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Zhao Y, Gan Y, Chen J, Zheng H, Chang Y, Lin C. Recent reports on the sensing strategy and the On-site detection of illegal drugs. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6917-6929. [PMID: 38410368 PMCID: PMC10895702 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, works on the on-site detection of illegal drugs in recent years are summarised and discussed, most of which were published within the past five years. The detection methods are categorised as colourimetric, fluorescence, Raman spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Also, strategies that are possibly suitable for on-site detection and the actual instrumentation to be used in the field are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C. No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District 100193 Beijing China
- Institute of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Public Security No. 17 Muxidi Nanli, West City District 100038 Beijing China
| | - Yumeng Gan
- Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University 9 Zengcuoan West Road 361005 Xiamen China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface Xiamen China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C. No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District 100193 Beijing China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C. No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District 100193 Beijing China
| | - Ying Chang
- Institute of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Public Security No. 17 Muxidi Nanli, West City District 100038 Beijing China
| | - Changxu Lin
- Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University 9 Zengcuoan West Road 361005 Xiamen China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface Xiamen China
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xu C, Huang Z, Hu B. Detection of abused drugs in human exhaled breath using mass spectrometry: A review. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37 Suppl 1:e9503. [PMID: 36914281 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human breath analysis has been attracting increasing interest in the detection of abused drugs in forensic and clinical applications because of its noninvasive sampling and distinctive molecular information. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches have been proven to be powerful tools for accurately analyzing exhaled abused drugs. The major advantages of MS-based approaches include high sensitivity, high specificity, and versatile couplings with various breath sampling methods. METHODS Recent advances in the methodological development of MS analysis of exhaled abused drugs are discussed. Breath collection and sample pretreatment methods for MS analysis are also introduced. RESULTS Recent advances in technical aspects of breath sampling methods are summarized, highlighting active and passive sampling. MS methods for detecting different exhaled abused drugs are reviewed, emphasizing their features, advantages, and limitations. The future trends and challenges in MS-based breath analysis of exhaled abused drugs are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS The coupling of breath sampling methods with MS approaches has been proven to be a powerful tool for the detection of exhaled abused drugs, offering highly attractive results in forensic investigations. MS-based detection of exhaled abused drugs in exhaled breath is a relatively new field and is still in the early stages of methodological development. New MS technologies promise a substantial benefit for future forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology (Ministry of Public Security), Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen YH, Yang J, Wu H, Beier KT, Sawan M. Challenges and future trends in wearable closed-loop neuromodulation to efficiently treat methamphetamine addiction. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1085036. [PMID: 36911117 PMCID: PMC9995819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1085036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving abstinence from drugs is a long journey and can be particularly challenging in the case of methamphetamine, which has a higher relapse rate than other drugs. Therefore, real-time monitoring of patients' physiological conditions before and when cravings arise to reduce the chance of relapse might help to improve clinical outcomes. Conventional treatments, such as behavior therapy and peer support, often cannot provide timely intervention, reducing the efficiency of these therapies. To more effectively treat methamphetamine addiction in real-time, we propose an intelligent closed-loop transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neuromodulation system based on multimodal electroencephalogram-functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG-fNIRS) measurements. This review summarizes the essential modules required for a wearable system to treat addiction efficiently. First, the advantages of neuroimaging over conventional techniques such as analysis of sweat, saliva, or urine for addiction detection are discussed. The knowledge to implement wearable, compact, and user-friendly closed-loop systems with EEG and fNIRS are reviewed. The features of EEG and fNIRS signals in patients with methamphetamine use disorder are summarized. EEG biomarkers are categorized into frequency and time domain and topography-related parameters, whereas for fNIRS, hemoglobin concentration variation and functional connectivity of cortices are described. Following this, the applications of two commonly used neuromodulation technologies, transcranial direct current stimulation and TMS, in patients with methamphetamine use disorder are introduced. The challenges of implementing intelligent closed-loop TMS modulation based on multimodal EEG-fNIRS are summarized, followed by a discussion of potential research directions and the promising future of this approach, including potential applications to other substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Chen
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hemmings Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
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Ghaffari R, Yang DS, Kim J, Mansour A, Wright JA, Model JB, Wright DE, Rogers JA, Ray TR. State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2787-2801. [PMID: 34351759 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Amer Mansour
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John A. Wright
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Model
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald E. Wright
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
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Teymourian H, Parrilla M, Sempionatto JR, Montiel NF, Barfidokht A, Van Echelpoel R, De Wael K, Wang J. Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for the Monitoring and Screening of Drugs. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2679-2700. [PMID: 32822166 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wearable electrochemical sensors capable of noninvasive monitoring of chemical markers represent a rapidly emerging digital-health technology. Recent advances toward wearable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems have ignited tremendous interest in expanding such sensor technology to other important fields. This article reviews for the first time wearable electrochemical sensors for monitoring therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse. This rapidly emerging class of drug-sensing wearable devices addresses the growing demand for personalized medicine, toward improved therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the side effects of drugs and the related medical expenses. Continuous, noninvasive monitoring of therapeutic drugs within bodily fluids empowers clinicians and patients to correlate the pharmacokinetic properties with optimal outcomes by realizing patient-specific dose regulation and tracking dynamic changes in pharmacokinetics behavior while assuring the medication adherence of patients. Furthermore, wearable electrochemical drug monitoring devices can also serve as powerful screening tools in the hands of law enforcement agents to combat drug trafficking and support on-site forensic investigations. The review covers various wearable form factors developed for noninvasive monitoring of therapeutic drugs in different body fluids and toward on-site screening of drugs of abuse. The future prospects of such wearable drug monitoring devices are presented with the ultimate goals of introducing accurate real-time drug monitoring protocols and autonomous closed-loop platforms toward precise dose regulation and optimal therapeutic outcomes. Finally, current unmet challenges and existing gaps are discussed for motivating future technological innovations regarding personalized therapy. The current pace of developments and the tremendous market opportunities for such wearable drug monitoring platforms are expected to drive intense future research and commercialization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Marc Parrilla
- AXES Research Group, Bioscience Engineering Department, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Juliane R. Sempionatto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Noelia Felipe Montiel
- AXES Research Group, Bioscience Engineering Department, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abbas Barfidokht
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robin Van Echelpoel
- AXES Research Group, Bioscience Engineering Department, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Bioscience Engineering Department, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Sempionatto JR, Khorshed AA, Ahmed A, De Loyola e Silva AN, Barfidokht A, Yin L, Goud KY, Mohamed MA, Bailey E, May J, Aebischer C, Chatelle C, Wang J. Epidermal Enzymatic Biosensors for Sweat Vitamin C: Toward Personalized Nutrition. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1804-1813. [PMID: 32366089 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in wearable sensor technologies offer new opportunities for improving dietary adherence. However, despite their tremendous promise, the potential of wearable chemical sensors for guiding personalized nutrition solutions has not been reported. Herein, we present an epidermal biosensor aimed at following the dynamics of sweat vitamin C after the intake of vitamin C pills and fruit juices. Such skin-worn noninvasive electrochemical detection of sweat vitamin C has been realized by immobilizing the enzyme ascorbate oxidase (AAOx) on flexible printable tattoo electrodes and monitoring changes in the vitamin C level through changes in the reduction current of the oxygen cosubstrate. The flexible vitamin C tattoo patch was fabricated on a polyurethane substrate and combined with a localized iontophoretic sweat stimulation system along with amperometric cathodic detection of the oxygen depletion during the enzymatic reaction. The enzyme biosensor offers a highly selective response compared to the common direct (nonenzymatic) voltammetric measurements, with no effect on electroactive interfering species such as uric acid or acetaminophen. Temporal vitamin C profiles in sweat are demonstrated using different subjects taking varying amounts of commercial vitamin C pills or vitamin C-rich beverages. The dynamic rise and fall of such vitamin C sweat levels is thus demonstrated with no interference from other sweat constituents. Differences in such dynamics among the individual subjects indicate the potential of the epidermal biosensor for personalized nutrition solutions. The flexible tattoo patch displayed mechanical resiliency to multiple stretching and bending deformations. In addition, the AAOx biosensor is shown to be useful as a disposable strip for the rapid in vitro detection of vitamin C in untreated raw saliva and tears following pill or juice intake. These results demonstrate the potential of wearable chemical sensors for noninvasive nutrition status assessments and tracking of nutrient uptake toward detecting and correcting nutritional deficiencies, assessing adherence to vitamin intake, and supporting dietary behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane R. Sempionatto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Khorshed
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Andre N. De Loyola e Silva
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Abbas Barfidokht
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - K. Yugender Goud
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Mona A. Mohamed
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
| | - Eileen Bailey
- DSM Nutritional Products, Analytical Sciences, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer May
- DSM Nutritional Products, Analytical Sciences, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Claude Aebischer
- DSM Nutritional Products, Analytical Sciences, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Claire Chatelle
- DSM Nutritional Products, Analytical Sciences, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 San Diego, California, United States
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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)-Based Telemedicine for Emergency Care. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20072153. [PMID: 32290332 PMCID: PMC7180965 DOI: 10.3390/s20072153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a collection of telemedicine techniques used by wireless body area networks (WBANs) for emergency conditions. Furthermore, Bayes’ theorem is proposed for predicting emergency conditions. With prior knowledge, the posterior probability can be found along with the observed evidence. The probability of sending emergency messages can be determined using Bayes’ theorem with the likelihood evidence. It can be viewed as medical decision-making, since diagnosis conditions such as emergency monitoring, delay-sensitive monitoring, and general monitoring are analyzed with its network characteristics, including data rate, cost, packet loss rate, latency, and jitter. This paper explains the network model with 16 variables, with one describing immediate consultation, as well as another three describing emergency monitoring, delay-sensitive monitoring, and general monitoring. The remaining 12 variables are observations related to latency, cost, packet loss rate, data rate, and jitter.
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Barfidokht A, Mishra RK, Seenivasan R, Liu S, Hubble LJ, Wang J, Hall DA. Wearable electrochemical glove-based sensor for rapid and on-site detection of fentanyl. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2019; 296:126422. [PMID: 32831479 PMCID: PMC7440680 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, on-site detection of fentanyl is of critical importance, as it is an extremely potent synthetic opioid that is prone to abuse. Here we describe a wearable glove-based sensor that can detect fentanyl electrochemically on the fingertips towards decentralized testing for opioids. The glove-based sensor consists of flexible screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with a mixture of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and a room temperature ionic liquid, 4-(3-butyl-1-imidazolio)-1-butanesulfonate). The sensor shows direct oxidation of fentanyl in both liquid and powder forms with a detection limit of 10 μM using square-wave voltammetry. The "Lab-on-a-Glove" sensors, combined with a portable electrochemical analyzer, provide wireless transmission of the measured data to a smartphone or tablet for further analysis. The integrated sampling and sensing methodology on the thumb and index fingers, respectively, enables rapid screening of fentanyl in the presence of a mixture of cutting agents and offers considerable promise for timely point-of-need screening for first responders. Such a glove-based "swipe, scan, sense, and alert" strategy brings chemical analytics directly to the user's fingertips and opens new possibilities for detecting substances of abuse in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Barfidokht
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rupesh K. Mishra
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rajesh Seenivasan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lee J. Hubble
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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