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Zapata-Linares J, Gervasini G. Contaminants in Dietary Supplements: Toxicity, Doping Risk, and Current Regulation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:232-241. [PMID: 38653450 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Athletes, both amateur and professional, often resort to the consumption of nutritional supplements without professional supervision and without being aware of the risks they may entail. We conducted an exhaustive literature search to determine the most common substances found as contaminants in dietary supplements. For each substance, we analyzed its mechanism of action, clinical indication, health risk, and putative use as doping agent. In addition, we evaluated the current regulation of these supplements. Contamination of nutritional supplements (accidental or intentional), especially with steroids and stimulants, is a hazardous situation. The prolonged consumption of these products without being aware of their composition can cause serious health risks and, in the case of professional athletes, a possible sanction for doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Zapata-Linares
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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2
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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Valko M, Alwasel S, Alomar S, Kuca K. Comprehensive analysis of prohibited substances and methods in sports: Unveiling trends, pharmacokinetics, and WADA evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104447. [PMID: 38636744 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This review systematically compiles sports-related drugs, substances, and methodologies based on the most frequently detected findings from prohibited lists published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) between 2003 and 2021. Aligned with structure of the 2023 prohibited list, it covers all proscribed items and details the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of five representatives from each section. Notably, it explores significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with these substances. Adverse analytical findings are summarized in tables for clarity, and the prevalence is visually represented through charts. The review includes a concise historical overview of doping and WADA's role, examining modifications in the prohibited list for an understanding of evolving anti-doping measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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3
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Garcia JF, Seco-Calvo J, Arribalzaga S, Díez R, Lopez C, Fernandez MN, Garcia JJ, Diez MJ, de la Puente R, Sierra M, Sahagún AM. Tribulus terrestris and Sport Performance: A Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Its Advertisement and Availability via Online Shopping in Six Different Countries. Nutrients 2024; 16:1320. [PMID: 38732566 PMCID: PMC11085339 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are commonly used among athletes, and the Internet may be an easy source of these products. Tribulus terrestris is an herbal supplement with multiple properties. Of interest to athletes are reports that its consumption can lead to muscle mass gain and a faster recovery process. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the availability of Tribulus terrestris via the Internet in six countries (Canada, Puerto Rico, Russia, Spain, Ukraine, and the United States of America) via a specifically designed computer program. The characteristics of the websites selling this substance, the country from which it can be purchased, the route of administration, and recommendations for its use were analyzed. The results of the study show that this supplement is marketed mainly in Russia, Ukraine, and Spain on many websites that are mostly dedicated to sports products. Just over half of the webpages (59.14%) identified only distribute this supplement within the same country. The main claims for its consumption refer to sports performance benefits, but there are also claims that it may improve male hormone levels and sexual function. Athletes should be encouraged to seek professional advice prior to ingesting this supplement to ensure that it is suitable for their specific training and sports objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Garcia
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospatiale Engineering, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Soledad Arribalzaga
- Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Raquel Díez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Cristina Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - M. Nelida Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Juan J. Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - M. Jose Diez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Raul de la Puente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Matilde Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ana M. Sahagún
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain; (R.D.); (C.L.); (M.N.F.); (J.J.G.); (M.J.D.); (R.d.l.P.); (M.S.); (A.M.S.)
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4
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Tran BN, Okoniewski R, Spink BC, LeMaster DM, Aldous KM, Spink DC. Androgenic steroids in Over-the-Counter dietary Supplements: Analysis for association with adverse health effects. Steroids 2023; 193:109199. [PMID: 36796473 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
From 2012 to 2013, approximately 16 New York residents reported vague, nonspecific adverse health effects which included fatigue, loss of scalp hair, and muscle aches. One patient was hospitalized for liver damage. An epidemiological investigation identified a common factor among these patients; the consumption of B-50 vitamin and multimineral supplements from the same supplier. To investigate whether these nutritional supplements might have been responsible for the adverse health effects observed, comprehensive chemical analyses of marketed lots of the supplements were performed. To determine presence of organic components and contaminants, organic extracts of samples were prepared and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These analyses revealed the presence of significant levels of methasterone (17β-hydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one), an androgenic steroid and schedule III-controlled substance; dimethazine, an azine-linked dimer of methasterone; and methylstenbolone (2,17α-dimethyl-17β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-3-one), a related androgenic steroid. Methasterone and extracts of certain supplement capsules were identified as highly androgenic in luciferase assays by using an androgen receptor promoter construct. This androgenicity persisted for several days after cell exposure to the compounds. The presence of these components in implicated lots were associated with adverse health effects and the hospitalization of one patient and the presentation of symptoms of severe virilization in a child. These findings underscore the need for more rigorous oversight of the nutritional supplement industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buu N Tran
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
| | - Richard Okoniewski
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Barbara C Spink
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - David M LeMaster
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Kenneth M Aldous
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - David C Spink
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Aamer M, Siddiqui M, Jabeen A, Irshad R, Khan FA, Atia-tul-Wahab, Iqbal Choudhary M, Wang Y. New anti-inflammatory and non-cytotoxic metabolites of methylstenbolone obtained by microbial transformation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Walpurgis K, Piper T, Thevis M. Androgens, sports, and detection strategies for anabolic drug use. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101609. [PMID: 35120801 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, anabolic androgenic agents have represented the substance class most frequently observed in doping control samples. They comprise synthetic and pseudoendogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and other, mostly non-steroidal compounds with (presumed) positive effects on muscle mass and function. While exogenous substances can easily be detected by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, significantly more complex methodologies including the longitudinal monitoring of individual urinary steroid concentrations/ratios and isotope ratio mass spectrometry are required to provide evidence for the exogenous administration of endogenous compounds. This narrative review summarizes the efforts made within the last 5 years to further improve the detection of anabolic agents in doping control samples. Different approaches such as the identification of novel metabolites and biomarkers, the acquisition of complementary mass spectrometric data, and the development of new analytical strategies were employed to increase method sensitivity and retrospectivity while simultaneously reducing method complexity to facilitate a higher and faster sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
The growing consumer awareness regarding health and fitness has been leading to a huge rise in the consumption of nutritional supplements and, consequently, to an increase in concerns about their quality. In this sense, one of the most consumed products is protein supplements and, despite being safer than other types of supplements, there are several studies showing incompatibilities between what is present on the labels and their actual content. Therefore, this review is focused on gathering information about the problems arising from poor manufacturing practices and inadequate quality control of sport protein supplements. These issues are mainly related to three aspects: reduction of the supplements’ nutritional value, the presence of pharmacological substances, and contamination with microorganisms or toxic metals. Regarding the first aspect, reports about the “classic” addition of nitrogen-rich compounds to mask the protein content measured by the Kjeldahl method were discussed, as well as recent topics such as the addition of cheaper proteins to produce an “undetectable” adulteration in whey protein supplements. With respect to the presence of pharmacological compounds, it is a finding that is not very common in protein supplements; however, even trace amounts of foreign substances in this type of product may cause adverse effects to consumers, and, in the case of an elite athlete, may result in doping. Finally, we discuss about the contamination with microorganisms and toxic metals, this latter being a subject that should be further explored due to few studies in the literature.
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Costa BRBD, Cruz MNDSDL, Roiffé RR, Padilha MC. Suplementos alimentares: uma fonte de doping não intencional? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O excessivo consumo de suplementos alimentares, aliado a uma legislação inespecífica e a um controle de qualidade ineficiente, faz com que a saúde dos consumidores seja colocada em risco devido à possível existência de contaminantes, em especial pró-hormônios, esteroides anabolizantes e estimulantes. Estes compostos podem proporcionar um aumento do desempenho esportivo e acarretar uma série de efeitos adversos, sendo assim proibidos pela Agência Mundial Antidopagem. A contaminação de suplementos pode ocorrer de maneira deliberada ou através de más práticas de produção, em que são encontrados traços dessas substâncias. Todavia, ambos os casos exigem atenção, já que uma contaminação de apenas 0,00005% em massa pode levar ao doping. Neste sentido, estima-se que de 6,4% a 8,8% dos casos estejam relacionados ao consumo de suplementos contaminados. Perante estes fatos, os objetivos principais do trabalho foram: fazer uma revisão da literatura tanto em trabalhos nacionais quanto internacionais, no que concerne à contaminação de suplementos alimentares e sua relação com a dopagem não intencional, bem como orientar os consumidores a escolherem produtos mais seguros. Neste sentido, foi possível observar que os suplementos nacionais são, geralmente, mais seguros quanto à presença de substâncias proibidas, principalmente em relação à contaminação por agentes anabolizantes. Contudo, ainda é preciso um melhor controle de qualidade perante a contaminação/adulteração por estimulantes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafaela Rocha Roiffé
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Brasil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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9
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Analysis of Anabolic Agents in Whey Protein by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Piper T, Fusshöller G, Schänzer W, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Thevis M. Studies on the in vivo metabolism of methylstenbolone and detection of novel long term metabolites for doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1644-1655. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | | | - Dirk Kuehne
- Crop Science DivisionBayer AG Monheim Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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11
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Choi TL, Wong JK, Kwok WH, Curl P, Mechie S, Wan TS. Metabolic study of methylstenbolone in horses using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1546:106-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ma Y, Guo Z, Wang X. Tribulus terrestris extracts alleviate muscle damage and promote anaerobic performance of trained male boxers and its mechanisms: Roles of androgen, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:474-481. [PMID: 30356644 PMCID: PMC6189260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of Tribulus terrestris (TT) extracts on muscle mass, muscle damage, and anaerobic performances of trained male boxers and its mechanisms: roles of plasma androgen, insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). METHODS Fifteen male boxers were divided into exercise group (E, n = 7) and exercise plus TT group (E + TT, n = 8). The 2 groups both undertook 3-week high-intensity and 3-week high-volume trainings separated by a 4-week rest. TT extracts (1250 mg/day) were orally administered by boxers in E + TT group. TT extract compositions were detected by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Before and at the end of the 2 trainings, muscle mass, anaerobic performance, and blood indicators were explored. RESULTS Compared with E group, decreases of plasma CK (1591.5 ± 909.6 U/L vs. 2719.9 ± 832.5 U/L) and IGFBP-3 (3075.5 ± 1072.5 ng/mL vs. 3950.8 ± 479.3 ng/mL) as well as increases of mean power (MP, 459.4 ± 122.3 W vs. 434.6 ± 69.5 W) and MP/body weight (MP/BW, 7.5 ± 0.9 W/kg vs. 7.1 ± 1.1 W/kg) were detected in E + TT group after a high-intensity training. For high-volume training, reduction of IGFBP-3 (2946.4 ± 974.1 ng/mL vs. 3632.7 ± 470.1 ng/mL) and increases of MP (508.7 ± 103.2 W vs. 477.8 ± 49.9 W) and MP/BW (8.2 ± 0.3 W/kg vs. 7.5 ± 0.9 W/kg) were detected in E + TT group, compared with E group. Muscle mass, blood levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and IGF-1 were not signifiantly changed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Taking 1250 mg capsules containing TT extracts did not change muscle mass and plasma levels of testosterone, DHT, and IGF-1 but significantly alleviated muscle damage and promoted anaerobic performance of trained male boxers, which may be related to the decrease of plasma IGFBP-3 rather than androgen in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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13
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de Albuquerque Cavalcanti G, Rodrigues LM, dos Santos L, Zheng X, Gujar A, Cole J, Padilha MC, de Aquino Neto FR. Non-targeted acquisition strategy for screening doping compounds based on GC-EI-hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry: A focus on exogenous anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:507-517. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Martins Rodrigues
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory- LBCD-LADETEC; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leonardo dos Santos
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory- LBCD-LADETEC; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Xin Zheng
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Austin Texas USA
| | - Amit Gujar
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Austin Texas USA
| | - Jason Cole
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Austin Texas USA
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory- LBCD-LADETEC; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Wu Y, Yang H, Wang X. The function of androgen/androgen receptor and insulin growth factor‑1/insulin growth factor‑1 receptor on the effects of Tribulus terrestris extracts in rats undergoing high intensity exercise. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2931-2938. [PMID: 28677770 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that treatment with Tribulus terrestris (TT) extracts (120 mg/kg) promoted the muscle weight gain and performance of rats undergoing high intensity exercise. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of treatment with TT extracts and the involvement of androgens, the androgen receptor (AR), insulin growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1) and the IGF‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R). A total of 32 Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups as follows: Control; TT, treated with TT extracts, E, high intensity exercise; E+TT, high intensity exercise plus TT treatment. The rats of the E and E+TT groups underwent high intensity exercise with a progressively increasing load for 5 weeks, and TT extracts were intragastrically administered in the TT and E+TT rats 30 min prior to training. TT extract composition was analyzed using ultra‑high performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole‑time of flight mass spectrometry. Testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels and AR, IGF‑1R and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein levels in muscles were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The saponins tigogenin and diosgenin comprised ~71.35% of the total peak area. Compared with the E group, TT extracts increased the testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels, and AR, IGF‑1R and MHC protein levels in the gastrocnemius of rats undergoing high intensity exercise, accompanied with increased body weight and gastrocnemius weight. In conclusion, the effect of TT extracts on the performance of high intensity exercise rats may be attributed to increased levels of circulating testosterone and IGF‑1 and increased AR and IGF‑1R protein expression levels in the gastrocnemius, resulting in increased muscle weight and increased MHC in the gastrocnemius. The present study provided preliminary evidence supporting the use of TT extracts as a dietary supplement for the promotion of skeletal muscle mass increase and the enhancement of athletic performance in humans performing high intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Department of Computer and Statistics, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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Souza LDCM, da Cruz LA, Cerqueira EDMM, Meireles J. Micronucleus as biomarkers of cancer risk in anabolic androgenic steroids users. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:302-310. [PMID: 27198677 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116650005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has grown among practitioners of recreational bodybuilding, with significant contributions of designer steroids, aiming muscle hypertrophy in healthy subjects. The abusive use of AAS in general is associated with adverse effects; one of the most worrisome is cancer development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) test in human lymphocytes in identifying risk groups for cancer development in users of AAS. Blood was collected from 15 AAS users bodybuilders (G1), 20 non-users bodybuilders (G2) and 20 non-users sedentary (G3). MN analysis was performed on a minimum of 1000 binucleated lymphocytes. The occurrence of MN was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in individuals of G1 compared to G2 and G3. The results indicate the sensitivity of CBMN in human lymphocytes in the identification of chromosomal damage in consequence of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L A da Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jrc Meireles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University, Bahia, Brazil
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16
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Yin L, Wang Q, Wang X, Song LN. Effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins on exercise performance in overtraining rats and the underlying mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1193-1201. [PMID: 27482746 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) saponins on exercise performance and the underlying mechanisms. A rat overtraining model was established and animals were treated with TT extracts (120 mg/kg body mass) 30 min before each training session. Serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone and levels of androgen receptor (AR) and insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the liver, gastrocnemius, and soleus were determined by ELISA and Western blot. Treatment of rats with TT saponins significantly improved the performance of the overtraining rats, reflected by the extension of time to exhaustion, with a concomitant increase in body mass, relative mass, and protein levels of gastrocnemius. Overtraining alone induced a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone. In contrast, treatment with TT saponins dramatically increased the serum level of testosterone in overtraining rats to about 150% of control and 216% of overtraining groups, respectively. In addition, TT saponins resulted in a further significant increase in AR in gastrocnemius and significantly suppressed the overtraining-induced increase in IGF-1R in the liver. These results indicated that TT saponins increased performance, body mass, and gastrocnemius mass of rats undergoing overtraining, which might be attributed to the changes in androgen-AR axis and IGF-1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yin
- a Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qian Wang
- a Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- a Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liang-Nian Song
- b Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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17
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Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Chajewska K, Kwiatkowska D. N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine quantification in urine: application to excretion study following single oral dietary supplement dose. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5041-7. [PMID: 27178556 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (NN-DMPPA) is a new designer stimulant prohibited in sport in-competition according to the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods published by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The first published data on the excretion study of NN-DMPPA to support the knowledge of NN-DMPPA in routine anti-doping control have been presented. The reliable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative method (GC-MS) has been validated and applied to the excretion study of NN-DMPPA. The validation parameters of the GC-MS method for determination of NN-DMPPA in human urine were the linear calibration range of 100 to 7500 ng/mL, the LOD of 13.9 ng/mL and the LOQ of 42.2 ng/mL. According to the obtained repeatability, intermediate precision, and trueness, the applied GC-MS method was precise and accurate. Urine samples from three volunteers in the excretion study were collected for 5 days after single oral administration of the supplement NOXPUMP containing NN-DMPPA. The obtained results showed the maximum concentration of NN-DMPPA (189-303 ng/mL) in urine samples at a time of 2-3 h post-administration. The NN-DMPPA concentration in urine samples was higher than 50 ng/mL until 22-23 h after the dietary supplement ingestion. This means that according to the WADA rules the use of a supplement containing NN-DMPPA may be related to a positive case when athletes took this supplement in-competition. Moreover, excretion results demonstrate also that NN-DMPPA may be detected in urine samples by the applied GC-MS method till 46 h after supplement administration. Additionally, the excretion study of β-methylphenethylamine as the second prohibited substance present in the supplement NOXPUMP has been investigated. Graphical Abstract Excretion study of new designer stimulant, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine, and β-methylphenethylamine following single oral NOXPUMP supplement dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Wójtowicz
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Jarek
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chajewska
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Garrido BC, Souza GHMF, Lourenço DC, Fasciotti M. Proteomics in quality control: Whey protein-based supplements. J Proteomics 2016; 147:48-55. [PMID: 27072112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The growing consumption of nutritional supplements might represent a problem, given the concern about the quality of these supplements. One of the most used supplements is whey protein (WP); because of its popularity, it has been a target of adulteration with substitute products, such as cheaper proteins with lower biological value. To investigate this type of adulteration, this study used shotgun proteomics analyses by MS(E) (multiplexed, low- and high-collision energy, data-independent acquisition) of WP-based supplements. Seventeen WP-based supplement samples were evaluated. Chicken, maize, rice, potato, soybean, and wheat proteins were considered as probable sources of bovine whey adulteration. Collectively, 523 proteins were identified across all 16 samples and replicates, with 94% of peptides inside a normal distribution within 10ppm of maximum error. In 10 of the 16 samples analyzed, only proteins from bovine whey could be detected, while in the other samples several other protein sources were detected in high concentrations, especially soybean, wheat, and rice. These results point out a probable adulteration and/or sample contamination during manufacturing that could only be detected using this proteomic approach. SIGNIFICANCE The present work shows how shotgun proteomics can be used to provide reliable answers in quality control matters, especially focusing on Whey Protein nutritional supplements which are a very popular subject in food and nutrition. In order to achieve an appropriate methodology, careful evaluation was performed applying extremely rigorous quality criteria, established for the proteomic analysis. These criteria and the methodological approach used in this work might serve as a guide for other authors seeking to use proteomics in quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carius Garrido
- Divisão de Metrologia Química, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo H M F Souza
- MS Applications Research and Development Laboratory, Waters Corporation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Lourenço
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Diretoria de Metrologia Ligada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maíra Fasciotti
- Divisão de Metrologia Química, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
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19
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Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the screening of urinary exogenous androgenic anabolic steroids. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Joseph JF, Parr MK. Synthetic androgens as designer supplements. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:89-100. [PMID: 26074745 PMCID: PMC4462045 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210224756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance
enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal
consequences, AAS are illicitly marketed and distributed in many countries. To circumvent existing
laws, the chemical structure of AAS is modified and these designer steroids are sold as nutritional
supplements mainly over the Internet. Several side effects are linked with AAS abuse. Only little is
known about the pharmacological effects and metabolism of unapproved steroids due to the absence
of clinical studies. The large number of designer steroid findings in dietary supplements and the
detection of new compounds combined with legal loopholes for their distribution in many countries
show that stricter regulations and better information policy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Chajewska K, Turek-Lepa E, Kwiatkowska D. Determination of designer doping agent – 2-ethylamino-1-phenylbutane – in dietary supplements and excretion study following single oral supplement dose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:523-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Rahnema CD, Crosnoe LE, Kim ED. Designer steroids - over-the-counter supplements and their androgenic component: review of an increasing problem. Andrology 2015; 3:150-5. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Rahnema
- Division of Urology; Department of Surgery; University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Knoxville TN USA
| | - L. E. Crosnoe
- Division of Urology; Department of Surgery; University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Knoxville TN USA
| | - E. D. Kim
- Division of Urology; Department of Surgery; University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Knoxville TN USA
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23
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Abstract
The abuse of unknown designer androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is considered to be an issue of significant importance, as AAS are the choice of doping preference according to World Anti-doping Agency statistics. In addition, unknown designer AAS are preferred since the World Anti-doping Agency mass spectrometric identification criteria cannot be applied to unknown molecules. Consequently, cheating athletes have a strong motive to use designer AAS in order to both achieve performance enhancement and to escape from testing positive in anti-doping tests. To face the problem, a synergy is required between the anti-doping analytical science and sports anti-doping regulations. This Review examines various aspects of the designer AAS. First, the structural modifications of the already known AAS to create new designer molecules are explained. A list of the designer synthetic and endogenous AAS is then presented. Second, we discuss progress in the detection of designer AAS using: mass spectrometry and bioassays; analytical data processing of the unknown designer AAS; metabolite synthesis; and, long-term storage of urine and blood samples. Finally, the introduction of regulations from sports authorities as preventive measures for long-term storage and reprocessing of samples, initially reported as negatives, is discussed.
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24
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Kwiatkowska D, Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Goebel C, Chajewska K, Turek-Lepa E, Pokrywka A, Kazlauskas R. N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine - new designer agent found in athlete urine and nutritional supplement. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:331-5. [PMID: 25355281 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Reports of new designer agents banned in sport being detected in supplements widely available for athletes are constantly emerging. The task of anti-doping laboratories is to control athletes for the presence of substances listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and those that are structurally/biologically similar to them. Recently, a new designer stimulant, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (NN-DMPPA), was detected by the WADA accredited anti-doping laboratory in Warsaw during routine anti-doping control. The urine samples from four athletes were analyzed in the screening method for stimulants and narcotics and the presence of NN-DMPPA was detected. The identity of NN-DMPPA was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a synthesized reference standard. The measured concentrations of NN-DMPPA were between 0.51 and 6.51 µg/mL. The presence of the NN-DMPPA compound has been detected in the 'nutritional supplement' NOXPUMP that had been purchased in a store in Poland. NN-DMPPA at 121.7 µg/g was indicated in the investigated supplement together with another banned stimulant β-methylphenethylamine. The presence of this new stimulant was not indicated on the labelling of the supplement, a situation which is not unusual within this market. Thus, it is important to make athletes aware of the risk related to the use of supplements. Moreover, specific legistation dealing with the commercialization of drugs banned for sport should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Sport, Department of Anti-Doping Research, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Fernández-Arauzo L, Pimentel-Trapero D, Hernández-Carrasquilla M. Simultaneous determination of resorcylic acid lactones, β and α trenbolone and stilbenes in bovine urine by UHPLC/MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:89-96. [PMID: 25464100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cattle with α-zearalanol (zeranol, α-ZAL), a resorcylic acid lactone (RAL), is illegal in European Union countries. Zearalenone, a common contaminant of cattle feed, is also a RAL and there is evidence that it, or its metabolites, can be converted in vivo to α-ZAL (or to β-zearalanol, β-ZAL). To determine whether an animal has been treated with α-ZAL it is necessary to quantify separately all the RALs. This work presents the simultaneous determination in urine of RALs, β-trenbolone (β-TB) and its metabolite α-trenbolone (α-TB) and the stilbenes diethylstilbestrol (DES), dienestrol (DEN) and hexestrol (HEX) using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). Several chromatographic UHPLC columns were tested in order to achieve chromatographic separation of the analytes and the results are shown. Baseline separation of all compounds was not possible, so that careful consideration of the MRM transitions was necessary. The separation chosen for the validation work used a 100mm×2.1mm×1.7μm Phenyl column eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/methanol/water. The method validation according to EU Decision 657/2002 included linearity, within laboratory reproducibility and trueness, decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ). For all compounds the method was linear in the range 2-12μg/l (1 and 6μg/l for DES) with determination coefficients greater than 0.97 and linear residuals below 20%. Within laboratory reproducibility was lower than 25% and trueness less than 11% for all compounds and concentration levels. CCα ranged from 0.6μg/l (DES) to 1.6 (α-TB) and CCβ was 0.8μg/l (α-zearalenol) to 1.9μg/l (α-TB).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández-Arauzo
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Sierra de Alquife 8 2ª planta, 28053 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Pimentel-Trapero
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Sierra de Alquife 8 2ª planta, 28053 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Hernández-Carrasquilla
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Sierra de Alquife 8 2ª planta, 28053 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Identification of black market products and potential doping agents in Germany 2010–2013. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 70:1303-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Herbal and nutritional supplements are more and more popular in the western population. One of them is an extract of an exotic plant, named Tribulus terrestris (TT). TT is a component of several supplements that are available over-the-counter and widely recommended, generally as enhancers of human vitality. TT is touted as a testosterone booster and remedy for impaired erectile function; therefore, it is targeted at physically active men, including male athletes. Based on the scientific literature describing the results of clinical trials, this review attempted to verify information on marketing TT with particular reference to the needs of athletes. It was found that there are few reliable data on the usefulness of TT in competitive sport. In humans, a TT extract used alone without additional components does not improve androgenic status or physical performance among athletes. The results of a few studies have showed that the combination of TT with other pharmacological components increases testosterone levels, but it was not discovered which components of the mixture contributed to that effect. TT contains several organic compounds including alkaloids and steroidal glycosides, of which pharmacological action in humans is not completely explained. One anti-doping study reported an incident with a TT supplement contaminated by a banned steroid. Toxicological studies regarding TT have been carried out on animals only, however, one accidental poisoning of a man was described. The Australian Institute of Sport does not recommend athletes’ usage of TT. So far, the published data concerning TT do not provide strong evidence for either usefulness or safe usage in sport.
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28
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Pereira HMG, Sardela VF. Stimulant doping agents used in Brazil: prevalence, detectability, analytical implications, and challenges. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1098-114. [PMID: 24766455 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.907653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the prevalence of stimulant doping among Brazilian athletes, the analytical approaches used, as well as a general evolution of the detectability of the stimulants being used. Results from the Brazilian accredited doping control laboratory are compared with the global statistics disclosed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The high prevalence of stimulant doping in Brazil can be attributed to several reasons, including "self-administration," a "body-shaping" culture, and the use of nutritional supplements.
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29
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Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, Kovac JR, Kim ED. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:1271-9. [PMID: 24636400 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an understanding of hypogonadal men with a history of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use and to outline recommendations for management. DESIGN Review of published literature and expert opinions. Intended as a meta-analysis, but no quality studies met the inclusion criteria. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Men seeking treatment for symptomatic hypogonadism who have used nonprescribed AAS. INTERVENTION(S) History and physical examination followed by medical intervention if necessary. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES(S) Serum testosterone and gonadotropin levels, symptoms, and fertility restoration. RESULT(S) Symptomatic hypogonadism is a potential consequence of AAS use and may depend on dose, duration, and type of AAS used. Complete endocrine and metabolic assessment should be conducted. Management strategies for anabolic steroid-associated hypogonadism (ASIH) include judicious use of testosterone replacement therapy, hCG, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. CONCLUSION(S) Although complications of AAS use are variable and patient specific, they can be successfully managed. Treatment of ASIH depends on the type and duration of AAS use. Specific details regarding a patient's AAS cycle are important in medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus D Rahnema
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Larry I Lipshultz
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lindsey E Crosnoe
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Jason R Kovac
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward D Kim
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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30
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Geldof L, Lootens L, Polet M, Eichner D, Campbell T, Nair V, Botrè F, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Deventer K, Eenoo PV. Metabolism of methylstenbolone studied with human liver microsomes and the uPA+/+-SCID chimeric mouse model. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:974-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B Zwijnaarde B-9052 Belgium
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B Zwijnaarde B-9052 Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B Zwijnaarde B-9052 Belgium
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Arapeen drive 560 Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Thane Campbell
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Arapeen drive 560 Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Arapeen drive 560 Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 Rome I-00197 Italy
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Center for Vaccinology; Ghent University and Hospital; De Pintelaan 185 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology; Ghent University and Hospital; De Pintelaan 185 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B Zwijnaarde B-9052 Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B Zwijnaarde B-9052 Belgium
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32
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Gomez C, Fabregat A, Pozo ÓJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Analytical strategies based on mass spectrometric techniques for the study of steroid metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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34
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Current status and bioanalytical challenges in the detection of unknown anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2661-77. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic effects. Doping control laboratories usually face the screening of AAS misuse by target methods based on MS detection. Although these methods allow for the sensitive and specific detection of targeted compounds and metabolites, the rest remain undetectable. This fact opens a door for cheaters, since different AAS can be synthesized in order to evade doping control tests. This situation was evidenced in 2003 with the discovery of the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone. One decade after this discovery, the detection of unknown AAS still remains one of the main analytical challenges in the doping control field. In this manuscript, the current situation in the detection of unknown AAS is reviewed. Although important steps have been made in order to minimize this analytical problem and different analytical strategies have been proposed, there are still some drawbacks related to each approach.
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