1
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Wang J, Li R, Ouyang H, Lu Y, Fei H, Zhao Y. A nitroreductase-responsive fluorescence turn-on photosensitizer for lysosomes imaging and photodynamic therapy. Talanta 2024; 276:126277. [PMID: 38761658 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Nitroreductase (NTR) is a frequently used biomarker for the assessment of hypoxia level in tumors. As one of the main sources of enzymes, the dysfunction of lysosomes typically leads to various diseases. In this study, an NTR-triggered lysosome-targeting probe, M-TPE-P, was designed based on a tetraphenylethylene core. DFT calculation indicated that the probe possessed a narrow singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST), rendering it an efficient photosensitizer. The docking affinity of M-TPE-P to NTR revealed a strong structural match between them. Photophysical properties demonstrated that the probe exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity in a broad pH rang for detecting NTR with kcat/Km as 2.18 × 104 M-1 s-1. The detection limit was determined to be 53.6 ng/mL in 80 % PBS/DMSO solution. Cell imaging studies showed the probe could trace intracellular NTR behavior with green fluorescence. The colocalization analysis indicated its excellent lysosome-targeting specificity. In addition, the probe exhibited effective ROS generation ability and significant PDT effect after NIR irradiation, positioning it as a promising photosensitizer for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Ruxin Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Han Ouyang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haiyang Fei
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China.
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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2
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Xiang J, Zou R, Jiang Y, Xiang L, Liu F, Xu C, Wu A. Harnessing the Potential of a Nitroreductase-Responsive Fluorescent Probe for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Keratitis. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:758-765. [PMID: 38857526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis, an ocular emergency, is the predominant cause of infectious keratitis. However, diagnostic procedures for it are invasive, time-consuming, and expeditious, thereby limiting effective treatment for the disease in the clinic. It is imperative to develop a timely and convenient method for the noninvasive diagnosis of bacterial keratitis. Fluorescence imaging is a convenient and noninvasive diagnostic method with high sensitivity. In this study, a type of nitroreductase-responsive probe (NTRP), which responds to nitroreductase to generate fluorescence signals, was developed as an activatable fluorescent probe for the imaging diagnosis of bacterial keratitis. Imaging experiments both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the probe exhibited "turn-on" fluorescence signals in response to nitroreductase-secreting bacteria within 10 min. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity reached its highest at 4 or 6 h in vitro and at 30 min in vivo when the excitation wavelength was set at 520 nm. Therefore, the NTRP has the potential to serve as a feasible agent for the rapid and noninvasive in situ fluorescence diagnosis of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ruifen Zou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lingchao Xiang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China
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3
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Mao Z, Rha H, Kim J, You X, Zhang F, Tao W, Kim JS. THQ-Xanthene: An Emerging Strategy to Create Next-Generation NIR-I/II Fluorophores. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301177. [PMID: 37114796 PMCID: PMC10288261 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging is vital for exploring the biological world. The short emissions (<650 nm) and small Stokes shifts (<30 nm) of current xanthene dyes obstruct their biological applications since a long time. Recently, a potent and universal THQ structural modification technique that shifts emission to the NIR-I/II range and enables a substantial Stokes shift (>100 nm) for THQ-modified xanthene dyes is established. Thus, a timely discussion of THQ-xanthene and its applications is extensive. Hence, the advent, working principles, development trajectory, and biological applications of THQ-xanthene dyes, especially in the fields of fluorescence probe-based sensing and imaging, cancer theranostics, and super-resolution imaging, are introduced. It is envisioned that the THQ modification tactic is a simple yet exceptional approach to upgrade the performance of conventional xanthene dyes. THQ-xanthene will advance the strides of xanthene-based potentials in early fluorescent diagnosis of diseases, cancer theranostics, and imaging-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Mao
- College of Health Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062China
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841South Korea
| | - Hyeonji Rha
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841South Korea
| | - Jungryun Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841South Korea
| | - Xinru You
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Health Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841South Korea
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4
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Wu Y, Yang X, Zhai M, Chen Y, Lu X, Ju J, Zhang H, Wang G, Zhang Z, Zhu B, Wang X, Chen Z, Huang S. Real-time optical imaging of the hypoxic status in hemangioma endothelial cells during propranolol therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:995745. [PMID: 36267981 PMCID: PMC9577016 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.995745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common microvascular tumor of infancy involving the area of head and neck. One of the most important independent risk factors of IH is the hypoxia microenvironment. Fluorescent chemosensor provides a noninvasive intervention, high spatiotemporal resolution, ultrasensitive response, and real-time feedback approach to reveal the hypoxic status of cells. Our research group developed an ultrasensitive fluorescent chemosensor, HNT-NTR, and investigated the potential ability of imaging the hypoxic status of hemangioma-derived endothelial cells (HemECs). In this study, we successfully visualized the propranolol (PRN) treatment in HemECs using NHT-NTR with “Turn-off” sensing method. This chemosensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for optical imaging of hypoxic status with fast responsiveness, real-time feedback and durable photostability of the fluorescent signal. It was also confirmed that HNT-NTR could monitor nitroreductase in vivo. Paramountly, we expected this chemosensor to offer an available optical method for imaging of the hypoxic status and visualizing the therapeutic status of PRN therapy in IH with the hypoxia-imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingrui Zhai
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoya Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Ju
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huanqing Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guanduo Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengyun Huang, ; Zhanwei Chen, ; Xuan Wang,
| | - Zhanwei Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengyun Huang, ; Zhanwei Chen, ; Xuan Wang,
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengyun Huang, ; Zhanwei Chen, ; Xuan Wang,
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5
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Chen H, Yu Z, Ren S, Qiu Y. Fluorescent Probes Design Strategies for Imaging Mitochondria and Lysosomes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:915609. [PMID: 35928260 PMCID: PMC9343947 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.915609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern cellular biology faces several major obstacles, such as the determination of the concentration of active sites corresponding to chemical substances. In recent years, the popular small-molecule fluorescent probes have completely changed the understanding of cellular biology through their high sensitivity toward specific substances in various organisms. Mitochondria and lysosomes are significant organelles in various organisms, and their interaction is closely related to the development of various diseases. The investigation of their structure and function has gathered tremendous attention from biologists. The advanced nanoscopic technologies have replaced the diffraction-limited conventional imaging techniques and have been developed to explore the unknown aspects of mitochondria and lysosomes with a sub-diffraction resolution. Recent progress in this field has yielded several excellent mitochondria- and lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes, some of which have demonstrated significant biological applications. Herein, we review studies that have been carried out to date and suggest future research directions that will harness the considerable potential of mitochondria- and lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhenjie Yu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shiwei Ren
- Institute of Materia Medica, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuyu Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yuyu Qiu,
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6
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Wang Y, Meng X, Ma A, Sun M, Jiao S, Wang C. Rhodol-derived turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for ultrasensitive detection of nitroreductase activity in bacteria and bioimaging in oral cancer cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 270:120836. [PMID: 34998052 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection of intracellular nitroreductase (NTR) activity is important for the study of hypoxia in organisms. In the present study, a Rhodol-derived fluorescent chemosensor (Rhod-NO2) was synthesized in a one-step procedure. Rhod-NO2 exhibits 110-fold fluorescence enhancement in the presence of NTR. Moreover, Rhod-NO2 demonstrates high NTR selectivity and sensitivity (LOD, 0.6 ng/mL). The mode of Rhod-NO2 binding to NTR was also revealed by molecular docking. In addition, the reaction and luminescence mechanisms were evaluated by MS and TDDFT theoretical calculations, respectively. Finally, Rhod-NO2 was successfully applied to monitor NTR production during Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth, and to visually analyze NTR production in malignant oral cancer cells under hypoxia. Thus, Rhod-NO2 represents a new molecular tool to further understanding of the biological function of NTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiuping Meng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ang Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Mengyao Sun
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shan Jiao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China.
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7
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Wang W, Cai J, Wong NK, Hong M, Deng J, Jin L, Ran Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Guan BO. Visualizing nitroreductase activity in living cells and tissues under hypoxia and hepatic inflammation. Analyst 2022; 147:1449-1456. [PMID: 35266458 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting nitroreductase (NTR) activity in hypoxic cells and tissues in situ represents an important step toward accurate delineation of hypoxic disease loci. However, it remains challenging to develop fluorescent probes with the necessary attributes of selectivity, sensitivity, precise targeting and aqueous solubility. Herein, two kinds of fluorescent probes (NNP and cRGD-NNP) built on a 2-nitroimidazole sensing platform were synthesized for the detection of NTR activity in cell and in vivo models of hypoxia. In the presence of NADH, NNP displayed high selectivity for NTR, a strong fluorescence enhancement (108 fold), and a low detection limit (3.6 ng mL-1). Benefiting from the hydrophilic structure and tumor-targeting properties of the cRGD cyclopeptide group, the probe cRGD-NNP efficiently detected NTR activity in MCF cancer cells under hypoxia. In addition, the liposome-encapsulated probe was successfully applied to visualize NTR during liver inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiexuan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Meijing Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jianbin Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yang Ran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaqi Zhou
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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8
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Li M, Kong X, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Dai X, Wang J, Lin W. A novel red-emitting two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging nitroreductases in cancer cells and tumor tissues with hypoxia conditions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Das S, Indurthi HK, Asati P, Sharma DK. Small Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Sensing and Bioimaging of Nitroreductase. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samarpita Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
| | - Harish K. Indurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
| | - Pulkit Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
| | - Deepak K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
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10
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Li H, Kim Y, Jung H, Hyun JY, Shin I. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence-emitting small organic molecules for cancer imaging and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8957-9008. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00722c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discuss recent advances made in the development of NIR fluorescence-emitting small organic molecules for tumor imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoje Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Yuan M, Wu Y, Zhao C, Chen Z, Su L, Yang H, Song J. Activated molecular probes for enzyme recognition and detection. Theranostics 2022; 12:1459-1485. [PMID: 35154500 PMCID: PMC8771559 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring and understanding the interaction of changes in the activities of various enzymes, such as proteases, phosphatases, and oxidoreductases with tumor invasion, proliferation, and metastasis is of great significance for early cancer diagnosis. To detect the activity of tumor-related enzymes, various molecular probes have been developed with different imaging methods, including optical imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and so on. In this review, we first describe the biological functions of various enzymes and the selectively recognized chemical linkers or groups. Subsequently, we systematically summarize the design mechanism of imaging probes and different imaging methods. Finally, we explore the challenges and development prospects in the field of enzyme activity detection. This comprehensive review will provide more insight into the design and development of enzyme activated molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jibin Song
- MOE key laboratory for analytical science of food safety and biology Institution, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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12
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Development of a NIR fluorescent probe for the detection of intracellular cysteine and glutathione and the monitoring of the drug resistance. Talanta 2021; 235:122771. [PMID: 34517629 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cysteine and glutathione was deemed as the most important reductants in the cell and played significant roles in the cellular homeostasis and redox adjustment. Here we developed a NIR fluorescent probe (HI) to detect and report the intracellular cysteine and glutathione, and monitor the development of the drug resistance of tumor. HI with both excited wavelength and emitting wavelength located within near infrared area showed no fluorescence in the normal physiological environment. However, when HI responded to cysteine and glutathione, strong NIR fluorescence could be turned on, which was linear dependent to the cysteine concentrations and the limited of detection was 0.18 μM. The response between HI and cysteine/glutathione demonstrated high specificity and no other amino acids showed influence or competition. The HPLC identification of the recognition results confirmed the response of acryloyloxy on the HI and active sulfhydryl on the cysteine/glutathione. DFT calculation of the HOMO and LUMO energy before and after response revealed the intramolecular charge transfer mechanism that induced the generation of the fluorescence. When HI was incubated with PATU-8988 and PATU-8988/Fu cell, the intracellular cysteine and glutathione could be clearly imaged and monitored by the enhanced fluorescence. Meanwhile, when HI was applied to the tumor-bearing mice, the drug resistance of tumor could be monitored and reported.
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13
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Yin J, Huang L, Wu L, Li J, James TD, Lin W. Small molecule based fluorescent chemosensors for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12098-12150. [PMID: 34550134 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment (local environment), including viscosity, temperature, polarity, hypoxia, and acidic-basic status (pH), plays indispensable roles in cellular processes. Significantly, organelles require an appropriate microenvironment to perform their specific physiological functions, and disruption of the microenvironmental homeostasis could lead to malfunctions of organelles, resulting in disorder and disease development. Consequently, monitoring the microenvironment within specific organelles is vital to understand organelle-related physiopathology. Over the past few years, many fluorescent probes have been developed to help reveal variations in the microenvironment within specific cellular regions. Given that a comprehensive understanding of the microenvironment in a particular cellular region is of great significance for further exploration of life events, a thorough summary of this topic is urgently required. However, there has not been a comprehensive and critical review published recently on small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors for the cellular microenvironment. With this review, we summarize the recent progress since 2015 towards small-molecule based fluorescent probes for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions, including the mitochondria, lysosomes, lipid drops, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, nucleus, cytoplasmic matrix and cell membrane. Further classifications at the suborganelle level, according to detection of microenvironmental factors by probes, including polarity, viscosity, temperature, pH and hypoxia, are presented. Notably, in each category, design principles, chemical synthesis, recognition mechanism, fluorescent signals, and bio-imaging applications are summarized and compared. In addition, the limitations of the current microenvironment-sensitive probes are analyzed and the prospects for future developments are outlined. In a nutshell, this review comprehensively summarizes and highlights recent progress towards small molecule based fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions since 2015. We anticipate that this summary will facilitate a deeper understanding of the topic and encourage research directed towards the development of probes for the detection of cellular microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Liu T, Wang Y, Feng L, Tian X, Cui J, Yu Z, Wang C, Zhang B, James TD, Ma X. 2D Strategy for the Construction of an Enzyme-Activated NIR Fluorophore Suitable for the Visual Sensing and Profiling of Homologous Nitroreductases from Various Bacterial Species. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3348-3356. [PMID: 34469146 PMCID: PMC8477384 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductases (NTRs) mediate the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding nitrite, hydroxylamine, or amino derivatives. The activity of NTRs in bacteria facilitates the metabolic activation and antibacterial activity of 5-nitroimidazoles. Therefore, NTR activity correlates with the drug susceptibility and resistance of pathogenic bacteria. As such, it is important to develop a rapid and visual assay for the real-time sensing of bacterial NTRs for the evaluation and development of antibiotics. Herein, an activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe (HC-NO2) derived from a hemicyanine fluorophore was designed and developed based on two evaluation factors, including the calculated partition coefficient (Clog P) and fluorescence wavelength. Using HC-NO2 as the special substrate of NTRs, NTR activity can be assayed efficiently, and then, bacteria can be imaged based on the detection of NTRs. More importantly, a sensitive in-gel assay using HC-NO2 has been developed to selectively identify NTRs and sensitively determine NTR activity. Using the in-gel assay, NTRs from various bacterial species have been profiled visually from the "fluorescence fingerprints", which facilitates the rapid identification of NTRs from bacterial lysates. Thus, various homologous NTRs were identified from three metronidazole-susceptible bacterial species as well as seven unsusceptible species, which were confirmed by the whole-genome sequence. As such, the evaluation of NTRs from different bacterial species should help improve the rational usage of 5-nitroimidazole drugs as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Dalian
Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional
Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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15
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Qiao J, Wang M, Cui M, Fang Y, Li H, Zheng C, Li Z, Xu Y, Hua H, Li D. Small-molecule probes for fluorescent detection of cellular hypoxia-related nitroreductase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114199. [PMID: 34130009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductase is a reductase that catalyzes nitro aromatic compounds to aromatic amines. It effectively reduces nitro to hydroxylamine or amino when in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. In terms of tumor, nitroreductase is upregulated in hypoxic tumor cells, and its content is directly related to the degree of hypoxia. Therefore, effective detection of nitroreductase is important not only for the study of cellular hypoxia, but also for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors and related diseases. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in small-molecule fluorescent probes for nitroreductase detection based on different fluorescence mechanisms, with a focus on research conducted between May 2018 and December 2020. The development trends and application prospect in this rapidly developing field were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Mingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Menghan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yuxi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Chao Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yongnan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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16
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Hettie KS, Klockow JL, Moon EJ, Giaccia AJ, Chin FT. A NIR fluorescent smart probe for imaging tumor hypoxia. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1384. [PMID: 33811473 PMCID: PMC8551997 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor hypoxia is a characteristic of paramount importance due to low oxygenation levels in tissue negatively correlating with resistance to traditional therapies. The ability to noninvasively identify such could provide for personalized treatment(s) and enhance survival rates. Accordingly, we recently developed an NIR fluorescent hypoxia-sensitive smart probe (NO2 -Rosol) for identifying hypoxia via selectively imaging nitroreductase (NTR) activity, which could correlate to oxygen deprivation levels in cells, thereby serving as a proxy. We demonstrated proof of concept by subjecting a glioblastoma (GBM) cell line to extreme stress by evaluating such under radiobiological hypoxic (pO2 ≤ ~0.5%) conditions, which is a far cry from representative levels for hypoxia for brain glioma (pO2 = ~1.7%) which fluctuate little from physiological hypoxic (pO2 = 1.0-3.0%) conditions. AIM We aimed to evaluate the robustness, suitability, and feasibility of NO2 -Rosol for imaging hypoxia in vitro and in vivo via assessing NTR activity in diverse GBM models under relevant oxygenation levels (pO2 = 2.0%) within physiological hypoxic conditions that mimic oxygenation levels in GBM tumor tissue in the brain. METHODS We evaluated multiple GBM cell lines to determine their relative sensitivity to oxygenation levels via measuring carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) levels, which is a surrogate marker for indirectly identifying hypoxia by reporting on oxygen deprivation levels and upregulated NTR activity. We evaluated for hypoxia via measuring NTR activity when employing NO2 -Rosol in in vitro and tumor hypoxia imaging studies in vivo. RESULTS The GBM39 cell line demonstrated the highest CAIX expression under hypoxic conditions representing that of GBM in the brain. NO2 -Rosol displayed an 8-fold fluorescence enhancement when evaluated in GBM39 cells (pO2 = 2.0%), thereby establishing its robustness and suitability for imaging hypoxia under relevant physiological conditions. We demonstrated the feasibility of NO2 -Rosol to afford tumor hypoxia imaging in vivo via it demonstrating a tumor-to-background of 5 upon (i) diffusion throughout, (ii) bioreductive activation by NTR activity in, and (iii) retention within, GBM39 tumor tissue. CONCLUSION We established the robustness, suitability, and feasibility of NO2 -Rosol for imaging hypoxia under relevant oxygenation levels in vitro and in vivo via assessing NTR activity in GBM39 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Hettie
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica L Klockow
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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17
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Yoon SA, Chun J, Kang C, Lee MH. Self-Calibrating Bipartite Fluorescent Sensor for Nitroreductase Activity and Its Application to Cancer and Hypoxic Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2052-2057. [PMID: 35014331 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to their corresponding amino derivatives by nitroreductases (NTR), while identification and characterization of the corresponding enzymes in mammalian systems are yet unrevealed. However, mammalian NTR activity has been considered as a favorable target in development of theranostic agents for cancer and hypoxia of solid tumors. Currently, small molecule-based fluorescent probes have emerged as a valuable assay tool for NTR activity. However, there has been a limit to comparing NTR activity between different cells, since most probes have relied on fluorescence changes that are affected by not only enzymatic activity but also nonenzymatic factors. Here, we developed a self-calibrating bipartite fluorescent probe, consisting of NTR-sensitive nitronaphthalimide and nonsensitive coumarin moieties. Thereby, it was possible to compare the relative NTR activity by monitoring fluorescence ratios in noncancerous and some cancerous cells and to demonstrate for certain that the elevated NTR activity is associated with cancer cells and hypoxia states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin A Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jieun Chun
- The School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Chulhun Kang
- The School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Min Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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18
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Kim SJ, Yoon JW, Yoon SA, Lee MH. Ratiometric Fluorescence Assay for Nitroreductase Activity: Locked-Flavylium Fluorophore as a NTR-Sensitive Molecular Probe. Molecules 2021; 26:1088. [PMID: 33669590 PMCID: PMC7923055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroreductases belong to a member of flavin-containing enzymes that can reduce nitroaromatic compounds to amino derivatives with NADH as an electron donor. NTR activity is known to be elevated in the cancerous environment and is considered an advantageous target in therapeutic prodrugs for the treatment of cancer. Here, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent molecule for observing NTR activity in living cells. This can provide a selective and sensitive response to NTR with a distinct increase in fluorescence ratio (FI530/FI630) as well as color changes. We also found a significant increase in NTR activity in cervical cancer HeLa and lung cancer A549 cells compared to non-cancerous NIH3T3. We proposed that this new ratiometric fluorescent molecule could potentially be used as a NTR-sensitive molecular probe in the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment development related to NTR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (S.J.K.); (J.W.Y.); (S.A.Y.)
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19
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Sun W, Tong M, Liu G, Wang X, Fan N, Song X, Yang D, Zhang D. A fluorescence sensor for nitroreductase detection in hypoxic cells and zebrafish. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Jiao S, Yang S, Meng X, Wang C. One step synthesis of red-emitting fluorescence turn-on probe for nitroreductase and its application to bacterial detection and oral cancer cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 241:118637. [PMID: 32615372 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitroreductase (NTR) belongs to a class of flavin mononucleotide-dependent and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent cytoplasmic enzymes; its contents in tumor cells increase during hypoxia. The development of fluorescent probes for detection of NTR activity is of great significance for the study of the state of hypoxia in living organisms. In this paper, a red-emitting fluorescence turn-on probe EBI-NO2 was synthesized using a one-step method. The fluorescence of the probe was enhanced by 60 folds in the presence of NTR. The probe also had high selectivity towards NTR, and its detection limit was as low as 1 ng/mL. The reaction mechanism was verified using MS, molecular docking and theoretical calculations. In addition, it was successfully applied in real-time monitoring of NTR produced during growth of Escherichia coli (BL21) and in visualization of NTR in oral cancer cells (Cal-27) under hypoxia. This work provides a new imaging tool that can be applied to investigate the physiological and pathological changes in hypoxia oral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiuping Meng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Qinghua Road 1500, Changchun 130021, China.
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21
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Recent progress in the design principles, sensing mechanisms, and applications of small-molecule probes for nitroreductases. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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