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Duchniewicz M, Lee JYW, Menon DK, Needham EJ. Candidate Genetic and Molecular Drivers of Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:3-12. [PMID: 37376743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Neuroinflammation is a significant and modifiable cause of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), driven by both central and peripheral immune responses. A substantial proportion of outcome after TBI is genetically mediated, with an estimated heritability effect of around 26%, but because of the comparatively small datasets currently available, the individual drivers of this genetic effect have not been well delineated. A hypothesis-driven approach to analyzing genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets reduces the burden of multiplicity testing and allows variants with a high prior biological probability of effect to be identified where sample size is insufficient to withstand data-driven approaches. Adaptive immune responses show substantial genetically mediated heterogeneity and are well established as a genetic source of risk for numerous disease states; importantly, HLA class II has been specifically identified as a locus of interest in the largest TBI GWAS study to date, highlighting the importance of genetic variance in adaptive immune responses after TBI. In this review article we identify and discuss adaptive immune system genes that are known to confer strong risk effects for human disease, with the dual intentions of drawing attention to this area of immunobiology, which, despite its importance to the field, remains under-investigated in TBI and presenting high-yield testable hypotheses for application to TBI GWAS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Duchniewicz
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Y W Lee
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Gao X, Huang X, Wang Y, Sun S, Chen T, Gao Y, Zhang X. Global research hotspots and frontier trends of epigenetic modifications in autoimmune diseases: A bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2022. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35221. [PMID: 37773838 PMCID: PMC10545364 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown substantial progress in understanding the association between epigenetics and autoimmune diseases. However, there is a lack of comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this research area. This article aims to present the current status and hot topics of epigenetic research in autoimmune diseases (ADs) from a bibliometric perspective, as well as explore the frontier hotspots and trends in epigenetic studies related to ADs. METHODS This study collected 1870 epigenetic records related to autoimmune diseases from the web of science core collection database, spanning from 2012 to 2022. Analysis of regions, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords was conducted using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and the R package "bibliometrix" to predict the latest trends in epigenetic research relevant to autoimmune diseases. RESULTS The number of epigenetic publications related to autoimmune diseases has been increasing annually. The United States has played a major role in this field, contributing over 45.9% of publications and leading in terms of publication volume and citation counts. Central South University emerged as the most active institution, contributing the highest number of publications. Frontiers in Immunology is the most popular journal in this field, publishing the most articles, while the Journal of Autoimmunity is the most co-cited journal. Lu QJ is the most prolific author, and Zhao M is the most frequently co-cited author. "Immunology" serves as a broad representative of epigenetic research in ADs. Hot topics in the field of epigenetic modifications associated with autoimmune diseases include "regulatory T cells (Treg)," "rheumatoid arthritis," "epigenetic regulation," "cAMPresponsive element modulator alpha," "cell-specific enhancer," "genetic susceptibility," and "systemic lupus erythematosus." Furthermore, the study discusses the frontiers and existing issues of epigenetic modifications in the development of autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and developmental trends in epigenetic research related to autoimmune diseases over the past 11 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yehui Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- International Education College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Sharma N, Sharma V, Sharma SK, Thakur SK, Singh S. Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies among healthy blood donors: An experience of a regional blood transfusion center. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 75:133-135. [DOI: 10.25259/ijms_10_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives:
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are antibodies directed against one or more molecules within the nucleus. Although ANA is present in patients suffering from connective tissue diseases, few reports reveal the presence of ANA in a healthy population. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of ANA in healthy blood donors.
Materials and Method:
Blood samples from 370 healthy blood donors were included in the present study. To detect serum ANA, an indirect immunofluorescence technique was used using HEp-2000 slides. A titer of 1:80 was used and the type of pattern (if positive) cases were also noticed.
Results:
Out of 370 healthy donors, there were 187 males and 183 females (M: F = 1.02:1). ANA was detected in four out of 370 samples (1.081%). All the positive donors were female (100%). Among all the positive cases, three cases showed a speckled pattern and one showed a homogenous pattern at 1:80 dilution.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, there is a low prevalence of ANA positivity among healthy individuals. Although, along with clinical signs and symptoms, ANA is diagnostic of autoimmune disease, the mere presence of ANA is not synonymous with the presence of clinically significant autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital and NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vanshika Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital and NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital and NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Thakur
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Hindu Rao Hospital and NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India,
| | - Sompal Singh
- Department of Pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital and NDMC Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Erdei E, Shuey C, Miller C, Hoover J, Cajero M, Lewis J. Metal mixture exposures and multiplexed autoantibody screening in Navajo communities exposed to uranium mine wastes. J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 6:100201. [PMID: 37169001 PMCID: PMC10165442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental exposures to metals in uranium mining wastes and drinking water were documented in more than half of the 1304 Navajo community members of the Diné Network for Environmental Health (DiNEH) Project, the first comprehensive assessment of exposures to these metals and community health on the Navajo Nation. Objective Evaluate environmental exposures among participants who provided blood and urine samples using multiplexed autoantibody positivity as an early effect biomarker. Methods Survey and geospatial location data, well water quality, and metals biomonitoring were used to assess exposures to mixed-metal wastes from 100 abandoned uranium waste sites. Results We observed that the prevalence of multiplexed autoantibody positivity in 239 participants was more than double that reported for the U.S. population (27.2% v. 13.8%) even though the national prevalence was generated using a different assay, the HEp-2 cell-based antinuclear antibody test. Increased risk of multiplexed autoantibody screening positivity (OR = 3.07,95%CI 1.15-8.22) was found among DiNEH study people who lived close to uranium mine and milling wastes and consumed metals in drinking water. Associations for females were even stronger when they lived closed to contaminated uranium mining and milling sites. Anti-U1-RNP antibodies were associated with water consumption of nickel. Conclusion Proximity to waste sites and consumption of metals in water even below current drinking water standards were associated with perturbations of immune tolerance. These findings are consistent with previous studies of autoimmunity in the local population and demonstrate that multiplexed autoantibody screening method has a potential as sentinel indicator of exposures to environmental metals. Impact statement This is the first, community-engaged environmental health study in exposed Navajo communities that applied clinical multiplexed testing in risk assessment of environmental metals associated with abandoned, unremediated uranium mining and milling waste sites. Routine clinical autoimmunity measures could be used as early effect biomarkers of environmental metal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Erdei
- Community Environmental Health Program, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, 1 MSC 09 5360, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Chris Shuey
- Southwest Research and Information Center, 105 Stanford Drive, SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Curtis Miller
- Community Environmental Health Program, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, 1 MSC 09 5360, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Joseph Hoover
- University of Arizona Department of Environmental Sciences, 1177 E 4th Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Miranda Cajero
- Community Environmental Health Program, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, 1 MSC 09 5360, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Community Environmental Health Program, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, 1 MSC 09 5360, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Johnson TP, Antiochos B, Rosen A. Mechanisms of Autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Newsome SD, Johnson T. Stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders; more than meets the eye. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 369:577915. [PMID: 35717735 PMCID: PMC9274902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders (SPSD) are a group of rare neuroimmunological disorders that often include painful spasms and rigidity. However, patients have highly heterogeneous signs and symptoms which may reflect different mechanistic disease processes. Understanding subsets of patients based on clinical phenotype may be important for prognosis and guiding treatment. The goal of this review is to provide updates on SPSD and its expanding clinical spectrum, prognostic markers, and treatment considerations. Further, we describe the current understanding in immunopathogenesis and highlight gaps in our knowledge appropriate for future research directions. Examples of revised diagnostic criteria for SPSD based on phenotype are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Newsome
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tory Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Section of Infections of the Nervous System, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Autoimmunity in human CE: Correlative with the fertility status of the CE cyst. Helminthologia 2022; 59:1-17. [PMID: 35601761 PMCID: PMC9075880 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is speculated to exert several immune-evasion strategies involving autoimmune-phenomena. We evaluated the hypothesizes that the prevalence of autoantibodies increases in the sera of CE patients that may evidence the association between the parasite and autoimmune diseases. Sera from 63 subjects at distinct types of CE cyst fertility were investigated for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and anti-CCP antibodies. Plasma levels and cellular production of IL-17A cytokine were specifically defined as being assumed to prime for autoimmunity. Healthy-controls were age and gender-matched to test sera. ANA expressions inside the surgically removed metacestode and adventitial layer were also assayed. Out of 63 patients, 35 % had fertile highly viable cysts (group-1), 41 % had fertile low viable cysts (group-2) and 24 % had non-fertile cysts (group-3). A four-fold increase in ANA sera-levels was detected in group-1 compared with their controls (p-value 0.001) while anti-CCP levels were of insignificant differences. In group-2 and group-3, no significant differences were detected between ANA and anti-CCP sera-levels in CE patients and their controls. IL-17A sera-levels in group-1 and group- 2 were significantly higher than their healthy-controls while being of insignificant differences in group-3, p-value= 0.300. No association was detected between sera-levels of IL-17A and ANA as well as anti-CCP antibodies. Interestingly, relative IL-17A cellular expression associated positive ANA deposition in the parasite cells and adventitial layer. Collectively, based on the parasite fertility, IL-17A and ANA seemed to be involved in the host immune defenses against CE. There is no association between CE and anti-CCP antibodies.
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Decker P, Moulinet T, Pontille F, Cravat M, De Carvalho Bittencourt M, Jaussaud R. An updated review of anti-Ro52 (TRIM21) antibodies impact in connective tissue diseases clinical management. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:103013. [PMID: 34896652 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Ro52 (or anti-TRIM21) antibodies are part of the family of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, historically markers of Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-Ro52 antibodies represent one the most frequently encountered autoantibodies in patients with connective tissue disease (primary Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies). Because of their lack of specificity and detection in patients with non-autoimmune disorders, the usefulness of anti-Ro52 testing in connective tissue diseases is still matter of debate among clinicians and immunologists. Autoantibodies are mainly diagnostic markers for autoimmune diseases but some of them can also be directly involved in the generation of tissue damage. Over the past decade several authors reported associations of anti-Ro52 antibodies with some clinical features - especially interstitial lung disease - and survival in patients with connective tissue diseases. There is also a growing evidence of the role of anti-Ro52 antibodies in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the clinical associations of anti-Ro52 antibodies in the different connective tissue diseases and the recent advances on their potential role in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Decker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - T Moulinet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - F Pontille
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Cravat
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - M De Carvalho Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - R Jaussaud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Mokhtari P, Metos J, Anandh Babu PV. Impact of type 1 diabetes on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents: possible mechanisms, current knowledge, and challenges. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-18. [PMID: 34101547 PMCID: PMC8205092 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1926841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence and incidence among youth have been increasing globally. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in children or adolescents accounts for 5-10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Emerging evidence indicates that genetic factors, especially genes in the human leukocyte antigen region, are not the only factors involved in the predisposition of an individual to T1D. The pathogenesis and development of T1D is driven by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Studies indicate that gut microbiota is one of the potential environmental influencers involved in the pathophysiology of TID. Gut microbiota mediates the development of diabetes by altering intestinal permeability, modifying intestinal immunity, and molecular mimicry. The gut microbial diversity, taxonomic profile, and functional potential of gut microbes are significantly altered in individuals with T1D as compared to healthy individuals. However, studies are still needed to identify the specific microbes and microbial metabolites that are involved in the development and pathogenesis of T1D. This will help the development of microbiome-based therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of T1D. The present review article highlights the following: (i) the current knowledge and knowledge gaps in understanding the association between T1D and gut microbiome specifically focusing on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents, (ii) the possible mechanisms involved in gut microbiome-mediated T1D pathogenesis, and (iii) challenges and future direction in this field.Abbreviations: B/F ratio: Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio; F/B ratio: Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio; FDR: First-degree relatives; GPR: G protein-coupled receptors; HLA: human leucocyte antigen; IL: interleukin; IFN- γ: interferon-γ; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; PICRUSt: Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States; SCFA: short chain fatty acids; T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; TJ: tight junction; Tregs: regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Mokhtari
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Julie Metos
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,CONTACT Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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Steve RJ, Alex D, Yesudhason BL, Prakash JAJ, Mathews NS, Daniel D, Ramalingam VV, Demosthenes JP, Ghale BC, Anantharam R, Rebekah G, Rupali P, Varghese GM, Kannangai R. Autoantibodies Among HIV-1 Infected Individuals and the Effect of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) on It. Curr HIV Res 2021; 19:277-285. [PMID: 33596809 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x19666210217120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a decline in autoimmune diseases but lacks studies on its effect on autoantibodies. METHODS It is a cross-sectional study with archived samples from 100 paired HIV-1 infected ART naïve and experienced individuals and 100 prospectively collected matched blood-donor controls. Antinuclear antibody, IgG anticardiolipin antibody, IgM and IgG β2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, and total IgG levels were detected. Results are expressed as mean with standard deviation (SD), median, percentage positivity, and a p<0.05 is considered significant. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. RESULTS The median viral load of the treatment naïve samples was 4.34 Log copies/mL, while all were virally suppressed post ART with a median duration of treatment for 12 months (range: 3-36 months). The percentage of antinuclear antibody positivity was 5% among ART naïve and controls, with a decrease of 2% post ART (p= 0.441). The positivity for anti-cardiolipin antibody was 15% among ART naïve while none of the ART experienced or controls were positive (p<0.05). IgM β2 glycoprotein-1 were 4%, 1% and 3% among ART naïve, treated and controls, respectively (p<0.05). IgG β2 glycoprotein-1 was 2% among ART naïve while none of the treated and controls were positive (p<0.05). The mean total IgG level among ART naïve, experienced, and controls were 21.82 (SD 6.67), 16.91 (SD 3.38), 13.70 (SD 2.24) grams/Litre, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION ART has a significant effect on IgG anti-cardiolipin antibody and total IgG but only a marginal effect on ANA, IgM, and IgG β2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runal John Steve
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Diviya Alex
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Binesh Lal Yesudhason
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - John Antony Jude Prakash
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Nitty Skariah Mathews
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Dolly Daniel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | | | - John Paul Demosthenes
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Ben Chirag Ghale
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Raghavendran Anantharam
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Priscilla Rupali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - George Mannil Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
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Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Autoimmunity in Acute Poststreptococcal GN: A Neglected Aspect of the Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:534-542. [PMID: 33531351 PMCID: PMC7920173 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute poststreptococcal GN (APSGN) is the prototype of immune complex GN and is associated with manifestations of autoimmune reactivity that have been neglected as epiphenomena. Recently, studies have demonstrated transient antifactor B autoantibodies that activate the alternative complement pathway, bringing self-immunity to a central position in the pathogenesis of APSGN. Therefore, examining other manifestations of autoimmunity that have been reported in association with poststreptococcal GN is of interest. This article reviews the renal and extrarenal manifestations of autoimmune reactivity in APSGN and considers their potential relevance in modifying the usually benign clinical course of the disease. It also discusses related aspects of the nephritogenic antigens, complement activation, and genetic elements associated with immune reactivity and their potential relevance to the familial incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición y Ciencias Médicas "Salvador Zubirán" and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Raj P, Song R, Zhu H, Riediger L, Jun DJ, Liang C, Arana C, Zhang B, Gao Y, Wakeland BE, Dozmorov I, Zhou J, Kelly JA, Lauwerys BR, Guthridge JM, Olsen NJ, Nath SK, Pasare C, van Oers N, Gilkeson G, Tsao BP, Gaffney PM, Gregersen PK, James JA, Zuo X, Karp DR, Li QZ, Wakeland EK. Deep sequencing reveals a DAP1 regulatory haplotype that potentiates autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genome Biol 2020; 21:281. [PMID: 33213505 PMCID: PMC7677828 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by the development of anti-nuclear antibodies. Susceptibility to SLE is multifactorial, with a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to disease development. Like other polygenic diseases, a significant proportion of estimated SLE heritability is not accounted for by common disease alleles analyzed by SNP array-based GWASs. Death-associated protein 1 (DAP1) was implicated as a candidate gene in a previous familial linkage study of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, but the association has not been explored further. RESULTS We perform deep sequencing across the DAP1 genomic segment in 2032 SLE patients, and healthy controls, and discover a low-frequency functional haplotype strongly associated with SLE risk in multiple ethnicities. We find multiple cis-eQTLs embedded in a risk haplotype that progressively downregulates DAP1 transcription in immune cells. Decreased DAP1 transcription results in reduced DAP1 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes, and lymphoblastoid cell lines, leading to enhanced autophagic flux in immune cells expressing the DAP1 risk haplotype. Patients with DAP1 risk allele exhibit significantly higher autoantibody titers and altered expression of the immune system, autophagy, and apoptosis pathway transcripts, indicating that the DAP1 risk allele mediates enhanced autophagy, leading to the survival of autoreactive lymphocytes and increased autoantibody. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate how targeted sequencing captures low-frequency functional risk alleles that are missed by SNP array-based studies. SLE patients with the DAP1 genotype have distinct autoantibody and transcription profiles, supporting the dissection of SLE heterogeneity by genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Linley Riediger
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Dong-Jae Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin E Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jinchun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Bernard R Lauwerys
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Medical School, State College, PA, USA
| | - Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nicolai van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | | | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - David R Karp
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Cho I, Lui PP, Ali N. Treg regulation of the epithelial stem cell lineage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 8:100028. [PMID: 32494759 PMCID: PMC7226844 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair and maintenance in adult organisms is dependent on the interactions between stem cells (SCs) and constituent cells of their microenvironment, or niche. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune cells, specifically Foxp3+ CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs), play an important role as a regulator of the SC niche. Undisputedly, Tregs are the major immunosuppressive lineage of the CD4+ T cell compartment, and reside within numerous secondary lymphoid organs, where they exert their functions. These cells are also specialised in facilitating protective functions specific to their tissue of residence. In this review, we discuss the emerging concepts supporting the SC-regulatory functions of tissue-resident Tregs, during both the steady-state and SC-mediated regeneration. We highlight the skin, intestines, and lung as model organs which are subject to recurrent microinjury,exposure to microbiota, and constantly replenished by resident stem cell populations. An in-depth understanding of the biology of the Treg-SC axis will inform ongoing immunotherapeutic endeavours to target specific subpopulations of tissue-resident Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchul Cho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Prudence Pokwai Lui
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Niwa Ali
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Corresponding author. Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Zhang J, Wang G. Genetic predisposition to bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 100:86-91. [PMID: 33129650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a common autoimmune blistering skin disease that mainly affects elderly patients. Although BP risk is strongly influenced by age, genetic factors are also important determinants of this disease. Many genomic regions, especially in the HLA-II region, have been found to influence BP susceptibility through targeted sequencing studies. However, the relationship between non-HLA regions and BP susceptibility remains poorly understood and the identification of functional variants and key genes within these association regions remains a major challenge. In this review, we summarize the genetic predisposition to BP through an overview of the research history in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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15
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Dedrick S, Sundaresh B, Huang Q, Brady C, Yoo T, Cronin C, Rudnicki C, Flood M, Momeni B, Ludvigsson J, Altindis E. The Role of Gut Microbiota and Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 32174888 PMCID: PMC7057241 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is regarded as an autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency resulting from destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The incidence rates of T1D have increased worldwide. Over the past decades, progress has been made in understanding the complexity of the immune response and its role in T1D pathogenesis, however, the trigger of T1D autoimmunity remains unclear. The increasing incidence rates, immigrant studies, and twin studies suggest that environmental factors play an important role and the trigger cannot simply be explained by genetic predisposition. Several research initiatives have identified environmental factors that potentially contribute to the onset of T1D autoimmunity and the progression of disease in children/young adults. More recently, the interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system has been implicated as an important factor in T1D pathogenesis. Although results often vary between studies, broad compositional and diversity patterns have emerged from both longitudinal and cross-sectional human studies. T1D patients have a less diverse gut microbiota, an increased prevalence of Bacteriodetes taxa and an aberrant metabolomic profile compared to healthy controls. In this comprehensive review, we present the data obtained from both animal and human studies focusing on the large longitudinal human studies. These studies are particularly valuable in elucidating the environmental factors that lead to aberrant gut microbiota composition and potentially contribute to T1D. We also discuss how environmental factors, such as birth mode, diet, and antibiotic use modulate gut microbiota and how this potentially contributes to T1D. In the final section, we focus on existing recent literature on microbiota-produced metabolites, proteins, and gut virome function as potential protectants or triggers of T1D onset. Overall, current results indicate that higher levels of diversity along with the presence of beneficial microbes and the resulting microbial-produced metabolites can act as protectors against T1D onset. However, the specifics of the interplay between host and microbes are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dedrick
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | | | - Qian Huang
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Brady
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Tessa Yoo
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Catherine Cronin
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Caitlin Rudnicki
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Michael Flood
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Babak Momeni
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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16
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Extrarenal Immune-Mediated Disorders Linked with Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis: a Systematic Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 57:294-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Saad MN, Mabrouk MS, Eldeib AM, Shaker OG. Comparative study for haplotype block partitioning methods - Evidence from chromosome 6 of the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) dataset. PLoS One 2019; 13:e0209603. [PMID: 30596705 PMCID: PMC6312333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Haplotype-based methods compete with “one-SNP-at-a-time” approaches on being preferred for association studies. Chromosome 6 contains most of the known genetic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease. Therefore, chromosome 6 serves as a benchmark for the haplotype methods testing. The aim of this study is to test the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) dataset to find out if haplotype block methods or single-locus approaches alone can sufficiently provide the significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with RA. In addition, could we be satisfied with only one method of the haplotype block methods for partitioning chromosome 6 of the NARAC dataset? In the NARAC dataset, chromosome 6 comprises 35,574 SNPs for 2,062 individuals (868 cases, 1,194 controls). Individual SNP approach and three haplotype block methods were applied to the NARAC dataset to identify the RA biomarkers. We employed three haplotype partitioning methods which are confidence interval test (CIT), four gamete test (FGT), and solid spine of linkage disequilibrium (SSLD). P-values after stringent Bonferroni correction for multiple testing were measured to assess the strength of association between the genetic variants and RA susceptibility. Moreover, the block size (in base pairs (bp) and number of SNPs included), number of blocks, percentage of uncovered SNPs by the block method, percentage of significant blocks from the total number of blocks, number of significant haplotypes and SNPs were used to compare among the three haplotype block methods. Individual SNP, CIT, FGT, and SSLD methods detected 432, 1,086, 1,099, and 1,322 associated SNPs, respectively. Each method identified significant SNPs that were not detected by any other method (Individual SNP: 12, FGT: 37, CIT: 55, and SSLD: 189 SNPs). 916 SNPs were discovered by all the three haplotype block methods. 367 SNPs were discovered by the haplotype block methods and the individual SNP approach. The P-values of these 367 SNPs were lower than those of the SNPs uniquely detected by only one method. The 367 SNPs detected by all the methods represent promising candidates for RA susceptibility. They should be further investigated for the European population. A hybrid technique including the four methods should be applied to detect the significant SNPs associated with RA for chromosome 6 of the NARAC dataset. Moreover, SSLD method may be preferred for its favored benefits in case of selecting only one method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N. Saad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mai S. Mabrouk
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ayman M. Eldeib
- Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olfat G. Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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19
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Aliseychik MP, Andreeva TV, Rogaev EI. Immunogenetic Factors of Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of HLA Class II. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1104-1116. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Grygiel-Górniak B, Rogacka N, Puszczewicz M. Antinuclear antibodies in healthy people and non-rheumatic diseases - diagnostic and clinical implications. Reumatologia 2018; 56:243-248. [PMID: 30237629 PMCID: PMC6142026 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2018.77976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is mainly associated with connective tissue diseases (CTD). In addition, their presence is found in healthy people. These antibodies are more common in women and the elderly. Some drugs and xenobiotics are also important for the development of autoimmunity and ANA synthesis. Moreover, the deficiency of vitamin D in the body of patients correlates with occurrence of these antibodies. Unlike the healthy group, a positive ANA count was observed in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and in people with immune disorders. Antinuclear antibodies in low counts are also found in the course of chronic bacterial or viral infection and in patients with hematological malignancies. Also the possibility of false positive results, which may be caused by the choice of method used to determine antibodies, should be borne in mind. Taking into account all these factors, it is concluded that the ANA result itself has no diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Grygiel-Górniak
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Natalia Rogacka
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Mariusz Puszczewicz
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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21
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Schäffler H, Rohde M, Rohde S, Huth A, Gittel N, Hollborn H, Koczan D, Glass Ä, Lamprecht G, Jaster R. NOD2- and disease-specific gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Crohn’s disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1196-1205. [PMID: 29568200 PMCID: PMC5859222 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i11.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate disease-specific gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Crohn’s disease (CD) patients in clinical remission.
METHODS Patients with CD in clinical remission or with very low disease activity according to the Crohn’s disease activity index were genotyped regarding nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), and PBMCs from wild-type (WT)-NOD2 patients, patients with homozygous or heterozygous NOD2 mutations and healthy donors were isolated for further analysis. The cells were cultured with vitamin D, peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for defined periods of time before RNA was isolated and subjected to microarray analysis using Clariom S assays and quantitative real-time PCR. NOD2- and disease-specific gene expression profiles were evaluated with repeated measure ANOVA by a general linear model.
RESULTS Employing microarray assays, a total of 267 genes were identified that were significantly up- or downregulated in PBMCs of WT-NOD2 patients, compared to healthy donors after challenge with vitamin D and/or a combination of LPS and PGN (P < 0.05; threshold: ≥ 2-fold change). For further analysis by real-time PCR, genes with known impact on inflammation and immunity were selected that fulfilled predefined expression criteria. In a larger cohort of patients and controls, a disease-associated expression pattern, with higher transcript levels in vitamin D-treated PBMCs from patients, was observed for three of these genes, CLEC5A (P < 0.030), lysozyme (LYZ; P < 0.047) and TREM1 (P < 0.023). Six genes were found to be expressed in a NOD2-dependent manner (CD101, P < 0.002; CLEC5A, P < 0.020; CXCL5, P < 0.009; IL-24, P < 0.044; ITGB2, P < 0.041; LYZ, P < 0.042). Interestingly, the highest transcript levels were observed in patients with heterozygous NOD2 mutations.
CONCLUSION Our data identify CLEC5A and LYZ as CD- and NOD2-associated genes of PBMCs and encourage further studies on their pathomechanistic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schäffler
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Maria Rohde
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Sarah Rohde
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Astrid Huth
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Nicole Gittel
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Hannes Hollborn
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Änne Glass
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Robert Jaster
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock 18057, Germany
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Alvaro-Benito M, Morrison E, Wieczorek M, Sticht J, Freund C. Human leukocyte Antigen-DM polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160165. [PMID: 27534821 PMCID: PMC5008016 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical MHC class II (MHCII) proteins present peptides for CD4+ T-cell surveillance and are by far the most prominent risk factor for a number of autoimmune disorders. To date, many studies have shown that this link between particular MHCII alleles and disease depends on the MHCII's particular ability to bind and present certain peptides in specific physiological contexts. However, less attention has been paid to the non-classical MHCII molecule human leucocyte antigen-DM, which catalyses peptide exchange on classical MHCII proteins acting as a peptide editor. DM function impacts the presentation of both antigenic peptides in the periphery and key self-peptides during T-cell development in the thymus. In this way, DM activity directly influences the response to pathogens, as well as mechanisms of self-tolerance acquisition. While decreased DM editing of particular MHCII proteins has been proposed to be related to autoimmune disorders, no experimental evidence for different DM catalytic properties had been reported until recently. Biochemical and structural investigations, together with new animal models of loss of DM activity, have provided an attractive foundation for identifying different catalytic efficiencies for DM allotypes. Here, we revisit the current knowledge of DM function and discuss how DM function may impart autoimmunity at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvaro-Benito
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliot Morrison
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Sticht
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Jofra T, Galvani G, Kuka M, Di Fonte R, Mfarrej BG, Iannacone M, Salek-Ardakani S, Battaglia M, Fousteri G. Extrinsic Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor 22 Signals Contribute to CD8 T Cell Exhaustion and Promote Persistence of Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:811. [PMID: 28747914 PMCID: PMC5506075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic variant of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) is associated with a wide range of autoimmune diseases; however, the reasons behind its prevalence in the general population remain not completely understood. Recent evidence highlights an important role of autoimmune susceptibility genetic variants in conferring resistance against certain pathogens. In this study, we examined the role of PTPN22 in persistent infection in mice lacking PTPN22 infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13. We found that lack of PTPN22 in mice resulted in viral clearance 30 days after infection, which was reflected in their reduced weight loss and overall improved health. PTPN22-/- mice exhibited enhanced virus-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell numbers and functionality and reduced exhausted phenotype. Moreover, mixed bone marrow chimera studies demonstrated no differences in virus-specific CD8 T cell accumulation and function between the PTPN22+/+ and PTPN22-/- compartments, showing that the effects of PTPN22 on CD8 T cells are T cell-extrinsic. Together, these findings identify a CD8 T cell-extrinsic role for PTPN22 in weakening early CD8 T cell responses to collectively promote persistence of a chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Jofra
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galvani
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Fonte
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bechara G Mfarrej
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases (DITID), Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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24
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Qin LY, Ruan Z, Cherney RJ, Dhar TM, Neels J, Weigelt CA, Sack JS, Srivastava AS, Cornelius LA, Tino JA, Stefanski K, Gu X, Xie J, Susulic V, Yang X, Yarde-Chinn M, Skala S, Bosnius R, Goldstein C, Davies P, Ruepp S, Salter-Cid L, Bhide RS, Poss MA. Discovery of 7-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives as highly potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:855-861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Deshpande P, Lucas M, Brunt S, Lucas A, Hollingsworth P, Bundell C. Low level autoantibodies can be frequently detected in the general Australian population. Pathology 2016; 48:483-90. [PMID: 27339947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of autoantibodies in a general Australian population cohort. Samples collected from 198 individuals included in a cross sectional Busselton Health Study were tested using autoantibody assays routinely performed at Clinical Immunology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Western Australia. At least one autoantibody was detected in 51.5% of individuals (males = 45.1%, females = 58.3%). The most frequently detected serum autoantibodies were anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I (12.1%) followed by anti-smooth muscle (11.6%) and anti-thyroid peroxidase (8.6%). Vasculitis associated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were present in 5.1%, while anti-nuclear antibodies were detected in 8.6% of individuals. Notably, 65% of positive results were detected at low levels with the exception of anti-myeloperoxidase and anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I IgG antibodies. Autoantibodies are commonly detected at low levels in a predominantly Australian or European population cohort. No large Australian study has yet provided these data for contemporary routine tests. This paper gives important information on the background frequency of autoantibodies in the general population. Due to the nature of this study we are unaware of whether these individuals have subsequently developed an autoimmune disease, however this was not clinically diagnosed at the time of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Deshpande
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Michaela Lucas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QE II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Building, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha Brunt
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Lucas
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Building, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Building, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Hollingsworth
- Department of Clinical Immunology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QE II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Christine Bundell
- Department of Clinical Immunology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QE II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Raj P, Rai E, Song R, Khan S, Wakeland BE, Viswanathan K, Arana C, Liang C, Zhang B, Dozmorov I, Carr-Johnson F, Mitrovic M, Wiley GB, Kelly JA, Lauwerys BR, Olsen NJ, Cotsapas C, Garcia CK, Wise CA, Harley JB, Nath SK, James JA, Jacob CO, Tsao BP, Pasare C, Karp DR, Li QZ, Gaffney PM, Wakeland EK. Regulatory polymorphisms modulate the expression of HLA class II molecules and promote autoimmunity. eLife 2016; 5:e12089. [PMID: 26880555 PMCID: PMC4811771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted sequencing of sixteen SLE risk loci among 1349 Caucasian cases and controls produced a comprehensive dataset of the variations causing susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two independent disease association signals in the HLA-D region identified two regulatory regions containing 3562 polymorphisms that modified thirty-seven transcription factor binding sites. These extensive functional variations are a new and potent facet of HLA polymorphism. Variations modifying the consensus binding motifs of IRF4 and CTCF in the XL9 regulatory complex modified the transcription of HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in a chromosome-specific manner, resulting in a 2.5-fold increase in the surface expression of HLA-DR and DQ molecules on dendritic cells with SLE risk genotypes, which increases to over 4-fold after stimulation. Similar analyses of fifteen other SLE risk loci identified 1206 functional variants tightly linked with disease-associated SNPs and demonstrated that common disease alleles contain multiple causal variants modulating multiple immune system genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Ekta Rai
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Shaheen Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Benjamin E Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kasthuribai Viswanathan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Ferdicia Carr-Johnson
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Mitja Mitrovic
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Graham B Wiley
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Bernard R Lauwerys
- Pole de pathologies rhumatismales, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Medical School, Hershey, United States
| | - Chris Cotsapas
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Christine K Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Carol A Wise
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - John B Harley
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - David R Karp
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Quan Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Li J, Wei Z, Hakonarson H. Application of computational methods in genetic study of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:949-960. [PMID: 26811639 PMCID: PMC4716047 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The launch of genome-wide association study (GWAS) represents a landmark in the genetic study of human complex disease. Concurrently, computational methods have undergone rapid development during the past a few years, which led to the identification of numerous disease susceptibility loci. IBD is one of the successful examples of GWAS and related analyses. A total of 163 genetic loci and multiple signaling pathways have been identified to be associated with IBD. Pleiotropic effects were found for many of these loci; and risk prediction models were built based on a broad spectrum of genetic variants. Important gene-gene, gene-environment interactions and key contributions of gut microbiome are being discovered. Here we will review the different types of analyses that have been applied to IBD genetic study, discuss the computational methods for each type of analysis, and summarize the discoveries made in IBD research with the application of these methods.
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28
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Galehdari H, Zabihi R, Ghanbari M F, Delfan N, Rahim F. Association of IL-10 (-1082 G/A Polymorphism) with Multiple Sclerosis Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajcb.2015.25.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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da Silva FP, Preuhs Filho G, Finger E, Barbeiro HV, Zampieri FG, Goulart AC, Torggler Filho F, Panajotopoulos N, Velasco IT, Kalil J, de Souza HP, da Cruz Neto LM, Rodrigues H. HLA-A*31 as a marker of genetic susceptibility to sepsis. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2015; 25:284-9. [PMID: 24553509 PMCID: PMC4031872 DOI: 10.5935/0103-507x.20130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The HLA haplotype has been associated with many autoimmune diseases, but no
associations have been described in sepsis. This study aims to investigate the HLA
system as a possible marker of genetic sepsis susceptibility. Methods This is a prospective cohort study including patients admitted to an intensive
care unit and healthy controls from a list of renal transplant donors. Patients
with less 18 years of age; pregnant or HIV positive patients; those with
metastatic malignancies or receiving chemotherapy; or with advanced liver disease;
or with end-of-life conditions were excluded. The DNA was extracted from the whole
blood and HLA haplotypes determined using MiliPlex®
technology. Results From October 2010 to October 2012, 1,121 patients were included (1,078 kidney
donors, 20 patients admitted with severe sepsis and 23 with septic shock).
HLA-A*31 positive subjects had increased risk of developing sepsis (OR 2.36, 95%CI
1.26-5.35). Considering a p value <0.01, no other significant association was
identified. Conclusion HLA-A*31 expression is associated to risk of developing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Pinheiro da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Germano Preuhs Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Departamento de Imunologia, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Eduardo Finger
- Laboratórios Salomão Zoppi, São PauloSP, Brasil, Laboratórios Salomão Zoppi - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Hermes Vieira Barbeiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Fernando Godinho Zampieri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Alessandra Carvalho Goulart
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Francisco Torggler Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Nicolas Panajotopoulos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Departamento de Imunologia, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Irineu Tadeu Velasco
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Departamento de Imunologia, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Heraldo Possolo de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Luiz Monteiro da Cruz Neto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Hélcio Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Departamento de Imunologia, São PauloSP, Brasil, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
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PI3K signalling in inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:882-97. [PMID: 25514767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PI3Ks regulate several key events in the inflammatory response to damage and infection. There are four Class I PI3K isoforms (PI3Kα,β,γ,δ), three Class II PI3K isoforms (PI3KC2α, C2β, C2γ) and a single Class III PI3K. The four Class I isoforms synthesise the phospholipid 'PIP3'. PIP3 is a 'second messenger' used by many different cell surface receptors to control cell movement, growth, survival and differentiation. These four isoforms have overlapping functions but each is adapted to receive efficient stimulation by particular receptor sub-types. PI3Kγ is highly expressed in leukocytes and plays a particularly important role in chemokine-mediated recruitment and activation of innate immune cells at sites of inflammation. PI3Kδ is also highly expressed in leukocytes and plays a key role in antigen receptor and cytokine-mediated B and T cell development, differentiation and function. Class III PI3K synthesises the phospholipid PI3P, which regulates endosome-lysosome trafficking and the induction of autophagy, pathways involved in pathogen killing, antigen processing and immune cell survival. Much less is known about the function of Class II PI3Ks, but emerging evidence indicates they can synthesise PI3P and PI34P2 and are involved in the regulation of endocytosis. The creation of genetically-modified mice with altered PI3K signalling, together with the development of isoform-selective, small-molecule PI3K inhibitors, has allowed the evaluation of the individual roles of Class I PI3K isoforms in several mouse models of chronic inflammation. Selective inhibition of PI3Kδ, γ or β has each been shown to reduce the severity of inflammation in one or more models of autoimmune disease, respiratory disease or allergic inflammation, with dual γ/δ or β/δ inhibition generally proving more effective. The inhibition of Class I PI3Ks may therefore offer a therapeutic opportunity to treat non-resolving inflammatory pathologies in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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31
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Differential effect of vitamin D on NOD2- and TLR-induced cytokines in Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1405-15. [PMID: 24781050 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates defective innate immunity in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). Ineffectual NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) is the most common susceptibility gene contributing to CD. Vitamin D (vD), a potent modulator of innate and adaptive immunity, induces NOD2 gene expression and its downstream function. We hypothesized that the hormonal form of vD (1,25D) could beneficially modulate innate immune function in CD. Using peripheral mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) from CD, it was found that 1,25D decreased Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced cytokine production and enhanced cytokine levels induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the NOD2 ligand. 1,25D increased the synergistic effect provided by NOD2 and TLR co-activation on interleukin (IL)-10, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Whereas 1,25D inhibits Mo-DC TLR-induced cytokines, co-stimulation of NOD2 results in increased IL-10 and IL-23. IL-12p70 was completely abrogated by 1,25D. 1,25D similarly modulated cytokine production by immune cells in ulcerative colitis patients and healthy controls. Mo-DCs from CD patients heterozygous for NOD2 mutations had a response similar to those from patients without NOD2 mutations. Immune cells from patients homozygous for the 1007 fs mutation were unresponsive to MDP and 1,25D. Our in vitro data support 1,25D as a potential modulator of immunity. However, these results cannot be extrapolated to CD patients without further controlled studies.
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Hilhorst M, Shirai T, Berry G, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. T cell-macrophage interactions and granuloma formation in vasculitis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:432. [PMID: 25309534 PMCID: PMC4162471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granuloma formation, bringing into close proximity highly activated macrophages and T cells, is a typical event in inflammatory blood vessel diseases, and is noted in the name of several of the vasculitides. It is not known whether specific properties of the microenvironment in the blood vessel wall or the immediate surroundings of blood vessels contribute to granuloma formation and, in some cases, generation of multinucleated giant cells. Granulomas provide a specialized niche to optimize macrophage-T cell interactions, strongly activating both cell types. This is mirrored by the intensity of the systemic inflammation encountered in patients with vasculitis, often presenting with malaise, weight loss, fever, and strongly upregulated acute phase responses. As a sophisticated and highly organized structure, granulomas can serve as an ideal site to induce differentiation and maturation of T cells. The granulomas possibly seed aberrant Th1 and Th17 cells into the circulation, which are known to be the main pathogenic cells in vasculitis. Through the induction of memory T cells, aberrant innate immune responses can imprint the host immune system for decades to come and promote chronicity of the disease process. Improved understanding of T cell-macrophage interactions will redefine pathogenic models in the vasculitides and provide new avenues for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilhorst
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Gerald Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
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Gratz IK, Campbell DJ. Organ-specific and memory treg cells: specificity, development, function, and maintenance. Front Immunol 2014; 5:333. [PMID: 25076948 PMCID: PMC4098124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are essential for establishing and maintaining self-tolerance, and also inhibit immune responses to innocuous environmental antigens. Imbalances and dysfunction in Treg cells lead to a variety of immune-mediated diseases, as deficits in Treg cell function contribute to the development autoimmune disease and pathological tissue damage, whereas overabundance of Treg cells can promote chronic infection and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the fact that Treg cells themselves are a diverse collection of phenotypically and functionally specialized populations, with distinct developmental origins, antigen-specificities, tissue-tropisms, and homeostatic requirements. The signals directing the differentiation of these populations, their specificities and the mechanisms by which they combine to promote organ-specific and systemic tolerance, and how they embody the emerging property of regulatory memory are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria ; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA ; Division of Molecular Dermatology and EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA , USA
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Lee MN, Ye C, Villani AC, Raj T, Li W, Eisenhaure TM, Imboywa SH, Chipendo PI, Ran FA, Slowikowski K, Ward LD, Raddassi K, McCabe C, Lee MH, Frohlich IY, Hafler DA, Kellis M, Raychaudhuri S, Zhang F, Stranger BE, Benoist CO, De Jager PL, Regev A, Hacohen N. Common genetic variants modulate pathogen-sensing responses in human dendritic cells. Science 2014; 343:1246980. [PMID: 24604203 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how human genetic variation affects the responses to environmental stimuli in the context of complex diseases. Experimental and computational approaches were applied to determine the effects of genetic variation on the induction of pathogen-responsive genes in human dendritic cells. We identified 121 common genetic variants associated in cis with variation in expression responses to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, influenza, or interferon-β (IFN-β). We localized and validated causal variants to binding sites of pathogen-activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) and IRF (IFN-regulatory factor) transcription factors. We also identified a common variant in IRF7 that is associated in trans with type I IFN induction in response to influenza infection. Our results reveal common alleles that explain interindividual variation in pathogen sensing and provide functional annotation for genetic variants that alter susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Lee
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Samuelson EM, Laird RM, Papillion AM, Tatum AH, Princiotta MF, Hayes SM. Reduced B lymphoid kinase (Blk) expression enhances proinflammatory cytokine production and induces nephrosis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92054. [PMID: 24637841 PMCID: PMC3956874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BLK, which encodes B lymphoid kinase, was recently identified in genome wide association studies as a susceptibility gene for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and risk alleles mapping to the BLK locus result in reduced gene expression. To determine whether BLK is indeed a bona fide susceptibility gene, we developed an experimental mouse model, namely the Blk+/−.lpr/lpr (Blk+/−.lpr) mouse, in which Blk expression levels are reduced to levels comparable to those in individuals carrying a risk allele. Here, we report that Blk is expressed not only in B cells, but also in IL-17-producing γδ and DN αβ T cells and in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Moreover, we found that solely reducing Blk expression in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production and accelerated the onset of lymphoproliferation, proteinuria, and kidney disease. Together, these findings suggest that BLK risk alleles confer susceptibility to SLE through the dysregulation of a proinflammatory cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Samuelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Renee M. Laird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Amber M. Papillion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Arthur H. Tatum
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Princiotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra M. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) activate intracellular antimicrobial programmes and influence the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. Canonical type I IFN signalling activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, leading to transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Host, pathogen and environmental factors regulate the responses of cells to this signalling pathway and thus calibrate host defences while limiting tissue damage and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we summarize the signalling and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate type I IFN-induced STAT activation and ISG transcription and translation. These regulatory mechanisms determine the biological outcomes of type I IFN responses and whether pathogens are cleared effectively or chronic infection or autoimmune disease ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel B Ivashkiv
- 1] Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA. [2] Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10065, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065,USA
| | - Laura T Donlin
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Gan L, O'Hanlon TP, Gordon AS, Rider LG, Miller FW, Burbelo PD. Twins discordant for myositis and systemic lupus erythematosus show markedly enriched autoantibodies in the affected twin supporting environmental influences in pathogenesis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:67. [PMID: 24602337 PMCID: PMC3973849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of twin pairs discordant for autoimmune conditions provide a unique opportunity to explore contributing factors triggered by complex gene-environment interactions. Methods In this cross-sectional study, thirty-one monozygotic or dizygotic twin pairs discordant for myositis or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), along with matched healthy controls were evaluated for antibodies against a panel of 21 autoantigens. Results Autoantibody profiling revealed that 42% of the affected twins showed significant seropositivity against autoantigens in the panel. In many of these affected twins, but none of healthy controls, there were high levels of autoantibodies detected against two or more autoantigens commonly seen in systemic autoimmune diseases including Ro52, Ro60, RNP-70 K and/or RNP-A. In contrast, only 10% (3/31) of the unaffected twins showed seropositivity and these immunoreactivities were against single autoantigens not seen in systemic autoimmune diseases. While no significant differences in autoantibodies were detected between the affected or unaffected twins against thyroid peroxidase, transglutaminase and several cytokines, 23% of the affected twins with myositis showed autoantibodies against the gastric ATPase. Analysis of the monozygotic twins separately also revealed a higher frequencies of autoantibodies in the affected twins compared to the unaffected twins (P = 0.046). Lastly, clinical analysis of both the affected monozygotic and dizygotic twins revealed that the autoantibody seropositive affected twins had a greater global disease activity score compared to seronegative affected twins (P = 0.019). Conclusion The findings of significantly more autoantibodies in the affected twins with myositis and SLE compared to the unaffected twins are consistent with potential non-genetic factors playing a role in autoantibody production and pathogenesis of these autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Frederick W Miller
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Delaleu N, Nguyen CQ, Tekle KM, Jonsson R, Peck AB. Transcriptional landscapes of emerging autoimmunity: transient aberrations in the targeted tissue's extracellular milieu precede immune responses in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R174. [PMID: 24286337 PMCID: PMC3978466 DOI: 10.1186/ar4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our understanding of autoimmunity is skewed considerably towards the late stages of overt disease and chronic inflammation. Defining the targeted organ’s role during emergence of autoimmune diseases is, however, critical in order to define their etiology, early and covert disease phases and delineate their molecular basis. Methods Using Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) as an exemplary rheumatic autoimmune disease and temporal global gene-expression profiling, we systematically mapped the transcriptional landscapes and chronological interrelationships between biological themes involving the salivary glands’ extracellular milieu. The time period studied spans from pre- to subclinical and ultimately to onset of overt disease in a well-defined model of spontaneous SS, the C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 strain. In order to answer this aim of great generality, we developed a novel bioinformatics-based approach, which integrates comprehensive data analysis and visualization within interactive networks. The latter are computed by projecting the datasets as a whole on a priori-defined consensus-based knowledge. Results Applying these methodologies revealed extensive susceptibility loci-dependent aberrations in salivary gland homeostasis and integrity preceding onset of overt disease by a considerable amount of time. These alterations coincided with innate immune responses depending predominantly on genes located outside of the SS-predisposing loci Aec1 and Aec2. Following a period of transcriptional stability, networks mapping the onset of overt SS displayed, in addition to natural killer, T- and B-cell-specific gene patterns, significant reversals of focal adhesion, cell-cell junctions and neurotransmitter receptor-associated alterations that had prior characterized progression from pre- to subclinical disease. Conclusions This data-driven methodology advances unbiased assessment of global datasets an allowed comprehensive interpretation of complex alterations in biological states. Its application delineated a major involvement of the targeted organ during the emergence of experimental SS.
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de Salort J, Cuenca M, Terhorst C, Engel P, Romero X. Ly9 (CD229) Cell-Surface Receptor is Crucial for the Development of Spontaneous Autoantibody Production to Nuclear Antigens. Front Immunol 2013; 4:225. [PMID: 23914190 PMCID: PMC3728625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family (SLAMF) genes, which encode cell-surface receptors that modulate innate and adaptive immune responses, lay within a genomic region of human and mouse chromosome 1 that confers a predisposition for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we demonstrate that the SLAMF member Ly9 arises as a novel receptor contributing to the reinforcement of tolerance. Specifically, Ly9-deficient mice spontaneously developed features of systemic autoimmunity such as the production of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), -dsDNA, and -nucleosome autoantibodies, independently of genetic background [(B6.129) or (BALB/c.129)]. In aged (10- to 12-month-old) Ly9−/− mice key cell subsets implicated in autoimmunity were expanded, e.g., T follicular helper (Tfh) as well as germinal center (GC) B cells. More importantly, in vitro functional experiments showed that Ly9 acts as an inhibitory receptor of IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that the Ly9 receptor triggers cell intrinsic safeguarding mechanisms to prevent a breach of tolerance, emerging as a new non-redundant inhibitory cell-surface receptor capable of disabling autoantibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose de Salort
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Mechanisms of autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu CP, Jiang JA, Wang T, Liu XM, Gao L, Zhu RR, Shen Y, Wu M, Xu T, Zhang XG. CTLA-4 and CD86 genetic variants and haplotypes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in southeastern China. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:1373-82. [DOI: 10.4238/2013.april.25.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Koumakis E, Giraud M, Dieudé P, Cohignac V, Cuomo G, Airò P, Hachulla E, Matucci-Cerinic M, Diot E, Caramaschi P, Mouthon L, Riccieri V, Cracowski JL, Tiev KP, Francès C, Amoura Z, Sibilia J, Cosnes A, Carpentier P, Valentini G, Manetti M, Guiducci S, Meyer O, Kahan A, Boileau C, Chiocchia G, Allanore Y. Brief report: candidate gene study in systemic sclerosis identifies a rare and functional variant of the TNFAIP3 locus as a risk factor for polyautoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2746-52. [PMID: 22488580 DOI: 10.1002/art.34490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) share some pathophysiologic bases as evidenced by individual and familial polyautoimmunity and common susceptibility genetic factors. With regard to the latter, there has been a recent shift from the "common variant" to the "rare variant" paradigm, since rare variants of TNFAIP3 and TREX1 with large effect sizes have recently been discovered in SLE. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether rare variants of TNFAIP3 and TREX1 are also associated with SSc. METHODS TREX1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3135946, rs7626978, rs3135943, and rs11797 and TNFAIP3 SNPs rs9494883, rs72063345, rs5029939, rs2230926, rs117480515, and rs7749323 were genotyped in a discovery set (985 SSc patients and 1,011 controls), and replication analysis of the most relevant results was performed in a second set (622 SSc patients and 493 controls). RESULTS No association between TREX1 variants and SSc was observed. For TNFAIP3, we first demonstrated that a low-frequency variant, rs117480515, tagged the recently identified TT>A SLE dinucleotide. In the discovery sample, we observed that all tested TNFAIP3 variants were in linkage disequilibrium and were associated with SSc and various SSc subsets, including the polyautoimmune phenotype. We subsequently genotyped rs117480515 in the replication sample and found it to be associated solely with the SSc polyautoimmune subset (odds ratio 3.51 [95% confidence interval 2.28-5.41], P = 8.58 × 10(-9) ) in the combined populations. Genotype-messenger RNA (mRNA) expression correlation analysis revealed that the TNFAIP3 rs117480515 risk allele was associated with decreased mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The present findings establish the TNFAIP3 locus as a susceptibility factor for the subset of SSc with a polyautoimmune phenotype. Our results support the implication of rare/low-frequency functional variants and the critical role of A20 in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Koumakis
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, and Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Abstract
Autoreactive B and T cells are present in healthy, autoimmunity-free individuals, but they are kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, however, autoreactive cells are expanded, activated, and produce large quantities of autoantibodies, directed especially against nuclear antigens. These antibodies form immune complexes with self-nucleic acids present in SLE serum. Since self-DNA and self-RNA in the form of protein complexes can act as TLR9 and TLR7 ligands, respectively, TLR stimulation is suggested as an additional signal contributing to activation and/or modulation of the aberrant adaptive immune response. Data from mouse models suggest a pathogenic role for TLR7 and a protective role for TLR9 in the pathogenesis of SLE. Future investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying modulatory mechanisms and the role of TLR7 and TLR9 in the complex pathogenesis of human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Singapore
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Lee JS, Scandiuzzi L, Ray A, Wei J, Hofmeyer KA, Abadi YM, Loke P, Lin J, Yuan J, Serreze DV, Allison JP, Zang X. B7x in the periphery abrogates pancreas-specific damage mediated by self-reactive CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4165-74. [PMID: 22972920 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B7x (B7-H4 or B7S1) is the seventh member of the B7 family, and its in vivo function remains largely unknown. Despite new genetic data linking the B7x gene with autoimmune diseases, how exactly it contributes to peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity is unclear. In this study, we showed that B7x protein was not detected on APCs or T cells in both human and mice, which is unique in the B7 family. Because B7x protein is expressed in some peripheral cells such as pancreatic β cells, we used a CD8 T cell-mediated diabetes model (AI4αβ) in which CD8 T cells recognize an endogenous self-Ag, and found that mice lacking B7x developed more severe diabetes than control AI4αβ mice. Conversely, mice overexpressing B7x in the β cells (Rip-B7xAI4αβ) were diabetes free. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of effector AI4αβ CD8 T cells induced diabetes in control mice, but not in Rip-B7xAI4αβ mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that pathogenic effector CD8 T cells were capable of migrating to the pancreas but failed to robustly destroy tissue when encountering local B7x in Rip-B7xAI4αβ mice. Although AI4αβ CD8 T cells in Rip-B7xAI4αβ and AI4αβ mice showed similar cytotoxic function, cell death, and global gene expression profiles, these cells had greater proliferation in AI4αβ mice than in RIP-B7xAI4αβ mice. These results suggest that B7x in nonlymphoid organs prevents peripheral autoimmunity partially through inhibiting proliferation of tissue-specific CD8 T cells, and that local overexpression of B7x on pancreatic β cells is sufficient to abolish CD8 T cell-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Banham-Hall E, Clatworthy MR, Okkenhaug K. The Therapeutic Potential for PI3K Inhibitors in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:245-58. [PMID: 23028409 PMCID: PMC3460535 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The class 1 PI3Ks are lipid kinases with key roles in cell surface receptor-triggered signal transduction pathways. Two isoforms of the catalytic subunits, p110γ and p110δ, are enriched in leucocytes in which they promote activation, cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival through the generation of the second messenger PIP3. Genetic inactivation or pharmaceutical inhibition of these PI3K isoforms in mice result in impaired immune responses and reduced susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We review the PI3K signal transduction pathways and the effects of inhibition of p110γ and/or p110δ on innate and adaptive immunity. Focusing on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus we discuss the preclinical evidence and prospects for small molecule inhibitors of p110γ and/or p110δ in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Banham-Hall
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22
3AT, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical
Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22
3AT, UK
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Zhou XJ, Zhang H. Autophagy in immunity: implications in etiology of autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. Autophagy 2012; 8:1286-99. [PMID: 22878595 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is now emerging as a spotlight in trafficking events that activate innate and adaptive immunity. It facilitates innate pathogen detection and antigen presentation, as well as pathogen clearance and lymphocyte homeostasis. In this review, we first summarize new insights into its functions in immunity, which underlie its associations with autoimmunity. As some lines of evidence are emerging to support its role in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, we further discuss whether and how it affects autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, as well as autoinflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Ahmed I, Tamouza R, Delord M, Krishnamoorthy R, Tzourio C, Mulot C, Nacfer M, Lambert JC, Beaune P, Laurent-Puig P, Loriot MA, Charron D, Elbaz A. Association between Parkinson's disease and the HLA-DRB1 locus. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1104-10. [PMID: 22807207 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) recently highlighted the HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB5 genes as associated with Parkinson disease (PD). However, because HLA-DRA displays a low level of polymorphisms and HLA-DRB5 is only present in approximately 20% of the population, these findings are difficult to interpret. Our aims were: (1) to replicate and investigate in greater detail the association between PD and the HLA-DR region; (2) to identify PD-associated HLA alleles; and (3) to perform a meta-analysis of our top finding. As part of 2 French population-based case-control studies of PD including highly ethnically homogeneous participants, we investigated the association between PD and 51 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HLA-DR region. HLA-DRB1 alleles were imputed using the HLA(*) IMP software. HLA typing was performed in a subsample of the participants. We performed a meta-analysis of our top finding based on 4 GWAS data sets. Among 499 cases and 1123 controls, after correction for multiple testing, we found an association with rs660895 (OR/minor allele, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.87) within the HLA-DRB1 gene, which encodes the most polymorphic HLA-DR chain (DRβ). A meta-analysis (7996 cases, 36455 controls) confirmed this association (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82-0.91; P < .0001). SNP-based imputation of HLA alleles showed an inverse association between PD and the HLA-DRB1(*) 04 allele. We replicated an association between PD and the HLA-DR region and provided further insight into the loci and alleles involved. The highly polymorphic HLA-DRB1 locus contains rs660895, which represents a more legitimate candidate than previous ones. Our finding is in agreement with the hypothesis of an immune component in PD pathophysiology.
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Srivastava B, Mells GF, Cordell HJ, Muriithi A, Brown M, Ellinghaus E, Franke A, Karlsen TH, Sandford RN, Alexander GJ, Chapman RW, Rushbrook SM, Melum E. Fine mapping and replication of genetic risk loci in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:820-6. [PMID: 22554193 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.682090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by progressive inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts eventually leading to biliary cirrhosis. Recent genetic studies in PSC have identified associations at 2q13, 2q35, 3p21, 4q27, 13q31 and suggestive association at 10p15. The aim of this study was to further characterize and refine the genetic architecture of PSC. METHODS We analyzed previously reported associated SNPs at four of these non-HLA loci and 59 SNPs tagging the IL-2/IL-21 (4q27) and IL2RA (10p15) loci in 992 UK PSC cases and 5162 healthy UK controls. RESULTS The most associated SNPs identified were rs3197999 (3p21 (MST1), p = 1.9 × 10⁻⁶, OR(A vs G) = 1.28, 95% CI (1.16-1.42)); rs4147359 (10p15 (IL2RA), p = 2.6 × 10⁻⁴, OR(A vs G) = 1.20, 95% CI (1.09-1.33)) and rs12511287 (4q27 (IL-2/IL-21), p = 3.0 × 10⁻⁴, OR(A vs T) = 1.21, 95% CI (1.09-1.35)). In addition, we performed a meta-analysis for selected SNPs using published summary statistics from recent studies. We observed genome-wide significance for rs3197999 (3p21 (MST1), P (combined) = 3.8 × 10⁻¹²) and rs4147359 (10p15 (IL2RA), P (combined) = 1.5 × 10⁻⁸). CONCLUSION We have for the first time confirmed the association of PSC with genetic variants at 10p15 (IL2RA) locus at genome-wide significance and replicated the associations at MST1 and IL-2/IL-21 loci in a large homogeneous UK population. These results strongly implicate the role of IL-2/IL2RA pathway in PSC and provide further confirmation of MST1 association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Srivastava
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cantorna MT. Vitamin D, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:103-6. [PMID: 22085500 PMCID: PMC3374859 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has now been more than 20years since the vitamin D receptor was identified in cells of the immune system. The immune system has now been established as an important target of vitamin D. Vitamin D receptor knockout and vitamin D deficient mice have a surplus of effector T cells that have been implicated in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The active form of vitamin D directly and indirectly suppresses the function of these pathogenic T cells while inducing several regulatory T cells that suppress MS and IBD development. There is reason to believe that vitamin D could be an environmental factor that may play a role in the development of these immune mediated diseases in the clinic but at present there has not been a causal relationship established. Nonetheless, current evidence suggests that improving vitamin D status and/or using vitamin D receptor agonists may be useful in MS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, 115 Henning Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Brown MA, Hatfield JK. Mast Cells are Important Modifiers of Autoimmune Disease: With so Much Evidence, Why is There Still Controversy? Front Immunol 2012; 3:147. [PMID: 22701454 PMCID: PMC3369183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that mast cells are active participants in events that mediate tissue damage in autoimmune disease. Disease-associated increases in mast cell numbers accompanied by mast cell degranulation and elaboration of numerous mast cell mediators at sites of inflammation are commonly observed in many human autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and bullous pemphigoid. In animal models, treatment with mast cell stabilizing drugs or mast cell ablation can result in diminished disease. A variety of receptors including those engaged by antibody, complement, pathogens, and intrinsic danger signals are implicated in mast cell activation in disease. Similar to their role as first responders in infection settings, mast cells likely orchestrate early recruitment of immune cells, including neutrophils, to the sites of autoimmune destruction. This co-localization promotes cellular crosstalk and activation and results in the amplification of the local inflammatory response thereby promoting and sustaining tissue damage. Despite the evidence, there is still a debate regarding the relative role of mast cells in these processes. However, by definition, mast cells can only act as accessory cells to the self-reactive T and/or antibody driven autoimmune responses. Thus, when evaluating mast cell involvement using existing and somewhat imperfect animal models of disease, their importance is sometimes obscured. However, these potent immune cells are undoubtedly major contributors to autoimmunity and should be considered as important targets for therapeutic disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
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