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Shamloo-Dashtpagerdi R, Tanin MJ, Aliakbari M, Saini DK. Unveiling the role of the ERD15 gene in wheat's tolerance to combined drought and salinity stress: a meta-analysis of QTL and RNA-Seq data. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14570. [PMID: 39382027 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of drought and salinity stresses in field conditions significantly hinders wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing response and tolerance to these stresses is crucial for developing resilient wheat varieties. Our research, employing a combination of meta-QTL and meta-RNA-Seq transcriptome analyses, has uncovered the genome functional landscape of wheat in response to drought and salinity. We identified 118 meta-QTLs (MQTLs) distributed across all 21 wheat chromosomes, with ten designated as the most promising. Additionally, we found 690 meta-differentially expressed genes (mDEGs) shared between drought and salinity stress. Notably, our findings highlight the Early Responsive to Dehydration 15 (ERD15) gene, located in one of the most promising MQTLs, as a key gene in the shared gene network of drought and salinity stress. ERD15, differentially expressed between contrasting wheat genotypes under combined stress conditions, significantly regulates water relations, photosynthetic activity, antioxidant activity, and ion homeostasis. These findings not only provide valuable insights into the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying combined stress tolerance in wheat but also hold the potential to contribute significantly to the development of stress-resilient wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Jafar Tanin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Massume Aliakbari
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dinesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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2
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Phosuwan S, Nounjan N, Theerakulpisut P, Siangliw M, Charoensawan V. Comparative quantitative trait loci analysis framework reveals relationships between salt stress responsive phenotypes and pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1264909. [PMID: 38463565 PMCID: PMC10920293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1264909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a complex abiotic stress that involves several biological pathways. Hence, focusing on a specific or a few salt-tolerant phenotypes is unlikely to provide comprehensive insights into the intricate and interwinding mechanisms that regulate salt responsiveness. In this study, we develop a heuristic framework for systematically integrating and comprehensively evaluating quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses from multiple stress-related traits obtained by different studies. Making use of a combined set of 46 salinity-related traits from three independent studies that were based on the same chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population of rice (Oryza sativa), we demonstrate how our approach can address technical biases and limitations from different QTL studies and calling methods. This allows us to compile a comprehensive list of trait-specific and multi-trait QTLs, as well as salinity-related candidate genes. In doing so, we discover several novel relationships between traits that demonstrate similar trends of phenotype scores across the CSSLs, as well as the similarities between genomic locations that the traits were mapped to. Finally, we experimentally validate our findings by expression analyses and functional validations of several selected candidate genes from multiple pathways in rice and Arabidopsis orthologous genes, including OsKS7 (ENT-KAURENE SYNTHASE 7), OsNUC1 (NUCLEOLIN 1) and OsFRO1 (FERRIC REDUCTASE OXIDASE 1) to name a few. This work not only introduces a novel approach for conducting comparative analyses of multiple QTLs, but also provides a list of candidate genes and testable hypotheses for salinity-related mechanisms across several biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunadda Phosuwan
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Biochemistry (International Program), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Nounjan
- Biodiversity and Environmental Management Division, International College, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piyada Theerakulpisut
- Salt-tolerant Rice Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Meechai Siangliw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Zhang X, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Ren J, Feng J, Quan W. Identification of QTL for reducing loss of grain yield under salt stress conditions in bi-parental populations derived from wheat landrace Hongmangmai. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:49. [PMID: 36913045 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel QTL (QSt.nftec-2BL) was mapped to a 0.7 cM interval on chromosome 2B. Plants carrying QSt.nftec-2BL produced higher grain yields by up to 21.4% than otherwise in salinized fields. Wheat yield has been limited by soil salinity in many wheat-growing areas globally. The wheat landrace Hongmangmai (HMM) possesses salt tolerance as it produced higher grain yields than other tested wheat varieties including Early Premium (EP) under salt stresses. To detect QTL underlying this tolerance, wheat cross EP × HMM was chosen to serve as mapping population that was homozygous at Ppd (photoperiod response gene), Rht (reduced plant height gene) and Vrn (vernalization gene); thus, interference with QTL detection by these loci could be minimized. QTL mapping was conducted firstly using 102 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that were selected from the EP × HMM population (827 RILs) for similarity in grain yield under non-saline condition. Under salt stresses, however, the 102 RILs varied significantly in grain yield. These RILs were genotyped using a 90 K SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array; consequently, a QTL (QSt.nftec-2BL) was detected on chromosome 2B. Then, using 827 RILs and new simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed according to the reference sequence IWGSC RefSeq v1.0, location of QSt.nftec-2BL was refined to a 0.7 cM (6.9 Mb) interval flanked by SSR markers 2B-557.23 and 2B-564.09. Selection for QSt.nftec-2BL was performed based on the flanking markers using two bi-parental wheat populations. Trials for validating effectiveness of the selection were conducted in salinized fields in two geographical areas and two crop seasons, demonstrating that wheat plants with the salt-tolerant allele in homozygous status at QSt.nftec-2BL produced higher grain yields by up to 21.4% than otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Science, Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junda Ren
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Quan
- Institute of Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
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Guo K, Chen T, Zhang P, Liu Y, Che Z, Shahinnia F, Yang D. Meta-QTL analysis and in-silico transcriptome assessment for controlling chlorophyll traits in common wheat. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20294. [PMID: 36636827 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is an important plant molecule for absorbing light and transferring electrons to produce energy for photosynthesis, which has a significant impact on crop yield. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling chlorophyll traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a comprehensive meta-analysis of 411 original QTLs for six chlorophyll traits was performed, including the evolution of soil plant analysis development (SPAD), chlorophyll content index (CCI), chlorophyll a content (Chla), chlorophyll b content (Chlb), chlorophyll content (Chl), and ratio of chlorophyll a to b (Chla/b), derived from 41 independent experiments conducted over the past two decades. Fifty-six consensus meta-QTLs (MQTLs) were detected, unevenly distributed on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3B, 3D, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5D, 6A, 6D, 7B, and 7D. The confidence interval (CI) of the identified MQTLs was 0.18 to 15.07 cM, with an average of 5.74 cM, and 3.17-times narrower than that of the original QTLs. A total of 30 MQTLs were aligned with marker-trait associations (MTAs) reported in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for chlorophyll traits in wheat. Based on MQTL-flanking marker information and homology analyses combined with RNA-seq data, 136 putative candidate genes were identified in MQTL regions, involved in porphyrin metabolism, photosynthesis, terpene biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and secondary metabolites. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis for controlling chlorophyll traits and can be used in breeding wheat with high photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Guo
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural Univ., Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural Univ., Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural Univ., Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhuo Che
- Plant Seed Master Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fahimeh Shahinnia
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Delong Yang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural Univ., Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Yang B, Chen N, Dang Y, Wang Y, Wen H, Zheng J, Zheng X, Zhao J, Lu J, Qiao L. Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci for chlorophyll content of flag leaf in wheat under different phosphorus treatments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019012. [PMID: 36466250 PMCID: PMC9714299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In wheat, the leaf chlorophyll content in flag leaves is closely related to the degree of phosphorus stress. Identifying major genes/loci associated with chlorophyll content in flag leaves under different phosphorus conditions is critical for breeding wheat varieties resistant to low phosphorus (P). Under normal, medium, and low phosphorus conditions, the chlorophyll content of flag leaves was investigated by a double haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between two popular wheat varieties Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84, at different grain filling stages. Chlorophyll content of the DH population and parents decreased gradually during the S1 to the S3 stages and rapidly at the S4 stage. At the S4 stage, the chlorophyll content of the DH population under low phosphorus conditions was significantly lower than under normal phosphate conditions. Using a wheat 15K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel, a total of 157 QTLs were found to be associated with chlorophyll content in flag leaf and were identified under three phosphorus conditions. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranged from 3.07 to 31.66%. Under three different phosphorus conditions, 36, 30, and 48 QTLs for chlorophyll content were identified, respectively. Six major QTLs Qchl.saw-2B.1, Qchl.saw-3B.1, Qchl.saw-4D.1, Qchl.saw-4D.2, Qchl.saw-5A.9 and Qchl.saw-6A.4 could be detected under multiple phosphorus conditions in which Qchl.saw-4D.1, Qchl.saw-4D.2, and Qchl.saw-6A.4 were revealed to be novel major QTLs. Moreover, the closely linked SNP markers of Qchl.saw-4D.1 and Qchl.saw-4D.2 were validated as KASP markers in a DH population sharing the common parent Jinmai 84, showed extreme significance (P <0.01) in more than three environments under different phosphorus conditions, which has the potential to be utilized in molecular marker-assisted breeding for low phosphorus tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifei Dang
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Hongwei Wen
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Xingwei Zheng
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jinxiu Lu
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Ling Qiao
- Institute of Wheat Research, State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
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Khalid M, Rehman HM, Ahmed N, Nawaz S, Saleem F, Ahmad S, Uzair M, Rana IA, Atif RM, Zaman QU, Lam HM. Using Exogenous Melatonin, Glutathione, Proline, and Glycine Betaine Treatments to Combat Abiotic Stresses in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12913. [PMID: 36361700 PMCID: PMC9657122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and heavy metals, are associated with global climate change and hamper plant growth and development, affecting crop yields and quality. However, the negative effects of abiotic stresses can be mitigated through exogenous treatments using small biomolecules. For example, the foliar application of melatonin provides the following: it protects the photosynthetic apparatus; it increases the antioxidant defenses, osmoprotectant, and soluble sugar levels; it prevents tissue damage and reduces electrolyte leakage; it improves reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging; and it increases biomass, maintains the redox and ion homeostasis, and improves gaseous exchange. Glutathione spray upregulates the glyoxalase system, reduces methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity and oxidative stress, decreases hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation, improves the defense mechanisms, tissue repairs, and nitrogen fixation, and upregulates the phytochelatins. The exogenous application of proline enhances growth and other physiological characteristics, upregulates osmoprotection, protects the integrity of the plasma lemma, reduces lipid peroxidation, increases photosynthetic pigments, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids, and enhances stress tolerance, carbon fixation, and leaf nitrogen content. The foliar application of glycine betaine improves growth, upregulates osmoprotection and osmoregulation, increases relative water content, net photosynthetic rate, and catalase activity, decreases photorespiration, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation, protects the oxygen-evolving complex, and prevents chlorosis. Chemical priming has various important advantages over transgenic technology as it is typically more affordable for farmers and safe for plants, people, and animals, while being considered environmentally acceptable. Chemical priming helps to improve the quality and quantity of the yield. This review summarizes and discusses how exogenous melatonin, glutathione, proline, and glycine betaine can help crops combat abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memoona Khalid
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Center for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sehar Nawaz
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Saleem
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Seed Center, Ministry of Environment, Water & Agriculture, Riyadh 14712, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Iqrar Ahmad Rana
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan, Punjab 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Atif
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan, Punjab 38000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar U. Zaman
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan, Punjab 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Tanin MJ, Saini DK, Sandhu KS, Pal N, Gudi S, Chaudhary J, Sharma A. Consensus genomic regions associated with multiple abiotic stress tolerance in wheat and implications for wheat breeding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13680. [PMID: 35953529 PMCID: PMC9372038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In wheat, a meta-analysis was performed using previously identified QTLs associated with drought stress (DS), heat stress (HS), salinity stress (SS), water-logging stress (WS), pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), and aluminium stress (AS) which predicted a total of 134 meta-QTLs (MQTLs) that involved at least 28 consistent and stable MQTLs conferring tolerance to five or all six abiotic stresses under study. Seventy-six MQTLs out of the 132 physically anchored MQTLs were also verified with genome-wide association studies. Around 43% of MQTLs had genetic and physical confidence intervals of less than 1 cM and 5 Mb, respectively. Consequently, 539 genes were identified in some selected MQTLs providing tolerance to 5 or all 6 abiotic stresses. Comparative analysis of genes underlying MQTLs with four RNA-seq based transcriptomic datasets unravelled a total of 189 differentially expressed genes which also included at least 11 most promising candidate genes common among different datasets. The promoter analysis showed that the promoters of these genes include many stress responsiveness cis-regulatory elements, such as ARE, MBS, TC-rich repeats, As-1 element, STRE, LTR, WRE3, and WUN-motif among others. Further, some MQTLs also overlapped with as many as 34 known abiotic stress tolerance genes. In addition, numerous ortho-MQTLs among the wheat, maize, and rice genomes were discovered. These findings could help with fine mapping and gene cloning, as well as marker-assisted breeding for multiple abiotic stress tolerances in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafar Tanin
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Karansher Singh Sandhu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Neeraj Pal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Santosh Gudi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Chaudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Achla Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Tanin MJ, Saini DK, Sandhu KS, Pal N, Gudi S, Chaudhary J, Sharma A. Consensus genomic regions associated with multiple abiotic stress tolerance in wheat and implications for wheat breeding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13680. [PMID: 35953529 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.24.497482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In wheat, a meta-analysis was performed using previously identified QTLs associated with drought stress (DS), heat stress (HS), salinity stress (SS), water-logging stress (WS), pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), and aluminium stress (AS) which predicted a total of 134 meta-QTLs (MQTLs) that involved at least 28 consistent and stable MQTLs conferring tolerance to five or all six abiotic stresses under study. Seventy-six MQTLs out of the 132 physically anchored MQTLs were also verified with genome-wide association studies. Around 43% of MQTLs had genetic and physical confidence intervals of less than 1 cM and 5 Mb, respectively. Consequently, 539 genes were identified in some selected MQTLs providing tolerance to 5 or all 6 abiotic stresses. Comparative analysis of genes underlying MQTLs with four RNA-seq based transcriptomic datasets unravelled a total of 189 differentially expressed genes which also included at least 11 most promising candidate genes common among different datasets. The promoter analysis showed that the promoters of these genes include many stress responsiveness cis-regulatory elements, such as ARE, MBS, TC-rich repeats, As-1 element, STRE, LTR, WRE3, and WUN-motif among others. Further, some MQTLs also overlapped with as many as 34 known abiotic stress tolerance genes. In addition, numerous ortho-MQTLs among the wheat, maize, and rice genomes were discovered. These findings could help with fine mapping and gene cloning, as well as marker-assisted breeding for multiple abiotic stress tolerances in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafar Tanin
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Karansher Singh Sandhu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Neeraj Pal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Santosh Gudi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Chaudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Achla Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Kumar P, Choudhary M, Halder T, Prakash NR, Singh V, V. VT, Sheoran S, T. RK, Longmei N, Rakshit S, Siddique KHM. Salinity stress tolerance and omics approaches: revisiting the progress and achievements in major cereal crops. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:497-518. [DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Pal N, Saini DK, Kumar S. Meta-QTLs, ortho-MQTLs and candidate genes for the traits contributing to salinity stress tolerance in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2767-2786. [PMID: 35035135 PMCID: PMC8720133 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of QTLs associated with the traits contributing to salinity tolerance was undertaken in wheat to detect consensus and robust meta-QTLs (MQTLs) using 844 known QTLs retrieved from 26 earlier studies. A consensus map with a total length of 4621.56 cM including 7710 markers was constructed using 21 individual linkage maps and three previously published integrated genetic maps. Out of 844 QTLs, 571 QTLs were projected on the consensus map which gave origin to 100 MQTLs. Interestingly, 49 MQTLs were co-located with marker-trait associations reported in wheat genome-wide association studies for the traits contributing to salinity stress tolerance. Five potential MQTLs associated with the major salinity-responsive traits were also identified to be utilized in the breeding programme. In the resulted MQTLs, the average confidence interval (CI, 3.58 cM) was reduced up to 4.16 folds compared to the mean CI of the initial QTLs. Furthermore, as many as 617 gene models including 81 most likely candidate genes (CGs) were identified in the high confidence MQTL regions. These most likely CGs encoded proteins mainly belonging to the following families: B-box-type zinc finger, cytochrome P450 protein, pentatricopeptide repeat, phospholipid/glycerol acyltransferase, F-box protein, small auxin-up RNA, UDP-glucosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase protein, etc. In addition, ortho-MQTL analysis based on synteny among wheat, rice and barley was also performed which permitted the identification of six ortho-MQTLs among these three cereals. This meta-analysis defines a genome-wide landscape on the most stable and consistent loci associated with reliable molecular markers and candidate genes for salinity tolerance in wheat. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01112-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Pal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Sundip Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
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Naheed R, Aslam H, Kanwal H, Farhat F, Abo Gamar MI, Al-Mushhin AAM, Jabborova D, Javed Ansari M, Shaheen S, Aqeel M, Noman A, Hessini K. Growth attributes, biochemical modulations, antioxidant enzymatic metabolism and yield in Brassica napus varieties for salinity tolerance. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5469-5479. [PMID: 34588857 PMCID: PMC8459110 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement in salinity tolerance of plants is of immense significance as salt stress particularly threatens the productivity of agricultural crops. This study was designed to assess the tolerance level of six Brassica napus varieties (Super, Sandal, Faisal, CON-111, AC Excel and Punjab) under different levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150 & 200 mM) with three replications under CRD. Salt induced osmotic stress curtailed the plant growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments and disturbed ionic homeostasis (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-) but least disturbance as compared to control was found in Super and Sandal cultivars. Punjab canola and AC Excel canola cultivars were least tolerant to salinity because these displayed greater decline in all growth and biochemical attributes. Plants subjected to NaCl induced stress exhibited considerable decline in all attributes under study with proline as exception. Antioxidants (CAT, SOD & POD) showed an obvious change in Canola plants under stress, but greatest decline was displayed at 200 mM NaCl level in all six cultivars. Over all these attributes presented a comparatively stable trend in super and sandal cultivars. This shows presence of physiological resilience and metabolic capacity in these two cultivars to tackle salinity. Similarly, all yield attributes displayed adverse behavior under 150 mM & 200 mM salinity stress. Our results demonstrated that Super and Sandal cultivars of Brassica napus exhibit good performance in salinity tolerance and can be good option for cultivation in salt affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashda Naheed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Aslam
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hina Kanwal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Farhat
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad I Abo Gamar
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Amina A M Al-Mushhin
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin abdul aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilfuza Jabborova
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent Region, Kibray 111208, Uzbekistan.,Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), 244001, India
| | - Sehar Shaheen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamel Hessini
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Luo Q, Hu P, Yang G, Li H, Liu L, Wang Z, Li B, Li Z, Zheng Q. Mapping QTL for seedling morphological and physiological traits under normal and salt treatments in a RIL wheat population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2991-3011. [PMID: 34095960 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of 27 seedling traits under normal and salt treatments was fully analyzed in a RIL wheat population, and seven QTL intervals were validated in two other genetic populations. Soil salinity seriously constrains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production globally by influencing its growth and development. To explore the genetic basis of salt tolerance in wheat, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between high-yield wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 (ZM175) and salt-tolerant cultivar Xiaoyan 60 (XY60) was used to map QTL for seedling traits under normal and salt treatments based on a high-density genetic linkage map. A total of 158 stable additive QTL for 27 morphological and physiological traits were identified and distributed on all wheat chromosomes except 3A and 4D. They explained 2.35-46.43% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score range of 2.61-40.38. The alleles from XY60 increased corresponding traits for 100 QTL, while the alleles from ZM175 had positive effects for the other 58 QTL. Nearly half of the QTL (78/158) were mapped in nine QTL clusters on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7D (2), respectively. To prove the reliability and potentiality in molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS), seven QTL intervals were validated in two other genetic populations. Besides additive QTL, 94 pairs of loci were detected with significant epistatic effect and 20 QTL were found to interact with treatment. This study provides a full elucidation of the genetic basis of seedling traits (especially root system-related traits) associated with salt tolerance in wheat, and the developed kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers closely linked to stable QTL would supply strong supports to MAS in salt-tolerant wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guotang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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13
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Genome-wide association mapping reveals key genomic regions for physiological and yield-related traits under salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genomics 2021; 113:3198-3215. [PMID: 34293475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using six different multi-locus GWAS models and 35K SNP array to demarcate genomic regions underlying reproductive stage salinity tolerance. Marker-trait association analysis was performed for salt tolerance indices (STI) of 11 morpho-physiological traits, and the actual concentrations of Na+ and K+, and the Na+/K+ ratio in flag leaf. A total of 293 significantly associated quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for 14 morpho-physiological traits were identified. Of these 293 QTNs, 12 major QTNs with R2 ≥ 10.0% were detected in three or more GWAS models. Novel major QTNs were identified for plant height, number of effective tillers, biomass, grain yield, thousand grain weight, Na+ and K+ content, and the Na+/K+ ratio in flag leaf. Moreover, 48 candidate genes were identified from the associated genomic regions. The QTNs identified in this study could potentially be targeted for improving salinity tolerance in wheat.
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14
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Bashri G, Singh S, Prasad SM, Ansari MJ, Usmani S, Alfarraj S, Alharbi SA, Brestic M. Kinetin mitigates Cd-induced damagesto growth, photosynthesis and PS II photochemistry of Trigonella seedlings by up-regulating ascorbate-glutathione cycle. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249230. [PMID: 34157031 PMCID: PMC8219128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) plays a key role in plant adaptation over a range of different stress conditions. Here, we analyze the effects of a cytokinin (i.e., kinetin, KN) on the growth, photosynthesis (rate of O2 evolution), PS II photochemistry and AsA-GSH cycle in Trigonella seedlings grown under cadmium (Cd) stress. Trigonella seeds were sown in soil amended with 0, 3 and 9 mg Cd kg-1 soil, and after 15 days resultant seedlings were sprayed with three doses of KN, i.e.,10 μM (low, KNL), 50 μM (medium, KNM) and 100 μM (high, KNH); subsequent experiments were performed after 15 days of KN application, i.e., 30 days after sowing. Cadmium toxicity induced oxidative damage as shown by decreased seedling growth and photosynthetic pigment production (Chl a, Chl b and Car), rates of O2-evolution, and photochemistry of PS II of Trigonella seedlings, all accompanied by an increase in H2O2 accumulation. Supplementation with doses of KN at KNL and KNM significantly improved the growth and photosynthetic activity by reducing H2O2 accumulation through the up-regulation AsA-GSH cycle. Notably, KNL and KNM doses stimulated the rate of enzyme activities of APX, GR and DHAR, involved in the AsA-GSH cycle thereby efficiently regulates the level of AsA and GSH in Trigonella grown under Cd stress. The study concludes that KN can mitigate the damaging effects of Cd stress on plant growth by maintaining the redox status (>ratios: AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG) of cells through the regulation of AsA-GSH cycle at 10 and 50 μM KN under Cd stress conditions. At 100 μM KN, the down-regulation of AsA-GSH cycle did not support the growth and PS II activity of the test seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gausiya Bashri
- Department of Botany, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- * E-mail: (GB); (SMP); (MJA)
| | - Shikha Singh
- Department of Botany, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Department of Botany, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- * E-mail: (GB); (SMP); (MJA)
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
- * E-mail: (GB); (SMP); (MJA)
| | - Salma Usmani
- Department of Biochemistry, D.K.M College for Women (Autonomous), Vellore, India
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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15
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Alotaibi F, Alharbi S, Alotaibi M, Al Mosallam M, Motawei M, Alrajhi A. Wheat omics: Classical breeding to new breeding technologies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1433-1444. [PMID: 33613071 PMCID: PMC7878716 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is an important cereal crop, and its significance is more due to compete for dietary products in the world. Many constraints facing by the wheat crop due to environmental hazardous, biotic, abiotic stress and heavy matters factors, as a result, decrease the yield. Understanding the molecular mechanism related to these factors is significant to figure out genes regulate under specific conditions. Classical breeding using hybridization has been used to increase the yield but not prospered at the desired level. With the development of newly emerging technologies in biological sciences i.e., marker assisted breeding (MAB), QTLs mapping, mutation breeding, proteomics, metabolomics, next-generation sequencing (NGS), RNA_sequencing, transcriptomics, differential expression genes (DEGs), computational resources and genome editing techniques i.e. (CRISPR cas9; Cas13) advances in the field of omics. Application of new breeding technologies develops huge data; considerable development is needed in bioinformatics science to interpret the data. However, combined omics application to address physiological questions linked with genetics is still a challenge. Moreover, viroid discovery opens the new direction for research, economics, and target specification. Comparative genomics important to figure gene of interest processes are further discussed about considering the identification of genes, genomic loci, and biochemical pathways linked with stress resilience in wheat. Furthermore, this review extensively discussed the omics approaches and their effective use. Integrated plant omics technologies have been used viroid genomes associated with CRISPR and CRISPR-associated Cas13a proteins system used for engineering of viroid interference along with high-performance multidimensional phenotyping as a significant limiting factor for increasing stress resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alotaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Alharbi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alotaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mobarak Al Mosallam
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Alrajhi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Chaurasia S, Singh AK, Songachan LS, Sharma AD, Bhardwaj R, Singh K. Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal novel genomic regions associated with vegetative stage salt tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genomics 2020; 112:4608-4621. [PMID: 32771624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the typical abiotic stresses affecting sustainability of wheat production worldwide. In the present study, we performed a 35 K SNP genotyping assay on association panel of 135 diverse wheat genotypes evaluated for vegetative stage tolerance in hydroponics. Association analyses using five multi-locus GWAS models revealed 42 reliable QTNs for 10 salt tolerance associated traits. Among these 42 reliable QTNs, 9, 17 and 16 QTNs were associated with physiological, biomass and shoot ionic traits respectively. Novel major QTNs were identified for chlorophyll content, shoot fresh weight, seedling total biomass, Na+ and K+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in shoots. Further, 10 major QTNs showed significant effect on the corresponding salt tolerance traits. Gene ontology analysis of the associated genomic regions identified 58 candidate genes. The information generated in this study will be of potential value for improvement of salt tolerance of wheat cultivars using marker assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiksha Chaurasia
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - L S Songachan
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Axma Dutt Sharma
- Division of Germplasm Conservation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rakesh Bhardwaj
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
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