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González-Machado C, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Dairy Products and Bulk-Tank Milk (BTM). Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:588. [PMID: 39061270 PMCID: PMC11273636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to contribute to an assessment of the role of food in the risks of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a review was undertaken of research on this microorganism in milk and dairy products published from January 2001 to February 2024. A total of 186 publications were selected, 125 for dairy products and 61 for bulk-tank milk (BTM). MRSA was detected in 68.8% of the research into dairy products and 73.8% of investigations relating to BTM, although in most studies the prevalence was less than 5%. Of the set of S. aureus strains isolated, approximately 30% corresponded to MRSA. The foods most extensively contaminated with this microorganism were raw milk and some types of soft cheese. Determination of the mecA gene on its own is known not to suffice for the detection of all MRSA strains. The great diversity of techniques used to study MRSA in milk and dairy products made it difficult to draw comparisons between studies. It would thus be advisable to develop a standardized protocol for the study of this microorganism in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino González-Machado
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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Schadt I. Health concerns about possible long-term effects of legally marketed milk and dairy from animals with intramammary infections. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1200924. [PMID: 37701910 PMCID: PMC10494540 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy from animals with subclinical mastitis infections are marketable. Mastitis is detected with the somatic cell count (SCC). The EU regulation, among the stricter ones, limits an average of 400,000 somatic cells/ml in milk. Other countries have higher or no thresholds. This level suggests 40% of infected animals, and we indeed consume mastitic milk and dairy. A worldwide prevalence of dairy cattle and buffaloes with subclinical mastitis is estimated to range between 34 and 46%. The current food safety regulations account for mastitis pathogens, their toxins, and the risk of antimicrobial residues, but milk from animals with mastitis contains also compounds that derive from an immune response and inflammation process with biological function for the offspring. To the best of the current knowledge, it cannot be excluded that these compounds do not interfere with human homeostasis and that they do not contribute to redox or cytokine dysregulation that, in turn, could promote certain chronic diseases. These compounds include radicals, oxidation products, nitrosamines, and proinflammatory cytokines with nitrosamines being already recognized as probable carcinogens. Mastitis also alters the composition of caseins, plasmin, and plasminogen activators, which may be related to increased transformation into amyloid with similar characteristics as the fibrils associated with Alzheimer's disease. We should determine whether these bioactive compounds could, alone or in combination, represent any long-term risk to the consumer's health. Adapted regulations and concomitant subsidies for farmers are suggested, for sensing tools that reveal individual SCC and mastitis at milking. Frequent SCC determination is the prerequisite for any mastitis control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schadt
- Research Section for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, Consorzio per la Ricerca nel Settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'Agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), Ragusa, Italy
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Gajewska J, Zakrzewski A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A. Meta-analysis of the global occurrence of S. aureus in raw cattle milk and artisanal cheeses. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Selim A, Kelis K, AlKahtani MDF, Albohairy FM, Attia KA. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibilities and risk factors of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy bovines. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:293. [PMID: 35906609 PMCID: PMC9336071 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common mastitis pathogen in dairy cows, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found in dairy farms all over the world. The study carried out on bovines from three governorates in Egypt, with the goal of determining the prevalence of MRSA in positive milk samples of subclinical mastitis, performing an antibiotic susceptibility test against MRSA isolates and determining the risk factors associated with MRSA. A total of 350 quarter milk samples (n = 200 mixed breed cow; n = 150 water buffalo) were collected and examined for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT) before being exposed to standard microbiological procedures for S. aureus isolation. The disc diffusion method was used to phenotypically analyse the positive S. aureus isolates for MRSA, which was verified by a PCR assay targeting the mecA gene. According to the findings of the study, 41.4% (145/350) milk samples were positive based on CMT, while 35.7% (125/350) of positive samples identified as MRSA based on PCR assay. However, the obtained results revealed non-significant disparity between cattle and buffalo and all predicted risk factors were strongly associated with prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that cefoxitin was completely resistant, whereas linezolid, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole were sensitive against the MRSA isolates. The relevance of S. aureus to public health, as well as the development of resistance to antibiotics like methicillin, needs ongoing testing of antimicrobial medications against MRSA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Kelis
- Internal Medicine/Adult Endocrinology/Bariatric Medicine, Adiriyah Hospital, MoH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera D F AlKahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima M Albohairy
- Extramural Research Department, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Titouche Y, Akkou M, Houali K, Auvray F, Hennekinne JA. Role of milk and milk products in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy production chain. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3699-3723. [PMID: 35894258 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Milk and milk products can harbor a multiple varieties of microorganisms. Therefore, they can be an important source of foodborne pathogens, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a wide spectrum of infections both in animals and humans. Over the last two decades, the presence of MRSA in foods and food-producing animals, including milk and milk products, has been frequently reported worldwide, raising public health concerns. In order to monitor and prevent foodborne MRSA contamination, it is necessary to understand their sources, the pheno/genotypic characteristics of the strains, and their transmission dynamics. In this review, studies conducted worldwide were summarized in order to assess the prevalence and diversity of MRSA circulating in milk and milk products. The risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in milk and milk products were also discussed with preventive and control measures to avoid MRSA contamination in the dairy food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Titouche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Madjid Akkou
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algérie
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- IRSD, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Ferreira EM, Romero LC, Cunha MDLRDSD, Malagó Junior W, Camargo CH, Barioni Júnior W, Zafalon LF. Persistence of Staphylococcus spp. in milk from cows undergoing homeopathy to control subclinical mastitis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:273. [PMID: 35831890 PMCID: PMC9277819 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is one of the major diseases in dairy cattle, as it causes great economic losses to producers due to the reduction of milk production and changes in the quality of the product. The disease is mainly caused by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp., these microorganisms can express various virulence factors, such as biofilms for example. In herds with organic management, producers and technicians use unconventional ways to treat and control the disease, such as homeopathy. However, it is not known if this type of treatment is able to control pathogenic bacteria such as those of the genus Staphylococcus, of relevance to animal and human health. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the production of biofilm in vitro and its genes by Staphylococcus spp. isolated in the milk of cows treated with homeopathy, as well as the persistence of microorganisms in animals. Methods Ninety-nine isolates of Staphylococcus spp. from cows treated and not treated with homeopathy were identified by internal transcribed space-polymerase chain reaction and investigated for the presence of the icaABCD, bap, aap, atlE, and bhp genes and in vitro biofilm production using the adhesion method on polystyrene plates. The enzyme restriction profile was determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Clusters of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with three or more isolates had an isolate selected for Multilocus Sequence Typing. Results The frequency of S. aureus isolations was similar in treated and untreated cows, while 71.4% of the coagulase-negative identified were isolated in cows treated with homeopathy. The distribution of the operon ica genes was similar in animals with and without treatment, except for the icaD gene, more frequent in treated cows. Production of biofilm was associated with presence of one or more genes from the icaADBC operon. S. aureus revealed a greater diversity and greater dissemination in cows treated and not treated with homeopathy. Sequence Types ST1, ST5, and ST126 were identified in S. aureus. Conclusions The presence of biofilm-associated genes and the in vitro production of biofilms, combined with the persistence of clonal profiles of Staphylococcus spp. demonstrate other forms of control for bovine mastitis should be researched for organic production herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka Machado Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health, Paulista State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - FCAV, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Castilho Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Paulista State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - IB, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu H, Dong L, Zhao Y, Meng L, Wang J, Wang C, Zheng N. Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Different Raw Milk Samples in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840670. [PMID: 35633704 PMCID: PMC9136321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the main pathogens in different raw milk and dairy products, which may lead to economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant and costly public health concern because it may enter the human food chain and contaminate milk causing foodborne illness. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of S. aureus in raw milks. In total, 125 raw milk samples collected from goat (n = 50), buffalo (n = 25), camel (n = 25), and yak (n = 25) were collected from 5 provinces in China in 2016. Out of 125 samples, 36 (28.8%) S. aureus were isolated (16 from goat, 9 from buffalo, 6 from camel, and 5 from yak). Out of 36 S. aureus, 26 strains (26/36, 72.2%) showed antibiotics resistance, and 6 strains isolated from goats were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The antimicrobial resistance against Penicillin G, tetracycline and gentamicin was 50% (18/36), 41.7% (15/36), and 36.1% (13/36), respectively. 19 S. aureus (52.8%) were considered as multidrug resistant. The highest prevalence of resistant S. aureus was observed in goat milk (13/36, 36.1%). Among the 36 strains, 16 isolates harbored three or more resistant genes. The resistance genes were detected in 25 S. aureus, including 13 strains in goat, 5 strains in buffalo, 4 strains in camel, and 3 strains in yak. Among the 26 resistant strains, 61.5% of isolates harbored three or more resistant genes. The resistance genes were detected in 25 S. aureus, including 13 strains in goat milk, 5 strains in buffalo milk, 4 strains in camel milk, and 3 strains in yak milk. The most predominant resistance genes were blaZ (18/26, 69.2%), aac6'-aph2″ (13/26, 50.0%), and tet(M) (10/26, 38.5%). The mecA, ant(6)-Ia and fexA gene were only detected in S. aureus from goat milk. The most predominant toxin gene were sec (8/26, 30.8%). The majority of S. aureus were multidrug resistant and carried multiple virulence genes, which may pose potential risk to public health. Our findings indicated that the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus was a serious concern in different raw milks in China, especially goat milks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
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From cattle to pastirma: Contamination source of methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) along the pastirma production chain. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lianou DT, Petinaki E, Cripps PJ, Gougoulis DA, Michael CK, Tsilipounidaki K, Skoulakis A, Katsafadou AI, Vasileiou NGC, Giannoulis T, Katsarou EI, Voidarou C, Mavrogianni VS, Caroprese M, Fthenakis GC. Prevalence, Patterns, Association with Biofilm Formation, Effects on Milk Quality and Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococci from Bulk-Tank Milk of Goat Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1225. [PMID: 34680806 PMCID: PMC8532619 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to study the prevalence and the patterns of antibiotic resistance of staphylococcal isolates from bulk-tank milk of goat herds across Greece, to assess possible associations of the presence of antibiotic resistance with the quality of milk in these herds and to evaluate herd-related factors potentially associated with the presence of antibiotic resistance among these staphylococcal isolates. A cross-sectional study was performed on 119 goat herds in Greece. Bulk-tank milk samples were collected for bacteriological examination; staphylococcal isolates were evaluated for resistance to 20 antibiotics. Oxacillin-resistant, resistant to at least one antibiotic, and multi-resistant staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 5.0%, 30.3%, and 16.0% of herds, respectively. Of 80 isolates, 7.5% were resistant to oxacillin, 50.0% were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 27.5% were multi-resistant. Resistance was seen more frequently among coagulase-negative staphylococci (59.3%) than among Staphylococcus aureus (23.8%). Resistance was more frequent against penicillin and ampicillin (41.3% of isolates) and fosfomycin (27.5%). No association was found with biofilm formation by staphylococci. For recovery of oxacillin-resistant isolates, the presence of working staff in the herds emerged as a significant factor; respective factors for the isolation of staphylococci resistant to at least one antibiotic were part-time farming and high (>10) number of systemic disinfections in the farm annually. The same three factors concurrently were also identified to be significant for the recovery of multi-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne T. Lianou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | - Efthymia Petinaki
- University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (E.P.); (K.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Peter J. Cripps
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | - Dimitris A. Gougoulis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | - Charalambia K. Michael
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | | | - Anargyros Skoulakis
- University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (E.P.); (K.T.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Natalia G. C. Vasileiou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (N.G.C.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Themis Giannoulis
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (N.G.C.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Eleni I. Katsarou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | | | - Vasia S. Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | - Mariangela Caroprese
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - George C. Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (D.T.L.); (P.J.C.); (D.A.G.); (C.K.M.); (E.I.K.); (V.S.M.)
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Taban BM, Hassankhani A, Aytac SA. Investigation of mecA- and mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1950182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Hassankhani
- Dairy Technology Department, Ankara University, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S. Aykut Aytac
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kazak cheese in Xinjiang, China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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No Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Goats. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This short communication addresses the hypothesis that the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is low in dairy goats in Sweden. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a widespread zoonotic bacterium of clinical importance in both animals and humans. In Sweden, MRSA is rare among both animals and humans. However, MRSA has been detected in a few goat herds in Sweden with a high within-herd occurrence of mecC-MRSA, but only a limited number of herds were investigated and most of them were not producing milk for human consumption. The prevalence of MRSA among dairy goat herds in Sweden is not known and a cross-sectional prevalence study was therefore conducted. A total of 22 bulk milk samples from the same number of herds, and pooled swabs from nose, mouth, and perineum from 113 goats, were collected during August and September 2019 for bacteriological investigation. After culturing on selective media, suspected isolates were confirmed as S. aureus using MALDI-TOF and subjected to PCR targeting the mecA and mecC genes to confirm MRSA status. No samples were found to be positive for MRSA, and there are therefore no indications of a spread of MRSA in Swedish dairy goat herds.
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Rana EA, Das T, Dutta A, Rahman M, Bostami MB, Akter N, Barua H. Coagulase-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus circulating in clinical mastitic goats in Bangladesh. Vet World 2020; 13:1303-1310. [PMID: 32848304 PMCID: PMC7429371 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1303-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Staphylococcus aureus is argued as one of the principal organisms responsible for mammary gland infection in lactating goats, causing both clinical and subclinical mastitis. Being highly zoonotic potential, pathogen emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has a significant clinical impact on treatment and management of clinical mastitis. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of coagulase-positive S. aureus (CoPS), antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp., prevalence of MRSA, and association between different clinical parameters with CoPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 67 clinical mastitic goats were sampled based on clinical examination and California mastitis test. Standard bacteriological methods were performed to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp. CoPS were confirmed by nuc gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All staphylococcal isolates were further examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed based on mecA gene-based PCR. RESULTS Here, 49 (73.13%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 61.41-82.35) samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp., of which 17 (34.69%; 95% CI, 22.88-48.73) isolates were CoPS and rest of the isolates (32; 65.30%; 95% CI, 51.27-77.12) were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS]). Both, CoPS and CNS isolates displayed the highest resistance against tetracycline (76.47% and 75%, respectively) and oxacillin (70.58% and 68.75%, respectively). Notably, all staphylococcal isolates were multidrug-resistant (showed resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). mecA gene was found in 6 (8.96%; 95% CI, 3.84-18.52) CoPS isolates indicating MRSA strains. Among different clinical parameters, presence of high body temperature (p<0.05), firm udder consistency (p<0.01), bloodstained milk (p<0.00), and pus in milk (p<0.00) were significantly associated with the presence of CoPS in mastitic caprine milk. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSA isolated from clinical caprine mastitis cases in Bangladesh. The findings of this study would help in cautious selection as well as administration of antimicrobials for therapeutic management of mastitic goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tridip Das
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Teaching and Training Pet Hospital and Research Center, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Bayazid Bostami
- Teaching and Training Pet Hospital and Research Center, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Nasima Akter
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Himel Barua
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Omoshaba EO, Ojo OE, Oyekunle MA, Sonibare AO, Adebayo AO. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from raw milk and nasal swabs of small ruminants in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2599-2608. [PMID: 32451834 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an important widespread cause of severe infection in both humans and animals, is a significant pathogen of public health concern. This study examined the presence of MRSA in 400 samples comprising 200 raw milks (145 from goat and 55 from sheep) and 200 nasal swabs (145 from goats and 55 from sheep) collected from ten different locations in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Samples were examined using standard bacteriological methods for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and culture on oxacillin (6 μg/ml) and cefoxitin (2 μg/ml) selective media for the detection of MRSA. Suspected MRSA isolates were confirmed by latex agglutination test for the detection of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 72 (18%) of 400 samples of which 52 (13%) were confirmed as MRSA. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected in raw milk (37 of 200; 18.5%) and nasal swab (15 of 200; 7.5%). There was no significance difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of MRSA in sheep (37.7%) and goat (23.4%). The MRSA isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (100%), cloxacillin (100%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (84.6%), ceftriaxone (75%), cefuroxime (69.2%), erythromycin (65.4%), streptomycin (38.5%), ciprofloxacin (23.1%), pefloxacin (21.2%) and gentamicin (17.3%). The presence of multidrug-resistant MRSA in small ruminants reared in Abeokuta metropolis may be due to regular use of antibiotics and unhygienic practices by farmers. This in turn constitutes a potential public health risk to the owners, consumers of small ruminant products and the general populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Omoshaba
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - O E Ojo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - M A Oyekunle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - A O Sonibare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A O Adebayo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Titouche Y, Houali K, Ruiz‐Ripa L, Vingadassalon N, NIA Y, Fatihi A, Cauquil A, Bouchez P, Bouhier L, Torres C, Hennekinne J. Enterotoxin genes and antimicrobial resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
isolated from food products in Algeria. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1043-1052. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Titouche
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of Mouloud Mammeri Tizi Ouzou Algeria
| | - K. Houali
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of Mouloud Mammeri Tizi Ouzou Algeria
| | - L. Ruiz‐Ripa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of La Rioja Logrono Spain
| | - N. Vingadassalon
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
| | - Y. NIA
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
| | - A. Fatihi
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
| | - A. Cauquil
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
| | - P. Bouchez
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
| | - L. Bouhier
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
| | - C. Torres
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of La Rioja Logrono Spain
| | - J.A. Hennekinne
- University Paris Est Anses Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons‐Alfort France
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16
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Achek R, El-Adawy H, Hotzel H, Tomaso H, Ehricht R, Hamdi TM, Azzi O, Monecke S. Short communication: Diversity of staphylococci isolated from sheep mastitis in northern Algeria. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:890-897. [PMID: 31733855 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis in ruminants is an important disease with major effects on both the economy and animal welfare. It is caused by major pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and minor pathogens such as coagulase-negative staphylococci. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize staphylococci as a cause of sheep mastitis in Algeria. In this study, 123 milk samples were collected directly from the udder of sheep suffering from clinical mastitis in 2 provinces in Algeria. Recovered isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Virulence-associated and antimicrobial resistance genes as well as clonal complexes (CC) of S. aureus were determined using microarray-based analysis. A total of 45 staphylococci isolates were cultivated from sheep milk samples, and 28 S. aureus were identified as methicillin susceptible (62.2%). Seventeen other Staphylococcus isolates of different species were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Subsequent microarray analysis typed the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus to 6 CC: CC8-MSSA, CC97-MSSA, CC130/521-MSSA, CC479-MSSA, CC522-MSSA, and CC705-MSSA. The accessory gene regulator agrIII and the ruminant leukocidin genes lukF-P83 and lukM were found in all isolates of CC130/521, CC479, CC522, and CC705. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tst1 was detected exclusively in CC130/521. Additionally, virulence-associated genes (sea, sed, sak, hld, hlgA, edinB, and others) were detected. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes [blaZ, erm(B), and tet(K)] was detected in small numbers of staphylococci. Staphylococci possessing these genes are considered potential hazards for farm animals, farmers, and consumers. Data concerning the prevalence and diversity of staphylococci causing mastitis in sheep from Algeria are lacking. Presented results on different aspects about staphylococci in Algerian sheep populations should at least partially close that gap. However, further extensive studies covering more geographical regions are needed to assess the epidemiological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Achek
- Faculty of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, Djilali-Bounaama University, Soufay, 44225 Khemis-Miliana, Algeria; Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 35516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 35516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 35516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena e. V., 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Omar Azzi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena e. V., 07743 Jena, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus," Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Altaf M, Ijaz M, Ghaffar A, Rehman A, Avais M. Antibiotic susceptibility profile and synergistic effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on antibacterial activity of resistant antibiotics (Oxytetracycline and Gentamicin) against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103755. [PMID: 31542423 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exhibit antibacterial activity and have synergistic effects with antibiotics. One way to re-sensitize MRSA to resistant antibiotics is by combining with approved non-antibiotics. The study was intended to explore susceptibility of MRSA to various antibiotics and non-antibiotics (NSAIDs) by micro dilution broth method. MRSA isolates were confirmed by PCR (mecA gene) and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion tests. Combinations of NSAIDs with resistant antibiotics were also evaluated in in-vivo trial in mice. In-vitro antibiotic susceptibility profile presented 100% resistance to Cefoxitin, 37.5% to Gentamicin and Amikacin, 25% to Oxytetracycline, 12.5% to Tylosin, Fusidic acid and Vancomycin, while Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole and Linezolid were found sensitive. Synergistic effect was observed when resistant antibiotics (Oxytetracycline/Gentamicin) were combined with sensitive antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin/Linezolid). Combination of Non-antibiotics (NSAIDs) with resistant antibiotics revealed that Meloxicam showed partial synergism with both Oxytetracycline and Gentamicin, while Flunixin Meglumine presented synergistic effect with Oxytetracycline and partial synergism with Gentamicin. Diclofenac Sodium revealed additive effect with Oxytetracycline while in case of Gentamicin indifferent effect was observed. In-vivo results showed that combinations of Oxytetracycline with Meloxicam/Flunixin Meglumine and Gentamicin with Meloxicam/Flunixin Meglumine were effective. The study concluded that the resistance against milk borne zoonotic MRSA infections can be successfully addressed by combining resistant antibiotics with NSAIDs. Flunixin Meglumine can be used in combination with oxytetracycline against MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
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18
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Titouche Y, Hakem A, Houali K, Meheut T, Vingadassalon N, Ruiz-Ripa L, Salmi D, Chergui A, Chenouf N, Hennekinne J, Torres C, Auvray F. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST8 in raw milk and traditional dairy products in the Tizi Ouzou area of Algeria. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6876-6884. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Papadopoulos P, Angelidis AS, Papadopoulos T, Kotzamanidis C, Zdragas A, Papa A, Filioussis G, Sergelidis D. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in bulk tank milk, livestock and dairy-farm personnel in north-central and north-eastern Greece: Prevalence, characterization and genetic relatedness. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103249. [PMID: 31421759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased tendency towards raw-milk consumption, which may pose a consumer risk, due to the possible presence of human pathogenic microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and even methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was investigated in 40 dairy (cattle, sheep and goat) farms in northern Greece. S. aureus and MRSA were detected in 47.8% and 4.1% of the 387 samples (raw milk, farmers and animal samples) tested, respectively. Most (81.3%) of the MRSA isolates harbored the mecA gene, whereas the mecC or Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) genes were not detected. Seven spa types were identified, with t127 being the most prevalent. Spa type t034 (CC398) was isolated for the first time from livestock in Greece. Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were detected in 93.8% of the MRSA isolates. The MRSA isolates were genetically diverse and were all capable of biofilm production. Our results confirm the lurking threat of MRSA in raw milk and dairy farms and suggest the need for surveillance programs starting at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Milk and Dairy Products, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofilos Papadopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Greek Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57006, Thermi, Greece
| | - Charalampos Kotzamanidis
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Greek Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57006, Thermi, Greece
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Greek Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57006, Thermi, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Sergelidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Rossi BF, Bonsaglia ECR, Castilho IG, Dantas STA, Salina A, Langoni H, Pantoja JCF, Budri PE, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Júnior AF, Rall VLM. Genotyping of long term persistent Staphylococcus aureus in bovine subclinical mastitis. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:45-50. [PMID: 31015015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects dairy cattle worldwide and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common microorganisms involved in subclinical and chronic disease. Superantigens, such as enterotoxins contribute to S. aureus persistence and pathogenicity in this disease. Subclinical and chronic mastitis cases were diagnosed and S. aureus isolates from sub-clinical cases were investigated for carriage of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes that may contribute to long-term carriage and infection. Over a 12-month period, 116 S. aureus strains were recovered from 68 cows with subclinical mastitis. Classical enterotoxin genes (sea-see) were detected in 24.1% of isolates, and pvl and tsst-1 were identified in 3.4% and 46.6% the isolates, respectively. 18.1% that were persistent isolates were identified and characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), MLST, spa typing. Four isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and belonged to SCCmec type I. Molecular typing showed that the agrI group was the most frequent, and a rare isolate was positive for both agrI and agrIII groups. Molecular characterization revealed the persistence of the spa type t10856 (ST133, clonal complex CC133, agr I), in a single animal for nine months and the persistence t605 (ST126, CC126) colonizing four animals for four months. These strains have been described recently in other herds in the same region, indicating their transmissibility and clonal expansion. We conclude that animals with subclinical mastitis are an important and somewhat overlooked reservoir for transmission within and between herds, and may carry virulence and antibiotic resistance genes contributing to persistent colonization, hinder the control of mastitis and may cause risks to the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - E C R Bonsaglia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - I G Castilho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - S T A Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A Salina
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - H Langoni
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Budri
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Fitzgerald-Hughes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Fernandes Júnior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - V L M Rall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy industries in north-central and north-eastern Greece. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 291:35-41. [PMID: 30445283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of food intoxication, whereas methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) constitutes a serious public-health concern due to its ability to colonize and infect humans and animals. S. aureus and MRSA have often been isolated from milk and dairy products. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus and MRSA in four Greek dairy industries, to identify virulence factors of MRSA isolates and to describe their genetic diversity, in order to identify possible epidemiological links and evaluate the risk of MRSA dissemination to the community. S. aureus was isolated from 67 out of 305 (22.0%) dairy industry samples (bulk-tank milk, dairy products, employee nasal swabs and equipment/surface swabs). Almost all (99%) of the 227 corresponding S. aureus isolates (approximately 4 isolates per positive sample) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 22% were multi-drug resistant (MDR). MRSA were isolated from 11 different samples (3.6%) originating from three of the dairy plants. All MRSA isolates were capable of forming biofilms, while staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes were detected in 91% of the MRSA isolates, with sec being the most frequent. All of the MRSA isolates harbored the mecA gene but the mecC and Pandon-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes were not detected. Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed genetic diversity among the MRSA isolates and indicated clonal circulation in one of the dairy plants. Seven spa types were identified among the MRSA isolates with the most prevalent (t065) isolated only in one dairy plant. Certain spa types (t065, t337 and t3536) were isolated for the first time in Greece. The presence of MDR, biofilm-forming and enterotoxigenic MRSA strains in dairy plant facilities may lead to their dissemination to the community, but also to staphylococcal food poisoning, when conditions are favorable. The study's findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of the dairy production chain, the need for re-evaluating the implemented cleaning and sanitizing processes and the adoption of preventive strategies in order to minimize public-health risks.
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22
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Rahmdel S, Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Torriani S, Gatto V, Pashangeh S. Safety hazards in bacteriocinogenic Staphylococcus strains isolated from goat and sheep milk. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:100-108. [PMID: 29355699 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 28 bacteriocinogenic Staphylococcus strains isolated from goat and sheep milk were subjected to the PCR detection of enterotoxin genes (sea-see), enterotoxin-like toxin Q gene (selq), toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst1), and antibiotic resistance genes. They were also evaluated for phenotypic resistance against 10 antibiotics and hemolytic activity. The tyramine and histamine production was investigated using the agar plate assay and capillary zone electrophoretic analysis (CZE). Twenty-five isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin gene. The gene sec was the most frequent (89%). The gene tst1 was found in 84% of sec-positive isolates. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes was in the order of blaZ/tetK (100%), mecA/ermB (86%), ermC (50%), and tetM (18%). The genes ermA, aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia, vanA, and vanB were absent in all the isolates. Nineteen isolates were phenotypically susceptible to all the antibiotics. The only isolate with phenotypic resistance to penicillin G and oxacillin was S. epidermidis 4S93 which had a different SmaI-PFGE profile from those of the other S. epidermidis strains. All the S. haemolyticus and S. pseudintermedius isolates were not susceptible to trimethoprim. Twenty-five isolates showed complete or partial hemolytic activity. None of the isolates was able to decarboxylate tyrosine, while CZE analysis revealed histamine formation activity in S. haemolyticus 4S12. The occurrence of safety risks in the isolates reinforces the need for regular monitoring of food-producing animals to mitigate the risks of multidrug resistant and zoonotic pathogens. Moreover, none of the isolates fulfilled the safety criteria to be used as starter cultures or biopreservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Rahmdel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Gatto
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Safoora Pashangeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) along the production chain of dairy products in north-western Greece. Food Microbiol 2018; 69:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Parisi A, Caruso M, Normanno G, Latorre L, Miccolupo A, Fraccalvieri R, Intini F, Manginelli T, Santagada G. High Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Horses at Slaughterhouses Compared with Those for Recreational Activities: A Professional and Food Safety Concern? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:735-741. [PMID: 29068722 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in horses and its zoonotic potential is poorly understood. The objective of this study is to provide data on the prevalence and genetic characteristics of MRSA isolated from horses on farms, at racecourses, and at slaughterhouses in Italy, using standard and molecular methods. In addition, we report the prevalence of MRSA in horse handlers. Among 388 horses tested by nasal swabs, 27 (7%) were positive for MRSA ST398 (t011, t899, t1255) and ST1 (t127). The prevalence of MRSA in horses tested at slaughterhouses was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared with those tested on farms and racecourses. Five (7%) out of 67 staff members working in close contact with horses (2 from slaughterhouse, 2 from riding stable, and 1 from racecourse) were carriers of MRSA ST398 (t011, t034) and ST1 (t127). The isolates from horses and humans carried SCCmec IVa or V and were pvl negative and pia positive. All the isolates from both horses and humans were resistant to at least two antimicrobial classes. The circulation of MRSA in horses and in humans working in close contact with them should be considered an emerging public health issue. In fact, it represents a potential risk for people who work in close contact with horses, and for horse meat consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Parisi
- 1 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata , Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Caruso
- 1 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata , Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- 2 Department of Science of Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia , Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Latorre
- 1 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata , Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Miccolupo
- 1 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata , Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosa Fraccalvieri
- 1 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata , Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianfranco Santagada
- 1 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata , Foggia, Italy
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25
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High prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of mecA Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle, sheep, and goat bulk tank milk in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:405-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Giacinti G, Carfora V, Caprioli A, Sagrafoli D, Marri N, Giangolini G, Amoruso R, Iurescia M, Stravino F, Dottarelli S, Feltrin F, Franco A, Amatiste S, Battisti A. Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecA or mecC and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep farms in central Italy. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7857-7863. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ou Q, Zhou J, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Zheng H, Wang X, Ye J, Ye X, Yao Z. A large meta-analysis of the global prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2213-2228. [PMID: 28686461 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Past reports have indicated a high prevalence of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk (raw sheep's milk and raw goat's milk) and across different periods, continents, economic conditions and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We searched relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before July 2016. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to evaluate the quality of 93 included studies. We observed that the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk were 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1-27.5%), 33.5% (95% CI, 29.5-37.7%) and 25.8% (95% CI, 17.5-35.0%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of MRSA contamination were 4.9% (95% CI, 0.0-15.7%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-3.6%), and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.8%), respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination in raw cow's milk increased over time. However, the pooled prevalence of raw cow's milk contaminated with S. aureus was lowest in European studies. These findings give an indication of the consequence of better milk regulation in Europe. High S. aureus prevalence rates in raw milk collected from farms and processing companies pose a potential threat to consumers. The implementation of good hygiene practices, appropriate health knowledge, and food safety principles at the farm level, as well as the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and heat treatment before drinking, are necessary to reduce the potential risk of S. aureus and MRSA contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junli Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chan Bai
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jialing Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haoqu Zheng
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaping Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
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Macori G, Giacinti G, Bellio A, Gallina S, Bianchi DM, Sagrafoli D, Marri N, Giangolini G, Amatiste S, Decastelli L. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the Ovine Dairy Chain and in Farm-Related Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E161. [PMID: 28509842 PMCID: PMC5450709 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of clinical infections in humans and its enterotoxins cause foodborne disease. In the present study, we tested a total of 51 isolates of S. aureus from small-ruminant dairy farms with artisan dairy facilities, all located in Latium, Italy. The farms have a known history of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Most of the MRSA isolates (27 of 51) belonged to spa-type t127 (43.1%), followed by t2678 (3.9%), t044 (2%), t1166 (2%), and t1773 (2%). PFGE performed on mecA positive strains identified one cluster (≥ 80% of similarity), comprising 22 MRSA. Nine of twenty-two MRSA isolates were assigned human host origin, and 13 isolates did not belong to a specific host. During the characterization study, one strain isolated from bulk tank milk samples harbored the pvl gene; the strain was not enterotoxigenic with a non-specific host according to the biotyping scheme, highlighting the possible emerging risk of transmission of bacterial virulence factors by foods, the environment, and foodhandlers. These findings stress the importance of hygienic measures at all processing steps of the food production chain and underline that monitoring for the presence of MRSA throughout the food chain is essential for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerrino Macori
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Giacinti
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bellio
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gallina
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniele Sagrafoli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Nicla Marri
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gilberto Giangolini
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Amatiste
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
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Carfora V, Giacinti G, Sagrafoli D, Marri N, Giangolini G, Alba P, Feltrin F, Sorbara L, Amoruso R, Caprioli A, Amatiste S, Battisti A. Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep and in-contact humans: An intra-farm study. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4251-4258. [PMID: 27060817 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is involved in a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals, and it is considered one of the most significant etiological agents of intramammary infection in dairy ruminants, causing both clinical and subclinical infections. In this study, the intra-farm prevalence and circulation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) were investigated on an Italian dairy sheep farm previously identified as MRSA-positive by testing bulk tank milk (first isolation in 2012). Human samples (nasal swabs, hand skin samples, and oropharyngeal swabs) from 3 persons working in close contact with the animals were also collected, and the genetic characteristics and relatedness of the MRSA isolates from human and animal sources within the farm were investigated. After 2yr from the first isolation, we confirmed the presence of the same multidrug-resistant strain of MRSA sequence type (ST)1, clonal complex (CC)1, spa type t127, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa, showing identical pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and resistance profiles at the farm level in bulk tank milk. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were detected in 2 out of 556 (0.34%) individual milk samples, whereas MSSA isolates were detected in 10 samples (1.8%). The MRSA were further isolated from udder skin samples from the 2 animals that were MRSA-positive in milk and in 2 of the 3 examined farm personnel. All MRSA isolates from both ovine and human samples belonged to ST(CC)1, spa type t127, SCCmec type IVa, with some isolates from animals harboring genes considered markers of human adaptation. In contrast, all MSSA isolates belonged to ruminant-associated CC130, ST700, spa type t528. Analysis by PFGE performed on selected MRSA isolates of human and animal origin identified 2 closely related (96.3% similarity) pulsotypes, displaying only minimal differences in gene profiles (e.g., presence of the immune evasion cluster genes). Although we observed low MRSA intra-farm prevalence, our findings highlight the importance of considering the possible zoonotic potential of CC1 livestock-associated MRSA, in view of the ability to persist over years at the farm level. Biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices could be useful to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and to minimize exposure in the community and in categories related to farm animal industry (e.g., veterinarians, farmers, and farm workers).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - G Giacinti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - D Sagrafoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - N Marri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - G Giangolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - P Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - F Feltrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - L Sorbara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - R Amoruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - S Amatiste
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
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