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Banks JM, Capistrano KJ, Brandini DA, Zaidi F, Thakkar P, Rahat R, Schwartz J, Naqvi AR. Herpesviruses and SARS-CoV-2: Viral Association with Oral Inflammatory Diseases. Pathogens 2024; 13:58. [PMID: 38251365 PMCID: PMC10819702 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a niche for diverse microbes, including viruses. Members of the Herpesviridae family, comprised of dsDNA viruses, as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an ssRNA virus, are among the most prevalent viruses infecting the oral cavity, and they exhibit clinical manifestations unique to oral tissues. Viral infection of oral mucosal epithelia triggers an immune response that results in prolonged inflammation. The clinical and systemic disease manifestations of HHV have been researched extensively, and several recent studies have illuminated the relationship between HHV and oral inflammatory diseases. Burgeoning evidence suggests the oral manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection includes xerostomia, dysgeusia, periodontal disease, mucositis, and opportunistic viral and bacterial infections, collectively described as oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). These diverse sequelae could be a result of intensified immune responses initially due to the copious production of proinflammatory cytokines: the so-called "cytokine storm syndrome", facilitating widespread oral and non-oral tissue damage. This review explores the interplay between HHV, SARS-CoV-2, and oral inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis, endodontic disease, and peri-implantitis. Additionally, the review discusses proper diagnostic techniques for identifying viral infection and how viral diagnostics can lead to improved overall patient health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Banks
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.M.B.); (K.J.C.); (F.Z.); (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Kristelle J. Capistrano
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.M.B.); (K.J.C.); (F.Z.); (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Daniela A. Brandini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil;
| | - Filza Zaidi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.M.B.); (K.J.C.); (F.Z.); (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Pari Thakkar
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.M.B.); (K.J.C.); (F.Z.); (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Rani Rahat
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.M.B.); (K.J.C.); (F.Z.); (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.M.B.); (K.J.C.); (F.Z.); (P.T.); (R.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Tsimpiris A, Tsolianos I, Grigoriadis A, Tsimtsiou Z, Goulis DG, Grigoriadis N. Association of chronic periodontitis with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 77:104874. [PMID: 37478676 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease of microbial etiology that manifests as a result of the dysfunction of the immune mechanism, culminating in the destruction of the alveolar bone of the jaws. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leads to demyelination and degeneration of nerve axons and often causes severe physical and/or cognitive impairment. As CP and MS involve inflammatory mechanisms and immune dysfunction, researchers have attempted to study the association between them. AIM To systematically review the literature on the epidemiological association between CP and MS in adults. METHODS PRISMA 2020 statement was used in the study protocol. The design was done according to the Cochrane methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases; a manual search and evaluation of the gray literature was also performed. The meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was defined as the effect size of the outcome. Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi-square and I2. The articles evaluated were written in English, without a time limit, concern observational studies (patient-controls) and report the diagnostic criteria of the diseases. Duplicate entries were excluded. To evaluate the reliability of the results of each study, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE tools were used. Two independent reviewers did all evaluations with a resolution of discrepancies by a third. RESULTS Meta-analysis included three observation studies examined 3376 people. MS patients are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with CP than healthy controls (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.54-2.42, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION A high prevalence of CP was found among MS patients compared with healthy controls. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the association between these pathological entities to provide patients with high-quality care through an effective and holistic diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Tsolianos
- Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Grigoriadis
- Dental Sector, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Tsimtsiou
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Khalil W, Alaa El Din F, Jaffal M, Kanj AEH, Nabbouh A, Kurban M, Rahal EA, Matar GM. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 in Different Dental Infections in the Lebanese Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e38809. [PMID: 37303381 PMCID: PMC10251111 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental infections, which are the main cause of tooth loss, are known to be caused by bacteria. However, recent research suggests that other organisms, such as viruses, may also play a role. In this study, we aim to detect the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and assess its prevalence in tissues infected with various dental infections, including aggressive and chronic periodontitis, pericoronitis, and periapical infection, as well as healthy gingival tissues, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid, for comparison. METHODS A cross-sectional study including 124 adult healthy patients presenting with dental infections requiring dental extractions were conducted to assess the prevalence of HPV-16 in saliva, infected, and healthy tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Samples were collected and a categorical scale was used for the prevalence. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square for the prevalence of HPV-16. RESULTS Among the HPV-16-positive PCR cases, the prevalence of HPV-16 was highest in periapical infection tissues as compared to chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, pericoronitis, and control tissues. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HPV-16 in periapical infection samples was the highest among the studied dental infection samples. Thus, a primary conclusion can be drawn about the presence of an association between HPV-16 and the occurrence of periapical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Khalil
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Ferdos Alaa El Din
- Department of Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, IRQ
| | - Marwa Jaffal
- Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Abd El Hadi Kanj
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, IRQ
| | - Ali Nabbouh
- Office of Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, LBN
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Dermatopathology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
| | - Elias A Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, LBN
| | - Ghassan M Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, LBN
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Guellil M, van Dorp L, Inskip SA, Dittmar JM, Saag L, Tambets K, Hui R, Rose A, D’Atanasio E, Kriiska A, Varul L, Koekkelkoren AMHC, Goldina RD, Cessford C, Solnik A, Metspalu M, Krause J, Herbig A, Robb JE, Houldcroft CJ, Scheib CL. Ancient herpes simplex 1 genomes reveal recent viral structure in Eurasia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4435. [PMID: 35895820 PMCID: PMC9328674 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a life-long infection spread by oral contact, infects a majority of adults globally. Phylogeographic clustering of sampled diversity into European, pan-Eurasian, and African groups has suggested the virus codiverged with human migrations out of Africa, although a much younger origin has also been proposed. We present three full ancient European HSV-1 genomes and one partial genome, dating from the 3rd to 17th century CE, sequenced to up to 9.5× with paired human genomes up to 10.16×. Considering a dataset of modern and ancient genomes, we apply phylogenetic methods to estimate the age of sampled modern Eurasian HSV-1 diversity to 4.68 (3.87 to 5.65) ka. Extrapolation of estimated rates to a global dataset points to the age of extant sampled HSV-1 as 5.29 (4.60 to 6.12) ka, suggesting HSV-1 lineage replacement coinciding with the late Neolithic period and following Bronze Age migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Guellil
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarah A. Inskip
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jenna M. Dittmar
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lehti Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ruoyun Hui
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Alan Turing Institute, 2QR, John Dodson House, 96 Euston Rd., London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Alice Rose
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Aivar Kriiska
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Liivi Varul
- Archaeological Research Collection, School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
| | | | - Rimma D. Goldina
- Department History of Udmurtia, Archaeology and Ethnology, Udmurt State University, 1, Universitetskaya St. 1, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Craig Cessford
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John E. Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christiana L. Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- St. John’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK
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Arduino PG, Cabras M, Lodi G, Petti S. Herpes simplex virus type 1 in subgingival plaque and periodontal diseases. Meta-analysis of observational studies. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:256-268. [PMID: 34978079 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis of observational studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42021236054) sought to investigate strength and generalizability of the association of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in subjects with plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis, since the data from literature are contrasting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Case-control and cross-sectional studies, investigating HSV-1 in subgingival plaque/crevicular fluid and periodontal status, were searched through MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. From each study the crude odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95CI) was extracted, and the pooled OR was assessed for periodontitis, chronic and aggressive, and gingivitis. The meta-analytic method was chosen based on the level of heterogeneity. The generalizability of results, determined by the meta-analysis bias, was investigated through secondary analyses including sensitivity analyses for study quality, publication bias, and study inclusion, and subgroup analyses for quality of scientific journals that published the primary studies, world Region, subgingival plaque sampling method and study design. RESULTS Twelve studies were included (738 cases, 551 controls). The pooled ORs were 4.4 (95CI, 1.9-10.2) for any periodontitis; specifically, 2.8 (95CI, 1.0-8.3) for chronic periodontitis, 11.8 (95CI, 5.4-25.8) for aggressive periodontitis and 4.8 (95CI, 2.1-11.0) for gingivitis. These estimates were statistically significant, excluding for chronic periodontitis, resulting marginally significant (p = .05). Secondary analyses on any and aggressive periodontitis, and, partly, chronic periodontitis corroborated the results, while the material was insufficient for secondary analyses on gingivitis. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained indicated that HSV-1 is associated with periodontitis, while data about gingivitis are inconclusive. HSV-1 investigation in subgingival plaque could help assess periodontitis risk and severity and, if causal association were confirmed, could contribute to its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo G Arduino
- Department of Surgical Science, Oral Medicine Section, CIR-Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cabras
- Department of Surgical Science, Oral Medicine Section, CIR-Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lodi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Herpesviruses in Periodontitis: An Umbrella Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:139-155. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maulani C, Auerkari EI, C. Masulili SL, Soeroso Y, Djoko Santoso W, S. Kusdhany L. Association between Epstein-Barr virus and periodontitis: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258109. [PMID: 34618843 PMCID: PMC8496828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have found that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with periodontitis, though some controversy remains. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify and update the relationship between EBV and periodontitis as well as clinical parameters. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases in December 2020. Original data were extracted according to defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Outcomes were analyzed, including overall odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A random-effects model was used, and publication bias was assessed by Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the stability of the outcome. Results Twenty-six studies were included in the present meta-analysis, involving 1354 periodontitis patients and 819 healthy controls. The included studies mostly showed high quality. The overall quantitative synthesis for the association between EBV and periodontitis was an increased odds ratio when subgingival EBV was detected OR = 7.069, 95% CI = 4.197–11.905, P<0.001). The results of subgroup analysis suggested that the association of EBV with periodontitis was significant in Asian, European, and American populations (P<0.001; P = 0.04; P = 0.003, respectively) but not in African populations (P = 0.29). Subgroup analysis by sample type showed that subgingival plaque (SgP), tissue and gingival crevicular fluid GCF were useful for EBV detection (P<0.001). EBV detection amplification methods included nested PCR, multiplex PCR and PCR (P<0.001; P = 0.05, P<0.001, respectively), but EBV detection by real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification presented no significant result (P = 0.06; P = 0.3, respectively). For the clinical parameters of periodontitis, pocket depth (PD) and bleeding of probing (BOP) percentages were higher in the EBV-positive sites than in the EBV-negative sites (MD 0.47 [0.08, 0.85], P = 0.02; MD 19.45 [4.47, 34.43], P = 0.01). Conclusions A high frequency of EBV detection is associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. The EBV association was particularly significant in all populations except in African populations. Subgigival plaque (SgP), tissue and GCF were not significantly different useful material for detecting EBV in periodontitis. Nested PCR and multiplex PCR are reliable methods for this purpose. In the presence of EBV, PD and BOP are reliable clinical parameters for gingival inflammation. However, some caution in such interpretation is justified due to heterogeneity among studies. A suggested extension could assess the parallel influence of other human herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaerita Maulani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Doctoral Program, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elza Ibrahim Auerkari
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sri Lelyati C. Masulili
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yuniarti Soeroso
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Widayat Djoko Santoso
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine in Tropical Infection, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lindawati S. Kusdhany
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Botero JE, Rodríguez‐Medina C, Jaramillo‐Echeverry A, Contreras A. Association between human cytomegalovirus and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:551-558. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Rodríguez‐Medina
- Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
- Facultad de Odontología Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Medellín Colombia
| | - Adriana Jaramillo‐Echeverry
- UNICOC, Colegio Odontológico Colombiano Cali Colombia
- Escuela de Odontología Universidad del Valle Cali Colombia
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Petti S, Lodi G. The controversial natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1850-1865. [PMID: 31733122 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the immunocompetent host is complex and rich in controversial phenomena, namely the role of unapparent transmission in primary infection acquisition, the high frequency of asymptomatic primary and recurrent infections, the lack of immunogenicity of HSV-1 internalized in the soma (cell body) of the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, the lytic activity of HSV-1 in the soma of neurons that is inhibited in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and often uncontrolled in the other neurons, the role of keratin in promoting the development of recurrence episodes in immunocompetent hosts, the virus-host Nash equilibrium, the paradoxical HSV-1-seronegative individuals who shed HSV-1 through saliva, the limited efficacy of anti-HSV vaccines, and why the oral route of infection is the least likely to produce severe complications. The natural history of oral HSV-1 infection is also a history of symbiosis between humans and virus that may switch from mutualism to parasitism and vice versa. This balance is typical of microorganisms that are highly coevolved with humans, and its knowledge is essential to oral healthcare providers to perform adequate diagnosis and provide proper individual-based HSV-1 infection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lodi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Four billion individuals worldwide have a history of periodontitis, with the poorest people in society most affected. Periodontitis can lead to unsightly drifting of teeth and tooth loss that may interfere with the wellbeing of daily living and has also been linked to at least 57 medical diseases and disabilities. The etiology of severe periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and destructive immune responses, but herpesviruses seem to be the major pathogenic determinant. Periodontal herpesviruses that disseminate via the systemic circulation to nonoral sites may represent a major link between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Current treatment of periodontitis focuses almost exclusively on bacterial biofilm and will require revision. Periodontal therapy that targets both herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens can provide long-term clinical improvement and potentially reduces the risk of systemic diseases. Molecular diagnostic tests for periodontal pathogens may enable early microbial identification and preemptive therapy. This review details an efficient and reliable anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis that can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henrik Slots
- University of Nevada at Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.,St. George's School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada.,Renown Medical Center, Reno, Nevada
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11
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Blankson PK, Blankson HNA, Obeng-Nkrumah N, Turkson AA, Tormeti D, Adamafio M, Awuah-Mensah G, Asmah RH. Detection of herpes viruses in Ghanaian patients with periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12386. [PMID: 30609291 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The complexity of periodontitis in both etiology and progression has raised many questions, necessitating enormous research in recent years. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of herpes viruses in Ghanaian patients diagnosed with periodontitis. METHODS Thirty-one patients were included in the study; 21 with periodontitis classified into localized chronic, generalized, and aggressive periodontitis, and 10 without the disease were used as controls. Subgingival samples were collected, followed by DNA extraction. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify viral DNA for the detection of herpes viruses. Data was analyzed using Stata 14. RESULTS The mean age for patients with aggressive periodontitis was 32.2 years (standard deviation [SD]: 8.50), while those for localized chronic periodontitis and generalized chronic periodontitis were 40.6 years (SD: 7.83) and 46.3 years (SD: 12.12), respectively. Viruses were detected only among patients clinically diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis. Of the total number of aggressive periodontitis patients, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus (HBV) were found in four (44%) and one (11%), respectively. The mean age for patients found to have HSV-1 or EBV was 29 years (SD: 6.93). CONCLUSION We found HSV-1 and EBV in the subgingival plaque samples of Ghanaian patients clinically diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis. While our finding requires further investigation, the role of HSV in periodontitis, if elucidated, could transform and inform the clinical management of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paa-Kwesi Blankson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Harriet N A Blankson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.,Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Noah Obeng-Nkrumah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Albert A Turkson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Tormeti
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mary Adamafio
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Georgina Awuah-Mensah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard H Asmah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
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