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Ali A, Motaleb A, Alam MT, Pandey DK, Shafiullah. Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of Modified A- and D-Ring in Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:32287-32327. [PMID: 39100307 PMCID: PMC11292635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one) (DHEA) is a naturally occurring steroid hormone primarily produced in the zona reticularis of the human adrenal glands. It serves as a crucial precursor for sex hormones, such as testosterone, estradiol, and androstenedione. Recent findings indicate that DHEA serves as the primary source of sex steroids in women during both pre- and postmenopausal stages. Additionally, a decline in DHEA levels with age is linked to various hormone-deficiency symptoms. Despite the wide array of biological activities that make DHEA a valuable polycyclic natural steroid, particularly for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, reports suggest that oral DHEA has limited clinical effect. Thus, A- and D-ring modified DHEA are synthesized and their biological activities are carried out by different research groups and enhanced biological activity reported in the literature. Here, in this review, we have tried to cover all of the synthetic routes and biological studies of modified A- and D-ring DHEA from 2015 to mid-2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abad Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202 002, India
| | - Abdul Motaleb
- Department
of Chemistry, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore
City 721101, India
| | - Md. Tauqir Alam
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202 002, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Pandey
- Okinawa
Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha,
Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shafiullah
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202 002, India
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Walpurgis K, Piper T, Thevis M. Androgens, sports, and detection strategies for anabolic drug use. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101609. [PMID: 35120801 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, anabolic androgenic agents have represented the substance class most frequently observed in doping control samples. They comprise synthetic and pseudoendogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and other, mostly non-steroidal compounds with (presumed) positive effects on muscle mass and function. While exogenous substances can easily be detected by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, significantly more complex methodologies including the longitudinal monitoring of individual urinary steroid concentrations/ratios and isotope ratio mass spectrometry are required to provide evidence for the exogenous administration of endogenous compounds. This narrative review summarizes the efforts made within the last 5 years to further improve the detection of anabolic agents in doping control samples. Different approaches such as the identification of novel metabolites and biomarkers, the acquisition of complementary mass spectrometric data, and the development of new analytical strategies were employed to increase method sensitivity and retrospectivity while simultaneously reducing method complexity to facilitate a higher and faster sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Saad K, Salama S, Horvatovich P, Al Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Olympic anti-doping laboratory: the analytical technological road from 2016 Rio De Janeiro to 2021 Tokyo. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1511-1527. [PMID: 34617444 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Saad
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, 27775, Qatar
| | - Sofia Salama
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, 27775, Qatar
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Harding C, Viljanto M, Cutler C, Habershon-Butcher J, Biddle S, Scarth J. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the anabolic-androgenic steroid oxandrolone in the horse. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:39-55. [PMID: 34378336 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:8-35. [PMID: 33185038 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Kratena N, Pfeffer S, Enev VS, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P. Synthesis of human long-term metabolites of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone and oxymesterone. Steroids 2020; 164:108716. [PMID: 32860782 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis of the long-term metabolites "M4" (IUPAC: 4-chloro-17-hydroxymethyl-17-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-dien-3-ol) of dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone (DHCMT, Oral Turinabol) and "Oxy M9" (4-hydroxy-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-dien-3-one) of oxymesterone (Oranabol). Both compounds were derived from a common synthetic route starting from dehydroepiandrosterone acetate. Four different stereoisomers were evaluated for metabolite M4. The previously assigned structure could be corrected regarding the C-3 and C-17 stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Pfeffer
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Valentin S Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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