of health complications. The aim of this paper was to review published ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological evidences of Moroccan plants with antidiabetic potentials. Publications describing the medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in Morocco were searched from the databases, including Google Scholar, Elsevier, Medline, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Pubmed. Other literature source was also used including books and theses available in library. About 750 literature references were studied, and only 240 research publications based on data from different Moroccan provinces published until June 2019 were included in this review. In total, 255 plants species belonging to 70 families were reported. Compositae and Lamiaceae were mentioned as the most represented families. The frequently used plant species in the dwellers of most regions of Morocco are Trigonella foenum-graecum, Artemesia herba-alba, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Allium cepa and Marrubium vulgare. This review provides useful information and current scientific knowledge on the medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco. Medicinal plants reported should be submitted to chemical, pharmacological and clinical studies to identify pharmacologically active metabolites and to confirm their antidiabetic activity.

Shorea roxburghii Leaf Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia Induced Abnormalities in High Fat/Fructose and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

This study investigated the hypoglycemic effect of the methanol extract of Shorea roxburghii leaves (SRL) in high fat diet/high fructose solution (HFDHF) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats as well as evaluating its ameliorative potentials in altered biochemical and hematological parameters in the treated rats. T2DM was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding with HFDHF for 4 weeks and administering STZ (35 mg/kg, i. p.). Diabetic rats were given SRL extract at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days. The food and water intake were monitored on a daily basis, while the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and body weight were measured weekly. Biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathological studies of the pancreas were also evaluated. SRL significantly decreased FBG and improved the body weight, food and water intake of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, biochemical and hematological parameters including liver and kidney function enzymes, lipid profiles, white blood and red blood cells parameters were markedly ameliorated by SRL. Histopathological analyses of the pancreas indicated reconstitution of β-cells architecture in SRL treated rats. The results of this study suggest that SRL has antidiabetic potential and can be considered for the treatment of T2DM.

Effect of olive leaves extract on the antidiabetic effect of glyburide for possible herb-drug interaction

The concomitant use of olive leaves (OL) and glyburide (GLB) is a possible therapy for diabetic patients. However, there is no report about the effect of OL on the antidiabetic effect of GLB till now. In the current study, the possible interaction of olive leaves extract (OLE) with GLB was assessed to determine if there was any pharmacological benefit over GLB alone. Seven groups of male Sprague Dawley rats were used. Normal rats of the 1st group treated with 2 mL/kg of 3% Tween 80 (vehicle). The 2nd–5th groups were diabetic rats received vehicle, GLB (5 mg/kg), OLE low dose and OLE high dose respectively, while the 6th–7th groups administered combinations of GLB plus OLE low dose and GLB plus OLE high dose, respectively. All treatments were administered orally once daily for 8 weeks.

The use of GLB+OLE-500 obviously improved fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic rats (95.5 ± 5.55 mg/dL, 6.8 ± 0.16 mg/dL and 6.1 ± 0.29%, respectively) compared to those treated with GLB monotherapy (140.0 ± 6.36 mg/dL, 5.4 ± 0.19 mg/dL and 7.0 ± 0.20%, respectively). The lipid profile [triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] was significantly improved in diabetic rats exposed to GLB+OLE-500 (35.6 ± 1.51 mg/dL, 48.5 ± 2.74 mg/dL, 25.1 ± 1.21 mg/dL and 17.0 ± 0.82 mg/dL, respectively) in comparison with diabetic group exposed to GLB alone (43.2 ± 2.15 mg/dL, 56.8 ± 2.14 mg/dL, 18.6 ± 0.96 mg/dL, 23.0 ± 1.26 mg/dL, respectively). Additionally, the benefit impacts of GLB+OLE-500GLB+OLE-500 therapy on the antioxidant and lipid peroxidation parameters in the pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats were higher than those of GLB monotherapy. Moreover, GLB plus OLE-500 combination had the greatest effect on restoration of the insulin content of Beta (β) cells and reduction of the glucagon and somatostatin of Alpha (α) and Delta (δ) endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets among the different treatment. The current study suggests that OL and GLB combination could cause herb-drug interactions through modulation of insulin receptor (INR), glucose transporter 2 (Slc2a2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) genes expression in the liver of diabetic rats.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidative Potential of the Blue Congo Variety of Purple Potato Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of purple potato extract of the Blue Congo variety (PP) on diabetes and its antioxidant activities after two-week administration tostreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The activities of PP were evaluated at a dose of 165 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) by estimating biochemical changes in blood plasma and through a histopathological study of kidney, muscles, and liver tissue. We evaluated the effect of treatment with extract on glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, activities of enzymatic antioxidants (including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, we determined advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and the level of oxidative modified proteins (OMPs) as markers of carbonyl-oxidative stress in rats with diabetes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we identified five anthocyanins and six phenolic acids in the extract from Blue Congo with the dominant acylated anthocyanin as petunidin-3-p-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside. The administration of Blue Congo extract lowered blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased the amount of glycated hemoglobin. Furthermore, PP demonstrated an antioxidative effect, suppressed malondialdehyde levels, and restored antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic rats. After administration of PP, we also noticed inhibition of OMP, AGE, and AOPP formation in the rats' blood plasma.

A review of Algerian medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Plants are traditionally used in Algeria to treat many disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of the plants that are used may provide insight on their properties, for further exploration. This study reviewed all the available published and unpublished reports concerning the use of herbal medicines in the treatment of diabetes in Algeria.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To describe the plants used in Algeria to treat diabetes, as reported in the literature.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Systematic review of ethnobotanical papers published in the medical literature, from literature databases (Pubmed, Web of Science), as well as Google, for English, French and Arabic -language publication, and a manual search of local libraries and bookshops, as well as the university repository of PhD and master's theses. The reference lists of the papers retrieved were also examined for further papers.

RESULTS

Many plants are cited in the ethnobotanical surveys, but only very few pharmacological studies were found. In the ethnobotanical surveys, 171 plants were reported, from 58 families of which the most often cited were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Apiaceae. The plants with the best evidence of use and activity are: Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Centaurium erythraea Rafn, Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Marrubium vulgare L., Agathophora alopecuroides (Delile) Fenzl ex Bunge, Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq., Hammada elegans (Bunge) Botsch., Helianthemum kahiricum Delile, Salsola baryosma (Schult.) Dandy, Salsola vermiculata L., Olea europaea L.

CONCLUSION

Traditional herbal medicines are still very much used in Algeria to control diabetes. However they are generally poorly characterized and none have been properly tested in man. There is a need for systematic evaluation of the more commonly used plants to confirm their antidiabetic activity, identify possible mechanimss of action, and recommend best use.

Comparative Study on the Influence of Some Medicinal Plants on Diabetes Induced by Streptozotocin in Male Rats

Medicinal plants have played an important role in the treatment of many diseases. Medicinal plants are believed to be well appropriate with the human body and to produce less side influences than the pharmaceuticals. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has abundant and wide variety of medicinal plants whose therapeutic effects have not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic activities of the extracts of three plant species collected from Albaha region of Saudi Arabia including Olea oleaster (Oleaceae family) leaves (OLE), Juniperus procera (Cupressaceae family) leaves (JLE), and Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae family) stems (OSE) on streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic male rats. The animals were distributed into eight groups. The first group was used as normal control. The second group was diabetic control. Diabetic rats of the third, fourth, and fifth groups were supplemented with OLE, JLE, and OSE, respectively. Normal rats of the sixth, seventh, and eighth groups were treated with OLE, JLE, and OSE, respectively. As expected, the mean of body weight was significantly decreased in rats of the second group. Significant increase in the value of serum glucose and decline of insulin value were observed in rats of the second group. Several alterations of lipid and protein profile and oxidative stress markers were noted in diabetic control rats. Severe histopathological alterations of pancreatic tissues were observed in untreated diabetic rats. The obtained results showed that OLE, JLE, and OSE attenuated the physiological and histopathological alterations. These new data indicate that the attenuation influences of OLE, JLE, and OSE attributed to their antioxidant properties confirmed by oxidative stress markers evaluation.

Effects of Olive Leaf Extract on Metabolic Response, Liver and Kidney Functions and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hypertensive Patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Hypertension is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure is gradually elevated. In this project, the effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) were evaluated on metabolic response, liver and kidney functions and also biomarkers of inflammation in hypertensive patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial, 60 hypertensive patients, aged 30-60 years old had participated. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either OLE or placebo tablets for 12 weeks. At the beginning and end of the intervention, metabolic parameters and biomarkers of liver, kidney and inflammation were measured in sera of the participants using available laboratory methods.

RESULTS

Compared with the placebo, changes in parameters associated with glucose metabolism were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The OLE tablets did not have significant effect on liver enzymes, total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine (p>0.05), but significantly decreased interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha as inflammatory biomarkers (p<0.05) in OLE group compared to the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

The results concluded that inflammation as a major cause of hypertension was significantly decreased in patients using OLE tablets.

Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant properties of Olea europaea L. leaves from Chlef province, Algeria using in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches

Aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from leaves of Olea europaea L. were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hypocholesterolemic effect. The result of administration of O. europaea leaf extracts on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in hypercholesterolaemic mice was evaluated. In addition, rutin and luteolin, reported to occur naturally in O. europaea leaves, were docked against HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol metabolism. Mice treated with both extracts showed reduced total cholesterol (246.6 and 163.4 mg/dl, for mice groups treated with respective extracts) and LDL (150.16 and 81.28 mg/dl, for mice groups treated with respective extracts) levels as compared to the hypercholesterolaemic group (total cholesterol 253.00 mg/dl and LDL 160.00 mg/dl). Mice treated with aqueous extract (200 mg/kg body weight) showed significantly reduced triglyceride and VLDL levels as compared to the group treated with atorvastatine. HDL level of mice administered with O. europaea aqueous extract was comparable to the atorvastatine-treated group. The ethanol extract of O. europeae leaves was a potent antioxidant (IC₅₀ 69.15 mg/ml, % inhibition 54.98, 82.63 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract, 7.53 mol of Fe²⁺/g extract, and % inhibition 49.71, for the DPPH, β-carotene bleaching, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, and ferric thiocyanate assays, respectively). Docking studies revealed that rutin showed higher binding affinity with HMG-CoA reductase as compared to luteolin. Data gathered from this study support the development of a prophylactic biomedicine from O. europaea leaves for the management of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.