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De Rosa O, Baker FC, Barresi G, Conte F, Ficca G, de Zambotti M. Video gaming and sleep in adults: A systematic review. Sleep Med 2024; 124:91-105. [PMID: 39284267 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024]
Abstract
Video games (VGs) are one of the most common forms of entertainment and their diffusion is constantly increasing. Although largely studied in the framework of their relationship with mental and physical health, the relationship of VGs with sleep are not yet fully understood. This review provides a systematic assessment of the studies that investigated the relationships between video gaming and sleep in adults. The review search included both online databases (PubMed, Scopus, and PsycInfo) and citation tracking. Twenty-six studies were included in the final qualitative analysis. Findings are described separately for subjective and objective sleep measures and then discussed considering exposure levels and VG typology. Observational studies showed an association between excessive video gaming, poor sleep quality, and delayed sleep timing, whereas habitual and/or casual use was not associated with poor sleep and some studies even showed a beneficial effect on daytime functioning. Experimental evidence shows that playing an arousing VG before sleep delays sleep onset with possible alteration of sleep structure, whereas non-arousing cognitively challenging video gaming resulted in improved sleep continuity, stability, and organization. Overall, these findings show that the effect of VGs on sleep depends on the level of arousal associated with gaming, gaming sessions' duration, and frequency of gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy; Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Giacinto Barresi
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Massimiliano de Zambotti
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Lisa Health Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
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2
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Malloggi S, Conte F, De Rosa O, Cellini N, Gavazzi G, Di Iorio I, Ficca G, Giganti F. False memories formation after a retention period spent asleep or awake in individuals with insomnia and good sleepers: a polysomnographic study. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13896. [PMID: 37016807 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
False memories are a possible by-product of sleep-related memory consolidation processes when delayed testing is performed after a retention interval spent asleep. To date, the effect of a retention period spent asleep or awake on false memories formation has been addressed only in healthy subjects, while neglecting sleep-disordered populations. In the present study, we investigated this effect in 17 insomniacs and 15 good sleepers through the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. In both groups, the encoding phase was followed by an 8-h retention period spent in polysomnography monitored sleep (S-condition) or wake (WK-condition). We observed that, at free recall, insomniacs produced more false recalls in the WK-condition compared to the S-condition, whereas the good sleepers showed more false recalls in S-condition than in the WK-condition. Moreover, false recalls were higher in good sleepers than in insomniacs in the S-condition. Both groups produced more veridical recalls in the S-condition than in the WK-condition. For recognition, hits (correctly recognised words) were more numerous in the S-condition than in the WK-condition. Our results confirm previous data on sleep-related false memories production in good sleepers. Additionally, they show that, in insomniacs, false memories production is reduced after a sleep relative to remaining awake. These data suggest that false memories formation, reflecting adaptive memory reshaping processes going on during sleep, could occur at awakening as long as the sleep episode is efficient enough. A notable methodological issue was also identified, in that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm can be useful to investigate sleep-dependent memory processes for false memories only when a more cognitively demanding task is employed (i.e., free-recall instead of recognition tasks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Malloggi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Oreste De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Iorio
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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Tassone LM, Moyano MD, Laiño F, Brusco LI, Ramele RE, Forcato C. One-week sleep hygiene education improves episodic memory in young but not in older adults during social isolation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1155776. [PMID: 37599745 PMCID: PMC10433204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation is a dynamic process that comprises different phases, such as encoding, consolidation and retrieval. It could be altered by several factors such as sleep quality, anxiety, and depression levels. In the last years, due to COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in sleep quality, an increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as an impairment in emotional episodic memory encoding, especially in young adults. Taking into account the profound impact of sleep quality in daily life a series of rules has been developed that are conducive to consistently achieving good sleep, known as sleep hygiene education. These interventions have been shown to be effective in improving sleep quality and duration and reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms. Here we propose the implementation of a brief sleep hygiene education to improve sleep quality and memory performance as well as to diminish anxiety and depressive scores. For that, participants were divided into two groups: Sleep hygiene education and control group. After that, they were evaluated for anxiety, depression, and sleep quality levels and trained on an episodic memory task. They were tested immediately after (short-term test) and also 1 week later (long-term test). This procedure was also performed before the sleep hygiene education and was taken as baseline level. We found that episodic memory performance for young adults improved for the SHE group after intervention but not for older adults, and no improvements in emotional variables were observed. Despite not observing a significant effect of the intervention for young and older adults regarding the sleep quality scores, we consider that there may be an improvement in sleep physiology that is not subjectively perceived, but would also have a positive impact on memory processes. These results show that even a sleep hygiene education of 1 week could improve cognition in young adults when acute memory and sleep impairment occurs, in this case, due to the isolation by COVID-19 pandemic. However, we suggest that longer interventions should be implemented for older adults who already experience a natural decline in cognitive processes such as episodic memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonela Magali Tassone
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malen Daiana Moyano
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Laiño
- Fundación Instituto Superior de Ciencias de la Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Ignacio Brusco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CENECON, Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta (CENECON), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Ezequiel Ramele
- Centro de Inteligencia Computacional, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Gao C, Scullin MK. Longitudinal trajectories of spectral power during sleep in middle-aged and older adults. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100058. [PMID: 36911257 PMCID: PMC9997163 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in sleep appear to contribute to cognitive aging and dementia. However, most of the current understanding of sleep across the lifespan is based on cross-sectional evidence. Using data from the Sleep Heart Health Study, we investigated longitudinal changes in sleep micro-architecture, focusing on whether such age-related changes are experienced uniformly across individuals. Participants were 2,202 adults (ageBaseline = 62.40 ± 10.38, 55.36 % female, 87.92 % White) who completed home polysomnography assessment at two study visits, which were 5.23 years apart (range: 4-7 years). We analyzed NREM and REM spectral power density for each 0.5 Hz frequency bin, including slow oscillation (0.5-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), sigma (12-15 Hz), and beta-1 (15-20 Hz) bands. Longitudinal comparisons showed a 5-year decline in NREM delta (p <.001) and NREM sigma power density (p <.001) as well as a 5-year increase in theta power density during NREM (p =.001) and power density for all frequency bands during REM sleep (ps < 0.05). In contrast to the notion that sleep declines linearly with advancing age, longitudinal trajectories varied considerably across individuals. Within individuals, the 5-year changes in NREM and REM power density were strongly correlated (slow oscillation: r = 0.46; delta: r = 0.67; theta r = 0.78; alpha r = 0.66; sigma: r = 0.71; beta-1: r = 0.73; ps < 0.001). The convergence in the longitudinal trajectories of NREM and REM activity may reflect age-related neural de-differentiation and/or compensation processes. Future research should investigate the neurocognitive implications of longitudinal changes in sleep micro-architecture and test whether interventions for improving key sleep micro-architecture features (such as NREM delta and sigma activity) also benefit cognition over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Gao
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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5
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A failure of sleep-dependent consolidation of visuoperceptual procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:499. [PMID: 36460644 PMCID: PMC9718731 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ADHD has been associated with cortico-striatal dysfunction that may lead to procedural memory abnormalities. Sleep plays a critical role in consolidating procedural memories, and sleep problems are an integral part of the psychopathology of ADHD. This raises the possibility that altered sleep processes characterizing those with ADHD could contribute to their skill-learning impairments. On this basis, the present study tested the hypothesis that young adults with ADHD have altered sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Participants with ADHD and neurotypicals were trained on a visual discrimination task that has been shown to benefit from sleep. Half of the participants were tested after a 12-h break that included nocturnal sleep (sleep condition), whereas the other half were tested after a 12-h daytime break that did not include sleep (wakefulness condition) to assess the specific contribution of sleep to improvement in task performance. Despite having a similar degree of initial learning, participants with ADHD did not improve in the visual discrimination task following a sleep interval compared to neurotypicals, while they were on par with neurotypicals during the wakefulness condition. These findings represent the first demonstration of a failure in sleep-dependent consolidation of procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Such a failure is likely to disrupt automatic control routines that are normally provided by the non-declarative memory system, thereby increasing the load on attentional resources of individuals with ADHD.
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6
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Wang H, Nation K, Gaskell MG, Robidoux S, Weighall A, Castles A. Nap effects on preschool children’s learning of letter‐sound mappings. Child Dev 2022; 93:1145-1153. [PMID: 35347703 PMCID: PMC9543791 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether a daytime nap aids children's acquisition of letter‐sound knowledge, which is a fundamental component for learning to read. Thirty‐two preschool children in Sydney, Australia (Mage = 4 years;3 months) were taught letter‐sound mappings in two sessions: one followed by a nap and the other by a wakeful period. Learning was assessed by explicit letter‐sound mappings (“Which sound does this letter make?”) and knowledge generalization tasks (“Here's Tav and Cav, which one is /kav/?”). Results from the knowledge generalization task showed better performance after a nap than after wake. However, no nap benefit was found for explicit letter‐sound knowledge. This study provides initial evidence that naps could be beneficial for preschool children's learning of letter‐sound mappings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Chen Wang
- School of Education and Macquarie University Centre for Reading Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kate Nation
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Serje Robidoux
- School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie University Centre for Reading Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Weighall
- School of Education The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Anne Castles
- School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie University Centre for Reading Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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7
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Conte F, De Rosa O, Albinni B, Mango D, Coppola A, Malloggi S, Giangrande D, Giganti F, Barbato G, Ficca G. Learning Monologues at Bedtime Improves Sleep Quality in Actors and Non-Actors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:11. [PMID: 35010270 PMCID: PMC8750122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies show that pre-sleep learning determines changes in subsequent sleep, including improvements of sleep quality. Our aims were to confirm this finding using a more ecological task (learning a theatrical monologue) and to investigate whether the effect is modulated by expertise. Using a mixed design, we compared polysomnographic recordings of baseline sleep (BL, 9-h TIB) to those of post-training sleep (TR, with the same TIB but preceded by the training session), in one group of actors (N = 11) and one of non-actors (N = 11). In both groups, TR appears reorganized and re-compacted by the learning session, as shown, among others, by a significant decrease of WASO%, awakenings, arousals, and state transitions and by a trend towards an increased number of complete cycles and total cycle time. Concerning memory performance, the number of synonyms produced was significantly higher in the morning relative to immediate recall. No between-groups differences emerged either for sleep or memory variables. Our data confirm pre-sleep learning's beneficial effect on sleep quality in an ecological context. While expertise appears not to influence memory-related sleep mechanisms, results on morning recall support the recent view that sleep's role in memory processes consists in trace "transformation" for adaptive purposes, rather than rote consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Oreste De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Benedetta Albinni
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Daniele Mango
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Alessia Coppola
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Serena Malloggi
- Department Neurofarba, University of Firenze, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy; (S.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Davide Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department Neurofarba, University of Firenze, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy; (S.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Barbato
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (O.D.R.); (B.A.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (D.G.); (G.B.); (G.F.)
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8
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Malloggi S, Conte F, De Rosa O, Righi S, Gronchi G, Ficca G, Giganti F. False memories formation is increased in individuals with insomnia. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13527. [PMID: 34854152 PMCID: PMC9285031 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that sleep can influence false memories formation. Specifically, acute sleep loss has been shown to promote false memories production by impairing memory retrieval at subsequent testing. Surprisingly, the relationship between sleep and false memories has only been investigated in healthy subjects but not in individuals with insomnia, whose sleep is objectively impaired compared to healthy subjects. Indeed, this population shows several cognitive impairments involving prefrontal functioning that could affect source monitoring processes and contribute to false memories generation. Moreover, it has been previously reported that subjects with insomnia differentially process sleep‐related versus neutral stimuli. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare false memories production between individuals with insomnia symptoms and good sleepers, and to evaluate the possible influence of stimulus category (neutral versus sleep‐related) in the two groups. The results show that false memories are globally increased in participants reporting insomnia symptoms compared to good sleepers. A reduction in source monitoring ability was also observed in the former group, suggesting that an impairment of this executive function could be especially involved in false memories formation. Moreover, our data seem to confirm that false memories production in individuals with insomnia symptoms appears significantly modulated by stimulus category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Malloggi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Oreste De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefania Righi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gronchi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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9
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den Berg van NH, Pozzobon A, Fang Z, Al-Kuwatli J, Toor B, Ray LB, Fogel SM. Sleep Enhances Consolidation of Memory Traces for Complex Problem-Solving Skills. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:653-667. [PMID: 34383034 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep consolidates memory for procedural motor skills, reflected by sleep-dependent changes in the hippocampal-striatal-cortical network. Other forms of procedural skills require the acquisition of a novel strategy to solve a problem, which recruit overlapping brain regions and specialized areas including the caudate and prefrontal cortex. Sleep preferentially benefits strategy and problem-solving skills over the accompanying motor execution movements. However, it is unclear how acquiring new strategies benefit from sleep. Here, participants performed a task requiring the execution of a sequence of movements to learn a novel cognitive strategy. Participants performed this task while undergoing fMRI before and after an interval of either a full night sleep, a daytime nap, or wakefulness. Participants also performed a motor control task, which precluded the opportunity to learn the strategy. In this way, we subtracted motor execution-related brain activations from activations specific to the strategy. The sleep and nap groups experienced greater behavioral performance improvements compared to the wake group on the strategy-based task. Following sleep, we observed enhanced activation of the caudate in addition to other regions in the hippocampal-striatal-cortical network, compared to wakefulness. This study demonstrates that sleep is a privileged time to enhance newly acquired cognitive strategies needed to solve problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H den Berg van
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - A Pozzobon
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Z Fang
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada.,Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - J Al-Kuwatli
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - B Toor
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - L B Ray
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - S M Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada.,Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
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10
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Effects of age differences in memory formation on neural mechanisms of consolidation and retrieval. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:135-145. [PMID: 33676853 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory decline is a hallmark of cognitive aging and a multifaceted phenomenon. We review studies that target age differences across different memory processing stages, i.e., from encoding to retrieval. The available evidence suggests that age differences during memory formation may affect the quality of memory representations in an age-graded manner with downstream consequences for later processing stages. We argue that low memory quality in combination with age-related neural decline of key regions of the episodic memory network puts older adults in a double jeopardy situation that finally results in broader memory impairments in older compared to younger adults.
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11
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Kroneisen M, Kuepper-Tetzel CE. Using Day and Night – Scheduling Retrieval Practice and Sleep. PSYCHOLOGY LEARNING AND TEACHING-PLAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1475725720965363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep right after studying new material is more conducive to memory than a period of wakefulness. Another way to counteract forgetting is to practice retrieval: taking a test strengthens memory more effectively than restudying the material. The current work aims at investigating the interaction between sleep and testing by asking if testing adds to, neutralizes, or decreases the effect of sleep on memory? We tested this in one pilot and one experiment by manipulating the timing of the practice test as well as whether practice was followed by sleep or wakefulness when learning foreign language vocabulary. Taking a delayed practice test significantly reduces forgetting for both the sleep and the wakefulness group. An immediate practice test, in contrast, had no such effect; here we find the standard beneficial sleep effect. However, the immediate practice test leads to higher recall in the final test in comparison to a delayed practice test, but only for the sleep group. Practical recommendations imply two things: first, if students study in the evening, they should test themselves immediately after learning. Second, if students study during the day the practice test should be delayed in order to reinforce memory and reduce forgetting of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Kroneisen
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK
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12
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Cellini N, Mercurio M, Vanzetti V, Bergamo D, Sarlo M. Comparing the effect of daytime sleep and wakefulness on mnemonic discrimination. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113078. [PMID: 32679133 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered the optimal state to consolidate hippocampal-dependent memories. A particular memory process is mnemonic discrimination. Mnemonic discrimination refers to the ability to differentiate between novel and previously encountered information. Previous studies have found that mnemonic discrimination is impaired by sleep deprivation, whereas nocturnal sleep seems to protect memory representations when compared to a similar period of wakefulness. In this study we tested whether a daytime nap can facilitate mnemonic discrimination as assessed by the Mnemonic Similarity Task. Thirty-eight participants performed incidental learning of 256 images of unique everyday items at about 12:00 PM. Fifteen minutes later, in a recognition test, they were presented with 192 images: 64 targets (Old), 64 foils (New) and 64 lures (Similar to targets). For each image they had to decide whether it was already presented, never presented, or similar to an image presented during the encoding session. Then participants were split into a Nap group (N=19), who had a 90-min nap opportunity in the lab, and a Wake group (N=19), who stayed in the lab playing a low-arousing game. At 3:00 PM all participants performed a delayed recognition test, similar to the immediate test but with different images. Similar memory discrimination was observed in both the Nap and Wake group. The lack of a beneficial effect of sleep could be due to the differences between diurnal and nocturnal sleep and/or the potential role of videogames in facilitating memory discrimination during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131, Padova, Italy; Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padova, Via Luzzatti 4, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marco Mercurio
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanzetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Damiana Bergamo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of Communication Sciences, Humanities and International Studies, University of Urbino, Urbino Via Saffi 15, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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13
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Muehlroth BE, Rasch B, Werkle-Bergner M. Episodic memory consolidation during sleep in healthy aging. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Hołda M, Głodek A, Dankiewicz-Berger M, Skrzypińska D, Szmigielska B. Ill-Defined Problem Solving Does Not Benefit From Daytime Napping. Front Psychol 2020; 11:559. [PMID: 32328010 PMCID: PMC7161088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to explore the role of sleep in the process of ill-defined problem solving. The results of previous studies indicate that various cognitive processes are largely dependent on the quality and quantity of sleep. However, while sleep-related memory consolidation seems to be well-grounded, with regard to the impact of sleep on problem solving, existing research yields mixed and rather inconclusive results. Moreover, this effect has been mainly tested using simple and well-defined, common laboratory problems, such as the remote associate test (RAT), crossword and anagram puzzles, numeric and logic problems, etc. What is lacking is research on the effect of sleep on solving more complex and more real-life oriented ill-defined problems. In the present study, we hypothesized that sleep can improve performance in solving this kind of problems. The study involved 40 participants, randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: sleep group and waking group. The experimental protocol comprised three stages: problem presentation, retention interval, and testing stage. The problem was presented to the participants in the form of an interactive computer game concerning a complex, elaborate crime story. During the retention interval, the participants—depending on the condition—took a nap or stayed awake; sleeping participants underwent polysomnography recording, while waking participants performed activities not related to the experimental problem. In the testing stage, participants tried to solve the presented problem. The solutions generated were assessed both for quality (reasonableness, consistency, and story recall) and creativity (fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration). Contrary to expectations, we found no effect of sleep on ill-defined problem solving. Neither quality nor creativity of the solutions generated by the participants was higher in the nap group than in the waking group. There were also no performance improvements with regard to any sleep stage or incidence of dreams. Our study adds to a growing body of evidence that sleep probably might provide an incubation gap, but not a facilitating environment serving the purpose of problem solving, at least with regard to ill-defined problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Hołda
- Section of Sleep Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Głodek
- Section of Sleep Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Malwina Dankiewicz-Berger
- Department of Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dagna Skrzypińska
- Section of Sleep Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Barbara Szmigielska
- Section of Sleep Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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15
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Conte F, Cerasuolo M, Giganti F, Ficca G. Sleep enhances strategic thinking at the expense of basic procedural skills consolidation. J Sleep Res 2020; 29:e13034. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” Caserta Italy
| | | | | | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” Caserta Italy
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16
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Muehlroth BE, Sander MC, Fandakova Y, Grandy TH, Rasch B, Lee Shing Y, Werkle-Bergner M. Memory quality modulates the effect of aging on memory consolidation during sleep: Reduced maintenance but intact gain. Neuroimage 2020; 209:116490. [PMID: 31883456 PMCID: PMC7068706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful consolidation of associative memories relies on the coordinated interplay of slow oscillations and sleep spindles during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. This enables the transfer of labile information from the hippocampus to permanent memory stores in the neocortex. During senescence, the decline of the structural and functional integrity of the hippocampus and neocortical regions is paralleled by changes of the physiological events that stabilize and enhance associative memories during NREM sleep. However, the currently available evidence is inconclusive as to whether and under which circumstances memory consolidation is impacted during aging. To approach this question, 30 younger adults (19-28 years) and 36 older adults (63-74 years) completed a memory task based on scene-word associations. By tracing the encoding quality of participants' individual memory associations, we demonstrate that previous learning determines the extent of age-related impairments in memory consolidation. Specifically, the detrimental effects of aging on memory maintenance were greatest for mnemonic contents of intermediate encoding quality, whereas memory gain of poorly encoded memories did not differ by age. Ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired to extract potential predictors of memory consolidation from each participant's NREM sleep physiology and brain structure. Partial Least Squares Correlation was used to identify profiles of interdependent alterations in sleep physiology and brain structure that are characteristic for increasing age. Across age groups, both the 'aged' sleep profile, defined by decreased slow-wave activity (0.5-4.5 Hz), and a reduced presence of slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz), slow, and fast spindles (9-12.5 Hz; 12.5-16 Hz), as well as the 'aged' brain structure profile, characterized by gray matter reductions in the medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, were associated with reduced memory maintenance. However, inter-individual differences in neither sleep nor structural brain integrity alone qualified as the driving force behind age differences in sleep-dependent consolidation in the present study. Our results underscore the need for novel and age-fair analytic tools to provide a mechanistic understanding of age differences in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate E Muehlroth
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Myriam C Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H Grandy
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Rue P.-A.-de-Faucigny 2, 1701, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, 60629, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Muehlroth BE, Werkle-Bergner M. Understanding the interplay of sleep and aging: Methodological challenges. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13523. [PMID: 31930523 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In quest of new avenues to explain, predict, and treat pathophysiological conditions during aging, research on sleep and aging has flourished. Despite the great scientific potential to pinpoint mechanistic pathways between sleep, aging, and pathology, only little attention has been paid to the suitability of analytic procedures applied to study these interrelations. On the basis of electrophysiological sleep and structural brain data of healthy younger and older adults, we identify, illustrate, and resolve methodological core challenges in the study of sleep and aging. We demonstrate potential biases in common analytic approaches when applied to older populations. We argue that uncovering age-dependent alterations in the physiology of sleep requires the development of adjusted and individualized analytic procedures that filter out age-independent interindividual differences. Age-adapted methodological approaches are thus required to foster the development of valid and reliable biomarkers of age-associated cognitive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate E Muehlroth
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Cerasuolo M, Conte F, Cellini N, Fusco G, Giganti F, Malloggi S, Ficca G. The effect of complex cognitive training on subsequent night sleep. J Sleep Res 2019; 29:e12929. [PMID: 31651070 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a nap design, we have recently shown that training at a complex cognitive task at bedtime improves objective sleep quality by reducing sleep fragmentation. In order to extend our findings to nighttime sleep, here we assess the impact of a multi-componential cognitive task at bedtime on the subsequent sleep episode of subjects reporting habitual bad sleep, allegedly characterized by high sleep fragmentation. In a within-subjects design, 20 subjective bad sleepers underwent polysomnographic recording in three conditions: (a) baseline sleep (BL); (b) post-training sleep (TR), preceded by a complex ecological task, i.e. a modified version of the word game Ruzzle; (c) post-active control sleep (AC), preceded by a control task. Sleep in TR was more organized (higher number of cycles and longer time spent in cycles) and showed lower microarousal frequency than in AC and BL. As for sleep continuity (total and brief awakening frequency) and other stability measures (state transition and functional uncertainty period frequency, time in functional uncertainty), both TR and AC showed significant improvements compared with BL. Arousal frequency was also reduced in TR relative to BL. Our results show a clear impact of cognitive training on subsequent night sleep, basically consisting of an increase in sleep continuity, stability and organization. In our sample of bad sleepers, these post-training changes end up representing a notable sleep improvement, also consistently reflected in subjective sleep quality perception. Therefore, ecological pre-sleep cognitive training should be further studied as an easily accessible complementary approach in standard therapies for sleep-disordered populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Cerasuolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Fusco
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Serena Malloggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
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19
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Cerasuolo M, Conte F, Giganti F, Ficca G. Sleep changes following intensive cognitive activity. Sleep Med 2019; 66:148-158. [PMID: 31877506 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the last 40 years have mainly investigated sleep structure changes as a result of wake duration, in the frame of the classical sleep regulation theories. However, wake intervals of the same duration can profoundly differ in their intensity, which actually reflects the degree of cognitive and physical activity. Data on how sleep can be modified by wake intensity changes (initially sparse and of little consistence) have become much more substantial, especially in the frame of the intense research debate on sleep-memory relationships. Our aim is to examine the vast repertoire of sleep modifications that depend on waking cognitive manipulations, highlighting the sleep features that appear most affected. By systematically addressing this issue, we want to set the basis for future research exploring both the specific nature of the mechanisms involved and the applicative psychosocial and clinical fall-outs, in terms of possible behavioural interventions for sleep quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Cerasuolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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20
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Arzilli C, Cerasuolo M, Conte F, Bittoni V, Gatteschi C, Albinni B, Giganti F, Ficca G. The Effect of Cognitive Activity on Sleep Maintenance in a Subsequent Daytime Nap. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:552-560. [PMID: 29368954 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1425870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the effects of a learning task on the characteristics of a subsequent daytime nap. Participants and Methods: Thirty-eight subjects were administered a control nap (C) and one preceded by a cognitive training session (TR). Results: Relative to C, TR naps showed significantly increased sleep duration with decreased sleep latency, as well as significantly increased sleep efficiency due to reduced awakening frequency. Meaningful trends were also found toward an increase of Stage 2 sleep proportion and a reduction of Stage 1 sleep, percentage of wake after sleep onset (WASO), and frequency of state transitions. Conclusions: Our results indicate that presleep learning favors sleep propensity and maintenance, offering the possibility to explore planned cognitive training as a low-cost treatment for sleep impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Arzilli
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
| | - Mariangela Cerasuolo
- b Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," , Caserta , Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- b Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," , Caserta , Italy
| | - Valentina Bittoni
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
| | - Claudia Gatteschi
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
| | - Benedetta Albinni
- b Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," , Caserta , Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- b Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," , Caserta , Italy
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21
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Lerner I, Gluck MA. Sleep and the extraction of hidden regularities: A systematic review and the importance of temporal rules. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 47:39-50. [PMID: 31252335 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of its role in memory consolidation, sleep has been repeatedly identified as critical for the extraction of regularities from wake experiences. However, many null results have been published as well, with no clear consensus emerging regarding the conditions that yield this sleep effect. Here, we systematically review the role of sleep in the extraction of hidden regularities, specifically those involving associative relations embedded in newly learned information. We found that the specific behavioral task used in a study had far more impact on whether a sleep effect was discovered than either the category of the cognitive processes targeted, or the particular experimental design employed. One emerging pattern, however, was that the explicit detection of hidden rules is more likely to happen when the rules are of a temporal nature (i.e., event A at time t predicts a later event B) than when they are non-temporal. We discuss this temporal rule sensitivity in reference to the compressed memory replay occurring in the hippocampus during slow-wave-sleep, and compare this effect to what happens when the extraction of regularities depends on prior knowledge and relies on structures other than the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Lerner
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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22
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Sleep preferentially enhances memory for a cognitive strategy but not the implicit motor skills used to acquire it. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Cellini N, Mednick SC. Stimulating the sleeping brain: Current approaches to modulating memory-related sleep physiology. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 316:125-136. [PMID: 30452977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most audacious proposals throughout the history of psychology was the potential ability to learn while we sleep. The idea penetrated culture via sci-fi movies and inspired the invention of devices that claimed to teach foreign languages, facts, and even quit smoking by simply listening to audiocassettes or other devices during sleep. However, the promises from this endeavor didn't stand up to experimental scrutiny, and the dream was shunned from the scientific community. Despite the historic evidence that the sleeping brain cannot learn new complex information (i.e., words, images, facts), a new wave of current interventions are demonstrating that sleep can be manipulated to strengthen recent memories. NEW METHOD Several recent approaches have been developed that play with the sleeping brain in order to modify ongoing memory processing. Here, we provide an overview of the available techniques to non-invasively modulate memory-related sleep physiology, including sensory, vestibular and electrical stimulation, as well as pharmacological approaches. RESULTS N/A. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS N/A. CONCLUSIONS Although the results are encouraging, suggesting that in general the sleeping brain may be optimized for better memory performance, the road to bring these techniques in free-living conditions is paved with unanswered questions and technical challenges that need to be carefully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, United States
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24
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Vandekerckhove M, Wang YL. Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep: An intimate relationship. AIMS Neurosci 2017; 5:1-17. [PMID: 32341948 PMCID: PMC7181893 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has witnessed an increasing interest in the bidirectional relationship between emotion and sleep. Sleep seems important for restoring daily functioning, whereas deprivation of sleep makes us more emotionally aroused and sensitive to stressful stimuli and events. Sleep appears to be essential to our ability to cope with emotional stress in everyday life. However, when daily stress is insufficiently regulated, it may result in mental health problems and sleep disturbances too. Not only does emotion impact sleep, but there is also evidence that sleep plays a key role in regulating emotion. Emotional events during waking hours affect sleep, and the quality and amount of sleep influences the way we react to these events impacting our general well-being. Although we know that daytime emotional stress affects sleep by influencing sleep physiology, dream patterns, dream content and the emotion within a dream, its exact role is still unclear. Other effects that have been found are the exaggeration of the startle response, decrease in dream recall and elevation of awakening thresholds from rapid eye movement (REM), REM-sleep, increased or decreased latency to REM-sleep, increase in percentage of REM-density, REM-sleep duration, as well as the occurrence of arousals in sleep as a marker of sleep disruption. Equally, the way an individual copes with emotional stress, or the way in which an individual regulates emotion may modulate the effects of emotional stress on sleep. The research presented here supports the idea that adaptive emotion regulation benefits our follow-up sleep. We thus conclude the current review with a call for future research in order to clarify further the precise relationship between sleep, emotion and emotion regulation, as well as to explain further how sleep dissolves our emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vandekerckhove
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Etterbeek, Belgium
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Etterbeek, Belgium.,Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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25
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Cellini N. Memory consolidation in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 35:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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van Rijn E, Carter N, McMurtrie H, Willner P, Blagrove MT. Sleep does not cause false memories on a story-based test of suggestibility. Conscious Cogn 2017; 52:39-46. [PMID: 28458092 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep contributes to the consolidation of memories. This process may involve extracting the gist of learned material at the expense of details. It has thus been proposed that sleep might lead to false memory formation. Previous research examined the effect of sleep on false memory using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Mixed results were found, including increases and decreases in false memory after sleep relative to wake. It has been questioned whether DRM false memories occur by the same processes as real-world false memories. Here, the effect of sleep on false memory was investigated using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Veridical memory deteriorated after a 12-h period of wake, but not after a 12-h period including a night's sleep. No difference in false memory was found between conditions. Although the literature supports sleep-dependent memory consolidation, the results here call into question extending this to a gist-based false memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Carter
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McMurtrie
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Blagrove
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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27
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Vandekerckhove M, Wang YL. Emotion, Emotion Regulation and Sleep: An Intimate Relationship. AIMS Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Carotenuto M, Esposito M, Cortese S, Laino D, Verrotti A. Children with developmental dyslexia showed greater sleep disturbances than controls, including problems initiating and maintaining sleep. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1079-82. [PMID: 27173764 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although there have been frequent clinical reports about sleep disturbances in children with learning disabilities, no data are available about the prevalence of sleep disturbances in children with developmental dyslexia (DD). This study evaluated sleep disturbances in children with DD referred to a hospital clinic and compared their scores with healthy controls. METHODS We consecutively enrolled 147 children (66% male) aged 10.26 ± 2.63 years who were referred by clinical paediatricians to the Clinic for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry at the Second University of Naples with DD and 766 children without DD (60% male) aged 10.49 ± 2.39 years recruited from schools in the same urban area. Sleep disturbances were assessed with the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC), which was filled out by the children's main carers. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the children with DD showed significantly higher rates of above threshold scores on the total SDSC score (p < 0.001) and on the subscales for disorders in initiating and maintaining sleep (p < 0.001), sleep breathing disorders (p < 0.001) and disorders of arousal (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Sleep disorders were significantly more frequent in children with DD than in healthy controls. A possible relationship between dyslexia and sleep disorders may have relevant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carotenuto
- Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age; Department of Mental Health; Physical and Preventive Medicine; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - M Esposito
- Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age; Department of Mental Health; Physical and Preventive Medicine; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - S Cortese
- Department of Psychology; Developmental Brain-Behavior Laboratory; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- New York University Child Study Center; New York NY USA
- IRCCS Stella Maris; Calambrone Pisa Italy
| | - D Laino
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - A Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics; University of L'Aquila; Ospedale San Salvatore; L'Aquila Italy
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29
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Genzel L, Bäurle A, Potyka A, Wehrle R, Adamczyk M, Friess E, Steiger A, Dresler M. Diminished nap effects on memory consolidation are seen under oral contraceptive use. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 70:253-261. [PMID: 25720656 DOI: 10.1159/000369022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many young females take exogenous hormones as oral contraceptive (OC), a condition rarely controlled for in studies on sleep and memory consolidation even though sex hormones influence consolidation. This study investigated the effects of OCs on sleep-related consolidation of a motor and declarative task, utilizing a daytime nap protocol. Fifteen healthy, young females taking OCs came to the sleep lab for three different conditions: nap with previous learning, wake with previous learning and nap without learning. They underwent each condition twice, once during the "pill-active" weeks and once during the "pill-free" week, resulting in 6 visits. In all conditions, participants showed a significant off-line consolidation effect, independent of pill week or nap/wake condition. There were no significant differences in sleep stage duration, spindle activity or spectral EEG frequency bands between naps with or without the learning condition. The present data showed a significant off-line enhancement in memory irrespective of potential beneficial effects of a nap. In comparison to previous studies, this may suggest that the use of OCs may enhance off-line memory consolidation in motor and verbal tasks per se. These results stress the importance to control for the use of OCs in studies focusing on memory performance.
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Not only … but also: REM sleep creates and NREM Stage 2 instantiates landmark junctions in cortical memory networks. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 122:69-87. [PMID: 25921620 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article argues both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep contribute to overnight episodic memory processes but their roles differ. Episodic memory may have evolved from memory for spatial navigation in animals and humans. Equally, mnemonic navigation in world and mental space may rely on fundamentally equivalent processes. Consequently, the basic spatial network characteristics of pathways which meet at omnidirectional nodes or junctions may be conserved in episodic brain networks. A pathway is formally identified with the unidirectional, sequential phases of an episodic memory. In contrast, the function of omnidirectional junctions is not well understood. In evolutionary terms, both animals and early humans undertook tours to a series of landmark junctions, to take advantage of resources (food, water and shelter), whilst trying to avoid predators. Such tours required memory for emotionally significant landmark resource-place-danger associations and the spatial relationships amongst these landmarks. In consequence, these tours may have driven the evolution of both spatial and episodic memory. The environment is dynamic. Resource-place associations are liable to shift and new resource-rich landmarks may be discovered, these changes may require re-wiring in neural networks. To realise these changes, REM may perform an associative, emotional encoding function between memory networks, engendering an omnidirectional landmark junction which is instantiated in the cortex during NREM Stage 2. In sum, REM may preplay associated elements of past episodes (rather than replay individual episodes), to engender an unconscious representation which can be used by the animal on approach to a landmark junction in wake.
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Vorster AP, Born J. Sleep and memory in mammals, birds and invertebrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:103-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Payne JD, Kensinger EA, Wamsley EJ, Spreng RN, Alger SE, Gibler K, Schacter DL, Stickgold R. Napping and the selective consolidation of negative aspects of scenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 15:176-86. [PMID: 25706830 DOI: 10.1037/a0038683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After information is encoded into memory, it undergoes an offline period of consolidation that occurs optimally during sleep. The consolidation process not only solidifies memories, but also selectively preserves aspects of experience that are emotionally salient and relevant for future use. Here, we provide evidence that an afternoon nap is sufficient to trigger preferential memory for emotional information contained in complex scenes. Selective memory for negative emotional information was enhanced after a nap compared with wakefulness in 2 control conditions designed to carefully address interference and time-of-day confounds. Although prior evidence has connected negative emotional memory formation to REM sleep physiology, we found that non-REM delta activity and the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) in the nap were robustly related to the selective consolidation of negative information. These findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying memory consolidation benefits associated with napping and nighttime sleep are not always the same. Finally, we provide preliminary evidence that the magnitude of the emotional memory benefit conferred by sleep is equivalent following a nap and a full night of sleep, suggesting that selective emotional remembering can be economically achieved by taking a nap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Payne
- Sleep, Stress and Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame
| | | | - Erin J Wamsley
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Sara E Alger
- Sleep, Stress and Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame
| | - Kyle Gibler
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University
| | | | - Robert Stickgold
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
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Lin CC, Yang CM. Evidence of sleep-facilitating effect on formation of novel semantic associations: An event-related potential (ERP) study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 116:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Impaired off-line motor skills consolidation in young primary insomniacs. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Giganti F, Arzilli C, Conte F, Toselli M, Viggiano MP, Ficca G. The effect of a daytime nap on priming and recognition tasks in preschool children. Sleep 2014; 37:1087-93. [PMID: 24882903 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The beneficial effect of sleep on memory consolidation is widely accepted in the adult population and has recently been shown in children. However, the few available data almost exclusively refer to school-aged children. Here we explore the effect of a daytime nap on memory consolidation in a sample of preschool children. DESIGN Subjects performed both a figures recognition task and a priming task, in order to differentiate effects on explicit and implicit memory. SETTING Nursery school. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three children (mean age: 52.6 ± 8 mo; 13 males) participated in the study. INTERVENTION After a study phase in which children had to name 40 pictures of objects and animals, each subject either took an actigraphically monitored nap or stayed awake. At retest, children were administered both an implicit and an explicit memory task. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The implicit memory task consisted of naming 40 pictures presented at eight ascending levels of spatial filtering. The explicit memory task consisted of judging 40 pictures as old or new. The number of correct answers at the explicit recognition task was significantly higher in the nap compared to the wake condition, whereas priming effects did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSIONS A positive role of sleep in explicit memory consolidation, similar to the one observed in the adult, was detected in our sample of preschool children. In contrast, our data suggest that implicit perceptual learning, involved in priming tasks, does not benefit from sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Cinzia Arzilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Monica Toselli
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples II, Italy
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Conte F, Arzilli C, Errico BM, Giganti F, Iovino D, Ficca G. Sleep measures expressing 'functional uncertainty' in elderlies' sleep. Gerontology 2014; 60:448-57. [PMID: 24732109 DOI: 10.1159/000358083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notion of 'functional uncertainty' during sleep was first proposed to indicate an inability of the central nervous system to maintain stable states by coordinating physiological processes. While the presence of functional uncertainty phenomena has been shown in infants and hypothesized in the elderly, its actual occurrence in the aged population has never been systematically investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to identify, in the sleep of aged individuals, indexes of sleep instability and fragmentation as markers of functional uncertainty, by comparing a sample of healthy elderly subjects to one of young adults. METHODS We compared polysomnograhic recordings of 20 healthy elderly subjects (age range 65-85 years) with those of 20 young individuals (age range 22-32 years), with special regard to the variables expressing functional uncertainty in sleep, such as continuity (e.g. arousals, awakenings), stability (e.g. state transitions, periods of marked 'functional uncertainty') and cyclic organization parameters. RESULTS Significant differences emerged for all variables of interest: the elderly group showed higher indexes of fragmentation and instability than the young, as well as less and shorter cycles, and a lower percentage of time spent in cycles. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis of a progressive sleep quality disruption with aging, expressed by pronounced sleep instability, fragmentation and disorganization. We propose that functional uncertainty measures could usefully be included in standard sleep assessments on both aged and sleep-disordered populations as accurate sleep quality indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples II, Caserta, Italy
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Berndt C, Diekelmann S, Alexander N, Pustal A, Kirschbaum C. Sleep fragmentation and false memories during pregnancy and motherhood. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:52-7. [PMID: 24589545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women, both before and after childbirth, frequently experience memory deficits and disrupted sleep. In the present study we assessed the relationship between false memory generation and fragmented sleep during pregnancy and motherhood. We tested 178 pregnant women and 58 female non-pregnant childless controls, during pregnancy (15-35th week of gestation) and again after childbirth (8-13th month). False memories were defined as memories of gist words that were semantically related to studied word lists but were not presented during learning of these lists in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Sleep was monitored by actigraphy in the home environment for seven consecutive nights. Compared to the controls, the group of pregnant women produced more false memories and displayed more fragmented sleep both during pregnancy and after childbirth. However, false memory generation was not correlated to measures of sleep fragmentation. These results show that pregnant women suffer from sleep fragmentation and a higher susceptibility to false memories, but leave open the question as to whether both phenomena are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Berndt
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Universität Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nina Alexander
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anne Pustal
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Sud S, Sadaka Y, Massicotte C, Smith ML, Bradbury L, Go C, Weiss SK. Memory consolidation in children with epilepsy: does sleep matter? Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31:176-80. [PMID: 24434309 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with epilepsy have frequent sleep disturbance and challenges in learning and memory. There is little research on the consolidation of memory during sleep in this population. The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether children with epilepsy are able to consolidate memories better after a sleep versus wake period as has been demonstrated in typically developing children. METHODS This study was a prospective evaluation of children with epilepsy to determine if sleep improved episodic memory (using word lists) as compared with memory following a wake period of similar duration. The study was conducted in patients in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at a single academic health science center. In the sleep recall condition, the learning trials were presented in the evening, and delayed recall of the words was tested in the morning. In the wake condition, the learning took place in the morning, and the delayed recall took place later in the day. Subjects wore an actigraph to evaluate sleep/wake patterns. Data regarding the children's epilepsy, antiepileptic medications, and frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges were also documented. RESULTS Ten children (agd 8-17years) participated in the study. For the entire sample, recall after sleep was better than recall after awake (p=0.03), and 7 of the 10 children showed this effect. However, reanalyses removing an outlier showed no difference between the two recall conditions. The mean number of interictal epileptiform discharges was 8.8 during the recall after sleep and 7.8 during the recall after awake. Three children had seizures during the evaluation. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, we demonstrated that a small cohort of children with epilepsy, with similar interictal epileptiform discharges during sleep and wake, showed no advantage in memory for a word list after a period of sleep than after a period of being awake. This finding requires further study in a larger cohort. Poor memory consolidation during sleep may contribute to the cognitive deficits in children with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Sud
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Yair Sadaka
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Ben Gurion University, Soroka Medical Center of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84101 Israel.
| | - Colin Massicotte
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Dept. of Psychology, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Laura Bradbury
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Cristina Go
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Shelly K Weiss
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada.
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Abstract
Sleep has repeatedly been connected to processes of memory consolidation. While extensive research indeed documents beneficial effects of sleep on memory, little is yet known about the role of sleep for interference effects in episodic memory. Although two prior studies reported sleep to reduce retroactive interference, no sleep effect has previously been found for proactive interference. Here we applied a study format differing from that employed by the prior studies to induce a high degree of proactive interference, and asked participants to encode a single list or two interfering lists of paired associates via pure study cycles. Testing occurred after 12 hours of diurnal wakefulness or nocturnal sleep. Consistent with the prior work, we found sleep in comparison to wake did not affect memory for the single list, but reduced retroactive interference. In addition we found sleep reduced proactive interference, and reduced retroactive and proactive interference to the same extent. The finding is consistent with the view that arising benefits of sleep are caused by the reactivation of memory contents during sleep, which has been suggested to strengthen and stabilise memories. Such stabilisation may make memories less susceptible to competition from interfering memories at test and thus reduce interference effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Abel
- a Department of Experimental Psychology , Regensburg University , Germany
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Göder R, Born J. Can sleep heal memory? Sleep Med Rev 2012; 17:89-90. [PMID: 23044220 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Conte F, Carobbi G, Errico BM, Ficca G. The effects of pre-sleep learning on sleep continuity, stability, and organization in elderly individuals. Front Neurol 2012; 3:109. [PMID: 22798956 PMCID: PMC3394199 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have consistently shown that pre-sleep learning is associated to changes of sleep structure. Whereas previous research has mainly focused on sleep states, namely REM and NREM amount, very little attention has been paid to the hypothesis that pre-sleep learning might improve sleep continuity, stability, and cyclic organization, which are often impaired in aging. Thus, aim of this research was to assess, in a sample of 18 healthy elderly subjects, whether a memory task administered at bedtime would determine changes in any sleep parameter, with special regard to sleep continuity, stability, and organization. To this purpose, a baseline sleep (BL), i.e., a normal sleep with 9-h time in bed (TIB), was compared to a post-training sleep (TR), with the same TIB but preceded by an intensive training session. For the latter, a verbal declarative task was used, consisting in learning paired-word lists, rehearsed, and recalled for three times in a row. To control for individual learning abilities, subjects were administered several sets of lists with increasing difficulty, until they reached an error rate ≥20% at third recall. Relative to BL, TR shows a significant reduction in the frequency of brief awakenings, arousals, state transitions, "functional uncertainty" (FU) periods, and in the percentage of time in FU over total sleep time (TST). A significant increase in the number of complete cycles, total cycle time (TCT), and TCT/TST proportion was also found. All these changes are evenly distributed over the sleep episode. No sleep stage measure display significant changes, apart from a slight reduction in the percentage of Stage 1. Scores at retest are negatively correlated with both the frequency of arousals and of state transitions. Our data suggest that pre-sleep learning can yield a beneficial re-organizing effect on elderlies' sleep quality. The inverse correlation between recall scores and the measures of sleep continuity and stability provides further support to the role of these features in memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
| | - G. Carobbi
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
| | - B. M. Errico
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
| | - G. Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
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