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Toczek L, Bosma H, Peter R. Early retirement intentions: the impact of employment biographies, work stress and health among a baby-boomer generation. Eur J Ageing 2022; 19:1479-1491. [PMID: 36692777 PMCID: PMC9729676 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-022-00731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, early retirement decisions have become more frequent in the European Union despite political efforts to prevent early retirement. This is a growing problem for the social security system. The study focuses on a life course approach using employment biographies and investigates the influence of work stress and health on early retirement intentions. Data of employees who were born in either 1959 or 1965 of the German cohort study on work, age, health and work participation are analysed (n = 3338). By linking survey and register data from 1993 to 2011, a sequence analysis is conducted to identify employment biographies. To analyse the relationship between the employment biographies and intended early retirement, a longitudinal path analysis is computed and includes work stress, measured through effort-reward imbalance, and self-rated health. The statistical analyses identify three adverse employment biographies, i.e. part-time work, episodes of unemployment or marginal employment. In addition, two favourable employment biographies are determined, characterised by full-time work and few episodes of unemployment. The results of the path analysis show that employment biographies with high work-related stress have early retirement intentions. Among adverse employment biographies, indirect effects of poor health on the association between work stress and early retirement intentions are found. Unexpectedly, among full-time workers, work stress is also associated with early retirement intentions with an additional mediation through health. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the life course perspective when analysing retirement decisions. In addition to health-promoting interventions in the labour market, effects of psychosocial factors should be focussed on in order to reduce early exits from the labour market. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00731-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Toczek
- Department of Medical Sociology, Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Parkstrasse 11, 89073 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans Bosma
- Department of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Peter
- Department of Medical Sociology, Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Parkstrasse 11, 89073 Ulm, Germany
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Cinaroglu S. Interaction Between Self-rated Health and Labour Force Participation: A Panel Data Probit Model with Survival Estimates. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09720634211050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the relationship between health and labour in Turkey under the intervention of demographic variables. Four waves of the TurkStat Income and Living Conditions Panel Survey (2008–2011) were used. Demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation indicators were used to examine different generalised linear model (GLM)-like panel binomial probit model specifications using self-assessed health (SAH) status and self-reported working status (SRWS) as dependent variables. Kaplan–Meier (KM) estimates for the probability of survival in SAH and SRWS were examined using the X2 values of the log-rank and Peto–Peto–Prentice tests for equality of survivor functions by study variables. Study results reveal that the hazard of assessing good health and currently working increases for individuals who are married ( p < 0.001), highly educated ( p < 0.001), do not have any chronic disease ( p < 0.001), do not have any health restrictions ( p < 0.001) and occupy high-qualification jobs ( p < 0.001). KM estimates support the panel model results. The present study reveals that demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation are the driving forces in the interaction of health and labour dynamics. Reducing income inequality, increasing the minimum wage and improving working conditions, while promoting gender equality, are essentials of better management of health and labour markets.
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Kc P, Virtanen M, Pentti J, Kivimäki M, Vahtera J, Stenholm S. Does working beyond the statutory retirement age have an impact on health and functional capacity? The Finnish Retirement and Aging cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:oemed-2020-106964. [PMID: 33303688 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the development of self-rated health, psychological distress and physical functioning between those retired on time and those who continued working beyond the individual retirement age. METHODS The study population consisted of 2340 public sector employees from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study. Participants were categorised into no extension of employment (retired at the individual retirement date or <3 months past) and extension of employment (≥12 months). Propensity score matching (1:1 ratio) was used to identify comparable group of participants in the no-extension (n=574) and extension (n=574) groups by taking into account preretirement characteristics and their interactions. RESULTS The prevalence of suboptimal self-rated health and psychological distress changed a little among the extension group during the follow-up from 1 year before (T1) to 18 months (T2) and 30 months (T3) after individual pensionable date. Compared with no extension, the risk of having suboptimal self-rated health in the extension group was 0.89 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.17) at T1, 1.16 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.53) at T2 and 0.96 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.37) at T3. For psychological distress, the corresponding risk ratios were 0.93 (0.65 to 1.32), 1.15 (0.78 to 1.69) and 1.04 (0.61 to 1.79). The mean differences in the number of physical functioning difficulties between the extension and no-extension groups were 0.06 (-0.16 to 0.29) at T1, 0.05 (-0.18 to 0.27) at T2 and -0.11 (-0.39 to 0.17) at T3. CONCLUSIONS This study found no evidence that voluntarily extending the working career beyond retirement age would pose a risk to health and physical functioning among ageing workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kc
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari Stenholm
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Lallukka T, Kerkelä M, Ristikari T, Merikukka M, Hiilamo H, Virtanen M, Øverland S, Gissler M, Halonen JI. Determinants of long-term unemployment in early adulthood: A Finnish birth cohort study. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100410. [PMID: 31193554 PMCID: PMC6535628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative contributions of social and health-related determinants to long-term unemployment during early working life among young adults are poorly understood. Therefore, we used four cumulative indices of both parental and own social and health-related determinants of such unemployment among a cohort which comprised a complete census of children born in Finland in 1987. The cohort participants were registered in the Medical Birth Register, and they were followed-up through 2015 (N = 46 521). We calculated predicted probabilities for long-term unemployment (> 12 months) when participants were 25–28 years. Moreover, we examined whether the associations differed by unemployment at the municipal level. During the follow-up, 4.5% of women and 7.1% of men experienced long-term unemployment. All cumulative indices of parental and own social and health-related determinants predicted the probability of long-term unemployment. The greatest probabilities were observed for own social determinants, both in municipalities with high and low unemployment although the probabilities were higher in the high-unemployment municipalities. Of the individual determinants, poor school performance showed the strongest association with long-term unemployment among women (OR 6.65, 95% CI 5.21–8.55) and men (OR 3.70, 95% CI 2.96–4.67), after adjusting for other own social determinants. The results highlight the importance of life course social equality in the prevention of long-term unemployment in early adulthood. Parental and own social and health-related factors predict long-term unemployment. Particularly poor school performance increases the odds for long-term unemployment. With high municipal unemployment rates, effects of social disadvantage are emphasized. Those better off have a lower risk of unemployment even in high unemployment areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lallukka
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martta Kerkelä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Welfare, Children, Adolescents and Families Unit, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Ristikari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Welfare, Children, Adolescents and Families Unit, Oulu, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Merikukka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Welfare, Children, Adolescents and Families Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Hiilamo
- Department of Social Research, Social and Public Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Simon Øverland
- Division of Physical and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.,Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Mika Gissler
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Information Services, Statistics and Registers Unit, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jivraj S, Norman P, Nicholas O, Murray ET. Are there sensitive neighbourhood effect periods during the life course on midlife health and wellbeing? Health Place 2019; 57:147-156. [PMID: 31051326 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the turn of the century there has been an explosion in the number of epidemiological studies that have analysed neighbourhood effects on health and wellbeing. The vast majority of these studies are cross-sectional in nature and assume that a contemporaneous place of residence captures a meaningful neighbourhood effect. Over the same time frame, social epidemiology has focussed increasingly on life course effects. This paper aims to bring these two areas of study together and tests whether there a certain ages during the life course when neighbourhoods are more important for our health and wellbeing than others. We use two British birth cohort studies (1958 National Child Development Study and British Cohort Study 1970) each comprising approximately 6,000 sample members at midlife linked to historic census measures used to derived Townsend neighbourhood deprivation scores over the life course. We find little evidence to support our hypothesis that adolescence is a key period of neighbourhood effect, rather we find late-early-adulthood neighbourhood deprivation and midlife neighbourhood deprivation are more strongly related to mid-life health and wellbeing. We are not able to conclude whether these effects are causal and encourage further investigation of selection mechanisms into neighbourhoods and mediation throughout the life course using our newly created dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jivraj
- UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, London, UK.
| | - Paul Norman
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Emily T Murray
- UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, London, UK
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