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Zakaria MY, Abd El-Halim SM, Beshay BY, Zaki I, Abourehab MA. 'Poly phenolic phytoceutical loaded nano-bilosomes for enhanced caco-2 cell permeability and SARS-CoV 2 antiviral activity': in-vitro and insilico studies. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2162157. [PMID: 36587813 PMCID: PMC9809390 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2162157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) predisposed to the emergence of worldwide catastrophe that impels the evolution of safe and effective therapeutic system. Polyphenols as resveratrol (RSV) exhibit a well evidenced antiviral activity. Unfortunately, like most phenolic nutraceuticals, RSV suffers from restrained solubility and massive degradation in GIT and liver which in turn prohibit its clinical use. Herein, PEGylated bilosomes (PBs) contain PEGylated edge activator along with the traditional components as (Span 60, cholesterol and bile salts) were proposed to boost both permeability and bioavailability of RSV. The investigation of the prominent effect of the diverse variables on the characteristics of the vesicles and picking of the optimum formula were conducted via construction of 23 factorial experiment. The appraisal of the formulae was conducted on the basis of entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), particle size (PS) and zeta potential (ZP). In addition, the spherical shaped optimal formula (F5) exhibited EE% of 86.1 ± 2.9%, PS of 228.9 ± 8.5 nm, and ZP of -39.8 ± 1.3 mV. The sorted optimum formula (F5) exhibited superior dissolution behaviors, and boosted Caco-2 cells cellular uptake by a round 4.7 folds relative to RSV dispersion. In addition, F5 demonstrated a complete in vitro suppression of SARS-CoV-2 at a concentration 0.48 μg/ml with 6.6 times enhancement in antiviral activity relative to RSV dispersion. The accomplished molecular modeling heavily provided proof for the possible interactions of resveratrol with the key residues of the SARS-CoV2 Mpro enzyme. Finally, F5 could be proposed as a promising oral panel of RSV for curation from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y. Zakaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), South Sinai, Ras Sudr, Egypt,CONTACT Mohamed Y. Zakaria ; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Shady M. Abd El-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Botros Y. Beshay
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Islam Zaki
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A.S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabi
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Reshetnyak VI, Maev IV. New insights into the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis asymptomatic stage. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:5292-5304. [PMID: 37899787 PMCID: PMC10600802 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i37.5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis, which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease. Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells [(BECs), cholangiocytes] is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids, which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes. The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen, which is controlled by the bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system "biliary HCO3- umbrella". The impaired production and entry of HCO3- from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506. Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC, we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic (ductulopenia), immunologic (antimitochondrial autoantibodies) and clinical (weakness, malaise, rapid fatigue) signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage. This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Ivanovich Reshetnyak
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Igor Veniaminovich Maev
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
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He Y, Zhang X, Shao Y, Xu B, Cui Y, Chen X, Chen H, Luo C, Ding M. Recognition of asymptomatic hypercholanemia of pregnancy: Different clinical features, fetal outcomes and bile acids metabolism from intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166269. [PMID: 34537368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical features, fetal outcomes and serum bile acids (BAs) metabolism in asymptomatic hypercholanemia of pregnancy (AHP), as well as the comparison with those in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and normal pregnancies. METHODS A study containing 676 pregnant women was performed to investigate the clinical informations, routine biochemical features and obstetric outcomes of AHP by the comparison with ICP and normal pregnancies. Within the study subjects, 203 pregnant women received prospective determination for 55 serum individual BAs based on a validated UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method. The differences in clinical features and serum BAs metabolism among the three groups were then investigated. RESULTS The risk of adverse fetal outcomes in AHP (28.3%) was significantly higher than that in normal pregnancies (8.9%, p < 0.001), but lower than that in ICP group (52.1%, p < 0.001). Multivariate statistics analysis indicated a distinctive serum BAs metabolic profiling among the three groups (PLS-DA, R2Y = 0.580, Q2 = 0.537). Levels of serum BAs especially for deoxycholic acid species were found remarkably elevated in AHP as compared to those in ICP. CONCLUSIONS AHP group had distinguished clinical features and serum BAs metabolism as compared to ICP group and normal pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan He
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Can Luo
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Min Ding
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China.
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Zhang X, Han Y, Huang W, Jin M, Gao Z. The influence of the gut microbiota on the bioavailability of oral drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1789-1812. [PMID: 34386321 PMCID: PMC8343123 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its safety, convenience, low cost and good compliance, oral administration attracts lots of attention. However, the efficacy of many oral drugs is limited to their unsatisfactory bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. One of the critical and most overlooked factors is the symbiotic gut microbiota that can modulate the bioavailability of oral drugs by participating in the biotransformation of oral drugs, influencing the drug transport process and altering some gastrointestinal properties. In this review, we summarized the existing research investigating the possible relationship between the gut microbiota and the bioavailability of oral drugs, which may provide great ideas and useful instructions for the design of novel drug delivery systems or the achievement of personalized medicine.
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Key Words
- 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid
- AA, ascorbic acid
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ACS, amphipathic chitosan derivative
- AMI, amiodarone
- AQP4, aquaporin 4
- AR, azoreductase
- ASP, amisulpride
- BBR, berberine
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- BDDCS, the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system
- BDEPT, the bacteria-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bioavailability
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- CS, chitosan
- Colon-specific drug delivery system
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DRPs, digoxin reduction products
- EcN, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
- FA, folate
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- GCDC, glycochenodeoxycholate
- GL, glycyrrhizic acid
- Gut microbiota
- HFD, high fat diet
- HTC, hematocrit
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MATEs, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins
- MDR1, multidrug resistance gene 1
- MDR1a, multidrug resistance protein-1a
- MKC, monoketocholic acid
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MRP2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- NMEs, new molecular entities
- NRs, nitroreductases
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- NaDC, sodium deoxycholate
- NaGC, sodium glycholate
- OATs, organic anion transporters
- OCTNs, organic zwitterion/cation
- OCTs, organic cation transporters
- Oral drugs
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PPIs, proton pump inhibitors
- PT, pectin
- PWSDs, poorly water-soluble drugs
- Probiotics
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RBC, red blood cell
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SGLT-1, sodium-coupled glucose transporter 1
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle
- SP, sulfapyridine
- SSZ, sulfasalazine
- SVCT-1/2, the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-1/2
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TCA, taurocholate
- TCDC, taurochenodeoxycholate
- TDCA, taurodeoxycholate
- TLCA, taurolithocholate
- TME, the tumor microenvironment
- UDC, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WHO, World Health Organization
- an OTC drug, an over-the-counter drug
- cgr operon, cardiac glycoside reductase operon
- dhBBR, dihydroberberine
- pKa, dissociation constant
- the GI tract, the gastrointestinal tract
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Enright EF, Griffin BT, Gahan CG, Joyce SA. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:170-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rzagalinski I, Hainz N, Meier C, Tschernig T, Volmer DA. MALDI Mass Spectral Imaging of Bile Acids Observed as Deprotonated Molecules and Proton-Bound Dimers from Mouse Liver Sections. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:711-722. [PMID: 29417494 PMCID: PMC5889423 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play two vital roles in living organisms, as they are involved in (1) the secretion of cholesterol from liver, and (2) the lipid digestion/absorption in the intestine. Abnormal bile acid synthesis or secretion can lead to severe liver disorders. Even though there is extensive literature on the mass spectrometric determination of BAs in biofluids and tissue homogenates, there are no reports on the spatial distribution in the biliary network of the liver. Here, we demonstrate the application of high mass resolution/mass accuracy matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) to MS imaging (MSI) of BAs at high spatial resolutions (pixel size, 25 μm). The results show chemical heterogeneity of the mouse liver sections with a number of branching biliary and blood ducts. In addition to ion signals from deprotonation of the BA molecules, MALDI-MSI generated several further intense signals at larger m/z for the BAs. These signals were spatially co-localized with the deprotonated molecules and easily misinterpreted as additional products of BA biotransformations. In-depth analysis of accurate mass shifts and additional electrospray ionization and MALDI-FTICR experiments, however, confirmed them as proton-bound dimers. Interestingly, dimers of bile acids, but also unusual mixed dimers of different taurine-conjugated bile acids and free taurine, were identified. Since formation of these complexes will negatively influence signal intensities of the desired [M - H]- ions and significantly complicate mass spectral interpretations, two simple broadband techniques were proposed for non-selective dissociation of dimers that lead to increased signals for the deprotonated BAs. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Rzagalinski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nadine Hainz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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Aziz DE, Abdelbary AA, Elassasy AI. Investigating superiority of novel bilosomes over niosomes in the transdermal delivery of diacerein:in vitrocharacterization,ex vivopermeation andin vivoskin deposition study. J Liposome Res 2018; 29:73-85. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2018.1430831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana E. Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly A. Abdelbary
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelhalim I. Elassasy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bain RM, Yan X, Raab SA, Ayrton ST, Flick TG, Cooks RG. On-line chiral analysis using the kinetic method. Analyst 2016; 141:2441-6. [PMID: 26979554 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral analysis of constituents in solution-phase reaction mixtures can be performed by tandem mass spectrometry using the kinetic method to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | | | | | | | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development
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Bergström CA, Holm R, Jørgensen SA, Andersson SB, Artursson P, Beato S, Borde A, Box K, Brewster M, Dressman J, Feng KI, Halbert G, Kostewicz E, McAllister M, Muenster U, Thinnes J, Taylor R, Mullertz A. Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption: Current status and unmet needs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:173-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bile salts and their importance for drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:44-55. [PMID: 23598075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bile salts are present in the intestines of humans as well as the animals used during the development of pharmaceutical products. This review provides a short introduction into the physical chemical properties of bile salts, a description of the bile concentration and composition of bile in different animal species and an overview of the literature investigating the influence of bile salts on the in vivo performance of different compounds and drug formulations. Generally, there is a positive effect on bioavailability when bile is present in the gastro-intestinal tract, independent of the formulation systems, e.g. suspensions, solutions, cyclodextrin complexes or lipid based formulations, but a few exceptions have also been reported.
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Sergi M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, Pizzoni D, Manetti C, Colistro F, Curini R, Compagnone D. Analysis of Bile Acids Profile in Human Serum by Ultrafiltration Clean-up and LC-MS/MS. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Qiao X, Ye M, Liu CF, Yang WZ, Miao WJ, Dong J, Guo DA. A tandem mass spectrometric study of bile acids: interpretation of fragmentation pathways and differentiation of steroid isomers. Steroids 2012; 77:204-11. [PMID: 22133544 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are steroids with a pentanoic acid substituent at C-17. They are the terminal products of cholesterol excretion, and play critical physiological roles in human and animals. Bile acids are easy to detect but difficult to identify by using mass spectrometry due to their poly-ring structure and various hydroxylation patterns. In this study, fragmentation pathways of 18 free and conjugated bile acids were interpreted by using tandem mass spectrometry. The analyses were conducted on ion trap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. Upon collision-induced dissociation, the conjugated bile acids could cleave into glycine or taurine related fragments, together with the steroid skeleton. Fragmentations of free bile acids were further elucidated, especially by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. Aside from universally observed neutral losses, eliminations occurred on bile acid carbon rings were proposed for the first time. Moreover, four isomeric 5β-cholanic acid hydroxyl derivatives (3α,6α-, 3α,7β-, 3α,7α-, and 3α,12α-) were differentiated using electrospray ionization in negative ion mode: 3α,7β-OH substituent inclined to eliminate H(2)O and CH(2)O(2) groups; 3α,6α-OH substituent preferred neutral loss of two H(2)O molecules; 3α,12α-OH substituent apt to lose the carboxyl in the form of CO(2) molecule; and 3α,7α-OH substituent exhibited no further fragmentation after dehydration. This study provided specific interpretation for mass spectra of bile acids. The results could contribute to bile acid analyses, especially in clinical assays and metabonomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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