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Vilanakis E, Papakonstantinou E, Paramera E, Argyri I, Drakou E, Kokkinou E, Zouvelou V, Outsika C, Pons R. Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Neurotransmitters in a Greek Pediatric Reference Population. Neuropediatrics 2023; 54:126-133. [PMID: 36442788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1988-2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biogenic amines and pterins analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of inherited disorders of monoamine neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were the establishment of reference values of CSF biogenic amine metabolites in a cohort of Greek children, the detection of primary defects of biogenic amine metabolism, and the assessment of biogenic amine metabolites in children with different neurological disorders. METHODS CSF biogenic amine metabolites and pterins (biopterin and neopterin) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection. Three hundred sixty-three samples were analyzed: 60 infants and children with no history of neurological disorder, 6 with inherited disorders of monoamine neurotransmitters, and 297 with diverse neurological disorders. RESULTS Reference values were stratified into six age groups. A strong correlation between homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels with age was detected (p < 0.001). Two patients were diagnosed with a defect of the biogenic amine synthetic pathway and three with a defect of tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor production. HVA and 5HIAA abnormalities were detected within different groups of neurological disorders, but none followed a specific pattern of HVA and 5HIAA abnormalities. CONCLUSION In the current study, Greek reference values of biogenic amines and pterins in CSF are presented. Five new patients with inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are described. Nonspecific secondary biogenic amine disturbances can be seen in patients with different neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Vilanakis
- Pediatric Department, 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioanna Argyri
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aglaia Kyriakou Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Drakou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Kokkinou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vicky Zouvelou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysa Outsika
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Roser Pons
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of vitamin B6 pyridoxal 5́-phosphate, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1212:123503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Afia AB, Vila È, MacDowell KS, Ormazabal A, Leza JC, Haro JM, Artuch R, Ramos B, Garcia-Bueno B. Kynurenine pathway in post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in schizophrenia: relationship with monoamines and symptomatology. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:198. [PMID: 34511126 PMCID: PMC8436477 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit has been implicated in the emergence of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia (SZ). The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been linked to alterations in glutamatergic and monoaminergic neurotransmission and to SZ symptomatology through the production of the metabolites quinolinic acid (QA) and kynurenic acid (KYNA). METHODS This work describes alterations in KP in the post-mortem prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum (CB) of 15 chronic SZ patients and 14 control subjects in PFC and 13 control subjects in CB using immunoblot for protein levels and ELISA for interleukins and QA and KYNA determinations. Monoamine metabolites were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and SZ symptomatology was assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The association of KP with inflammatory mediators, monoamine metabolism and SZ symptomatology was explored. RESULTS In the PFC, the presence of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 together with IDO2 and KATII enzymes decreased in SZ, while TDO and KMO enzyme expression increased. A network interaction analysis showed that in the PFC IL-10 was coupled to the QA branch of the kynurenine pathway (TDO-KMO-QA), whereas IL-10 associated with KMO in CB. KYNA in the CB inversely correlated with negative and general PANSS psychopathology. Although there were no changes in monoamine metabolite content in the PFC in SZ, a network interaction analysis showed associations between dopamine and methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol degradation metabolite. Direct correlations were found between general PANSS psychopathology and the serotonin degradation metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Interestingly, KYNA in the CB inversely correlated with 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the PFC. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this work found alterations in KP in two brain areas belonging to the cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit associated with SZ symptomatology, with a possible impact across areas in 5-HT degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Ben Afia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Èlia Vila
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karina S MacDowell
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Ormazabal
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Institut de recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER-ISCIII, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2. 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Haro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Institut de recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER-ISCIII, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2. 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Ramos
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Borja Garcia-Bueno
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health), Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Effects of time-of-day on the concentration of defined excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats: a microdialysis study. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1597-1607. [PMID: 34459991 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid neurotransmitters are responsible for many physiological and pathological processes, and their cerebral concentrations respond to external influences such as the light-dark cycle and to the synthesis, release, and recapture rhythms and form part of the biochemical relationships derived from excitatory-inhibitory (E/I), glutamine-glutamate sum (GLX), glutamatergic processing (glutamine-glutamate ratio) and excitotoxic indexes. The changes in these variables during a 24-h period (1 day) are important because they allow organisms to adapt to external stimuli and form part of physiological processes. Under pathological conditions, the damage produced by acute events may depend on diurnal variations. Therefore, it is important to analyze the extracellular levels of amino acids as well as the above-mentioned indexes over a 24-h period. We focused on determining the cerebrospinal fluid levels of different amino acid neurotransmitters, and the E/I, GLX, glutamatergic processing and excitotoxic indexes, determined by microdialysis over a 24-h cycle. Our results showed significant changes during the 24-h light/dark cycle. Specifically, we found increments in the levels of glutamate (325%), GABA (550%), glutamine (300%), glycine (194%), alanine (304%) and the GLX index (263%) throughout the day, and the maximum levels of glutamate, glutamine, glycine, and alanine were obtained during the last period of the light period. In conclusion, the concentration of some amino acid neurotransmitters and the GLX index show variations depending on the light-dark cycle.
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Klinke G, Richter S, Monostori P, Schmidt-Mader B, García-Cazorla A, Artuch R, Christ S, Opladen T, Hoffmann GF, Blau N, Okun JG. Targeted cerebrospinal fluid analysis for inborn errors of metabolism on an LC-MS/MS analysis platform. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:712-725. [PMID: 31930732 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory investigations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are essential when suspecting an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) involving neurological features. Available tests are currently performed on different analytical platforms, requiring a large sample volume and long turnaround time, which often delays timely diagnosis. Therefore, it would be preferable to have an "one-instrument" targeted multi-metabolite approach. METHOD A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platform, based on two different methods for analysing 38 metabolites using positive and negative electrospray ionisation modes, was established. To allow for platform extension, both methods were designed to use the same CSF sample preparation procedure and to be run on the same separation column (ACE C18-PFP). RESULTS Assessment of the LC-MS/MS platform methods was first made by analytical validation, followed by the establishment of literature-based CSF cut-off values and reference ranges, and by the measurement of available samples obtained from patients with confirmed diagnoses of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, ornithine aminotransferase deficiency, cerebral folate deficiency and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. CONCLUSION An extendable targeted LC-MS/MS platform was developed for the analysis of multiple metabolites in CSF, thereby distinguishing samples from patients with IEM from non-IEM samples. Reference concentrations for several biomarkers in CSF are provided for the first time. By measurement on a single analytical platform, less sample volume is required (200 μL), diagnostic results are obtained faster, and preanalytical issues are reduced. SYNOPSIS LC-MS/MS platform for CSF analysis consisting of two differentially designed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Klinke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Richter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Péter Monostori
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schmidt-Mader
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angels García-Cazorla
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatric Neurology, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatric Neurology, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stine Christ
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nenad Blau
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Haijes HA, Willemse EAJ, Gerrits J, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Jans JJM. Assessing the Pre-Analytical Stability of Small-Molecule Metabolites in Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Direct-Infusion Metabolomics. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100236. [PMID: 31635433 PMCID: PMC6835587 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics studies aiming to find biomarkers frequently make use of historical or multicenter cohorts. These samples often have different pre-analytical conditions that potentially affect metabolite concentrations. We studied the effect of different storage conditions on the stability of small-molecule metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid to aid a reliable interpretation of metabolomics data. Three cerebrospinal fluid pools were prepared from surplus samples from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort biobank. Aliquoted pools were exposed to different storage conditions to assess the temperature and freeze/thaw stability before final storage at −80 °C: storage up to four months at −20 °C and up to one week at either 5–8 °C or 18–22 °C and exposure to up to seven freeze/thaw cycles. Direct-infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed, resulting in the identification of 1852 m/z peaks. To test the storage stability, principal component analyses, repeated measures analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and fold change analyses were performed, all demonstrating that small-molecule metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are relatively unaffected by 1–3 freeze/thaw cycles, by storage at −20 °C up to two months, by storage at 5–8 °C for up to 72 h, or by storage at 18–22 °C for up to 8 h. This suggests that these differences do not affect the interpretation of potential small-molecule biomarkers in multicenter or historical cohorts and implies that these cohorts are suitable for biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke A Haijes
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Section Metabolic Diseases, Department of Child Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eline A J Willemse
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Gerrits
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanda M Verhoeven-Duif
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith J M Jans
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Tiani KA, Stover PJ, Field MS. The Role of Brain Barriers in Maintaining Brain Vitamin Levels. Annu Rev Nutr 2019; 39:147-173. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that tissue-specific nutrient deficiencies can exist in the absence of whole-body deficiency and that these deficiencies may result from disease or disease-related physiological processes. Brain and central nervous system tissues require adequate nutrient levels to function. Many nutrients are concentrated in the cerebrospinal fluid relative to the serum in healthy individuals, and other nutrients resist depletion in the presence of whole-body nutrient depletion. The endothelial, epithelial, and arachnoid brain barriers work in concert to selectively transport, concentrate, and maintain levels of the specific nutrients required by the brain while also blocking the passage of blood-borne toxins and pathogens to brain and central nervous system tissues. These barriers preserve nutrient levels within the brain and actively concentrate nutrients within the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. The roles of physical and energetic barriers, including the blood–brain and blood–nerve barriers, in maintaining brain nutrient levels in health and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. Tiani
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J. Stover
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2142, USA
| | - Martha S. Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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