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Wilson SC, Villanueva S, Jones KA, Dmitrieva L, Smyth W. Urinary glucocorticoids in harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups during rehabilitation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 335:114227. [PMID: 36774982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GC) hormone cortisol is often measured in seals to indicate their stress levels, although other endogenous GCs are usually overlooked. We investigated concentrations of four endogenous GCs in the urine of "orphan" harbour seal pups in rehabilitation. We hypothesised that the GC levels would be elevated if pups were socially isolated, without water access, and with low body mass. Ninety-six samples were collected from 32 pups at four different rehabilitation centres and were analysed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Median urinary creatinine (Cr) concentrations of endogenous prednisolone (31.6 ng/mg/Cr) and prednisone (31.1 ng/mg/Cr) occurred in similar magnitude to cortisol (37.0 ng/mg/Cr), while median cortisone concentrations were higher (390 ng/mg/Cr). Prednisolone and prednisone concentrations were more strongly inversely related to pup growth rate and pup mass than cortisol and cortisone. Concentrations of all four GCs decreased with mass gain for pups with water access but did not decrease for pups without water; linear mixed models indicated the interaction between these trends was significant for cortisol and cortisone, but not for prednisolone or prednisone. These results indicate the potential value of measuring all four of these endogenous GC hormones in phocid seal pups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wesley Smyth
- Chemical and Immunodiagnostic Sciences Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, N. Ireland.
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2
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Ataallahi M, Nejad JG, Park KH. Selection of appropriate biomatrices for studies of chronic stress in animals: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:621-639. [PMID: 35969712 PMCID: PMC9353350 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of
stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live
animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g.,
hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding
long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress
responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse
characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single
measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic
stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods
for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses
the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring
the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid
biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in
greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The
multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations
between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of
the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic
stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design
biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ataallahi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyu-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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3
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Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Pregel P, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. FKBP5 gene expression in skeletal muscle as a potential biomarker for illegal glucocorticoid treatment in veal calves. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:157-162. [PMID: 32992127 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For the current European legislation, the chemical analysis of drug residues is the exclusive accepted method to identify animals illicitly treated with growth promoters. Glucocorticoids and their metabolites are no detectable by LC/MS-MS methods in biological fluids when the growth promoter administration is discontinued several days prior to the slaughtering. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect on the expression of genes belonging to the glucocorticoid pathway in three types of skeletal muscle of calves treated with prednisolone or dexamethasone in combination with estradiol. A gene expression change of glucocorticoid receptors (NR3C1 and NR3C2), their chaperones molecules (FKBP prolyl isomerase 4 and 5, FKBP4 and 5) and pre-receptor system (hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenases 1 and 2, HSD11B1 and 2) may indicate potential biomarkers of glucocorticoid treatment. In the biceps brachii muscle, the administration of dexamethasone with estradiol increased HSD11B2 (P < 0.01) and NR3C2 (P < 0.01) gene expression, whereas prednisolone administration increased HSD11B1 transcript levels (P < 0.05). In the longissimus lumborum muscle, NR3C2 gene expression decreased following prednisolone administration (P < 0.05). FKBP5 gene expression decreased in all considered muscles of calves administered with dexamethasone and estradiol (P < 0.01), whereas increased in the longissimus lumborum (P < 0.01) and vastus lateralis (P < 0.05) muscle of prednisolone-treated group (P < 0.05). The opposite effect of dexamethasone and prednisolone appears very promising to develop a low-cost screening test, because the expression analysis of a unique gene in a given tissue may distinguish the dispensed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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4
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Iannella L, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Ciccarelli C, Mazzarino M, Torre X. Carbon isotopic characterization of prednisolone and prednisone pharmaceutical formulations: Implications in antidoping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale “Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | | | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
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5
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Capra P, Leporati M, Nebbia C, Gatto S, Attucci A, Barbarino G, Vincenti M. Effects of truck transportation and slaughtering on the occurrence of prednisolone and its metabolites in cow urine, liver, and adrenal glands. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:336. [PMID: 31533706 PMCID: PMC6751679 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recognition of illegal administration of synthetic corticosteroids in animal husbandry has been recently challenged by the case of prednisolone, whose occasional presence in the urine of bovines under strong stressful conditions was attributed to endogenous biosynthesis, not to exogenous administration. The study of the natural stress sources possibly inducing endogenous prednisolone production represents a stimulating investigation subject. The biochemical effects of transportation and slaughtering were verified in untreated cows by studying the possible occurrence of prednisolone and its metabolites in urine, liver and adrenal glands, and the cortisol/cortisone quantification. Results Cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone and its metabolites were measured in urine, collected at farm under natural micturition and then at the slaughterhouse. The study was performed on 15 untreated cows reared in different farms at the end of their productive cycle. 2–3 days after the first urine collection, the animals were transported by trucks to the abattoir, slaughtered, and subjected to a second urine sampling from the bladder. Specimens of liver and adrenal gland were also collected and analysed by means of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) validated method. The stressful conditions of transportation and slaughtering proved to increase considerably the urinary levels of cortisol and cortisone as compared to those collected at farm. Prednisolone was detected in the urine collected at the slaughterhouse of two cows only, at a concentration level (≈0.6 μg L− 1) largely below the official cut off (5.0 μg L− 1) established to avoid false non-compliances. These two animals exhibited the highest urinary cortisol levels of the series. Prednisolone and prednisone were also detected in the adrenal glands of a different cow. Prednisolone metabolites were not detected in any urine, liver, and adrenal gland sample. Conclusion Within the constraints of the condition adopted, this study confirms the sporadic presence of prednisolone traces (2 samples out of 15) and the consistently increased concentration of cortisone and cortisol in the urines collected from cows subjected to truck transportation and subsequent slaughtering. No prednisolone metabolites were detected in any liver and adrenal gland samples, nor in urine specimens, unlike what was previously reported for cows artificially stressed by pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Capra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Stefano Gatto
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Collegno e Pinerolo - ASL TO3, Collegno (Torino), Italy
| | - Alberto Attucci
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Cuneo, Mondovì - ASL CN1, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano (Torino), Italy. .,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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6
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Pitardi D, Meloni D, Olivo F, Loprevite D, Cavarretta MC, Behnisch P, Brouwer A, Felzel E, Ingravalle F, Capra P, Gili M, Pezzolato M, Bozzetta E. GR CALUX assay detects synthetic glucocorticoids in calf urine: a validation study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:413-423. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1568584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pitardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Olivo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Loprevite
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria C. Cavarretta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emiel Felzel
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Capra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Gili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
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7
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Shimoji M, Ramaswamy B, Shukoor MI, Benhal P, Broda A, Kulkarni S, Malik P, McCaffrey B, Lafond JF, Nacev A, Weinberg IN, Shapiro B, Depireux DA. Toxicology study for magnetic injection of prednisolone into the rat cochlea. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 126:33-48. [PMID: 29933075 PMCID: PMC6235712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the safety of a novel 'magnetic injection' method of delivering therapy to the cochlea, in a rodent model. In this method of administration, a magnetic field is employed to actively transport drug-eluting superparamagnetic iron-oxide core nanoparticles into the cochlea, where they then release their drug payload (we delivered the steroid prednisolone). Our study design and selection of control groups was based on published regulatory guidance for safety studies that involve local drug delivery. We tested for both single and multiple delivery doses to the cochlea, and found that magnetic delivery did not harm hearing. There was no statistical difference in hearing between magnetically treated ears versus ears that received intra-tympanic steroid (a mimic of a standard-of-care for sudden sensorineural hearing loss), both 2 and 30 days after treatment. Since our treatment is local to the ear, the levels of steroid and iron circulating systemically after our treatment were low, below mass-spectrometry detection limits for the steroid and no different from normal for iron. No adverse findings were observed in ear tissue histopathology or in animal gross behavior. At 2 and 30 days after treatment, inflammatory changes examined in the ear were limited to the middle ear, were very mild in severity, and by day 90 there was ongoing and almost complete reversibility of these changes. There were no ear tissue scarring or hemorrhage trends associated with magnetic delivery. In summary, after conducting a pre-clinical safety study, no adverse safety issues were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimoji
- Otomagnetics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, United States of America.
| | - B Ramaswamy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - M I Shukoor
- Otomagnetics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, United States of America
| | - P Benhal
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - A Broda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - S Kulkarni
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - P Malik
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - B McCaffrey
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | | | - A Nacev
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - I N Weinberg
- Otomagnetics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, United States of America
| | - B Shapiro
- Otomagnetics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, United States of America; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America; Institute for Systems Research (ISR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - D A Depireux
- Otomagnetics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, United States of America; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America; Institute for Systems Research (ISR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
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8
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Giaccone V, Macaluso A, Cammilleri G, Vella A, Ferrantelli V. Corticosteroids in liver and urine in Sicilian cattle by a LC-MS/MS method. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:201-207. [PMID: 29716443 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1470578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of corticosteroid residues was assessed in urine and liver samples from livestock of Sicily. A total of 630 bovine samples were collected from farms and slaughterhouses. The samples were analysed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). All the corticosteroids found were under the maximum residue limit imposed by Commission Regulation (EC) 37/2010. About 4% of liver samples showed dexamethasone levels above the limit of detection (LOD), with a mean of 1.5 ± 0.2 µg kg-1. Betamethasone was found only in seven liver samples, with a mean of 1.6 ± 0.1 µg kg-1. Furthermore, prednisolone and prednisone were found only in urine and liver samples from slaughterhouse, probably related to the high rate of stress for bovines. These results suggest good control practices adopted by Sicilian farms, able to ensure the quality of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Giaccone
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Vella
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- a Area Chimica e Tecnologie Alimentari , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" , Palermo , Italy
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9
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Kinkead RA, Elliott CT, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Gadaj A, Mooney MH. Plasma metabolomic profiling based detection of drug specific responses to different bovine growth promoting regimes. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Report for 2015 on the results from the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Pulina G, Francesconi AHD, Stefanon B, Sevi A, Calamari L, Lacetera N, Dell’Orto V, Pilla F, Ajmone Marsan P, Mele M, Rossi F, Bertoni G, Crovetto GM, Ronchi B. Sustainable ruminant production to help feed the planet. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1260500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pulina
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Stefanon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Agostino Sevi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Calamari
- Istituto di Zootecnica, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Lacetera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Dell’Orto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pilla
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura Ambiente Alimenti, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Istituto di Zootecnica, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marcello Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Ronchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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12
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Chiesa L, Panseri S, Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Divari S, Villa R, Arioli F. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS assessment of the tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine: promising markers of dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1175-89. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1202453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Villa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Report for 2014 on the results from the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Chiesa L, Pavone S, Pasquale E, Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Valiani A, Arioli F, Manuali E. Study on cortisol, cortisone and prednisolone presence in urine of Chianina cattle breed. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:893-903. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - S. Pavone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Italy
| | - E. Pasquale
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - R. Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - S. Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Laboratory of Animal Food Inspection; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - A. Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Italy
| | - F. Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - E. Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Italy
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15
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Chiesa L, Nobile M, Panseri S, Vigo D, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Suitability of bovine bile compared to urine for detection of free, sulfate and glucuronate boldenone, androstadienedione, cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone, prednisone and dexamethasone by LC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2015; 188:473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Famele M, Ferranti C, Palleschi L, Abenavoli C, Fidente RM, Pezzolato M, Botta M, Bozzetta E, Draisci R. Quantification of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in calf urine following different growth-promoting prednisolone treatments. Steroids 2015; 104:196-202. [PMID: 26463899 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, low levels of prednisolone have been reported in several cattle urine samples by a number of laboratories within the EU at an average concentration of 2.0 ng mL(-1). The occurrence of prednisolone residues together with increased levels of hydrocortisone and cortisone in urine and tissue samples of untreated animals seems to demonstrate that traces of this steroid can be produced endogenously during stressful situations. Therefore, the endogenous origin of prednisolone makes difficult to correlate positive samples to a potential illicit treatment. An experimental study was developed to investigate the presence of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids and to evaluate levels of excreted prednisolone following growth-promoting treatments. Urine samples from calves undergone oral treatment with prednisolone, alone and in association with dexamethasone, were analyzed by a LC-MS/MS method, validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. We also investigated if urinary free 6β-hydroxyhydrocortisone/hydrocortisone ratio could be a reliable biomarker of illicit treatment with prednisolone and dexamethasone in calves. Our data revealed that urinary levels of prednisolone after both oral prednisolone treatments, never exceeded the value of 1.1 ng mL(-1). Similar prednisolone levels were found in urine samples of untreated calves. Moreover the presence of 6β-hydroxyhydrocortisone below the CCα value made possible to estimate the 6β-hydroxyhydrocortisone/hydrocortisone ratio only in a very limited number of samples. Obtained data suggest that further criteria have to be considered to allow correct decisions about the urinary presence of prednisolone during control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Famele
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, n. 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - C Ferranti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, n. 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Palleschi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, n. 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C Abenavoli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, n. 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - R M Fidente
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, n. 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna n. 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - M Botta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna n. 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - E Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna n. 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - R Draisci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, n. 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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17
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Report for 2013 on the results from the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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De Clercq N, Van Meulebroek L, Vanden Bussche J, Croubels S, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. The impact of stress on the prevalence of prednisolone in bovine urine: A metabolic fingerprinting approach. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:206-16. [PMID: 26321385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies support the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid prednisolone can be formed from cortisol under influence of stress. To evaluate this hypothesis, urine samples of supposedly non-stressed bovines (at the farm) and bovines subjected to two different forms of stress, i.e. upon slaughter (natural stress) or following administration of a synthetic analog of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (pharmacologically-induced stress) were analysed, and their urinary cortisol and prednisolone levels evaluated. At the farm, none of the examined samples exhibited urinary prednisolone levels higher than the CCα (0.09 μg L(-1)). Upon slaughter or following synthetically induced stress, significantly positive correlations between cortisol and prednisolone could be demonstrated, 0.52 and 0.69, respectively. Of all prednisolone-positive urine samples (n=84), only one showed a prednisolone levels (i.e. 6.45 μg L(-1)) above the threshold level of 5 μg L(-1) suggested by the European Reference Laboratories. Subsequently, an untargeted analysis was performed (metabolic fingerprinting) to characterize the urinary metabolite patterns related to the three different cattle groups. In this context, multivariate statistics assigned a total of 169 differentiating metabolites as playing a key role in the urinary pattern in response to stress. Three of these ions were defined as steroids using an in-house created database. As a result, the metabolic fingerprinting approach proved to be a powerful tool to classify unknown bovine urine samples that tested positive for prednisolone, while providing information about the stress status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Clercq
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour 8, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chiesa L, Pasquale E, Panseri S, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Pseudoendogenous presence of β-boldenone sulphate and glucuronide in untreated young bulls from the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:825-32. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1027965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Arioli F, Pasquale E, Panseri S, Bonizzi L, Labella GF, Casati A, Foschini S, Chiesa L. Pseudoendogenous origin of prednisolone in pigs from the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:833-40. [PMID: 25768050 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1028482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The debate about the origin of prednisolone in animal organisms has lasted for 5 years. Bovine species have been the most studied, but studies on humans and horses are also present in the literature. Even if prednisolone in pigs does not yet represent a problem for control agencies, interest has recently increased with regard to this species. To date, there has been just a single study in the literature about this topic, performed on 10 sows treated with prednisolone or a synthetic analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone. We therefore initiated a study on 80 pigs, a number considered representative in relation to the expected frequency (prevalence) of prednisolone detection in urine collected at slaughter. Prednisolone was detected in urine both at the farm and at the slaughterhouse, with a concentration and frequency higher at slaughter. The presence of prednisolone was also studied in the adrenal glands, where the corticosteroids are produced in response to stress, and it was detected in 89% of the samples. These results, together with the similar behaviours of prednisolone and cortisol, i.e. a mutual rise in the two corticosteroids in urine collected at the slaughterhouse and the correlation between the concentrations of the two corticosteroids in the adrenal glands, seem to indicate an endogenous origin of prednisolone in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arioli
- a Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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21
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Chiesa L, Nobile M, Panseri S, Sgoifo Rossi CA, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Detection of boldenone, its conjugates and androstadienedione, as well as five corticosteroids in bovine bile through a unique immunoaffinity column clean-up and two validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:137-45. [PMID: 25441890 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of β-boldenone II phase metabolites and prednisolone in urine samples, owing to endogenous or natural origin or illicit treatment, is under debate within the European Union. The detection of β-boldenone conjugates, α-boldenone conjugates at concentrations higher than 2 ng mL(-1) and prednisolone above the cut-off level of 5 ng mL(-1) in urine have been, until now, critical in deciding if illegal drug use has occurred. The use of urine sometimes is not entirely satisfactory, especially when the drug is administrated at low doses or when its metabolic conversion is very fast. This subsequently would hamper its detection in urine. The introduction of a new, advantageous matrix where the illicit treatment can be investigated would be highly appreciated. In this study, we have developed and validated a simple and unique immunoaffinity clean-up procedure, which was applied to bovine bile samples, followed by two different analytical liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry methods. The first method tests androstadienedione, α- and β-boldenone sulphate, glucuronate and related free forms, while the other method assays prednisolone, prednisone, dexamethasone, cortisone, and cortisol. The methods were validated according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The evaluated parameters were linearity, specificity, precision (repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility), recovery, decision limit and detection capability. The decision limits (CCα) were between 0.38 and 0.45 ng mL(-1) for anabolic steroids, and 0.13 and 0.15 ng mL(-1) as far as corticosteroids were concerned. Intra- and inter-day repeatability was below 15.8 and 19.9% for all analytes, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of some bile samples collected from untreated young bulls in order to investigate the presence of the studied steroids in this matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C A Sgoifo Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Chiesa L, Pavlovic R, Fidani M, Panseri S, Pasquale E, Casati A, Arioli F. The presence of prednisolone in complementary feedstuffs for bovine husbandry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2331-2337. [PMID: 24415459 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to European Union legislation, prednisolone, a steroid that belongs to the glucocorticosteroid group, is banned as a growth promoter in cattle husbandry and therefore should not be present in bovine feedstuffs. As our preliminary investigations detected prednisolone in this matrix, we performed a study on different commercially available complementary feedstuffs, stored at the farm and/or in the laboratory, in order to verify whether its presence was due to neo-formation during storage. RESULTS Prednisolone was detected in almost all (95%) feedstuffs collected at the farm.When the feedstuffs were stored at the laboratory, the frequency (31%) and the concentration of prednisolone-positives were lower. This difference, which is likely due to different environmental conditions, implies the possibility of its neo-formation. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the neo-formation of prednisolone can occur in feedstuff, and that the frequency and concentration could be related to the storage conditions. The individuation of an objective parameter that is useful for the identification of the compliance of feed is therefore essential.
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23
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Development and validation of a high-resolution mass-spectrometry–based method to study the long-term stability of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in faeces. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1336:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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de Rijke E, Zoontjes PW, Samson D, Oostra S, Sterk SS, van Ginkel LA. Investigation of the presence of prednisolone in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:605-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.878479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Ferranti C, Famele M, Palleschi L, Bozzetta E, Pezzolato M, Draisci R. Excretion profile of corticosteroids in bovine urine compared with tissue residues after therapeutic and growth-promoting administration of dexamethasone. Steroids 2013; 78:803-12. [PMID: 23684526 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of dexamethasone as growth-promoting agent in animal breeding is still practiced within the EU constituting a health risk for meat consumers. An experimental study was developed to assess dexamethasone urinary excretion and tissue distribution (liver, kidney, and muscle) in male calves after therapeutic and growth-promoting administration. Urine and tissue samples collected from treated and untreated bovines were also investigated for the presence of other natural and synthetic corticosteroids (prednisolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone, and cortisone), in order to study a possible correlation with dexamethasone administration and to clarify prednisolone origin. Analyses were performed by a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method developed and validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The results confirm the rapid rate of dexamethasone urinary excretion, irrespective of the dosage, the duration and the route of administration, and the disappearance of cortisone and hydrocortisone during the treatment. Dexamethasone was distributed to the tissues where the elimination rate proceeded relatively slower as suggested by the presence of residues one month after the withdrawal of the therapeutic treatment. An increase in the number of positive findings for prednisolone, in association with higher levels of cortisone and hydrocortisone, was observed in urine samples collected from slaughterhouse rather than those collected at the farm. Prednisone residues were found only in one urine sample that showed the highest levels of prednisolone, hydrocortisone, and cortisone. The occurrence of prednisolone residues in urine and even in tissue samples confirms the endogenous nature of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferranti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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26
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De Clercq N, Julie VB, Croubels S, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. A validated analytical method to study the long-term stability of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in livestock urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:111-21. [PMID: 23791145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to their growth-promoting effects, the use of synthetic glucocorticoids is strictly regulated in the European Union (Council Directive 2003/74/EC). In the frame of the national control plans, which should ensure the absence of residues in food products of animal origin, in recent years, a higher frequency of prednisolone positive bovine urines has been observed. This has raised questions with respect to the stability of natural corticoids in the respective urine samples and their potential to be transformed into synthetic analogs. In this study, a ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) methodology was developed to examine the stability of glucocorticoids in bovine urine under various storage conditions (up to 20 weeks) and to define suitable conditions for sample handling and storage, using an Orbitrap Exactive™. To this end, an extraction procedure was optimized using a Plackett-Burman experimental design to determine the key conditions for optimal extraction of glucocorticoids from urine. Next, the analytical method was successfully validated according to the guidelines of CD 2002/657/EC. Decision limits and detection capabilities for prednisolone, prednisone and methylprednisolone ranged, respectively, from 0.1 to 0.5μgL(-1) and from 0.3 to 0.8μgL(-1). For the natural glucocorticoids limits of detection and limits of quantification for dihydrocortisone, cortisol and cortisone ranged, respectively, from 0.1 to 0.2μgL(-1) and from 0.3 to 0.8μgL(-1). The stability study demonstrated that filter-sterilization of urine, storage at -80°C, and acidic conditions (pH 3) were optimal for preservation of glucocorticoids in urine and able to significantly limit degradation up to 20 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Clercq
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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Bertocchi L, Dusi G, Ghidelli V, Hathaway T, Nassuato C, Casati A, Fidani M, Pompa G, Arioli F. Investigation on the origin of prednisolone in urine and adrenal glands of cows. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.781273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Leporati M, Capra P, Cannizzo F, Biolatti B, Nebbia C, Vincenti M. Determination of prednisolone metabolites in beef cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1044-54. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.777975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Panseri S, Biolatti B, Trutic N, Biondi PA, Chiesa L. Tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine evaluated by HPLC-ESI-mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 135:30-5. [PMID: 23291109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion of hormonally active cortisol (F) into the corresponding inactive 11-keto form, cortisone (E), is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). With a view to estimating in vivo activities of some 11β-HSD isoforms, the measurement of urinary F and E and their tetrahydro metabolites (tetrahydrocortisol, THF, allotetrahydrocortisol, ATHF, tetrahydrocortisone, THE) has been suggested. The basic knowledge of THF, ATHF and THE levels in farm cattle is limited. Therefore the aim of this study was first to optimize a simple and quick method to determine F and E tetrahydro-metabolites in bovine urine by HPLC-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-MS) and then to apply the method to real urine of bovines treated with prednisolone. The samples underwent filtration, deconjugation, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the relevant analytes were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS. The method described in this paper is simple and efficient, featuring good linearity (up to 0.996) and reproducibility (6.8-12.5%, CV). Especially, good LODs were obtained, from 1.63 to 2.67 ppb, depending on the analyte. The chromatographic conditions were optimized in order to obtain a resolution which would allow to simultaneously measure two diastereoisomers, i.e. THF and ATHF. In our study, ATHF turns out to be below the detection limit, while for 18 samples tested the contents of examinated metabolites were as followed: THF (12.5±4.8 ppb), THE (10.9±5.5 ppb), F (11.6±3.3 ppb) and E (5.0±2.2 ppb). When the method was applied to the subject treated with prednisolone a major increase in the concentration of tetrahydro metabolites was observed before the slaughter, mainly due to stress conditions; prednisolone treatment, most presumably, influenced the 11β-HSD activity, as indicated by the decrease in the F/E ratio. This work may provide a useful methodological contribution to the future definition of F, E, THF, ATHF and THE urinary baseline values in order to obtain indirect evaluations of HSDs activity in farm cattle and possible applications in screenings for suspected abuse of synthetic corticosteroids in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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30
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Delahaut P, Demoulin L, Gillard N, Fichant E, Courtheyn D. Preliminary study on the presence of prednisolone in porcine urine and liver - How to distinguish endogenous from therapeutically administered prednisolone. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:325-35. [PMID: 23596156 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In animal breeding in Europe, synthetic corticosteroids are not allowed as growth-promoting agents. However, prednisolone residues have recently been found in porcine urine samples collected at slaughterhouses. The aim of this work was therefore to look for prednisolone in porcine urine and liver, to determine if detected residues might be of endogenous origin, and to check the possible relation with stress. An analytical method developed in-house was validated, combining immunoaffinity-based purification and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). This method was applied to urine and liver samples collected from sows experimentally treated either with prednisolone or tetracosactide hexaacetate (synthetic analogue of ACTH). Thanks to the performance of the analytical method, both cortisol and prednisolone were detected in all pig urine samples collected before or after administration of prednisolone or tetracosactide hexaacetate. High levels of prednisolone were found in porcine urine just after prednisolone administration, decreasing quickly to within the range detected in non-treated animals. In urine, the cortisol level varied depending on the time lapse between administration and sampling. On the other hand, prednisolone was detected also in liver samples of treated pigs. In this matrix, the cortisol level remained constant and prednisolone/cortisol level could be used to detect prednisolone administration at least 4 days after injection. In conclusion, the best indicator for detecting illicit prednisolone administration to pigs seems to be the prednisolone/cortisol ratio in liver samples. This preliminary work must be confirmed by a larger-scale study and metabolites should also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du Jour, 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium
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31
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Bertulat S, Fischer-Tenhagen C, Suthar V, Möstl E, Isaka N, Heuwieser W. Measurement of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and evaluation of udder characteristics to estimate stress after sudden dry-off in dairy cows with different milk yields. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3774-87. [PMID: 23587391 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sudden dry-off is an established management practice in the dairy industry. But milk yield has been increasing continuously during the last decades. There is no information whether the dry-off procedure, which often results in swollen and firm udders, causes stress, particularly in high-producing dairy cows. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a sudden dry-off on extramammary udder pressure and the concentration of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (i.e., 11,17-dioxoandrostane, 11,17-DOA) as an indirect stress parameter. Measurements were carried out within the last week before dry-off and until 9d after dry-off considering 3 groups of milk yield (i.e., low: <15 kg/d, medium: 15-20 kg/d, and high: >20 kg/d). Udder pressure increased in all yield groups after dry-off, peaked at d 2 after dry-off and decreased afterwards. Pressures were highest in high-yielding cows and lowest in low-yielding cows. But only in high-yielding cows was udder pressure after dry-off higher than before dry-off. Baseline 11,17-DOA concentrations depended on milk yield. They were highest in low-yielding (121.7 ± 33.3 ng/g) and lowest in high-yielding cows (71.1 ± 30.0 ng/g). After dry-off, 11,17-DOA increased in all yield groups and peaked at d 3. Whereas in medium- and high-yielding cows 11,17-DOA levels differed significantly from their respective baseline during the whole 9-d measuring period, low-yielding cows showed elevated 11,17-DOA levels only on d 3 after dry-off. However, especially the increase in 11,17-DOA after dry-off between the 3 yield groups was considerably different. Mean 11,17-DOA increase from baseline to d 3 was highest in high-yielding cows (129.1%) and considerably lower in low-yielding cows (40.1%). The highest fecal 11,17-DOA concentrations were measured on d 3 after dry-off, indicating that the stress was most intense on d 2, which is due to an 18-h time lag; at about the same time, udder pressure peaked. Our results showed a negligible effect of a sudden dry-off on low-yielding cows. High-yielding cows, however, faced high extramammary pressures and increased glucocorticoid production. Considering animal welfare aspects, a review of the current dry-off strategies might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bertulat
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Abstract
The possibility of an endogenous presence of the glucocorticoid prednisolone has already been demonstrated in bovine and horse urine, with the aim of clarifying its origin in this matrix, which is used by official agencies for the control of illicit treatments. From this point of view, the endogenous nature of prednisolone could be a major topic in doping control of both amateur and professional human athletes. A study was therefore made on 34 human volunteers (13 males and 21 females; aged 22-62) to detect the presence of prednisolone in their urine by HPLC-MS(3). One of the volunteers underwent vernal allergy treatment with betamethasone for two subsequent years. An investigation was carried out with the aim of verifying if the suppression, and the circadian rhythm, of cortisol urinary levels could also apply to prednisolone. The results of the study show that prednisolone was present in the urine of all 34 volunteers, with a concentration very close to 100-times lower that of cortisol, with no dependence on gender. The same ratio (1/100) was observed in the prednisolone and cortisol levels detected during the 24h together with the suppression of prednisolone by betamethasone treatment. These data demonstrate the endogenous nature of low concentrations of prednisolone in human urine, and motivate further studies about the biosynthetic pathways of this corticosteroid and its relationship with stress in humans, as already described in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fidani
- UNIRE Laboratory Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, MI, Italy.
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Vincenti M, Leporati M, Capra P, Gatto S, Attucci A, Barbarino G, Nebbia C. A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1893-900. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.719645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dusi G, Vago G, Ghidelli V, Pellegrino RM, Galarini R. Analytical investigations about the presence of prednisolone in cow urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1221-1231. [PMID: 22972790 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 2008, the analyses carried out in the Lombardia region as part of National Residue Control Plans have evidenced unexpected frequent detection of the corticosteroid prednisolone (PRED) in cow urine samples taken to the slaughterhouse. Considering the scarce plausibility of these high frequent findings, analytical investigations were started to ascertain the real presence of this corticosteroid. The applied confirmatory method involved liquid-chromatography low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole) as instrumental technique, and it was validated in compliance with the requirements of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. However, recently some criticism regarding Commission Decision 2002/657/EC identification criteria has been pointed out, experimentally demonstrating false positive results (wrong identification) although these criteria have been strictly observed. Therefore, considering the serious implications (i.e. the possibility that PRED could be considered endogenous in particular animal conditions), studies were carried out to investigate the reliability of PRED identification through the change of the chromatographic conditions (mobile phases, gradient and analytical column) of the confirmatory procedure routinely applied. Further confirmation came from the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry technique (MS(2) and MS(3) experiments) to analyze incurred cow urines samples. All the obtained results confirmed definitively the real presence of this corticosteroid excluding false-positive findings in routine analysis. In addition, other experiments demonstrated that high-resolution mass spectrometers (Time of Flight and Orbitrap technologies) could be successfully applied to routine determination of steroid residues in biological fluids at very low concentrations (< 1 µg L(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Dusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, B. Ubertini, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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Pavlovic R, Chiesa L, Soncin S, Panseri S, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Biondi PA. DETERMINATION OF CORTISOL, CORTISONE, PREDNISOLONE AND PREDNISONE IN BOVINE URINE BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–ELECTROSPRAY IONISATION SINGLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
- c Department of Chemistry , Medical Faculty, University of Niš , Serbia
| | - Luca Chiesa
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Silvia Soncin
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Francesca Tiziana Cannizzo
- b Department of Animal Patology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Torino , Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- b Department of Animal Patology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Torino , Italy
| | - Pier Antonio Biondi
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
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Cannizzo FT, Capra P, Divari S, Ciccotelli V, Biolatti B, Vincenti M. Effects of low-dose dexamethasone and prednisolone long term administration in beef calf: Chemical and morphological investigation. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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