1
|
Diaz-Hernandez ME, Murakami K, Murata S, Khan NM, Shenoy SPV, Henke K, Yamada H, Drissi H. Inhibition of KDM2/7 Promotes Notochordal Differentiation of hiPSCs. Cells 2024; 13:1482. [PMID: 39273051 PMCID: PMC11393929 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc disease (IDD) is a debilitating spine condition that can be caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) damage which progresses towards IVD degeneration and dysfunction. Recently, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) were recognized as a valuable resource for cell-based regenerative medicine in skeletal diseases. Therefore, adult somatic cells reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent an attractive cell source for the derivation of notochordal-like cells (NCs) as a first step towards the development of a regenerative therapy for IDD. Utilizing a differentiation method involving treatment with a four-factor cocktail targeting the BMP, FGF, retinoic acid, and Wnt signaling pathways, we differentiate CRISPR/Cas9-generated mCherry-reporter knock-in hiPSCs into notochordal-like cells. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic changes throughout the differentiation process identified regulation of histone methylation as a pivotal driver facilitating the differentiation of hiPSCs into notochordal-like cells. We further provide evidence that specific inhibition of histone demethylases KDM2A and KDM7A/B enhanced the lineage commitment of hiPSCs towards notochordal-like cells. Our results suggest that inhibition of KDMs could be leveraged to alter the epigenetic landscape of hiPSCs to control notochord-specific gene expression. Thus, our study highlights the importance of epigenetic regulators in stem cell-based regenerative approaches for the treatment of disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Diaz-Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kimihide Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Shizumasa Murata
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Katrin Henke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang N, Lan R, Chen Y, Hu J. Identification of KDM4C as a gene conferring drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220848. [PMID: 38623585 PMCID: PMC11017188 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, is a promising therapeutic option for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. However, drug resistance often occurs, leading to disease relapse and poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to identify novel genes associated with drug resistance and investigate their roles in BTZ resistance. Through the screening of 26 genes frequently associated with chemosensitivity or drug resistance, we discovered that KDM4C, a histone demethylase, exhibited increased expression in BTZ-resistant MM cells compared to their sensitive counterparts. Overexpression of KDM4C enhanced the tolerance of a MM cell line to the drug, whereas the knockdown of KDM4C, using shRNA, increased the sensitivity of resistant cells to BTZ treatment. This suggests that KDM4C plays a pivotal role in conferring BTZ resistance. Our study offers fresh insights into BTZ resistance in MM and highlights KDM4C as a potential target for overcoming drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Medical University Center of Translational Hematology, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ruilong Lan
- Central Lab, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu K, Zhang H, Luan Y, Hu B, Shen T, Ma B, Zhang Z, Zheng X. KDM4C promotes mouse hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation through modulating ApoE expression. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23511. [PMID: 38421303 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302439r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
KDM4C is implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance in various stem cell types. However, its function in neural stem cells (NSCs) remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of KDM4C in NSCs. Primary hippocampal NSCs were isolated from neonatal mice, and both in vivo and in vitro lentivirus-mediated overexpression of KDM4C were induced in these hippocampal NSCs. Staining results revealed a significant increase in BrdU- and Ki-67-positive cells, along with an elevated number of cells in S phases due to KDM4C overexpression. Subsequently, RNA-seq was employed to analyze gene expression changes following KDM4C upregulation. GO enrichment analysis, KEGG analysis, and GSEA highlighted KDM4C-regulated genes associated with development, cell cycle, and neurogenesis. Protein-protein interaction analysis uncovered that ApoE protein interacts with several genes (top 10 upregulated and downregulated) regulated by KDM4C. Notably, knocking down ApoE mitigated the proliferative effect induced by KDM4C overexpression in NSCs. Our study demonstrates that KDM4C overexpression significantly upregulates ApoE expression, ultimately promoting proliferation in mouse hippocampal NSCs. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing neurodevelopment, with potential implications for therapeutic strategies in neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoqi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tu Shen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The Medical Services Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang X, Guo J, Qi F, Rezaei MJ. Role of non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in vasculitis: A narrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129658. [PMID: 38266857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A category of very uncommon systemic inflammatory blood vessel illnesses known as vasculitides. The pathogenesis and etiology of vasculitis are still poorly known. Despite all of the progress made in understanding the genetics and causes behind vasculitis, there is still more to learn. Epigenetic dysregulation is a significant contributor to immune-mediated illnesses, and epigenetic aberrancies in vasculitis are becoming more widely acknowledged. Less than 2 % of the genome contains protein-encoding DNA. Studies have shown that a variety of RNAs originating from the non-coding genome exist. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted the most attention in recent years as they are becoming more and more important regulators of different biological processes, such as diseases of the veins. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) such as exosomes, are membrane-bound vesicular structures that break free either during programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis or during cell activation. Exosomes may be involved in harmful ways in inflammation, procoagulation, autoimmune reactions, endothelial dysfunction/damage, intimal hyperplasia and angiogenesis, all of which may be significant in vasculitis. Herein, we summarized various non-coding RNAs that are involved in vasculitides pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the role of exosomes in vasculitides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinise Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Jiajuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinise Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinise Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Mohammad J Rezaei
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang G, Li C, Tao F, Liu Y, Zhu M, Du Y, Fei C, She Q, Chen J. The emerging roles of lysine-specific demethylase 4A in cancer: Implications in tumorigenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Genes Dis 2024; 11:645-663. [PMID: 37692513 PMCID: PMC10491877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 4 A (KDM4A, also named JMJD2A, KIA0677, or JHDM3A) is a demethylase that can remove methyl groups from histones H3K9me2/3, H3K36me2/3, and H1.4K26me2/me3. Accumulating evidence suggests that KDM4A is not only involved in body homeostasis (such as cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, and tissue development) but also associated with multiple human diseases, especially cancers. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that pharmacological inhibition of KDM4A significantly attenuates tumor progression in vitro and in vivo in a range of solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia. Although there are several reviews on the roles of the KDM4 subfamily in cancer development and therapy, all of them only briefly introduce the roles of KDM4A in cancer without systematically summarizing the specific mechanisms of KDM4A in various physiological and pathological processes, especially in tumorigenesis, which greatly limits advances in the understanding of the roles of KDM4A in a variety of cancers, discovering targeted selective KDM4A inhibitors, and exploring the adaptive profiles of KDM4A antagonists. Herein, we present the structure and functions of KDM4A, simply outline the functions of KDM4A in homeostasis and non-cancer diseases, summarize the role of KDM4A and its distinct target genes in the development of a variety of cancers, systematically classify KDM4A inhibitors, summarize the difficulties encountered in the research of KDM4A and the discovery of related drugs, and provide the corresponding solutions, which would contribute to understanding the recent research trends on KDM4A and advancing the progression of KDM4A as a drug target in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Changyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Fan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qiusheng She
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Song D, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Yan T. Effect and mechanism of hypoxia on differentiation of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells into vascular endothelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:9-22. [PMID: 38148354 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are similar to humans in organ size and physiological function, and are considered as good models for studying cardiovascular diseases. The study of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSC) differentiating into vascular endothelial cells (EC) is expected to open up a new way of obtaining high-quality seed cells. Given that the hypoxic environment has an important role in the differentiation process of vascular EC, this work intends to establish a hypoxia-induced differentiation system of piPSC into vascular EC. There is evidence that the hypoxia microenvironment in the initial stage could significantly improve differentiation efficiency. Further study suggests that the hypoxia culture system supports a combined effect of hypoxia inducible factors and their associated regulatory molecules, such as HIF-1α, VEGFA, FGF2, LDH-A, and PDK1, which can efficiently promote the lineage-specific differentiation of piPSC into EC. Most notably, the high level of ETV2 after 4 d of hypoxic treatment indicates that it possibly plays an important role in the promoting process of EC differentiation. The research is expected to help the establishment of new platforms for piPSC directional induction research, so as to obtain adequate seed cells with ideal phenotype and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Danyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhuoran Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tingsheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meng L. Chromatin-modifying enzymes as modulators of nuclear size during lineage differentiation. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:384. [PMID: 37863956 PMCID: PMC10589317 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of nuclear size determination and alteration during normal lineage development and cancer pathologies which is not fully understood. As recently reported, chromatin modification can change nuclear morphology. Therefore, we screened a range of pharmacological chemical compounds that impact the activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes, in order to get a clue of the specific types of chromatin-modifying enzymes that remarkably effect nuclear size and shape. We found that interrupted activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes is associated with nuclear shape abnormalities. Furthermore, the activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes perturbs cell fate determination in cellular maintenance and lineage commitment. Our results indicated that chromatin-modifying enzyme regulates cell fate decision during lineage differentiation and is associate with nuclear size alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Meng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang Y, Liu L, Yang ZQ. KDM4 Demethylases: Structure, Function, and Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1433:87-111. [PMID: 37751137 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38176-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
KDM4 histone demethylases mainly catalyze the removal of methyl marks from H3K9 and H3K36 to epigenetically regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. KDM4 expression is strictly regulated to ensure proper function in a myriad of biological processes, including transcription, cellular proliferation and differentiation, DNA damage repair, immune response, and stem cell self-renewal. Aberrant expression of KDM4 demethylase has been documented in many types of blood and solid tumors, and thus, KDM4s represent promising therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge of the structures and regulatory mechanisms of KDM4 proteins and our understanding of their alterations in human pathological processes with a focus on development and cancer. We also review the reported KDM4 inhibitors and discuss their potential as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R Street, HWCRC 815, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lanxin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R Street, HWCRC 815, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zeng-Quan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R Street, HWCRC 815, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barratt J, Pawluczyk I, Selvaskandan H. Clinical application of microRNAs in glomerular diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 38:1375-1384. [PMID: 35906877 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) occurs in all organisms and modulates most, if not all, biological pathways. It is the process by which non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRs), regulate gene transcription and post-transcriptional processing of messenger RNA (mRNA). A single miR can modulate several genes within a cell, and several miRs can regulate expression of the same gene, adding tiers of complexity to regulation of gene expression. MicroRNAs and other RNAi approaches have been successfully used in vitro and in vivo to selectively manipulate gene transcription, making them pivotal agents for basic science research and candidates for targeted therapeutics. This review will focus on miRs and their potential as biomarkers and novel therapeutics for glomerular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barratt
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | - Izabella Pawluczyk
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | - Haresh Selvaskandan
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
KDM4C Contributes to Trophoblast-Like Stem Cell Conversion from Porcine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (piPSCs) Via Regulating CDX2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147586. [PMID: 35886932 PMCID: PMC9323581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on ESRRB-regulating porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) converted to trophoblast-like stem cells (TLSCs) contribute to the understanding of early embryo development. However, the epigenetic modification regulation network during the conversion is poorly understood. Here, the global change in histone H3 Lysine 4, 9, 27, 36 methylation and Lysine 27 acetylation was investigated in piPSCs and TLSCs. We found a high modification profile of H3K36me2 in TLSCs compared to that of piPSCs, whereas the profiles of other modifications remained constant. KDM4C, a H3K36me3/2 demethylase, whose gene body region was combined with ESRRB, was upregulated in TLSCs. Moreover, KDM4 inhibitor supplementation rescued the AP-negative phenotype observed in TLSCs, confirming that KDM4C could regulate the pluripotency of TLSCs. Subsequently, KDM4C replenishment results show the significantly repressed proliferation and AP-positive staining of TLSCs. The expressions of CDX2 and KRT8 were also upregulated after KDM4C overexpression. In summary, these results show that KDM4C replaced the function of ESRRB. These findings reveal the unique and crucial role of KDM4C-mediated epigenetic chromatin modifications in determination of piPSCs’ fate and expand the understanding of the connection between piPSCs and TSCs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Panara V, Monteiro R, Koltowska K. Epigenetic Regulation of Endothelial Cell Lineages During Zebrafish Development-New Insights From Technical Advances. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:891538. [PMID: 35615697 PMCID: PMC9125237 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.891538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is integral in orchestrating the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression which underlies tissue development. The emergence of new tools to assess genome-wide epigenetic modifications has enabled significant advances in the field of vascular biology in zebrafish. Zebrafish represents a powerful model to investigate the activity of cis-regulatory elements in vivo by combining technologies such as ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq and CUT&Tag with the generation of transgenic lines and live imaging to validate the activity of these regulatory elements. Recently, this approach led to the identification and characterization of key enhancers of important vascular genes, such as gata2a, notch1b and dll4. In this review we will discuss how the latest technologies in epigenetics are being used in the zebrafish to determine chromatin states and assess the function of the cis-regulatory sequences that shape the zebrafish vascular network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Panara
- Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rui Monteiro
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Centre of Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu J, Wu W, Yu M, Xia Z, Gao C. MicroRNA-340-5p inhibits endothelial apoptosis, inflammatory response, and pro-coagulation by targeting KDM4C in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-mediated glomerulonephritis through activation of B cells. Autoimmunity 2021; 54:343-352. [PMID: 34121556 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.1937609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, a class of systemic autoimmune diseases, results in damage of various critical organs including kidneys, lungs, eyes, and nervous system. MicroRNA-340-5p was confirmed to be downregulated in autoimmune pathogenesis. However, the role of miR-340-5p remains unknown in ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis (GN). The current study aimed to explore the role of miR-340-5p in ANCA-induced GN. The animal models of ANCA-induced GN was established by experimental autoimmune vasculitis (EAV) operation. The primary glomerular endothelial cells (PGEnCs) were treated with anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) to mimic cell injury in vitro. The renal function was analysed by measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine blood, urine protein and urine leukocytes. The levels of RNA and proteins were examined by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The binding capacity between miR-340-5p and KDM4C was detected by luciferase reporter assay. Cell apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry in vitro. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay. The cleaved caspase-3 activity was analysed by immunofluorescent assay. Cell inflammation was measured by western blot. Cell procoagulant activity was assessed by FXa generation assay. The histological changes of renal tissues were assessed by Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining assay. The correlation between miR-340-5p and KDM4C level (or content of TNF-α and IL-6) was analysed by Pearson correlation analysis. The injection of anti-MPO IgG induced a significant elevation of Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in serum, as well as urine blood, urine protein and urine leukocytes. Importantly, KDM4C was downregulated in model group. In mechanism, we identified that miR-340-5p bound with KDM4C 3'untranslated region (UTR), negatively regulated KDM4C in endothelial cells and negatively correlated with KDM4C in serum of GN rats. In function, we found that miR-340-5p promoted B cell activation and proliferation by downregulating KDM4C. The in vitro assays showed that the decrease of cell viability induced by anti-MPO was reversed by miR-340-5p overexpression, and further reduced by KDM4C overexpression. Inversely, the suppressive effects of miR-340-5p mimics on cell apoptosis, cleaved caspase-3 activity, inflammatory response and pro-coagulation were countervailed by KDM4C overexpression in anti-MPO-treated cells. The in vivo assays validated that miR-340-5p overexpression mitigated the impairment of renal function, and histological changes induced by anti-MPO IgG injection in model group. Finally, we found the negative correlation between miR-340-5p and TNF-α (or IL-6) content in serum of GN rats. In conclusion, we found that miR-340-5p inhibited endothelial apoptosis and inflammatory response by targeting KDM4C in ANCA-mediated GN through activation of B cells, implying a potential novel insight for treatment of ANCA-mediated GN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengkun Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlin Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu Q, Liang F, Cai S, Luo X, Duo T, Liang Z, He Z, Chen Y, Mo D. KDM4A regulates myogenesis by demethylating H3K9me3 of myogenic regulatory factors. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:514. [PMID: 34011940 PMCID: PMC8134519 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylase 4A (KDM4A) plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, cell differentiation, development and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about the function of KDM4A in muscle development and regeneration. Here, we found that the conditional ablation of KDM4A in skeletal muscle caused impairment of embryonic and postnatal muscle formation. The loss of KDM4A in satellite cells led to defective muscle regeneration and blocked the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. Myogenic differentiation and myotube formation in KDM4A-deficient myoblasts were inhibited. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that KDM4A promoted myogenesis by removing the histone methylation mark H3K9me3 at MyoD, MyoG and Myf5 locus. Furthermore, inactivation of KDM4A in myoblasts suppressed myoblast differentiation and accelerated H3K9me3 level. Knockdown of KDM4A in vitro reduced myoblast proliferation through enhancing the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P21 and decreasing the expression of cell cycle regulator Cyclin D1. Together, our findings identify KDM4A as an important regulator for skeletal muscle development and regeneration, orchestrating myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shufang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianqi Duo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third Road, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hood R, Chen YH, Goldsmith JR. TNFAIP8 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation and May Alter Terminal Differentiation of Secretory Progenitors. Cells 2021; 10:871. [PMID: 33921306 PMCID: PMC8070212 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a highly proliferative dynamic environment that relies on constant self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium to maintain homeostasis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8 or TIPE0) is a regulator of PI3K-mediated signaling. By binding to PIP2 and PIP3, TIPE family members locally activate PI3K activity while globally inhibiting PI3K activity through sequestration of membranous PIP2. Single-cell RNA sequencing survey of Tipe0-/- small intestine was used to investigate the role of TIPE0 in intestinal differentiation. Tipe0-/- intestinal cells were shown to shift towards an undifferentiated state, with the notable exception of goblet cells. Additionally, three possible novel regulators of terminal cell fate decisions in the secretory lineage were identified: Nupr1, Kdm4a, and Gatad1. We propose that these novel regulators drive changes involved in goblet cell (Nupr1) or tuft cell (Kdm4a and Gatad1) fate commitment and that TIPE0 may play a role in orchestrating terminal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walters ZS, Aladowicz E, Villarejo-Balcells B, Nugent G, Selfe JL, Eve P, Blagg J, Rossanese O, Shipley J. Role for the Histone Demethylase KDM4B in Rhabdomyosarcoma via CDK6 and CCNA2: Compensation by KDM4A and Apoptotic Response of Targeting Both KDM4B and KDM4A. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1734. [PMID: 33917420 PMCID: PMC8038694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylases are epigenetic modulators that play key roles in regulating gene expression related to many critical cellular functions and are emerging as promising therapeutic targets in a number of tumor types. We previously identified histone demethylase family members as overexpressed in the pediatric sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. Here we show high sensitivity of rhabdomyosarcoma cells to a pan-histone demethylase inhibitor, JIB-04 and identify a key role for the histone demethylase KDM4B in rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth through an RNAi-screening approach. Decreasing KDM4B levels affected cell cycle progression and transcription of G1/S and G2/M checkpoint genes including CDK6 and CCNA2, which are bound by KDM4B in their promoter regions. However, after sustained knockdown of KDM4B, rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth recovered. We show that this can be attributed to acquired molecular compensation via recruitment of KDM4A to the promoter regions of CDK6 and CCNA2 that are otherwise bound by KDM4B. Furthermore, upfront silencing of both KDM4B and KDM4A led to RMS cell apoptosis, not seen by reducing either alone. To circumvent compensation and elicit stronger therapeutic responses, our study supports targeting histone demethylase sub-family proteins through selective poly-pharmacology as a therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë S. Walters
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.S.W.); (E.A.); (B.V.-B.); (J.L.S.)
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ewa Aladowicz
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.S.W.); (E.A.); (B.V.-B.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Barbara Villarejo-Balcells
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.S.W.); (E.A.); (B.V.-B.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Gary Nugent
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (G.N.); (P.E.); (J.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Joanna L. Selfe
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.S.W.); (E.A.); (B.V.-B.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Paul Eve
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (G.N.); (P.E.); (J.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Julian Blagg
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (G.N.); (P.E.); (J.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Olivia Rossanese
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (G.N.); (P.E.); (J.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Janet Shipley
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.S.W.); (E.A.); (B.V.-B.); (J.L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li B, Yin J, Chang J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang H, Wang W, Zeng X. Apelin/APJ relieve diabetic cardiomyopathy by reducing microvascular dysfunction. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:1-18. [PMID: 33504680 PMCID: PMC8052525 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcirculatory injuries had been reported to be involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy, which was mainly related to endothelial cell dysfunction. Apelin, an adipokine that is upregulated in diabetes mellitus, was reported to improve endothelial cell dysfunction and attenuate cardiac insufficiency induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin might be involved in alleviating endothelial cell dysfunction and followed cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus. The results showed that apelin improved endothelial cell dysfunction via decreasing apoptosis and expression of adhesion molecules and increasing proliferation, angiogenesis, and expression of E-cadherin, VEGFR 2 and Tie-2 in endothelial cells, which resulted in the attenuation of the capillary permeability in cardiac tissues and following diabetic cardiomyopathy. Meanwhile, the results from endothelial cell-specific APJ knockout mice and cultured endothelial cells confirmed that the effects of apelin on endothelial cells were dependent on APJ and the downstream NFκB pathways. In conclusion, apelin might reduce microvascular dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus via improving endothelial dysfunction dependent on APJ activated NFκB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Yin
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjia Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Zeng:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A differential evolution based feature combination selection algorithm for high-dimensional data. Inf Sci (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2020.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Sun S, Yang F, Zhu Y, Zhang S. RETRACTED: KDM4A promotes the growth of non-small cell lung cancer by mediating the expression of Myc via DLX5 through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 262:118508. [PMID: 33002480 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors as they “found major problems in the data and conclusions through their later research”. 1. When the authors performed flow cytometry to detect apoptosis, the Annexin-V-coupled fluorophore they used was Fluor 647 (as described in the Methods section), which was incorrectly labelled as the Annexin-V-coupled fluorophore as FITC in their Figures (Fig. 5E, 7C and Fig. S1D). The excitation wavelengths of Alexa Fluor 647 (594/633 nm) are different from that of FITC (490 nm/520 nm), this mistake would lead to unreliability of their data. 2. The authors discovered a major error during the traceability of the antibodies used in the experiments. The primary antibody they used to detect KDM4A was actually a primary antibody for KDM6B, as evidenced by the western blots. KDM6B is a 177-kDa protein (consistent with the kDa shown in Fig. 1K and Fig. 2B), while KDM4A is a 150-kDa protein. 3. Lastly, the authors carelessly mislabeled KDM4A as KDM4B in Fig. 7. The authors and the Editors believe that the conclusions of the paper are not dependable, so we have decided to retract the paper. Apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Department of General Oncotherapy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fujun Yang
- Department of General Oncotherapy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yongcun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shukun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu OHF, Kiema M, Beter M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen MU. Hypoxia-Mediated Regulation of Histone Demethylases Affects Angiogenesis-Associated Functions in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2665-2677. [PMID: 32938217 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of several lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs) is induced by hypoxia. Here, we sought to investigate the exact mechanisms underlying this regulation and its functional implications for endothelial cell function, such as angiogenesis. Approach and Results: We analyzed the expression changes of KDMs under hypoxia and modulation of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) expression using GRO-Seq and RNA-Seq in endothelial cells. We provide evidence that the majority of the KDMs are induced at the level of nascent transcription mediated by the action of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Importantly, we show that transcriptional changes at the level of initiation represent the major mechanism of gene activation. To delineate the epigenetic effects of hypoxia and HIF activation in normoxia, we analyzed the genome-wide changes of H3K27me3 using chromosome immunoprecipitation-Seq. We discovered a redistribution of H3K27me3 at ≈2000 to 3000 transcriptionally active loci nearby genes implicated in angiogenesis. Among these, we demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression is partly induced by KDM4B- and KDM6B-mediated demethylation of nearby regions. Knockdown of KDM4B and KDM6B decreased cell proliferation, tube formation, and endothelial sprouting while affecting hundreds of genes associated with angiogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of KDMs by hypoxia and the epigenetic regulation of VEGFA-mediated angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes an additional level of epigenetic regulation where hypoxia induces redistribution of H3K27me3 around genes implicated in proliferation and angiogenesis. More specifically, we demonstrate that KDM4B and KDM6B play a key role in modulating the expression of the major angiogenic driver VEGFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hsin-Fu Liu
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Miika Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Mustafa Beter
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Science Service Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (S.Y.-H.)
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.-F.L., M.K., M.B., S.Y.-H., J.P.L., M.U.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
GASC1-Adapted Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Resectable Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Clinical Biomarker Trial. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:1607860. [PMID: 32411232 PMCID: PMC7204099 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1607860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) is a standard care for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the efficacy is unsatisfactory. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play key roles in chemotherapy resistance. Gene amplified in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (GASC1) is a neoteric gene in stemness maintaining of ESCC. We aimed to reveal whether GASC1 could be a predictive biomarker for NCT in ESCC. ESCC patients (T2-4N0-2M0) were evaluated for GASC1 expression using immunohistochemical staining and classified as GASC1-low group (GLG) and GASC1-high group (GHG). NCT was delivered in two cycles and then the surgery was completed. Primary endpoints were tumor regression grade (TRG) and objective response rate (ORR); secondary endpoints were radical surgical resection (R0) rate and three-year overall survival (OS). 60 patients were eligible with evaluable outcomes: 24 in GHG and 36 in GLG. Between GHG and GLG, TRG1, TRG2, TRG3, and TRG4 were 0 : 16.7%, 20.8% : 41.7%, 58.3% : 36.1%, and 20.8% : 5.6%, respectively (P=0.006); ORR and R0 rate were 33.3% : 69.4% (P=0.006) and 75% : 94.4% (P=0.046), respectively; the median OS was 20 : 32 (months) (P=0.0356). No significant difference in the three-year OS was observed between GHG and GLG: 29.2% : 41.7% (P=0.24). Furthermore, the GASC1 expression level was associated with poor OS independent of other factors by univariate and multivariate analyses. Therefore, GASC1 might be a potential biomarker to predict NCT efficacy for ESCC.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hansel, Gretel, and the Consequences of Failing to Remove Histone Methylation Breadcrumbs. Trends Genet 2020; 36:160-176. [PMID: 32007289 PMCID: PMC10047806 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Like breadcrumbs in the forest, cotranscriptionally acquired histone methylation acts as a memory of prior transcription. Because it can be retained through cell divisions, transcriptional memory allows cells to coordinate complex transcriptional programs during development. However, if not reprogrammed properly during cell fate transitions, it can also disrupt cellular identity. In this review, we discuss the consequences of failure to reprogram histone methylation during three crucial epigenetic reprogramming windows: maternal reprogramming at fertilization, embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation, and the continuous maintenance of cell identity in differentiated cells. In addition, we discuss how following the wrong breadcrumb trail of transcriptional memory provides a framework for understanding how heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in histone-modifying enzymes may cause severe neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hung KH, Woo YH, Lin IY, Liu CH, Wang LC, Chen HY, Chiang BL, Lin KI. The KDM4A/KDM4C/NF-κB and WDR5 epigenetic cascade regulates the activation of B cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5547-5560. [PMID: 29718303 PMCID: PMC6009645 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cell-derived signals promote activation and proliferation of antigen-primed B cells. It remains unclear whether epigenetic regulation is involved in the B cell responses to Tfh cell-derived signals. Here, we demonstrate that Tfh cell-mimicking signals induce the expression of histone demethylases KDM4A and KDM4C, and the concomitant global down-regulation of their substrates, H3K9me3/me2, in B cells. Depletion of KDM4A and KDM4C potentiates B cell activation and proliferation in response to Tfh cell-derived signals. ChIP-seq and de novo motif analysis reveals NF-κB p65 as a binding partner of KDM4A and KDM4C. Their co-targeting to Wdr5, a MLL complex member promoting H3K4 methylation, up-regulates cell cycle inhibitors Cdkn2c and Cdkn3. Thus, Tfh cell-derived signals trigger KDM4A/KDM4C - WDR5 - Cdkn2c/Cdkn3 cascade in vitro, an epigenetic mechanism regulating proper proliferation of activated B cells. This pathway is dysregulated in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients and may represent a pathological link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yong H Woo
- Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - I-Ying Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsiu Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Academia Sinica, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang X, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhou J, Yuan H, Li X, Liu Y, Wang B. Histone demethylase KDM7A reciprocally regulates adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation via regulation of C/EBPα and canonical Wnt signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2149-2162. [PMID: 30614617 PMCID: PMC6378189 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent emerging evidences revealed that epigenetic methylation of histone and DNA regulates the lineage commitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells. This study was undertaken to delineate the actions of histone lysine demethylase 7A (KDM7A) on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Kdm7a expression was up‐regulated in primary marrow stromal cells and established stromal ST2 line after adipogenic and osteogenic treatment. Silencing of endogenous Kdm7a in the cells blocked adipogenic differentiation whereas promoted osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of wild‐type Kdm7a in the progenitor cells enhanced adipogenic differentiation whereas inhibited osteogenic differentiation. However, the effect of KDM7A on cell differentiation was largely attenuated when the point mutation was made that abolishes enzymatic activity of KDM7A. Mechanism investigations revealed that silencing of Kdm7a down‐regulated the expression of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and secreted frizzled‐related protein 1 (Sfrp1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that KDM7A directly binds to the promoters of C/EBPα and Sfrp1 and removes the histone methylation marks H3K9me2 and H3K27me2. Furthermore, silencing of Kdm7a activated canonical Wnt signalling. Thereafter, activation of canonical Wnt signalling through silencing of Sfrp1 in ST2 attenuated the stimulation of adipogenic differentiation and inhibition of osteogenic differentiation by KDM7A. Our study suggests that KDM7A balances adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation from progenitor cells through epigenetic control of C/EBPα and canonical Wnt signalling and implicates that control of KDM7A action has an epigenetic perspective of curtailing metabolic disorders like osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hairui Yuan
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guttula PK, Agarwal A, Maharana U, Gupta MK. Prediction of novel pluripotent proteins involved in reprogramming of male Germline stem cells (GSCs) into multipotent adult Germline stem cells (maGSCs) by network analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 76:302-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
25
|
Shen C, Quan Q, Yang C, Wen Y, Li H. Histone demethylase JMJD6 regulates cellular migration and proliferation in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:212. [PMID: 30092848 PMCID: PMC6085710 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been extensively explored as a promising therapeutic agent due to their differentiation, proliferation and migration abilities. The epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been described in detail. However, the epigenetic modulation of ADSCs proliferation and migration is poorly understood. METHODS The present study examined histone demethylases roles and expression by RT-PCR, as well as through siRNA screening and ChIP-qPCR assay. Cellular proliferation and migration assays were employed in shRNA-mediated JMJD6 knockdown and control ADSCs. PDE1C inhibition studies were conducted to confirm its role in JMJD6-mediated epigenetic regulation of ADSCs. RESULTS The data demonstrate that the histone demethylase JMJD6 plays a critical role in regulating the proliferation and migration of ADSCs by removing H4R3me2a at the promoter regions of PDEC1 and suppressing PDEC1 expression. Importantly, the depletion of JMJD6 in ADSCs significantly increased cellular proliferation and motility, which was associated with increases in PDE1C expression and decreases in the levels of both cAMP and cGMP. The increase in proliferation and migration was reversed by treatment with a PDE1C inhibitor, suggesting that JMJD6 attenuates the proliferation and migration of ADSCs as an epigenetic regulator and PDE1C partially contributes to the JMJD6-mediated regulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that JMJD6 plays an important role in the regulation of ADSCs proliferation and migration through the modulation of PDE1C expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Basic Medicine School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Quan
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- Basic Medicine School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Qureshi R, Kindo M, Boulberdaa M, von Hunolstein JJ, Steenman M, Nebigil CG. A Prokineticin-Driven Epigenetic Switch Regulates Human Epicardial Cell Stemness and Fate. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1589-1602. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Qureshi
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling Laboratory (UMR 7242); University of Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - Michel Kindo
- Hospital of University of Strasbourg, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department; Hospital of University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Mounia Boulberdaa
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling Laboratory (UMR 7242); University of Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - Jean-Jacques von Hunolstein
- Hospital of University of Strasbourg, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department; Hospital of University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Marja Steenman
- Institute of Thorax, INSERM, CNRS; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Canan G. Nebigil
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling Laboratory (UMR 7242); University of Strasbourg; Illkirch France
- Laboratory of Biomolecules (UMR7203), CNRS; Sorbonne University; Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xie
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.)
| | - Ye Fan
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.).
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang C, Wang X, Zhang E, Yang L, Yuan H, Tu W, Zhang H, Yin Z, Shen W, Chen X, Zhang Y, Ouyang H. An epigenetic bioactive composite scaffold with well-aligned nanofibers for functional tendon tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:141-156. [PMID: 28963019 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poor tendon repair is often a clinical challenge due to the lack of ideal biomaterials. Electrospun aligned fibers, resembling the ultrastructure of tendon, have been previously reported to promote tenogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear and the aligned fibers alone are not capable enough to commit teno-differentiation of stem cells. Here, based on our observation of reduced expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) cultured on aligned fibers, we proposed a strategy to enhance the tenogenesis effect of aligned fibers by using a small molecule Trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC inhibitor. Such a TSA-laden poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) aligned fiber (A-TSA) scaffold was successfully fabricated by a stable jet electrospinning method, and demonstrated its sustained capability in releasing TSA. We found that TSA incorporated aligned fibers of PLLA had an additive effect in directing tenogenic differentiation. Moreover, the in situ implantation study in rat model further confirmed that A-TSA scaffold promoted the structural and mechanical properties of the regenerated Achilles tendon. This study demonstrated that HDAC was involved in the teno-differentiation with aligned fiber topography, and the combination of HDAC with aligned topography might be a more efficient strategy to promote tenogenesis of stem cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Electrospun aligned fibers, resembling the ultrastructure of tendon, have been previously reported to promote tenogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear and the aligned fibers alone are not capable enough to commit teno-differentiation of stem cells. The uniqueness of our studies are as follows, based on our observation of reduced expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) cultured on aligned fibers, we proposed a strategy to enhance the tenogenesis effect of aligned fibers by using a small molecule Trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC inhibitor. Such a TSA-laden poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) aligned fiber (A-TSA) scaffold was successfully fabricated by a stable jet electrospinning method, and demonstrated its sustained capability in releasing TSA. The incorporation and subsequent release of bioactive small molecule TSA into electrospun aligned fibers allows a controllable manner for both biochemical and physical regulation of tenogenesis of stem cells both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the present study provides a model of "translating the biological knowledge learned from cell-material interaction into optimizing biomaterials (from Biomat-to-Biomat)".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Bionanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xianliu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Erchen Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Yang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenjing Tu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huilan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yanzhong Zhang
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shen J, Spruck C. F-box proteins in epigenetic regulation of cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110650-110655. [PMID: 29299176 PMCID: PMC5746411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic abnormalities are now realized as important as genetic alterations in contributing to the initiation and progression of cancer. Recent advancements in the cancer epigenetics field have identified extensive alterations of the epigenetic network in human cancers, including histone modifications and DNA methylation. F-box proteins, the substrate receptors of SCF (SKP1-Cullin1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligases, can directly and indirectly affect the balance of epigenetic regulation. In this brief review, we discuss our current understanding of F-box proteins in cellular epigenetic regulation and how dysregulation of these processes contribute to cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Charles Spruck
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tsang KM, Hyun JS, Cheng KT, Vargas M, Mehta D, Ushio-Fukai M, Zou L, Pajcini KV, Rehman J, Malik AB. Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Functional Arterial Endothelial Cells through Sequential Activation of ETV2 and NOTCH1 Signaling by HIF1α. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:796-806. [PMID: 28781077 PMCID: PMC5599266 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of functional arterial endothelial cells (aECs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) holds great promise for vascular tissue engineering. However, the mechanisms underlying their generation and the potential of aECs in revascularizing ischemic tissue are not fully understood. Here, we observed that hypoxia exposure of mouse ESCs induced an initial phase of HIF1α-mediated upregulation of the transcription factor Etv2, which in turn induced the commitment to the EC fate. However, sustained activation of HIF1α in these EC progenitors thereafter induced NOTCH1 signaling that promoted the transition to aEC fate. We observed that transplantation of aECs mediated arteriogenesis in the mouse hindlimb ischemia model. Furthermore, transplantation of aECs in mice showed engraftment in ischemic myocardium and restored cardiac function in contrast to ECs derived under normoxia. Thus, HIF1α activation of Etv2 in ESCs followed by NOTCH1 signaling is required for the generation aECs that are capable of arteriogenesis and revascularization of ischemic tissue. Hypoxia enhances ESC to EC differentiation via HIF1α-ETV2 signaling HIF1α directs arterial endothelial specification by upregulating Notch signaling Transplantation of hypoxia-derived aECs induces arteriogenesis in hindlimb ischemia Hypoxia-derived aECs restore cardiac function following myocardial infarction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kit Man Tsang
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - James S Hyun
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kwong Tai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Micaela Vargas
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kostandin V Pajcini
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Histone demethylase JMJD2C: epigenetic regulators in tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91723-91733. [PMID: 29207681 PMCID: PMC5710961 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is one of the major epigenetic modifications, and various histone methylases and demethylases participate in the epigenetic regulating. JMJD2C has been recently identified as one of the histone lysine demethylases. As one member of the Jumonji-C histone demethylase family, JMJD2C has the ability to demethylate tri- or di-methylated histone 3 and 2 in either K9 (lysine residue 9) or K36 (lysine residue 36) sites by an oxidative reaction, thereby affecting heterochromatin formation, genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and transcriptional regulation of genes. JMJD2C was firstly found to involve in embryonic development and stem cell regulation. Afterwards, aberrant status of JMJD2C histone methylation was observed during the formation and development of various tumors, and it has been reported to play crucial roles in the progression of breast cancer, prostate carcinomas, osteosarcoma, blood neoplasms and so on, indicating that JMJD2C represents a promising anti-cancer target. In this review, we will focus on the research progress and prospect of JMJD2C in tumors, and provide abundant evidence for the functional application and therapeutic potential of targeting JMJD2C in tumors.
Collapse
|
33
|
Shen H, Xu W, Lan F. Histone lysine demethylases in mammalian embryonic development. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e325. [PMID: 28450736 PMCID: PMC6130211 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications, such as methylation, acetylation and phosphorylation, of histone proteins play important roles in regulating dynamic chromatin structure. Histone demethylation has become one of the most active research areas of epigenetics in the past decade. To date, with the exception of histone H3 lysine 79 methylation, the demethylases for all major lysine methylation sites have been discovered. These enzymes have been shown to be involved in various biological processes, with embryonic development being an exciting emerging area. This review will primarily discuss the involvement of these demethylases in the regulation of mammalian embryonic development, including their roles in embryonic stem cell pluripotency, primordial germ cell (PGC) formation and maternal-to-zygotic transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Shen
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Epigenetics, Shanghai Ministry of Education, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqi Xu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Epigenetics, Shanghai Ministry of Education, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Epigenetics, Shanghai Ministry of Education, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yuan X, Kong J, Ma Z, Li N, Jia R, Liu Y, Zhou F, Zhan Q, Liu G, Gao S. KDM4C, a H3K9me3 Histone Demethylase, is Involved in the Maintenance of Human ESCC-Initiating Cells by Epigenetically Enhancing SOX2 Expression. Neoplasia 2016; 18:594-609. [PMID: 27742014 PMCID: PMC5035342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our studies investigating the existence of tumor-initiating cell (TIC) populations in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) had identified a subpopulation of cells isolated from ESCC patient-derived tumor specimens marked by an ALDHbri+ phenotype bear stem cell-like features. Importantly, KDM4C, a histone demethylase was enhanced in ALDHbri+ subpopulation, suggesting that strategies interfering with KDM4C may be able to target these putative TICs. In the present study, by genetic and chemical means, we demonstrated that, KDM4C blockade selectively decreased the ESCC ALDHbri+ TICs population in vitro and specifically targeted the TICs in ALDHbri+-derived xenograft, retarding engraftment. Subsequent studies of the KDM4C functional network identified a subset of pluripotency-associated genes (PAGs) and aldehyde dehydrogenase family members to be preferentially down-regulated in KDM4C inhibited ALDHbri+ TICs. We further supported a model in which KDM4C maintains permissive histone modifications with a low level of H3K9 methylation at the promoters of several PAGs. Moreover, ectopic expression of SOX2 restored KDM4C inhibition-dependent ALDHbri+ TIC properties. We further confirmed these findings by showing that the cytoplasmic and nuclear KDM4C staining increased with adverse pathologic phenotypes and poor patient survival. Such staining pattern of intracellular KDM4C appeared to overlap with the expression of SOX2 and ALDH1. Collectively, our findings provided the insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on the inhibition of KDM4C pathway for the eliminating of ESCC TIC compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Zhikun Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Na Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Ruinuo Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI 48201.
| | - Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aman J, Weijers EM, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Malik AB, van Hinsbergh VWM. Using cultured endothelial cells to study endothelial barrier dysfunction: Challenges and opportunities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L453-66. [PMID: 27343194 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of endothelial barrier regulation and the identification of approaches that have the potential to improve endothelial barrier function, no drug- or stem cell-based therapy is presently available to reverse the widespread vascular leak that is observed in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. The translational gap suggests a need to develop experimental approaches and tools that better mimic the complex environment of the microcirculation in which the vascular leak develops. Recent studies have identified several elements of this microenvironment. Among these are composition and stiffness of the extracellular matrix, fluid shear stress, interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with pericytes, oxygen tension, and the combination of toxic and mechanic injurious stimuli. Development of novel cell culture techniques that integrate these elements would allow in-depth analysis of EC biology that closely approaches the (patho)physiological conditions in situ. In parallel, techniques to isolate organ-specific ECs, to define EC heterogeneity in its full complexity, and to culture patient-derived ECs from inducible pluripotent stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells are likely to advance the understanding of ARDS and lead to development of therapeutics. This review 1) summarizes the advantages and pitfalls of EC cultures to study vascular leak in ARDS, 2) provides an overview of elements of the microvascular environment that can directly affect endothelial barrier function, and 3) discusses alternative methods to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application with the intent of improving the translational value of present EC culture approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ester M Weijers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sudo G, Kagawa T, Kokubu Y, Inazawa J, Taga T. Increase in GFAP-positive astrocytes in histone demethylase GASC1/KDM4C/JMJD2C hypomorphic mutant mice. Genes Cells 2016; 21:218-25. [PMID: 26805559 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
GASC1, also known as KDM4C/JMJD2C, is a histone demethylase for histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and H3K36. In this study, we observed an increase of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the brain of Gasc1 hypomorphic mutant mice at 2-3 months of age, but not at postnatal day 14 and day 30 by immunohistochemistry. Increases of GFAP-positive astrocytes were widely observed in the forebrain and prominent in such regions as cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, amygdala and diencephalon, but not obvious in hippocampus. Taken together with our observations to be published elsewhere that Gasc1 hypomorphic mutant mice exhibit abnormal behaviors including hyperactivity, persistence and many types of learning and memory deficits and abnormal synaptic functions such as prolonged long-term potentiation, the increase in GFAP-positive astrocytes may help understand their phenotypes, because astrocytes are known to affect synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Sudo
- Department of Stem Cell regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Kagawa
- Department of Stem Cell regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kokubu
- Department of Stem Cell regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taga
- Department of Stem Cell regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|