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Jiang W, Shaw S, Rush J, Dumont N, Kim J, Singh R, Skepner A, Khodier C, Raffier C, Yan N, Schluter C, Yu X, Szuchnicki M, Sathappa M, Kahn J, Sperling AS, McKinney DC, Gould AE, Garvie CW, Miller PG. Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of PPM1D Using a Novel Drug Discovery Platform. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595001. [PMID: 38826457 PMCID: PMC11142126 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1D (PPM1D), is a serine/threonine phosphatase that is recurrently activated in cancer, regulates the DNA damage response (DDR), and suppresses the activation of p53. Consistent with its oncogenic properties, genetic loss or pharmacologic inhibition of PPM1D impairs tumor growth and sensitizes cancer cells to cytotoxic therapies in a wide range of preclinical models. Given the therapeutic potential of targeting PPM1D specifically and the DDR and p53 pathway more generally, we sought to deepen our biological understanding of PPM1D as a drug target and determine how PPM1D inhibition differs from other therapeutic approaches to activate the DDR. We performed a high throughput screen to identify new allosteric inhibitors of PPM1D, then generated and optimized a suite of enzymatic, cell-based, and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assays to drive medicinal chemistry efforts and to further interrogate the biology of PPM1D. Importantly, this drug discovery platform can be readily adapted to broadly study the DDR and p53. We identified compounds distinct from previously reported allosteric inhibitors and showed in vivo on-target activity. Our data suggest that the biological effects of inhibiting PPM1D are distinct from inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction and standard cytotoxic chemotherapies. These differences also highlight the potential therapeutic contexts in which targeting PPM1D would be most valuable. Therefore, our studies have identified a series of new PPM1D inhibitors, generated a suite of in vitro and in vivo assays that can be broadly used to interrogate the DDR, and provided important new insights into PPM1D as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Subrata Shaw
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Rush
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Kim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritu Singh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam Skepner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carol Khodier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cerise Raffier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ni Yan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cameron Schluter
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mateusz Szuchnicki
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Murugappan Sathappa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adam S. Sperling
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C. McKinney
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra E. Gould
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colin W. Garvie
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter G. Miller
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Burocziova M, Danek P, Oravetzova A, Chalupova Z, Alberich-Jorda M, Macurek L. Ppm1d truncating mutations promote the development of genotoxic stress-induced AML. Leukemia 2023; 37:2209-2220. [PMID: 37709843 PMCID: PMC10624630 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ensure blood cell production during the life-time of an organism, and to do so they need to balance self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and migration in a steady state as well as in response to stress or injury. Importantly, aberrant proliferation of HSCs leads to hematological malignancies, and thus, tight regulation by various tumor suppressor pathways, including p53, is essential. Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1 delta (PPM1D) is a negative regulator of p53 and promotes cell survival upon induction of genotoxic stress. Truncating mutations in the last exon of PPM1D lead to the production of a stable, enzymatically active protein and are commonly associated with clonal hematopoiesis. Using a transgenic mouse model, we demonstrate that truncated PPM1D reduces self-renewal of HSCs in basal conditions but promotes the development of aggressive AML after exposure to ionizing radiation. Inhibition of PPM1D suppressed the colony growth of leukemic stem and progenitor cells carrying the truncated PPM1D, and remarkably, it provided protection against irradiation-induced cell growth. Altogether, we demonstrate that truncated PPM1D affects HSC maintenance, disrupts normal hematopoiesis, and that its inhibition could be beneficial in the context of therapy-induced AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Burocziova
- Department Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Danek
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Oravetzova
- Department Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chalupova
- Department Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Meritxell Alberich-Jorda
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, Praha, 150 06, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Belotserkovskaya E, Golotin V, Uyanik B, Demidov ON. Clonal haematopoiesis - a novel entity that modifies pathological processes in elderly. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:345. [PMID: 37726289 PMCID: PMC10509183 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of new sequencing techniques with wider accessibility and higher sensitivity of the protocol of deciphering genome particularities led to the discovery of a new phenomenon - clonal haematopoiesis. It is characterized by the presence in the bloodstream of elderly people a minor clonal population of cells with mutations in certain genes, but without any sign of disease related to the hematopoietic system. Here we will review this recent advancement in the field of clonal haematopoiesis and how it may affect the disease's development in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasily Golotin
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretskii prospect, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
- Saint Petersburg bra-nch of "VNIRO" ("Gos-NOIRH" named after L.S. Berg), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Burhan Uyanik
- INSERM UMR1231, Laboratory of Excellence LipSTIC and label Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Oleg N Demidov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretskii prospect, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
- INSERM UMR1231, Laboratory of Excellence LipSTIC and label Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, Dijon, 21000, France.
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olimpiiskii pr-t, Sochi, 354340, Russian Federation.
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Sengupta S, Ghufran SM, Khan A, Biswas S, Roychoudhury S. Transition of amyloid/mutant p53 from tumor suppressor to an oncogene and therapeutic approaches to ameliorate metastasis and cancer stemness. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:416. [PMID: 36567312 PMCID: PMC9791775 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 when undergoes amyloid formation confers several gain-of-function (GOF) activities that affect molecular pathways crucial for tumorigenesis and progression like some of the p53 mutants. Even after successful cancer treatment, metastasis and recurrence can result in poor survival rates. The major cause of recurrence is mainly the remnant cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, which are resistant to any chemotherapy treatment. Several studies have demonstrated the role of p53 mutants in exacerbating cancer stemness properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in these remnant cancer cells. Analyzing the amyloid/mutant p53-mediated signaling pathways that trigger metastasis, relapse or chemoresistance may be helpful for the development of novel or improved individualized treatment plans. In this review, we discuss the changes in the metabolic pathways such as mevalonate pathway and different signaling pathways such as TGF-β, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB and Wnt due to p53 amyloid formation, or mutation. In addition to this, we have discussed the role of the regulatory microRNAs and lncRNAs linked with the mutant or amyloid p53 in human malignancies. Such changes promote tumor spread, potential recurrence, and stemness. Importantly, this review discusses the cancer therapies that target either mutant or amyloid p53, restore wild-type functions, and exploit the synthetic lethal interactions with mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjinee Sengupta
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Shaikh Maryam Ghufran
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Aqsa Khan
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Subhrajit Biswas
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- grid.489176.50000 0004 1803 6730Division of Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, 700063 India ,grid.417635.20000 0001 2216 5074Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Leem J, Bai GY, Kim JS, Oh JS. Increased WIP1 Expression With Aging Suppresses the Capacity of Oocytes to Respond to and Repair DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:810928. [PMID: 35004701 PMCID: PMC8740286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.810928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
If fertilization does not occur for a prolonged time after ovulation, oocytes undergo a time-dependent deterioration in quality in vivo and in vitro, referred to as postovulatory aging. The DNA damage response is thought to decline with aging, but little is known about how mammalian oocytes respond to the DNA damage during in vitro postovulatory aging. Here we show that increased WIP1 during in vitro postovulatory aging suppresses the capacity of oocytes to respond to and repair DNA damage. During in vitro aging, oocytes progressively lost their capacity to respond to DNA double-strand breaks, which corresponded with an increase in WIP1 expression. Increased WIP1 impaired the amplification of γ-H2AX signaling, which reduced the DNA repair capacity. WIP1 inhibition restored the DNA repair capacity, which prevented deterioration in oocyte quality and improved the fertilization and developmental competence of aged oocytes. Importantly, WIP1 was also found to be high in maternally aged oocytes, and WIP1 inhibition enhanced the DNA repair capacity of maternally aged oocytes. Therefore, our results demonstrate that increased WIP1 is responsible for the age-related decline in DNA repair capacity in oocytes, and WIP1 inhibition could restore DNA repair capacity in aged oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Leem
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Guang-Yu Bai
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Milosevic J, Treis D, Fransson S, Gallo-Oller G, Sveinbjörnsson B, Eissler N, Tanino K, Sakaguchi K, Martinsson T, Wickström M, Kogner P, Johnsen JI. PPM1D Is a Therapeutic Target in Childhood Neural Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236042. [PMID: 34885154 PMCID: PMC8657050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma are childhood tumors of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system, respectively. These are the most common and deadly tumors of childhood. A common genetic feature of medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma is frequent segmental gain or amplification of chromosome 17q. Located on chromosome 17q23.2 is PPM1D which encodes WIP1, a phosphatase that acts as a regulator of p53 and DNA repair. Overexpression of WIP1 correlates with poor patient prognosis. We investigated the effects of genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of WIP1 activity and found that medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells were strongly dependent on WIP1 expression for survival. We also tested a number of small molecule inhibitors of WIP1 and show that SL-176 was the most effective compound suppressing the growth of medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Abstract Childhood medulloblastoma and high-risk neuroblastoma frequently present with segmental gain of chromosome 17q corresponding to aggressive tumors and poor patient prognosis. Located within the 17q-gained chromosomal segments is PPM1D at chromosome 17q23.2. PPM1D encodes a serine/threonine phosphatase, WIP1, that is a negative regulator of p53 activity as well as key proteins involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis. Here, we show that the level of PPM1D expression correlates with chromosome 17q gain in medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells, and both medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells are highly dependent on PPM1D expression for survival. Comparison of different inhibitors of WIP1 showed that SL-176 was the most potent compound inhibiting medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma growth and had similar or more potent effects on cell survival than the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 or the p53 activator RITA. SL-176 monotherapy significantly suppressed the growth of established medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma xenografts in nude mice. These results suggest that the development of clinically applicable compounds inhibiting the activity of WIP1 is of importance since PPM1D activating mutations, genetic gain or amplifications and/or overexpression of WIP1 are frequently detected in several different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milosevic
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.I.J.)
| | - Diana Treis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Susanne Fransson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Gabriel Gallo-Oller
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Baldur Sveinbjörnsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Nina Eissler
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Keiji Tanino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Kazuyasu Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Tommy Martinsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Malin Wickström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.I.J.)
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High Expression of PPM1D Induces Tumors Phenotypically Similar to TP53 Loss-of-Function Mutations in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215493. [PMID: 34771656 PMCID: PMC8582939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant expression of the PPM1D gene which encodes a phosphatase called WIP1 is frequently observed in cancers of different origins. WIP1 is a negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53. Improper inactivation of p53 results in genomic instability and can induce neoplastic transformation. We show that overexpression of PPM1D induces tumors in mice similar to cancers harboring p53 mutations. Our results suggest that PPM1D can act as an oncogenic driver by inducing genomic instability, impaired growth arrest, and apoptotic escape that can result in neoplastic transformation and malignant tumor development. Abstract PPM1D is a negative regulator of p53 and genomic aberrations resulting in increased activity of PPM1D have been observed in cancers of different origins, indicating that PPM1D has oncogenic properties. We established a transgenic mouse model overexpressing PPM1D and showed that these mice developed a wide variety of cancers. PPM1D-expressing mice developed tumors phenotypically and genetically similar to tumors in mice with dysfunctional p53. T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma was the most frequent cancer observed in these mice (55%) followed by adenocarcinomas (24%), leukemia (12%) and other solid tumors including neuroblastoma. Characterization of T-cell lymphomas in mice overexpressing PPM1D demonstrates Pten-deletion and p53-accumulation similar to mice with p53 loss-of-function. Also, Notch1 mutations which are recurrently observed in T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL) were frequently detected in PPM1D-transgenic mice. Hence, PPM1D acts as an oncogenic driver in connection with cellular stress, suggesting that the PPM1D gene status and expression levels should be investigated in TP53 wild-type tumors.
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He W, Zhang Y, Cao Z, Ye Z, Lu X, Fan J, Peng W, Li Z. Wild-Type p53-Induced Phosphatase 1 Plays a Positive Role in Hematopoiesis in the Mouse Embryonic Head. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732527. [PMID: 34604235 PMCID: PMC8484912 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The first adult repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are found in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, which are produced from hemogenic endothelial cells. Embryonic head is the other site for HSC development. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is a type-2Cδ family serine/threonine phosphatase involved in various cellular processes such as lymphoid development and differentiation of adult HSCs. Most recently, we have shown that Wip1 modulates the pre-HSC maturation in the AGM region. However, it is not clear whether Wip1 regulates hematopoiesis in the embryonic head. Here we reported that disruption of Wip1 resulted in a decrease of hematopoietic progenitor cell number in the embryonic head. In vivo transplantation assays showed a reduction of HSC function after Wip1 ablation. We established that Wip1 deletion reduced the frequency and cell number of microglia in the embryonic head. Further observations revealed that Wip1 absence enhanced the gene expression of microglia-derived pro-inflammatory factors. Thus, it is likely that Wip1 functions as a positive regulator in HSC development by regulating the function of microglia in the embryonic head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan He
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Cao
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Ye
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwan Fan
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Inhibition of the DNA damage response phosphatase PPM1D reprograms neutrophils to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3622. [PMID: 34131120 PMCID: PMC8206133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PPM1D/Wip1 is a negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 and is overexpressed in several human solid tumors. Recent reports associate gain-of-function mutations of PPM1D in immune cells with worse outcomes for several human cancers. Here we show that mice with genetic knockout of Ppm1d or with conditional knockout of Ppm1d in the hematopoietic system, in myeloid cells, or in neutrophils all display significantly reduced growth of syngeneic melanoma or lung carcinoma tumors. Ppm1d knockout neutrophils infiltrate tumors extensively. Chemical inhibition of Wip1 in human or mouse neutrophils increases anti-tumor phenotypes, p53-dependent expression of co-stimulatory ligands, and proliferation of co-cultured cytotoxic T cells. These results suggest that inhibition of Wip1 in neutrophils enhances immune anti-tumor responses.
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10
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Phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1 δ (PPM1D), serine/threonine protein phosphatase and novel pharmacological target in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 184:114362. [PMID: 33309518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in DNA damage response genes are recognized mediators of tumorigenesis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. While protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1 δ (PPM1D), located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at 17q22-23, is a key regulator of cellular responses to DNA damage, amplification, overexpression, or mutation of this gene is important in a wide range of pathologic processes. In this review, we describe the physiologic function of PPM1D, as well as its role in diverse processes, including fertility, development, stemness, immunity, tumorigenesis, and treatment responsiveness. We highlight both the advances and limitations of current approaches to targeting malignant processes mediated by pathogenic alterations in PPM1D with the goal of providing rationale for continued research and development of clinically viable treatment approaches for PPM1D-associated diseases.
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11
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Liu Y, Chen YG. Intestinal epithelial plasticity and regeneration via cell dedifferentiation. CELL REGENERATION 2020; 9:14. [PMID: 32869114 PMCID: PMC7459029 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium possesses a great capacity of self-renewal under normal homeostatic conditions and of regeneration upon damages. The renewal and regenerative processes are driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which reside at the base of crypts and are marked by Lgr5. As Lgr5+ ISCs undergo fast cycling and are vulnerable to damages, there must be other types of cells that can replenish the lost Lgr5+ ISCs and then regenerate the damage epithelium. In addition to Lgr5+ ISCs, quiescent ISCs at the + 4 position in the crypt have been proposed to convert to Lgr5+ ISCs during regeneration. However, this “reserve stem cell” model still remains controversial. Different from the traditional view of a hierarchical organization of the intestinal epithelium, recent works support the dynamic “dedifferentiation” model, in which various cell types within the epithelium can de-differentiate to revert to the stem cell state and then regenerate the epithelium upon tissue injury. Here, we provide an overview of the cell identity and features of two distinct models and discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the intestinal epithelial plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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12
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Alison MR. The cellular origins of cancer with particular reference to the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:132-151. [PMID: 32794627 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells or their closely related committed progenitor cells are the likely founder cells of most neoplasms. In the continually renewing and hierarchically organized epithelia of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine, homeostatic stem cells are located at the beginning of the cell flux, in the basal layer of the oesophagus, the isthmic region of gastric oxyntic glands and at the bottom of gastric pyloric-antral glands and colonic crypts. The introduction of mutant oncogenes such as KrasG12D or loss of Tp53 or Apc to specific cell types expressing the likes of Lgr5 and Mist1 can be readily accomplished in genetically engineered mouse models to initiate tumorigenesis. Other origins of cancer are discussed including 'reserve' stem cells that may be activated by damage or through disruption of morphogen gradients along the crypt axis. In the liver and pancreas, with little cell turnover and no obvious stem cell markers, the importance of regenerative hyperplasia associated with chronic inflammation to tumour initiation is vividly apparent, though inflammatory conditions in the renewing populations are also permissive for tumour induction. In the liver, hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells and hepatic progenitor cells are embryologically related, and all can give rise to hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. In the exocrine pancreas, both acinar and ductal cells can give rise to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), although the preceding preneoplastic states are quite different: acinar-ductal metaplasia gives rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia culminating in PDAC, while ducts give rise to PDAC via. mucinous cell metaplasia that may have a polyclonal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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13
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Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima hyperplasia after vascular injury via p-adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. J Hypertens 2020; 37:2256-2268. [PMID: 31136458 PMCID: PMC6784764 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a crucial cause of vascular neointima hyperplasia and restenosis, thus limiting the long-term efficacy of percutaneous vascular intervention. We explored the role of wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1), a potent regulator of tumorigenesis and atherosclerosis, in VSMC proliferation and neointima hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Animal model of vascular restenosis was established in wild type C57BL/6J and VSMC-specific Tuberous Sclerosis 1 (TSC1)-knockdown mice by wire injury. We observed increased protein levels of Wip1, phospho (p)-S6 Ribosomal Protein (S6), p-4EBP1 but decreased p-adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α both in carotid artery at day 28 after injury and in VSMCs after 48 h of platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) treatment. By using hematoxylin-eosin staining, Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining, cell counting kit-8 assay and Ki-67 immunofluorescence staining, we found Wip1 antagonist GSK2830371 (GSK) or mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor rapamycin both obviously reversed the neointima formation and VSMC proliferation induced by wire injury and PDGF-BB, respectively. GSK also reversed the increase in mRNA level of Collagen I after wire injury. However, GSK had no obvious effects on VSMC migration induced by PDGF-BB. Simultaneously, TSC1 knockdown as well as AMPK inhibition by Compound C abolished the vascular protective and anti-proliferative effects of Wip1 inhibition. Additionally, suppression of AMPK also reversed the declined mTORC1 activity by GSK. CONCLUSION Wip1 promotes VSMC proliferation and neointima hyperplasia after wire injury via affecting AMPK/mTORC1 pathway.
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14
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Park D, Yoon G, Kim E, Lee T, Kim K, Lee PCW, Chang E, Choi S. Wip1 regulates Smad4 phosphorylation and inhibits TGF-β signaling. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48693. [PMID: 32103600 PMCID: PMC7202204 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor Smad4, a key mediator of the TGF-β/BMP pathways, is essential for development and tissue homeostasis. Phosphorylation of Smad4 in its linker region catalyzed by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a pivotal role in regulating its transcriptional activity and stability. In contrast, roles of Smad4 dephosphorylation as a control mechanism of TGF-β/BMP signaling and the phosphatases responsible for its dephosphorylation remain so far elusive. Here, we identify Wip1 as a Smad4 phosphatase. Wip1 selectively binds and dephosphorylates Smad4 at Thr277, a key MAPK phosphorylation site, thereby regulating its nuclear accumulation and half-life. In Xenopus embryos, Wip1 limits mesoderm formation and favors neural induction by inhibiting TGF-β/BMP signals. Wip1 restrains TGF-β-induced growth arrest, migration, and invasion in human cells and enhances the tumorigenicity of cancer cells by repressing the antimitogenic activity of Smad4. We propose that Wip1-dependent dephosphorylation of Smad4 is critical for the regulation of TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Seok Park
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Gang‐Ho Yoon
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Eun‐Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Taehyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Kyuhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Peter CW Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Eun‐Ju Chang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Sun‐Cheol Choi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
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15
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You W, Xu Z, Shan T. Regulatory Roles of GADD45α in Skeletal Muscle and Adipocyte. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:918-925. [PMID: 31232235 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190624143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GADD45α, a member of the GADD45 family proteins, is involved in various cellular processes including the maintenance of genomic integrity, growth arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and signal transduction. In skeletal muscle, GADD45α plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle atrophy. In adipocytes, GADD45α regulates preadipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and thermogenesis metabolism. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that GADD45α promotes gene activation by inducing DNA demethylation. The epigenetic function of GADD45α is important for preadipocyte differentiation and transcriptional regulation during development. This article mainly reviews and discusses the regulatory roles of GADD45α in skeletal muscle development, adipocyte progenitor differentiation, and DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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16
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Deng W, Li J, Dorrah K, Jimenez-Tapia D, Arriaga B, Hao Q, Cao W, Gao Z, Vadgama J, Wu Y. The role of PPM1D in cancer and advances in studies of its inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109956. [PMID: 32006900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A greater understanding of factors causing cancer initiation, progression and evolution is of paramount importance. Among them, the serine/threonine phosphatase PPM1D, also referred to as wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) or protein phosphatase 2C delta (PP2Cδ), is emerging as an important oncoprotein due to its negative regulation on a number of crucial cancer suppressor pathways. Initially identified as a p53-regulated gene, PPM1D has been afterwards found amplified and more recently mutated in many human cancers such as breast cancer. The latest progress in this field further reveals that selective inhibition of PPM1D to delay tumor onset or reduce tumor burden represents a promising anti-cancer strategy. Here, we review the advances in the studies of the PPM1D activity and its relevance to various cancers, and recent progress in development of PPM1D inhibitors and discuss their potential application in cancer therapy. Consecutive research on PPM1D and its relationship with cancer is essential, as it ultimately contributes to the etiology and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jieqing Li
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Dorrah
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denise Jimenez-Tapia
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brando Arriaga
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qiongyu Hao
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Gao
- Department of General Surgery, 5th Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430050, China; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bayview Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay Vadgama
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Lu ZW, Wen D, Wei WJ, Han LT, Xiang J, Wang YL, Wang Y, Liao T, Ji QH. Silencing of PPM1D inhibits cell proliferation and invasion through the p38 MAPK and p53 signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:783-794. [PMID: 31922231 PMCID: PMC7040886 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endeavors towards identifying key molecular markers for early diagnosis and treatment are driving the clinical study of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Recent studies have indicated that protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent, 1D (PPM1D) exerts an oncogenic function by increasing cell proliferation, migration and invasion in various cancer types. In addition, PPM1D has a high frequency of genetic alterations and has been proposed as a tumor driver in thyroid cancer, making PPM1D an attractive potential oncotarget for cancer treatment. The aims of the present study were to investigate the downstream targets of PPM1D and the potential molecular mechanisms of its oncogenic activities, as well as its clinical significance in PTC. As anticipated, PPM1D overexpression was confirmed in PTC clinical specimens. Furthermore, knockdown of PPM1D in thyroid cancer cell lines significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion but facilitated cell apoptosis. The protein levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p53 and Bax were increased in PPM1D-knockdown cells, while inhibition of p38 phosphorylation restored cell migration, proliferation and cell apoptosis. In addition, silencing of PPM1D expression induced nuclear translocation of p53 in K-1 and TPC-1 cells. The present results demonstrated that PPM1D regulated p38 MAPK and p53 signaling pathways to promote thyroid cancer progression. Collectively with the clinical results, these data qualified PPM1D as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in human thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wu Lu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Duo Wen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Li-Tao Han
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tian Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hai Ji
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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18
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Truncated PPM1D impairs stem cell response to genotoxic stress and promotes growth of APC-deficient tumors in the mouse colon. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:818. [PMID: 31659152 PMCID: PMC6817818 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1 delta (PPM1D) terminates cell response to genotoxic stress by negatively regulating the tumor suppressor p53 and other targets at chromatin. Mutations in the exon 6 of the PPM1D result in production of a highly stable, C-terminally truncated PPM1D. These gain-of-function PPM1D mutations are present in various human cancers but their role in tumorigenesis remains unresolved. Here we show that truncated PPM1D impairs activation of the cell cycle checkpoints in human non-transformed RPE cells and allows proliferation in the presence of DNA damage. Next, we developed a mouse model by introducing a truncating mutation in the PPM1D locus and tested contribution of the oncogenic PPM1DT allele to colon tumorigenesis. We found that p53 pathway was suppressed in colon stem cells harboring PPM1DT resulting in proliferation advantage under genotoxic stress condition. In addition, truncated PPM1D promoted tumor growth in the colon in Apcmin mice and diminished survival. Moreover, tumor organoids derived from colon of the ApcminPpm1dT/+ mice were less sensitive to 5-fluorouracil when compared to ApcminPpm1d+/+and the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil was restored by inhibition of PPM1D. Finally, we screened colorectal cancer patients and identified recurrent somatic PPM1D mutations in a fraction of colon adenocarcinomas that are p53 proficient and show defects in mismatch DNA repair. In summary, we provide the first in vivo evidence that truncated PPM1D can promote tumor growth and modulate sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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19
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Bankaitis ED, Ha A, Kuo CJ, Magness ST. Reserve Stem Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Injury. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1348-1361. [PMID: 30118745 PMCID: PMC7493459 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renewal of the intestinal epithelium occurs approximately every week and requires a careful balance between cell proliferation and differentiation to maintain proper lineage ratios and support absorptive, secretory, and barrier functions. We review models used to study the mechanisms by which intestinal stem cells (ISCs) fuel the rapid turnover of the epithelium during homeostasis and might support epithelial regeneration after injury. In anatomically defined zones of the crypt stem cell niche, phenotypically distinct active and reserve ISC populations are believed to support homeostatic epithelial renewal and injury-induced regeneration, respectively. However, other cell types previously thought to be committed to differentiated states might also have ISC activity and participate in regeneration. Efforts are underway to reconcile the proposed relatively strict hierarchical relationships between reserve and active ISC pools and their differentiated progeny; findings from models provide evidence for phenotypic plasticity that is common among many if not all crypt-resident intestinal epithelial cells. We discuss the challenges to consensus on ISC nomenclature, technical considerations, and limitations inherent to methodologies used to define reserve ISCs, and the need for standardized metrics to quantify and compare the relative contributions of different epithelial cell types to homeostatic turnover and post-injury regeneration. Increasing our understanding of the high-resolution genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate reserve ISC function and cell plasticity will help refine these models and could affect approaches to promote tissue regeneration after intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Bankaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology & Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew Ha
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Co-Corresponding Authors: Calvin J. Kuo: , Scott T. Magness: , Calvin J. Kuo: Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building G2034A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; Scott T. Magness, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7032, MBRB Rm 4337, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Joint Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology & Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Co-Corresponding Authors: Calvin J. Kuo: , Scott T. Magness: , Calvin J. Kuo: Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building G2034A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; Scott T. Magness, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7032, MBRB Rm 4337, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
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20
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Yu S, Yin Y, Wang Q, Wang L. Dual gene deficient models of Apc Min/+ mouse in assessing molecular mechanisms of intestinal carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:600-609. [PMID: 30243094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ApcMin/+ mouse, carrying an inactivated allele of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene, is a widely used animal model of human colorectal tumorigenesis. While crossed with other gene knockout or knock-in mice, these mice possess advantages in investigation of human intestinal tumorigenesis. Intestinal tumor pathogenesis involves multiple gene alterations; thus, various double gene deficiency models could provide novel insights into molecular mechanisms of tumor biology, as well as gene-gene interactions involved in intestinal tumor development and assessment of novel strategies for preventing and treating intestinal cancer. This review discusses approximately 100 double gene deficient mice and their associated intestinal tumor development and progression phenotypes. The dual gene knockouts based on the Apc mutation background consist of inflammation and immune-related, cell cycle-related, Wnt/β-catenin signaling-related, tumor growth factor (TGF)-signaling-related, drug metabolism-related, and transcription factor genes, as well as some oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Future studies should focus on conditional or inducible dual or multiple mouse gene knockout models to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal tumor development, as well as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanhui Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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21
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Qiu CW, Liu ZY, Hou K, Liu SY, Hu YX, Zhang L, Zhang FL, Lv KY, Kang Q, Hu WY, Ma N, Jiao Y, Bai WJ, Xiao ZC. Wip1 knockout inhibits neurogenesis by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:44-53. [PMID: 30048716 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis correlates closely with the recovery of neural function after brain ischemia but the critical proteins and signaling pathways involved remain unclear. The phosphatase WIP1 has been shown to regulate neurogenesis in models of aging. However, it is not known if WIP1 affects neurogenesis and functional recovery after brain ischemia. To explore these questions, we performed permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and performed BrdU labeling, neurobehavioral testing, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. We found that ischemia induced WIP1 expression in the area bordering the injury. Compared to wild-type mice, the knockout of the Wip1 gene inhibited neurological functional recovery, reduced the expression of doublecortin, and inactivated the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia in mice. Pharmacological activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway compensated for the Wip1 knockout-induced deficit in neuroblast formation in animals with MCAO. These findings indicate that WIP1 is essential for neurogenesis after brain injury by activating the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Wei Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zong-Yao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu-Yi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue-Xin Hu
- Experiment Enter for Medical Science Research, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng-Lan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Ying Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Yan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Jin Bai
- Faculty of Education and Management, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming City 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming city 650500, Yunnan, China; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia.
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22
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Nilton A, Sayin VI, Zou ZV, Sayin SI, Bondjers C, Gul N, Agren P, Fogelstrand P, Nilsson O, Bergo MO, Lindahl P. Targeting Zfp148 activates p53 and reduces tumor initiation in the gut. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56183-56192. [PMID: 27487143 PMCID: PMC5302905 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Zinc finger protein 148 (Zfp148, ZBP-89, BFCOL, BERF1, htβ) interacts physically with the tumor suppressor p53, but the significance of this interaction is not known. We recently showed that knockout of Zfp148 in mice leads to ectopic activation of p53 in some tissues and cultured fibroblasts, suggesting that Zfp148 represses p53 activity. Here we hypothesize that targeting Zfp148 would unleash p53 activity and protect against cancer development, and test this idea in the APCMin/+ mouse model of intestinal adenomas. Loss of one copy of Zfp148 markedly reduced tumor numbers and tumor-associated intestinal bleedings, and improved survival. Furthermore, after activation of β-catenin-the initiating event in colorectal cancer-Zfp148 deficiency activated p53 and induced apoptosis in intestinal explants of APCMin/+ mice. The anti-tumor effect of targeting Zfp148 depended on p53, as Zfp148 deficiency did not affect tumor numbers in APCMin/+ mice lacking one or both copies of Trp53. The results suggest that Zfp148 controls the fate of newly transformed intestinal tumor cells by repressing p53 and that targeting Zfp148 might be useful in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilton
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhiyuan V Zou
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sama I Sayin
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bondjers
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nadia Gul
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Agren
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Lindahl
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Pechackova S, Burdova K, Benada J, Kleiblova P, Jenikova G, Macurek L. Inhibition of WIP1 phosphatase sensitizes breast cancer cells to genotoxic stress and to MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14458-75. [PMID: 26883108 PMCID: PMC4924728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PP2C family serine/threonine phosphatase WIP1 acts as a negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 and is implicated in silencing of cellular responses to genotoxic stress. Chromosomal locus 17q23 carrying the PPM1D (coding for WIP1) is commonly amplified in breast carcinomas and WIP1 was proposed as potential pharmacological target. Here we employed a cellular model with knocked out PPM1D to validate the specificity and efficiency of GSK2830371, novel small molecule inhibitor of WIP1. We have found that GSK2830371 increased activation of the DNA damage response pathway to a comparable level as the loss of PPM1D. In addition, GSK2830371 did not affect proliferation of cells lacking PPM1D but significantly supressed proliferation of breast cancer cells with amplified PPM1D. Over time cells treated with GSK2830371 accumulated in G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle in a p21-dependent manner and were prone to induction of senescence by a low dose of MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3. In addition, combined treatment with GSK2830371 and doxorubicin or nutlin-3 potentiated cell death through a strong induction of p53 pathway and activation of caspase 9. We conclude that efficient inhibition of WIP1 by GSK2830371 sensitizes breast cancer cells with amplified PPM1D and wild type p53 to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Pechackova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Benada
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kleiblova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, Charles University in Prague, CZ-12853 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Jenikova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Abstract
Cells undergoing oncogenic transformation frequently inactivate tumor suppressor pathways that could prevent their uncontrolled growth. Among those pathways p53 and p38MAPK pathways play a critical role in regulation of cell cycle, senescence and cell death in response to activation of oncogenes, stress and DNA damage. Consequently, these two pathways are important in determining the sensitivity of tumor cells to anti-cancer treatment. Wild type p53-induced phosphatase, Wip1, is involved in governance of both pathways. Recently, strategies directed to manipulation with Wip1 activity proposed to advance current day anticancer treatment and novel chemical compounds synthesized to improve specificity of manipulation with Wip1 activity. Here we reviewed the history of Wip1 studies in vitro and in vivo, in genetically modified animal models that support Wip1 role in tumorigenesis through regulation of p53 and p38MAPK pathways. Based on our knowledge we propose several recommendations for future more accurate studies of Wip1 interactions with other pathways involved in tumorigenesis using recently developed tools and for adoption of Wip1 manipulation strategies in anti-cancer therapy.
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25
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Pandey N, Rajagopal R. Tissue damage induced midgut stem cell proliferation and microbial dysbiosis in Spodoptera litura. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:4443193. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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26
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Xia ZS, Wu D, Zhong W, Lu XJ, Yu T, Chen QK. Wip1 gene silencing enhances the chemosensitivity of human colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1875-1883. [PMID: 28781635 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Multidrug resistance is one of the main reasons for failure of therapy in patients with advanced colon cancer. In previous studies, multiple methods were investigated to reverse the multidrug resistance of colon cancer cells. However, to date, no clinical method has been identified to be satisfactory. Therefore, successful reversal of drug resistance in colon cancer cells still requires new therapeutic strategies or pharmaceuticals. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (Wip1), a member of the 2C type serine/threonine protein phosphatase family, is closely associated with the p53 gene, which is the most important tumor-suppressor gene. Wip1 was reported to be associated with the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells. However, the correlation between the expression of Wip1 gene and the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells has not been reported yet. In the present study, Wip1-811 small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Wip1 was investigated to reverse the multidrug resistance of colon cancer cells. The siRNA duplexes were transfected into RKO colon cancer cells. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Wip1 was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein level of Wip1 was detected by western blotting. The cell viability was measured by MTS assay. The cell apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. Intracellular adriamycin cumulative concentration was determined using flow cytometry. Wip1-811 siRNA efficiently inhibited the expression of Wip1 at the mRNA and protein levels, and enhanced the sensitivity of RKO colon cancer cells towards chemotherapy, which was accompanied by increased cell apoptosis, following the inhibition of Wip1 gene expression. These results indicate that Wip1 gene silencing could enhance the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells, which may provide a new potential approach for the reversal of multidrug resistance in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Sheng Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Wa Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Ji Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Kui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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27
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Pecháčková S, Burdová K, Macurek L. WIP1 phosphatase as pharmacological target in cancer therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:589-599. [PMID: 28439615 PMCID: PMC5442293 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway protects cells from genome instability and prevents cancer development. Tumor suppressor p53 is a key molecule that interconnects DDR, cell cycle checkpoints, and cell fate decisions in the presence of genotoxic stress. Inactivating mutations in TP53 and other genes implicated in DDR potentiate cancer development and also influence the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment. Protein phosphatase 2C delta (referred to as WIP1) is a negative regulator of DDR and has been proposed as potential pharmaceutical target. Until recently, exploitation of WIP1 inhibition for suppression of cancer cell growth was compromised by the lack of selective small-molecule inhibitors effective at cellular and organismal levels. Here, we review recent advances in development of WIP1 inhibitors and discuss their potential use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Pecháčková
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Burdová
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
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28
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Uyanik B, Grigorash BB, Goloudina AR, Demidov ON. DNA damage-induced phosphatase Wip1 in regulation of hematopoiesis, immune system and inflammation. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17018. [PMID: 28417018 PMCID: PMC5377063 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PP2C serine-threonine phosphatase, Wip1, is an important regulator of stress response. Wip1 controls a number of critical cellular functions: proliferation, cell cycle arrest, senescence and programmed cell death, apoptosis or autophagy. Ppm1d, the gene encoding Wip1 phosphatase, is expressed in hematopoietic progenitors, stem cells, neutrophils, macrophages B and T lymphocytes in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The Wip1-/- mice display immunodeficiency, abnormal lymphoid histopathology in thymus and spleen, defects in B- and T-cell differentiation, as well as susceptibility to viral infection. At the same time, Wip1 knockout mice exhibit pro-inflammatory phenotype in skin and intestine in the model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with elevated levels of inflammation-promoting cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17. Several Wip1 downstream targets can mediate Wip1 effects on hematopoietic system including, p53, ATM, p38MAPK kinase, NFkB, mTOR. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the role of Wip1 in the differentiation of various hematopoietic lineages and how Wip1 deficiency affects the functions of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Uyanik
- INSERM U866, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - O N Demidov
- INSERM U866, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
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29
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Wip1 directly dephosphorylates NLK and increases Wnt activity during germ cell development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1013-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Grigorash BB, Uyanik B, Kochetkova EY, Goloudina AR, Demidov ON. Wip1 inhibition leads to severe pro-inflammatory phenotype in skin in response to chemical irritation. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:85-88. [PMID: 28404453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Burhan Uyanik
- INSERM UMR866, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Oleg N Demidov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; INSERM UMR866, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
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31
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Lazo PA. Reverting p53 activation after recovery of cellular stress to resume with cell cycle progression. Cell Signal 2017; 33:49-58. [PMID: 28189587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The activation of p53 in response to different types of cellular stress induces several protective reactions including cell cycle arrest, senescence or cell death. These protective effects are a consequence of the activation of p53 by specific phosphorylation performed by several kinases. The reversion of the cell cycle arrest, induced by p53, is a consequence of the phosphorylated and activated p53, which triggers its own downregulation and that of its positive regulators. The different down-regulatory processes have a sequential and temporal order of events. The mechanisms implicated in p53 down-regulation include phosphatases, deacetylases, and protein degradation by the proteasome or autophagy, which also affect different p53 protein targets and functions. The necessary first step is the dephosphorylation of p53 to make it available for interaction with mdm2 ubiquitin-ligase, which requires the activation of phosphatases targeting both p53 and p53-activating kinases. In addition, deacetylation of p53 is required to make lysine residues accessible to ubiquitin ligases. The combined action of these downregulatory mechanisms brings p53 protein back to its basal levels, and cell cycle progression can resume if cells have overcome the stress or damage situation. The specific targeting of these down-regulatory mechanisms can be exploited for therapeutic purposes in cancers harbouring wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Lazo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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32
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Shen XF, Zhao Y, Jiang JP, Guan WX, Du JF. Phosphatase Wip1 in Immunity: An Overview and Update. Front Immunol 2017; 8:8. [PMID: 28144241 PMCID: PMC5239779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is a newly identified serine/threonine phosphatase, which belongs to the PP2C family. Due to its involvement in stress-induced networks and overexpression in human tumors, primary studies have mainly focused on the role of Wip1 in tumorigenesis. It now has also been implicated in regulating several other physiological processes such as organism aging and neurogenesis. Recent evidence highlights a new role of Wip1 in controlling immune response through regulating immune cell development and function, as well as through the interplay with inflammatory signaling pathways such NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In this short review, we will give an overview of Wip1 in immunity to better understand this important phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Transplantation Biology Research Division, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jin-Peng Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, PLA Army General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Wen-Xian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing , China
| | - Jun-Feng Du
- Department of General Surgery, PLA Army General Hospital , Beijing , China
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33
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Cui S, Chang PY. Current understanding concerning intestinal stem cells. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7099-7110. [PMID: 27610020 PMCID: PMC4988314 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the intestinal epithelium is a tissue that contains two distinct pools of stem cells: active intestinal stem cells and reserve intestinal stem cells. The former are located in the crypt basement membrane and are responsible for maintaining epithelial homeostasis under intact conditions, whereas the latter exhibit the capacity to facilitate epithelial regeneration after injury. These two pools of cells can convert into each other, maintaining their quantitative balance. In terms of the active intestinal stem cells, their development into functional epithelium is precisely controlled by the following signaling pathways: Wnt/β-catenin, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk/MAPK, Notch and BMP/Smad. However, mutations in some of the key regulator genes associated with these signaling pathways, such as APC, Kras and Smad4, are also highly associated with gut malformations. At this point, clarifying the biological characteristics of intestinal stem cells will increase the feasibility of preventing or treating some intestinal diseases, such as colorectal cancer. Moreover, as preclinical data demonstrate the therapeutic effects of colon stem cells on murine models of experimental colitis, the prospects of stem cell-based regenerative treatments for ulcerous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract will be improved all the same.
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34
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Cho SJ, Koo J, Chun KH, Cha HJ. Control of stress signaling in stem cells: crossroads of stem cells and cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12983-12990. [PMID: 27460084 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a relatively rare event in the human body considering the enormous number of cells composing our body and the frequent occurrence of genetic mutations in each cell. Nevertheless, the cells that happen to meet the minimum requirements can be transformed when stressed by a variety of oncogenic stimulations, then progress to form tumors. The vigorous competition between oncogenic signaling and tumor-suppressor defense is a critical determinant of cellular fate, which can be either tumorigenic transformation or cellular senescence/apoptosis depending on "who wins the battle." Recently, a number of cancers have been reported to originate from stem cells, whose self-renewing properties are normally reduced by innate tumor suppressors. Therefore, exploring the innate mechanism by which stem cells modulate tumor suppressors to maintain their "stemness" may provide valuable clues to characterize the distinctive oncogenic susceptibility of stem cells. This review is focused on the recent advances in the field of tumorigenesis of stem cells and on the associated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea.
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35
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Smith NR, Gallagher AC, Wong MH. Defining a stem cell hierarchy in the intestine: markers, caveats and controversies. J Physiol 2016; 594:4781-90. [PMID: 26864260 DOI: 10.1113/jp271651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has appreciated rapid advance in identifying the once elusive intestinal stem cell (ISC) populations that fuel the continual renewal of the epithelial layer. This advance was largely driven by identification of novel stem cell marker genes, revealing the existence of quiescent, slowly- and active-cycling ISC populations. However, a critical barrier for translating this knowledge to human health and disease remains elucidating the functional interplay between diverse stem cell populations. Currently, the precise hierarchical and regulatory relationships between these ISC populations are under intense scrutiny. The classical theory of a linear hierarchy, where quiescent and slowly-cycling stem cells self-renew but replenish an active-cycling population, is well established in other rapidly renewing tissues such as the haematopoietic system. Efforts to definitively establish a similar stem cell hierarchy within the intestinal epithelium have yielded conflicting results, been difficult to interpret, and suggest non-conventional alternatives to a linear hierarchy. While these new and potentially paradigm-shifting discoveries are intriguing, the field will require development of a number of critical tools, including highly specific stem cell marker genes along with more rigorous experimental methodologies, to delineate the complex cellular relationships within this dynamic organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alexandra C Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,OHSU Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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36
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Clausse V, Goloudina AR, Uyanik B, Kochetkova EY, Richaud S, Fedorova OA, Hammann A, Bardou M, Barlev NA, Garrido C, Demidov ON. Wee1 inhibition potentiates Wip1-dependent p53-negative tumor cell death during chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2195. [PMID: 27077811 PMCID: PMC4855675 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 found in more than half of human cancers is often associated with increased tumor resistance to anti-cancer therapy. We have previously shown that overexpression of the phosphatase Wip1 in p53-negative tumors sensitizes them to chemotherapeutic agents, while protecting normal tissues from the side effects of anti-cancer treatment. In this study, we decided to search for kinases that prevent Wip1-mediated sensitization of cancer cells, thereby interfering with efficacy of genotoxic anti-cancer drugs. To this end, we performed a flow cytometry-based screening in order to identify kinases that regulated the levels of γH2AX, which were used as readout. Another criterion of the screen was increased sensitivity of p53-negative tumor cells to cisplatin (CDDP) in a Wip1-dependent manner. We have found that a treatment with a low dose (75 nM) of MK-1775, a recently described specific chemical inhibitor of Wee1, decreases CDDP-induced H2AX phosphorylation in p53-negative cells and enhances the Wip1-sensitization of p53-negative tumors. We were able to reduce CDDP effective concentration by 40% with a combination of Wip1 overexpression and Wee1 kinase inhibition. We have observed that Wee1 inhibition potentiates Wip1-dependent tumor sensitization effect by reducing levels of Hipk2 kinase, a negative regulator of Wip1 pathway. In addition, during CDDP treatment, the combination of Wee1 inhibition and Wip1 overexpression has a mild but significant protective effect in normal cells and tissues. Our results indicate that inhibition of the negative regulators of Wip1 pathway, Wee1 and Hipk2, in p53-negative tumors could potentiate efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents without concomitant increase of cytotoxicity in normal tissues. The development and clinical use of Wee1 and Hipk1 kinase chemical inhibitors might be a promising strategy to improve anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Clausse
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - A R Goloudina
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - B Uyanik
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | - S Richaud
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - O A Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Hammann
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - M Bardou
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - N A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - C Garrido
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - O N Demidov
- INSERM UMR 866, Laboratoire d'excellence ARC, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Institute of Cytology, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
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37
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Wu B, Guo BM, Kang J, Deng XZ, Fan YB, Zhang XP, Ai KX. PPM1D exerts its oncogenic properties in human pancreatic cancer through multiple mechanisms. Apoptosis 2015; 21:365-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Qiu H, Fang X, Luo Q, Ouyang G. Cancer stem cells: a potential target for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3411-24. [PMID: 25967289 PMCID: PMC11113644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that a subpopulation of cancer cells, named cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells, are responsible for the initiation, growth, metastasis, therapy resistance and recurrence of cancers. CSCs share core regulatory pathways with normal stem cells; however, CSCs rely on distinct reprogrammed pathways to maintain stemness and to contribute to the progression of cancers. The specific targeting of CSCs, together with conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, may achieve stable remission or cure cancer. Therefore, the identification of CSCs and a better understanding of the complex characteristics of CSCs will provide invaluable diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic targets for clinical application. In this review, we will introduce the dysregulated properties of CSCs in cancers and discuss the possible challenges in targeting CSCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Xiaoguang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 China
| | - Gaoliang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
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39
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Targeting the Checkpoint to Kill Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1912-37. [PMID: 26295265 PMCID: PMC4598780 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments such as radiotherapy and most of the chemotherapies act by damaging DNA of cancer cells. Upon DNA damage, cells stop proliferation at cell cycle checkpoints, which provides them time for DNA repair. Inhibiting the checkpoint allows entry to mitosis despite the presence of DNA damage and can lead to cell death. Importantly, as cancer cells exhibit increased levels of endogenous DNA damage due to an excessive replication stress, inhibiting the checkpoint kinases alone could act as a directed anti-cancer therapy. Here, we review the current status of inhibitors targeted towards the checkpoint effectors and discuss mechanisms of their actions in killing of cancer cells.
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Chang PY, Qu YQ, Wang J, Dong LH. The potential of mesenchymal stem cells in the management of radiation enteropathy. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1840. [PMID: 26247725 PMCID: PMC4558492 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is effective in managing abdominal and pelvic malignant tumors, radiation enteropathy is still unavoidable. This disease severely affects the quality of life of cancer patients due to some refractory lesions, such as intestinal ischemia, mucositis, ulcer, necrosis or even perforation. Current drugs or prevailing therapies are committed to alleviating the symptoms induced by above lesions. But the efficacies achieved by these interventions are still not satisfactory, because the milieus for tissue regeneration are not distinctly improved. In recent years, regenerative therapy for radiation enteropathy by using mesenchymal stem cells is of public interests. Relevant results of preclinical and clinical studies suggest that this regenerative therapy will become an attractive tool in managing radiation enteropathy, because mesenchymal stem cells exhibit their pro-regenerative potentials for healing the injuries in both epithelium and endothelium, minimizing inflammation and protecting irradiated intestine against fibrogenesis through activating intrinsic repair actions. In spite of these encouraging results, whether mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor growth is still an issue of debate. On this basis, we will discuss the advances in anticancer therapy by using mesenchymal stem cells in this review after analyzing the pathogenesis of radiation enteropathy, introducing the advances in managing radiation enteropathy using regenerative therapy and exploring the putative actions by which mesenchymal stem cells repair intestinal injuries. At last, insights gained from the potential risks of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for radiation enteropathy patients may provide clinicians with an improved awareness in carrying out their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Chang
- 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China [2] Electrochemical State Key Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Academy of Science, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Y-Q Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - J Wang
- Electrochemical State Key Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Academy of Science, Changchun 130021, China
| | - L-H Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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41
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Zhang L, Liu L, He Z, Li G, Liu J, Song Z, Jin H, Rudolph KL, Yang H, Mao Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Xiao Z, Ju Z. Inhibition of wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 promotes liver regeneration in mice by direct activation of mammalian target of rapamycin. Hepatology 2015; 61:2030-41. [PMID: 25704606 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver possesses extraordinary regenerative capacity in response to injury. However, liver regeneration (LR) is often impaired in disease conditions. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is known as a tumor promoter and enhances cell proliferation, mainly by deactivating antioncogenes. However, in this work, we identified an unexpected role of Wip1 in LR. In contrast to its known role in promoting cell proliferation in extrahepatic tissue, we found that Wip1 suppressed hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy (PHx). Deletion of Wip1 increased the rate of LR after PHx. Enhanced LR in Wip1-deficient mice was a result of the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Furthermore, we showed that Wip1 physically interacted with and dephosphorylated mTOR. Interestingly, inhibition of Wip1 also activated the p53 pathway during LR. Disruption of the p53 pathway further enhanced LR in Wip1-deficient mice. Therefore, inhibition of Wip1 has a dual role in LR, i.e., promoting hepatocyte proliferation through activation of the mTORC1 pathway, meanwhile suppressing LR through activation of the p53 pathway. However, the proregenerative role of mTORC1 overwhelms the antiproliferative role of p53. Furthermore, CCT007093, a Wip1 inhibitor, enhanced LR and increased the survival rate of mice after major hepatectomy. CONCLUSION mTOR is a new direct target of Wip1. Wip1 inhibition can activate the mTORC1 pathway and enhance hepatocyte proliferation after hepatectomy. These findings have clinical applications in cases where LR is critical, including acute liver failure, cirrhosis, or small-for-size liver transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Aging Research, Leibniz Link Partner Group on Stem Cell Aging, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Liu
- Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong He
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guangbing Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Liu
- Institute of Aging Research, Leibniz Link Partner Group on Stem Cell Aging, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangfa Song
- Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Huayu Yang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging Research, Leibniz Link Partner Group on Stem Cell Aging, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Mice deficient for wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 display elevated anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Neuroscience 2015; 293:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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43
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Chen Z, Yi W, Morita Y, Wang H, Cong Y, Liu JP, Xiao Z, Rudolph KL, Cheng T, Ju Z. Wip1 deficiency impairs haematopoietic stem cell function via p53 and mTORC1 pathways. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6808. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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44
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Tang Y, Liu L, Sheng M, Xiong K, Huang L, Gao Q, Wei J, Wu T, Yang S, Liu H, Mu Y, Li K. Wip1 knockout inhibits the proliferation and enhances the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:310-22. [PMID: 25839408 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a unique population of multipotent adult progenitor cells originally found in bone marrow (BM), are extremely useful for multifunctional therapeutic approaches. However, the growth arrest and premature senescence of MSCs in vitro prevent the in-depth characterization of these cells. In addition, the regulatory factors involved in MSCs migration remain largely unknown. Given that protein phosphorylation is associated with the processes of MSCs proliferation and migration, we focused on wild-type p53-inducible phosphatase-1 (Wip1), a well-studied modulator of phosphorylation, in this study. Our results showed that Wip1 knockout significantly inhibited MSCs proliferation and induced G2-phase cell-cycle arrest by reducing cyclinB1 expression. Compared with WT-MSCs, Wip1(-/-) MSCs displayed premature growth arrest after six passages in culture. Transwell and scratch assays revealed that Wip1(-/-) MSCs migrate more effectively than WT-MSCs. Moreover, the enhanced migratory response of Wip1(-/-) MSCs may be attributed to increases in the induction of Rac1-GTP activity, the pAKT/AKT ratio, the rearrangement of filamentous-actin (f-actin), and filopodia formation. Based on these results, we then examined the effect of treatment with a PI3K/AKT and Rac1 inhibitor, both of which impaired the migratory activity of MSCs. Therefore, we propose that the PI3K/AKT/Rac1 signaling axis mediates the Wip1 knockout-induced migration of MSCs. Our findings indicate that the principal function of Wip1 in MSCs transformation is the maintenance of proliferative capacity. Nevertheless, knocking out Wip1 increases the migratory capacity of MSCs. This dual effect of Wip1 provides the potential for purposeful routing of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yulian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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45
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Sipos F, Műzes G. Injury-associated reacquiring of intestinal stem cell function. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2005-2010. [PMID: 25717233 PMCID: PMC4326135 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial layer of the intestine relies upon stem cells for maintaining homeostasis and regeneration. Two types of stem cells are currently defined in intestinal crypts: the cycling crypt base columnar cells and quiescent cells. Though several candidate markers and regulators of rapidly cycling and quiescent stem cells have been identified so far, the exact nature of quiescent cells is still questionable since investigations mainly focused on candidate markers rather than the label-retaining population itself. Recent results, however, have strengthened the argument for functional plasticity. Using a lineage tracing strategy label-retaining cells (LRCs) of the intestinal epithelium were marked, then followed by a pulse-chase analysis it was found that during homeostasis, LRCs were Lgr5-positive and were destined to become Paneth and neuroendocrine cells. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that LRCs are capable of clonogenic growth by recall to the self-renewing pool of stem cells in case of epithelial injury. These new findings highlight on the hierarchical and spatial organization of intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the important plasticity of progenitors during tissue regeneration, moreover, provide a motivation for studying their role in disorders like colorectal cancer.
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46
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Richter M, Dayaram T, Gilmartin AG, Ganji G, Pemmasani SK, Van Der Key H, Shohet JM, Donehower LA, Kumar R. WIP1 phosphatase as a potential therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115635. [PMID: 25658463 PMCID: PMC4319922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that negatively regulates multiple proteins involved in DNA damage response including p53, CHK2, Histone H2AX, and ATM, and it has been shown to be overexpressed or amplified in human cancers including breast and ovarian cancers. We examined WIP1 mRNA levels across multiple tumor types and found the highest levels in breast cancer, leukemia, medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is an exclusively TP53 wild type tumor at diagnosis and inhibition of p53 is required for tumorigenesis. Neuroblastomas in particular have previously been shown to have 17q amplification, harboring the WIP1 (PPM1D) gene and associated with poor clinical outcome. We therefore sought to determine whether inhibiting WIP1 with a selective antagonist, GSK2830371, can attenuate neuroblastoma cell growth through reactivation of p53 mediated tumor suppression. Neuroblastoma cell lines with wild-type TP53 alleles were highly sensitive to GSK2830371 treatment, while cell lines with mutant TP53 were resistant to GSK2830371. The majority of tested neuroblastoma cell lines with copy number gains of the PPM1D locus were also TP53 wild-type and sensitive to GSK2830371A; in contrast cell lines with no copy gain of PPM1D were mixed in their sensitivity to WIP1 inhibition, with the primary determinant being TP53 mutational status. Since WIP1 is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and drugs used in neuroblastoma treatment induce apoptosis through DNA damage, we sought to determine whether GSK2830371 could act synergistically with standard of care chemotherapeutics. Treatment of wild-type TP53 neuroblastoma cell lines with both GSK2830371 and either doxorubicin or carboplatin resulted in enhanced cell death, mediated through caspase 3/7 induction, as compared to either agent alone. Our data suggests that WIP1 inhibition represents a novel therapeutic approach to neuroblastoma that could be integrated with current chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Richter
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tajhal Dayaram
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aidan G. Gilmartin
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gopinath Ganji
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Harjeet Van Der Key
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Shohet
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Donehower
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAD); (RK)
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAD); (RK)
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47
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Liu S, Qi L, Han W, Wan X, Jiang S, Li Y, Xie Y, Liu L, Zeng F, Liu Z, Zu X. Overexpression of wip1 is associated with biologic behavior in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110218. [PMID: 25334029 PMCID: PMC4198297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (Wip1 or PPM1D) has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers and correlated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the function of Wip1 in RCC remains unclear. The present study investigated its abnormal expression and dysfunctions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in vitro. With the combination of immunohistochemistry, western blotting, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays, we found that levels of Wip1 mRNA and protein were dramatically increased in human ccRCC tissues (P<0.001 for both), and upregulation of Wip1 was significantly associated with depth of invasion (P<0.001), Distant metastasis (P = 0.001), lymph node status (P<0.001) and Fuhrman grade (P<0.001). Wip1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of 786-O and RLC-310 cells, whereas Wip1 overexpression promoted the growth and aggressive phenotype of 786-O and RLC-310 cells in vitro. The uni- and multivariate analyses indicated that expression of Wip1 was an independent predictor for survival of ccRCC patients (P = 0.003, P = 0.027 respectively). Wip1- negative patients had a higher tumor-free/overall survival rate than patients with high Wip1 expression (P = 0.001, P = 0.002 respectively). Overexpression of Wip1 is useful in the prediction of survival in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulai Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weqing Han
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shusuan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longfei Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuhua Zeng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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48
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Suman S, Moon BH, Thakor H, Fornace AJ, Datta K. Wip1 abrogation decreases intestinal tumor frequency in APC(Min/+) mice irrespective of radiation quality. Radiat Res 2014; 182:345-9. [PMID: 25117622 DOI: 10.1667/rr13770.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-linear energy transfer (low-LET) γ-ray exposure is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to their high-LET nature, energetic iron ions found in space are expected to pose greater CRC risks to astronauts undertaking long-duration space missions beyond low Earth orbit. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is important for cellular DNA damage response and its abrogation has been shown to inhibit spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min/+) mice, a well-studied mouse model of human CRC. However, the relationship of Wip1 to radiation-induced intestinal tumorigenesis, especially by energetic iron ions, has not been investigated in APC(Min/+) mice. We have previously reported that there is a greater intestinal tumorigenic potential of iron-ion radiation relative to (137)Cs γ rays, so the purpose of the current study was to investigate whether Wip1 abrogation could influence high-LET dependent intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min/+) mice. Intestinal tumor frequency and grade were assessed in APC(Min/+)/Wip1(-/-) mice and results were compared to those in APC(Min/+)/Wip1(+/+) mice after exposure to a mean absorbed dose of 2 Gy from (137)Cs γ rays or 1.6 Gy from 1 GeV/n iron ions. Cellular differentiation and proliferation were also assessed in the intestinal tumors of sham-irradiated and irradiated mice. Decreased tumor frequency and lower tumor grade were observed in APC(Min/+)/Wip1(-/-) relative to APC(Min/+)/Wip1(+/+) mice. Notably, a similar decrease (∼6-fold in both groups) in tumor number was observed in sham-irradiated and γ-irradiated APC(Min/+)/Wip1(-/-) relative to APC(Min/+)/Wip1(+/+) mice. However, tumorigenesis in the energetic iron-ion exposed group was reduced ∼8-fold in APC(Min/+)/Wip1(-/-) relative to APC(Min/+)/Wip1(+/+) mice. A significantly lower proliferation/differentiation index in tumors of iron-ion exposed APC(Min/+)/Wip1(-/-) relative to APC(Min/+)/Wip1(+/+) mice suggests that reduced proliferation and enhanced differentiation as a result of Wip1 abrogation maybe involved. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the absence of Wip1 blocked radiation-induced intestinal tumorigenesis irrespective of radiation quality and has implications for developing preventive strategies against the tumorigenic potential of radiation exposure on earth and in outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Suman
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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49
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The WIP1 oncogene promotes progression and invasion of aggressive medulloblastoma variants. Oncogene 2014; 34:1126-40. [PMID: 24632620 PMCID: PMC4722800 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, is comprised of four disease variants. The WIP1 oncogene is overexpressed in Group 3 and 4 tumors, which contain medulloblastomas with the most aggressive clinical behavior. Our data demonstrate increased WIP1 expression in metastatic medulloblastomas, and inferior progression-free and overall survival of patients with WIP1 high-expressing medulloblastoma. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of genes involved in tumor metastasis, including the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, in medulloblastoma cells with high WIP1 expression. Stimulation with the CXCR4 ligand SDF1ααactivated PI-3 kinase signaling, and promoted growth and invasion of WIP1 high-expressing medulloblastoma cells in a p53-dependent manner. When xenografted into the cerebellum of immunodeficient mice, medulloblastoma cells with stable or endogenous high WIP1 expression exhibited strong expression of CXCR4 and activated AKT in primary and invasive tumor cells. WIP1 or CXCR4 knock-down inhibited medulloblastoma growth and invasion. WIP1 knock-down also improved the survival of mice xenografted with WIP1 high-expressing medulloblastoma cells. WIP1 knock-down inhibited cell surface localization of CXCR4 by suppressing expression of the G protein receptor kinase 5, GRK5. Restoration of wild-type GRK5 promoted Ser339 phosphorylation of CXCR4 and inhibited the growth of WIP1-stable medulloblastoma cells. Conversely, GRK5 knock-down inhibited Ser339 phosphorylation of CXCR4, increased cell surface localization of CXCR4, and promoted the growth of medulloblastoma cells with low WIP1 expression. These results demonstrate cross-talk among WIP1, CXCR4, and GRK5, which may be important for the aggressive phenotype of a subclass of medulloblastomas in children.
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50
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Carulli AJ, Samuelson LC, Schnell S. Unraveling intestinal stem cell behavior with models of crypt dynamics. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:243-57. [PMID: 24480852 PMCID: PMC4007491 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The definition, regulation and function of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) has been hotly debated. Recent discoveries have started to clarify the nature of ISCs, but many questions remain. This review discusses the current advances and controversies of ISC biology as well as theoretical compartmental models that have been coupled with in vivo experimentation to investigate the mechanisms of ISC dynamics during homeostasis, tumorigenesis, repair and development. We conclude our review by discussing the key lingering questions in the field and proposing how many of these questions can be addressed using both compartmental models and experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Carulli
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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