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Składanowska K, Bloch Y, Strand J, White KF, Hua J, Aldridge D, Welin M, Logan DT, Soete A, Merceron R, Murphy C, Provost M, Bazan JF, Hunter CA, Hill JA, Savvides SN. Structural basis of activation and antagonism of receptor signaling mediated by interleukin-27. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111490. [PMID: 36261006 PMCID: PMC9597551 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27) uniquely assembles p28 and EBI3 subunits to a heterodimeric cytokine that signals via IL-27Rα and gp130. To provide the structural framework for receptor activation by IL-27 and its emerging therapeutic targeting, we report here crystal structures of mouse IL-27 in complex with IL-27Rα and of human IL-27 in complex with SRF388, a monoclonal antibody undergoing clinical trials with oncology indications. One face of the helical p28 subunit interacts with EBI3, while the opposite face nestles into the interdomain elbow of IL-27Rα to juxtapose IL-27Rα to EBI3. This orients IL-27Rα for paired signaling with gp130, which only uses its immunoglobulin domain to bind to IL-27. Such a signaling complex is distinct from those mediated by IL-12 and IL-23. The SRF388 binding epitope on IL-27 overlaps with the IL-27Rα interaction site explaining its potent antagonistic properties. Collectively, our findings will facilitate the mechanistic interrogation, engineering, and therapeutic targeting of IL-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Składanowska
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jamie Strand
- Surface Oncology, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kerry F White
- Surface Oncology, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Hua
- Surface Oncology, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Aldridge
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martin Welin
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Derek T Logan
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arne Soete
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Romain Merceron
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Casey Murphy
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Provost
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Fernando Bazan
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; ħ Bioconsulting, Stillwater, MN, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Hill
- Surface Oncology, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Chitu V, Gökhan Ş, Stanley ER. Modeling CSF-1 receptor deficiency diseases - how close are we? FEBS J 2022; 289:5049-5073. [PMID: 34145972 PMCID: PMC8684558 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) in macrophage and organismal development has been extensively studied in mouse. Within the last decade, mutations in the CSF1R have been shown to cause rare diseases of both pediatric (Brain Abnormalities, Neurodegeneration, and Dysosteosclerosis, OMIM #618476) and adult (CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy, OMIM #221820) onset. Here we review the genetics, penetrance, and histopathological features of these diseases and discuss to what extent the animal models of Csf1r deficiency currently available provide systems in which to study the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. 10461, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. 10461, USA
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Structural basis of cytokine-mediated activation of ALK family receptors. Nature 2021; 600:143-147. [PMID: 34646012 PMCID: PMC9343967 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)1 and the related leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK)2 are recently deorphanized receptor tyrosine kinases3. Together with their activating cytokines, ALKAL1 and ALKAL24-6 (also called FAM150A and FAM150B or AUGβ and AUGα, respectively), they are involved in neural development7, cancer7-9 and autoimmune diseases10. Furthermore, mammalian ALK recently emerged as a key regulator of energy expenditure and weight gain11, consistent with a metabolic role for Drosophila ALK12. Despite such functional pleiotropy and growing therapeutic relevance13,14, structural insights into ALK and LTK and their complexes with cognate cytokines have remained scarce. Here we show that the cytokine-binding segments of human ALK and LTK comprise a novel architectural chimera of a permuted TNF-like module that braces a glycine-rich subdomain featuring a hexagonal lattice of long polyglycine type II helices. The cognate cytokines ALKAL1 and ALKAL2 are monomeric three-helix bundles, yet their binding to ALK and LTK elicits similar dimeric assemblies with two-fold symmetry, that tent a single cytokine molecule proximal to the cell membrane. We show that the membrane-proximal EGF-like domain dictates the apparent cytokine preference of ALK. Assisted by these diverse structure-function findings, we propose a structural and mechanistic blueprint for complexes of ALK family receptors, and thereby extend the repertoire of ligand-mediated dimerization mechanisms adopted by receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Romero-Molina C, Navarro V, Jimenez S, Muñoz-Castro C, Sanchez-Mico MV, Gutierrez A, Vitorica J, Vizuete M. Should We Open Fire on Microglia? Depletion Models as Tools to Elucidate Microglial Role in Health and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9734. [PMID: 34575898 PMCID: PMC8471219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in both homeostasis and disease, displaying a wide variety in terms of density, functional markers and transcriptomic profiles along the different brain regions as well as under injury or pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The generation of reliable models to study into a dysfunctional microglia context could provide new knowledge towards the contribution of these cells in AD. In this work, we included an overview of different microglial depletion approaches. We also reported unpublished data from our genetic microglial depletion model, Cx3cr1CreER/Csf1rflx/flx, in which we temporally controlled microglia depletion by either intraperitoneal (acute model) or oral (chronic model) tamoxifen administration. Our results reported a clear microglial repopulation, then pointing out that our model would mimic a context of microglial replacement instead of microglial dysfunction. Next, we evaluated the origin and pattern of microglial repopulation. Additionally, we also reviewed previous works assessing the effects of microglial depletion in the progression of Aβ and Tau pathologies, where controversial data are found, probably due to the heterogeneous and time-varying microglial phenotypes observed in AD. Despite that, microglial depletion represents a promising tool to assess microglial role in AD and design therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria V. Sanchez-Mico
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
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Pannecoucke E, Raes L, Savvides SN. Engineering and crystal structure of a monomeric FLT3 ligand variant. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:121-127. [PMID: 33830077 PMCID: PMC8034431 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The overarching paradigm for the activation of class III and V receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) prescribes cytokine-mediated dimerization of the receptor ectodomains and homotypic receptor-receptor interactions. However, structural studies have shown that the hematopoietic receptor FLT3, a class III RTK, does not appear to engage in such receptor-receptor contacts, despite its efficient dimerization by dimeric FLT3 ligand (FL). As part of efforts to better understand the intricacies of FLT3 activation, we sought to engineer a monomeric FL. It was found that a Leu27Asp substitution at the dimer interface of the cytokine led to a stable monomeric cytokine (FLL27D) without abrogation of receptor binding. The crystal structure of FLL27D at 1.65 Å resolution revealed that the introduced point mutation led to shielding of the hydrophobic footprint of the dimerization interface in wild-type FL without affecting the conformation of the FLT3 binding site. Thus, FLL27D can serve as a monomeric FL variant to further interrogate the assembly mechanism of extracellular complexes of FLT3 in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Pannecoucke
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Laurens Raes
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N. Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Sletta KY, Castells O, Gjertsen BT. Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:654817. [PMID: 33842370 PMCID: PMC8027480 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.654817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive heterogeneous blood cancer derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Tumor-stromal interactions in AML are of importance for disease development and therapy resistance, and bone marrow stroma seem like an attractive therapeutic target. Of particular interest is colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, M-CSFR, c-FMS, CD115) and its role in regulating plasticity of tumor-associated macrophages. We discuss first the potential of CSF1R-targeted therapy as an attractive concept with regards to the tumor microenvironment in the bone marrow niche. A second therapy approach, supported by preclinical research, also suggests that CSF1R-targeted therapy may increase the beneficial effect of conventional and novel therapeutics. Experimental evidence positioning inhibitors of CSF1R as treatment should, together with data from preclinical and early phase clinical trials, facilitate translation and clinical development of CSF1R-targeted therapy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Yttersian Sletta
- CCBIO, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oriol Castells
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- CCBIO, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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7
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Freuchet A, Salama A, Remy S, Guillonneau C, Anegon I. IL-34 and CSF-1, deciphering similarities and differences at steady state and in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:771-796. [PMID: 33600012 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1120-773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL-34 and CSF-1 share actions as key mediators of monocytes/macrophages survival and differentiation, they also display differences that should be identified to better define their respective roles in health and diseases. IL-34 displays low sequence homology with CSF-1 but has a similar general structure and they both bind to a common receptor CSF-1R, although binding and subsequent intracellular signaling shows differences. CSF-1R expression has been until now mainly described at a steady state in monocytes/macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells, as well as in some cancers. IL-34 has also 2 other receptors, protein-tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPζ) and CD138 (Syndecan-1), expressed in some epithelium, cells of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in numerous cancers. While most, if not all, of CSF-1 actions are mediated through monocyte/macrophages, IL-34 has also other potential actions through PTPζ and CD138. Additionally, IL-34 and CSF-1 are produced by different cells in different tissues. This review describes and discusses similarities and differences between IL-34 and CSF-1 at steady state and in pathological situations and identifies possible ways to target IL-34, CSF-1, and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Freuchet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Apolline Salama
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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Delaney C, Farrell M, Doherty CP, Brennan K, O’Keeffe E, Greene C, Byrne K, Kelly E, Birmingham N, Hickey P, Cronin S, Savvides SN, Doyle SL, Campbell M. Attenuated CSF-1R signalling drives cerebrovascular pathology. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12889. [PMID: 33350588 PMCID: PMC7863388 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular pathologies occur in up to 80% of cases of Alzheimer's disease; however, the underlying mechanisms that lead to perivascular pathology and accompanying blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are still not fully understood. We have identified previously unreported mutations in colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) in an ultra-rare autosomal dominant condition termed adult-onset leucoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). Cerebrovascular pathologies such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and perivascular p-Tau were some of the primary neuropathological features of this condition. We have identified two families with different dominant acting alleles with variants located in the kinase region of the CSF-1R gene, which confer a lack of kinase activity and signalling. The protein product of this gene acts as the receptor for 2 cognate ligands, namely colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Here, we show that depletion in CSF-1R signalling induces BBB disruption and decreases the phagocytic capacity of peripheral macrophages but not microglia. CSF-1R signalling appears to be critical for macrophage and microglial activation, and macrophage localisation to amyloid appears reduced following the induction of Csf-1r heterozygosity in macrophages. Finally, we show that endothelial/microglial crosstalk and concomitant attenuation of CSF-1R signalling causes re-modelling of BBB-associated tight junctions and suggest that regulating BBB integrity and systemic macrophage recruitment to the brain may be therapeutically relevant in ALSP and other Alzheimer's-like dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Delaney
- Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Michael Farrell
- Department of NeuropathologyBeaumont HospitalDublin 9Ireland
| | - Colin P Doherty
- Department of NeurologyHealth Care CentreSt James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Academic Unit of NeurologyBiomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research CentreRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Kiva Brennan
- Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College Dublin 2Dublin 2Ireland
| | - Eoin O’Keeffe
- Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Chris Greene
- Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Kieva Byrne
- Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Eoin Kelly
- Department of NeurologyHealth Care CentreSt James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
| | | | | | - Simon Cronin
- Department of MedicineUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College Dublin 2Dublin 2Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of GeneticsTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research CentreRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland
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Kozak S, Bloch Y, De Munck S, Mikula A, Bento I, Savvides SN, Meijers R. Homogeneously N-glycosylated proteins derived from the GlycoDelete HEK293 cell line enable diffraction-quality crystallogenesis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:1244-1255. [PMID: 33263330 PMCID: PMC7709199 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320013753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of glycoproteins and their complexes provide critical insights into their roles in normal physiology and disease. Most glycoproteins contain N-linked glycosylation, a key post-translation modification that critically affects protein folding and stability and the binding kinetics underlying protein interactions. However, N-linked glycosylation is often an impediment to yielding homogeneous protein preparations for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or other methods. In particular, obtaining diffraction-quality crystals of such proteins and their complexes often requires modification of both the type of glycosylation patterns and their extent. Here, we demonstrate the benefits of producing target glycoproteins in the GlycoDelete human embryonic kidney 293 cell line that has been engineered to produce N-glycans as short glycan stumps comprising N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and sialic acid. Protein fragments of human Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor were obtained from the GlycoDelete cell line for crystallization. The ensuing reduction in the extent and complexity of N-glycosylation in both protein molecules compared with alternative glycoengineering approaches enabled their productive deployment in structural studies by X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, a third successful implementation of the GlycoDelete technology focusing on murine IL-12B is shown to lead to N-glycosylation featuring an immature glycan in diffraction-quality crystals. It is proposed that the GlycoDelete cell line could serve as a valuable go-to option for the production of homogeneous glycoproteins and their complexes for structural studies by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kozak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven De Munck
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Mikula
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Bento
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Savvas N. Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Protein Innovation, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Chataigner LMP, Leloup N, Janssen BJC. Structural Perspectives on Extracellular Recognition and Conformational Changes of Several Type-I Transmembrane Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:129. [PMID: 32850948 PMCID: PMC7427315 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I transmembrane proteins represent a large group of 1,412 proteins in humans with a multitude of functions in cells and tissues. They are characterized by an extracellular, or luminal, N-terminus followed by a single transmembrane helix and a cytosolic C-terminus. The domain composition and structures of the extracellular and intercellular segments differ substantially amongst its members. Most of the type-I transmembrane proteins have roles in cell signaling processes, as ligands or receptors, and in cellular adhesion. The extracellular segment often determines specificity and can control signaling and adhesion. Here we focus on recent structural understanding on how the extracellular segments of several diverse type-I transmembrane proteins engage in interactions and can undergo conformational changes for their function. Interactions at the extracellular side by proteins on the same cell or between cells are enhanced by the transmembrane setting. Extracellular conformational domain rearrangement and structural changes within domains alter the properties of the proteins and are used to regulate signaling events. The combination of structural properties and interactions can support the formation of larger-order assemblies on the membrane surface that are important for cellular adhesion and intercellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M P Chataigner
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Leloup
- Structural Biology and Protein Biochemistry, Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Durham BH, Lopez Rodrigo E, Picarsic J, Abramson D, Rotemberg V, De Munck S, Pannecoucke E, Lu SX, Pastore A, Yoshimi A, Mandelker D, Ceyhan-Birsoy O, Ulaner GA, Walsh M, Yabe M, Petrova-Drus K, Arcila ME, Ladanyi M, Solit DB, Berger MF, Hyman DM, Lacouture ME, Erickson C, Saganty R, Ki M, Dunkel IJ, Santa-María López V, Mora J, Haroche J, Emile JF, Decaux O, Geissmann F, Savvides SN, Drilon A, Diamond EL, Abdel-Wahab O. Activating mutations in CSF1R and additional receptor tyrosine kinases in histiocytic neoplasms. Nat Med 2019; 25:1839-1842. [PMID: 31768065 PMCID: PMC6898787 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histiocytoses are clonal hematopoietic disorders frequently driven by mutations in BRAF and MEK1/2 kinases. Currently, however, the developmental origins of histiocytoses in patients are not well understood, and clinically meaningful therapeutic targets outside of BRAF and MEK are undefined. Here we uncover activating mutations in CSF-1R, as well as rearrangements in RET and ALK which confer dramatic responses to selective inhibition of RET (selpercatinib) and crizotinib, respectively, in histiocytosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Durham
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Estibaliz Lopez Rodrigo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Picarsic
- UPMC Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veronica Rotemberg
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven De Munck
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erwin Pannecoucke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sydney X Lu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Pastore
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akihide Yoshimi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Mandelker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ozge Ceyhan-Birsoy
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary A Ulaner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Yabe
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kseniya Petrova-Drus
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael F Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario E Lacouture
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Erickson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Saganty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Ki
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jaume Mora
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Haroche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des histiocytosesUniversity Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Francois Emile
- Department of Pathology, APHP, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France
| | - Olivier Decaux
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli L Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Li N, Ludmann SA, Anest L, He C, Narayanan PK. Generation of Macrophages from Cynomolgus-Monkey Bone Marrow as a Model to Evaluate Effects of Drugs on Innate Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 80:e74. [PMID: 30982234 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Evaluation of pro-inflammatory effects of drugs on macrophages has become commonplace in preclinical drug development prior to human clinical trials. Despite their body-wide distribution, tissue macrophages are often difficult to collect from large animals and humans in a noninvasive manner. Therefore, in vitro-differentiated macrophages are important tools to facilitate cross-species analysis of macrophage function. Although cynomolgus monkeys are an essential non-rodent species for preclinical research, in vitro differentiation of cynomolgus-monkey macrophages has been poorly characterized. In the present unit, we describe a protocol to differentiate cynomolgus-monkey macrophages from isolated bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs). In contrast to monocytes, cynomolgus-monkey BMMCs show robust expansion in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vitro, which allows expansion of many cells from a single animal donor. Macrophages differentiated from BMMCs retain many of the macrophage phenotypes and functions, including phagocytosis and cytokine release, and therefore can be used as a surrogate to assess effects of drugs on cynomolgus-monkey macrophages. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianyu Li
- Amgen Seattle, Seattle, Washington.,Current address: Merck & Co Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan A Ludmann
- Amgen Seattle, Seattle, Washington.,Current address: Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa Anest
- Amgen Seattle, Seattle, Washington.,Current address: Gilead Sciences, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ching He
- Amgen Seattle, Seattle, Washington.,Current address: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Padma Kumar Narayanan
- Amgen Seattle, Seattle, Washington.,Current address: Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
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13
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Zur Y, Rosenfeld L, Keshelman CA, Dalal N, Guterman-Ram G, Orenbuch A, Einav Y, Levaot N, Papo N. A dual-specific macrophage colony-stimulating factor antagonist of c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin for osteoporosis therapy. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002979. [PMID: 30142160 PMCID: PMC6126843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a demand for new highly efficient and specific drugs to treat osteoporosis, a chronic bone disease affecting millions of people worldwide. We have developed a combinatorial strategy for engineering bispecific inhibitors that simultaneously target the unique combination of c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin, which act in concert to facilitate bone resorption by osteoclasts. Using functional fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening assays of random mutagenesis macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) libraries against c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin, we engineered dual-specific M-CSF mutants with high affinity to both receptors. These bispecific mutants act as functional antagonists of c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin activation and hence of osteoclast differentiation in vitro and osteoclast activity in vivo. This study thus introduces a versatile platform for the creation of new-generation therapeutics with high efficacy and specificity for osteoporosis and other bone diseases. It also provides new tools for studying molecular mechanisms and the cell signaling pathways that mediate osteoclast differentiation and function. Many bone diseases—including osteoporosis, in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue—are characterized by excessive and uncontrolled bone resorption by bone-destroying cells known as osteoclasts. Therefore, controlled and specific inhibition of osteoclast activity is a desired outcome in treatments for bone diseases. Osteoclast differentiation and function are coordinated by cell surface receptors, including c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin, which cooperate with one another to drive signals that are essential for osteoclast functions. Here, we describe the engineering, characterization, and testing of novel proteins that can target and inhibit both c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin at the same time, thereby providing a way of controlling osteoclast function. The study represents the first example of engineering a natural ligand, which acts as a signaling molecule, as a scaffold for binding not only its target protein but also a second target. We show that these engineered proteins inhibit osteoclast activity in a mouse model of osteoporosis. Our study describes potential inhibitors that target all the known functions resulting from c-FMS/integrin αvβ3 crosstalk and paves the way to create novel targeting proteins that could be used to treat osteoporosis. It also expands our understanding of the role of the c-FMS/αvβ3 integrin pathway in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Zur
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lior Rosenfeld
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Chen Anna Keshelman
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nofar Dalal
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gali Guterman-Ram
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center (RMSC), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ayelet Orenbuch
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center (RMSC), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Einav
- Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel
| | - Noam Levaot
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center (RMSC), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail: (NP); (NL)
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail: (NP); (NL)
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14
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Ueda Y, Kedashiro S, Maruoka M, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Roles of the third Ig-like domain of Necl-5/PVR and the fifth Ig-like domain of the PDGF receptor in its signaling. Genes Cells 2018; 23:214-224. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ueda
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Shin Kedashiro
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruoka
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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15
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Engineering a monomeric variant of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) that antagonizes the c-FMS receptor. Biochem J 2017; 474:2601-2617. [PMID: 28655719 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced activation of the signaling pathways that mediate the differentiation of mononuclear monocytes into osteoclasts is an underlying cause of several bone diseases and bone metastasis. In particular, dysregulation and overexpression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its c-FMS tyrosine kinase receptor, proteins that are essential for osteoclast differentiation, are known to promote bone metastasis and osteoporosis, making both the ligand and its receptor attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. With this aim in mind, our starting point was the previously held concept that the potential of the M-CSFC31S mutant as a therapeutic is derived from its inability to dimerize and hence to act as an agonist. The current study showed, however, that dimerization is not abolished in M-CSFC31S and that the protein retains agonistic activity toward osteoclasts. To design an M-CSF mutant with diminished dimerization capabilities, we solved the crystal structure of the M-CSFC31S dimer complex and used structure-based energy calculations to identify the residues responsible for its dimeric form. We then used that analysis to develop M-CSFC31S,M27R, a ligand-based, high-affinity antagonist for c-FMS that retained its binding ability but prevented the ligand dimerization that leads to receptor dimerization and activation. The monomeric properties of M-CSFC31S,M27R were validated using dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses. It was shown that this mutant is a functional inhibitor of M-CSF-dependent c-FMS activation and osteoclast differentiation in vitro Our study, therefore, provided insights into the sequence-structure-function relationships of the M-CSF/c-FMS interaction and of ligand/receptor tyrosine kinase interactions in general.
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16
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Chen Q, Lu XJ, Li MY, Chen J. Molecular cloning, pathologically-correlated expression and functional characterization of the colonystimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) gene from a teleost, Plecoglossus altivelis. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 37:96-102. [PMID: 27029867 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) is an important regulator of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ). Although several CSF-1R genes have been identified in teleosts, the precise role of CSF- 1R in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the CSF-1R homologue from P. altivelis, and named it PaCSF-1R. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PaCSF-1R was most closely related to that of Japanese ricefish (Oryzias latipes). Tissue distribution and expression analysis showed that the PaCSF-1R transcript was mainly expressed in the head kidney-derived MO/MΦ, spleen, and head kidney, and its expression was significantly altered in various tissues upon Vibrio anguillarum infection. After PaCSF-1R neutralization for 48 h, the phagocytic activity of MO/MΦ was significantly decreased, suggesting that PaCSF-1R plays a role in regulating the phagocytic function of ayu MO/MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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17
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Abstract
Macrophages are found in all tissues and regulate tissue morphogenesis during development through trophic and scavenger functions. The colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R) is the major regulator of tissue macrophage development and maintenance. In combination with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), the CSF-1R also regulates the differentiation of the bone-resorbing osteoclast and controls bone remodeling during embryonic and early postnatal development. CSF-1R-regulated macrophages play trophic and remodeling roles in development. Outside the mononuclear phagocytic system, the CSF-1R directly regulates neuronal survival and differentiation, the development of intestinal Paneth cells and of preimplantation embryos, as well as trophoblast innate immune function. Consistent with the pleiotropic roles of the receptor during development, CSF-1R deficiency in most mouse strains causes embryonic or perinatal death and the surviving mice exhibit multiple developmental and functional deficits. The CSF-1R is activated by two dimeric glycoprotein ligands, CSF-1, and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Homozygous Csf1-null mutations phenocopy most of the deficits of Csf1r-null mice. In contrast, Il34-null mice have no gross phenotype, except for decreased numbers of Langerhans cells and microglia, indicating that CSF-1 plays the major developmental role. Homozygous inactivating mutations of the Csf1r or its ligands have not been reported in man. However, heterozygous inactivating mutations in the Csf1r lead to a dominantly inherited adult-onset progressive dementia, highlighting the importance of CSF-1R signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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18
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Ségaliny AI, Brion R, Brulin B, Maillasson M, Charrier C, Téletchéa S, Heymann D. IL-34 and M-CSF form a novel heteromeric cytokine and regulate the M-CSF receptor activation and localization. Cytokine 2015; 76:170-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Chen PH, Unger V, He X. Structure of Full-Length Human PDGFRβ Bound to Its Activating Ligand PDGF-B as Determined by Negative-Stain Electron Microscopy. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3921-34. [PMID: 26463591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate important cellular functions such as cell growth and migration, which are key steps in angiogenesis, in organ morphogenesis and in the unregulated states, cancer formation. One long-standing puzzle regarding RTKs centers on how the extracellular domain (ECD), which detects and binds to growth factors, is coupled with the intracellular domain kinase activation. While extensive structural works on the soluble portions of RTKs have provided critical insights into RTK structures and functions, lack of a full-length receptor structure has hindered a comprehensive overview of RTK activation. In this study, we successfully purified and determined a 27-Å-resolution structure of PDGFRβ [a full-length human platelet-derived growth factor receptor], in complex with its ligand PDGF-B. In the ligand-stimulated complex, two PDGFRβs assemble into a dimer via an extensive interface essentially running along the full-length of the receptor, suggesting that the membrane-proximal region, the transmembrane helix and the kinase domain of PDGFRβ are involved in dimerization. Major structural differences are seen between the full-length and soluble ECD structures, rationalizing previous experimental data on how membrane-proximal domains modulate receptor ligand-binding affinity and dimerization efficiency. Also, in contrast to the 2-fold symmetry of the ECD, the intracellular kinase domains adopt an asymmetric dimer arrangement, in agreement with prior observations for the closely related KIT receptor. In essence, the structure provides a first glimpse into how platelet-derived growth factor receptor ECD, upon ligand stimulation, is coupled to its intracellular domain kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vinzenz Unger
- Interdepartmental Biological Science Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Science Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiaolin He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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20
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Chen Q, Lu XJ, Chen J. Identification and functional characterization of the CSF1R gene from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus and its use as a marker of monocytes/macrophages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:386-398. [PMID: 25956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is an important regulator of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ). Although CSF1R gene has been identified and functionally studied in many fish, the precise role of CSF1R in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) remains unclear. In this study, we determined the cDNA sequence of CSF1R (CiCSF1R) from a teleost fish, grass carp. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CiCSF1R was most closely related to the CSF1R of zebrafish. The CiCSF1R transcript was mainly expressed in the spleen, head kidney, and head kidney-derived MO/MΦ, and its expression was altered in various tissues upon Aeromonas hydrophila infection. We prepared antibodies for neutralization of CiCSF1R on grass carp MO/MΦ. CiCSF1R neutralization or knockdown led to anti-inflammatory status in MO/MΦ upon A. hydrophila infection. CiCSF1R neutralization or knockdown also decreased the phagocytic activity of MO/MΦ. Flow cytometric analysis showed that more than 85% of grass carp MO/MΦ were CiCSF1R-positive cells. The percentage of CiCSF1R-positive cells in the head kidney of grass carp was above 10%, whereas it was only 5% and 4% in the spleen and liver, respectively. In conclusion, CSF1R is a specific surface marker of grass carp MO/MΦ, and it regulates the functions of MO/MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; The Donghai Sea Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Upgrading Mariculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; The Donghai Sea Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Upgrading Mariculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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21
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Felix J, De Munck S, Verstraete K, Meuris L, Callewaert N, Elegheert J, Savvides SN. Structure and Assembly Mechanism of the Signaling Complex Mediated by Human CSF-1. Structure 2015; 23:1621-1631. [PMID: 26235028 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (hCSF-1R) is unique among the hematopoietic receptors because it is activated by two distinct cytokines, CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Despite ever-growing insights into the central role of hCSF-1R signaling in innate and adaptive immunity, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, the structural basis of the functional dichotomy of hCSF-1R has remained elusive. Here, we report crystal structures of ternary complexes between hCSF-1 and hCSF-1R, including their complete extracellular assembly, and propose a mechanism for the cooperative human CSF-1:CSF-1R complex that relies on the adoption by dimeric hCSF-1 of an active conformational state and homotypic receptor interactions. Furthermore, we trace the cytokine-binding duality of hCSF-1R to a limited set of conserved interactions mediated by functionally equivalent residues on CSF-1 and IL-34 that play into the geometric requirements of hCSF-1R activation, and map the possible mechanistic consequences of somatic mutations in hCSF-1R associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven De Munck
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leander Meuris
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Elegheert
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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22
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Ries CH, Cannarile MA, Hoves S, Benz J, Wartha K, Runza V, Rey-Giraud F, Pradel LP, Feuerhake F, Klaman I, Jones T, Jucknischke U, Scheiblich S, Kaluza K, Gorr IH, Walz A, Abiraj K, Cassier PA, Sica A, Gomez-Roca C, de Visser KE, Italiano A, Le Tourneau C, Delord JP, Levitsky H, Blay JY, Rüttinger D. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages with anti-CSF-1R antibody reveals a strategy for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:846-59. [PMID: 24898549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration has been identified as an independent poor prognostic factor in several cancer types. The major survival factor for these macrophages is macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). We generated a monoclonal antibody (RG7155) that inhibits CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) activation. In vitro RG7155 treatment results in cell death of CSF-1-differentiated macrophages. In animal models, CSF-1R inhibition strongly reduces F4/80(+) tumor-associated macrophages accompanied by an increase of the CD8(+)/CD4(+) T cell ratio. Administration of RG7155 to patients led to striking reductions of CSF-1R(+)CD163(+) macrophages in tumor tissues, which translated into clinical objective responses in diffuse-type giant cell tumor (Dt-GCT) patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Cohort Studies
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca fascicularis
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola H Ries
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Michael A Cannarile
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoves
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Benz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Small Molecule Research, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Wartha
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valeria Runza
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Flora Rey-Giraud
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Leon P Pradel
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Irina Klaman
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tobin Jones
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ute Jucknischke
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheiblich
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaluza
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Antje Walz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keelara Abiraj
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Carlos Gomez-Roca
- Department of Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Delord
- Department of Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Hyam Levitsky
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Dominik Rüttinger
- Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Oncology Division, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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23
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Abstract
The CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is activated by the homodimeric growth factors colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). It plays important roles in development and in innate immunity by regulating the development of most tissue macrophages and osteoclasts, of Langerhans cells of the skin, of Paneth cells of the small intestine, and of brain microglia. It also regulates the differentiation of neural progenitor cells and controls functions of oocytes and trophoblastic cells in the female reproductive tract. Owing to this broad tissue expression pattern, it plays a central role in neoplastic, inflammatory, and neurological diseases. In this review we summarize the evolution, structure, and regulation of expression of the CSF-1R gene. We discuss the structures of CSF-1, IL-34, and the CSF-1R and the mechanism of ligand binding to and activation of the receptor. We further describe the pathways regulating macrophage survival, proliferation, differentiation, and chemotaxis downstream from the CSF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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24
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Grellier B, Le Pogam F, Vitorino M, Starck JP, Geist M, Duong V, Haegel H, Menguy T, Bonnefoy JY, Marchand JB, Ancian P. 3D modeling and characterization of the human CD115 monoclonal antibody H27K15 epitope and design of a chimeric CD115 target. MAbs 2014; 6:533-46. [PMID: 24492308 PMCID: PMC3984341 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized monoclonal antibody H27K15 specifically targets human CD115, a type III tyrosine kinase receptor involved in multiple cancers and inflammatory diseases. Binding of H27K15 to hCD115 expressing cells inhibits the functional effect of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), in a non-competitive manner. Both homology modeling and docking programs were used here to model the human CD115 extracellular domains, the H27K15 variable region and their interaction. The resulting predicted H27K15 epitope includes mainly the D1 domain in the N-terminal extracellular region of CD115 and some residues of the D2 domain. Sequence alignment with the non-binding murine CD115, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and affinity measurements by quartz crystal microbalance revealed critical residues of this epitope that are essential for H27K15 binding. A combination of computational simulations and biochemical experiments led to the design of a chimeric CD115 carrying the human epitope of H27K15 in a murine CD115 backbone that is able to bind both H27K15 as well as the murine ligands CSF-1 and IL-34. These results provide new possibilities to minutely study the functional effects of H27K15 in a transgenic mouse that would express this chimeric molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Yves Bonnefoy
- TRANSGENE S.A.; Illkirch-Graffenstade, France; ElsaLys Biotech; Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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25
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Structural and mechanistic insights into VEGF receptor 3 ligand binding and activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12960-5. [PMID: 23878260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301415110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are key drivers of blood and lymph vessel formation in development, but also in several pathological processes. VEGF-C signaling through VEGFR-3 promotes lymphangiogenesis, which is a clinically relevant target for treating lymphatic insufficiency and for blocking tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The extracellular domain of VEGFRs consists of seven Ig homology domains; domains 1-3 (D1-3) are responsible for ligand binding, and the membrane-proximal domains 4-7 (D4-7) are involved in structural rearrangements essential for receptor dimerization and activation. Here we analyzed the crystal structures of VEGF-C in complex with VEGFR-3 domains D1-2 and of the VEGFR-3 D4-5 homodimer. The structures revealed a conserved ligand-binding interface in D2 and a unique mechanism for VEGFR dimerization and activation, with homotypic interactions in D5. Mutation of the conserved residues mediating the D5 interaction (Thr446 and Lys516) and the D7 interaction (Arg737) compromised VEGF-C induced VEGFR-3 activation. A thermodynamic analysis of VEGFR-3 deletion mutants showed that D3, D4-5, and D6-7 all contribute to ligand binding. A structural model of the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 D1-7 complex derived from small-angle X-ray scattering data is consistent with the homotypic interactions in D5 and D7. Taken together, our data show that ligand-dependent homotypic interactions in D5 and D7 are essential for VEGFR activation, opening promising possibilities for the design of VEGFR-specific drugs.
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26
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Wu X, Subramaniam S, Case DA, Wu KW, Brooks BR. Targeted conformational search with map-restrained self-guided Langevin dynamics: application to flexible fitting into electron microscopic density maps. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:429-440. [PMID: 23876978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a map-restrained self-guided Langevin dynamics (MapSGLD) simulation method for efficient targeted conformational search. The targeted conformational search represents simulations under restraints defined by experimental observations and/or by user specified structural requirements. Through map-restraints, this method provides an efficient way to maintain substructures and to set structure targets during conformational searching. With an enhanced conformational searching ability of self-guided Langevin dynamics, this approach is suitable for simulating large-scale conformational changes, such as the formation of macromolecular assemblies and transitions between different conformational states. Using several examples, we illustrate the application of this method in flexible fitting of atomic structures into density maps derived from cryo-electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwu Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A Case
- BioMaPS Institute and Dept. of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Katherine W Wu
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA 22312, USA
| | - Bernard R Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Aricescu AR, Owens RJ. Expression of recombinant glycoproteins in mammalian cells: towards an integrative approach to structural biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:345-56. [PMID: 23623336 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are rapidly becoming the system of choice for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for structural biology applications. Their use has enabled the structural investigation of a whole new set of targets including large, multi-domain and highly glycosylated eukaryotic cell surface receptors and their supra-molecular assemblies. We summarize the technical advances that have been made in mammalian expression technology and highlight some of the structural insights that have been obtained using these methods. Looking forward, it is clear that mammalian cell expression will provide exciting and unique opportunities for an integrative approach to the structural study of proteins, especially of human origin and medically relevant, by bridging the gap between the purified state and the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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28
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Felix J, Elegheert J, Gutsche I, Shkumatov AV, Wen Y, Bracke N, Pannecoucke E, Vandenberghe I, Devreese B, Svergun DI, Pauwels E, Vergauwen B, Savvides SN. Human IL-34 and CSF-1 establish structurally similar extracellular assemblies with their common hematopoietic receptor. Structure 2013; 21:528-39. [PMID: 23478061 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that hematopoietic human colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) can be activated by two distinct cognate cytokines, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34), created puzzling scenarios for the two possible signaling complexes. We here employ a hybrid structural approach based on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and negative-stain EM to reveal that bivalent binding of human IL-34 to CSF-1R leads to an extracellular assembly hallmarked by striking similarities to the CSF-1:CSF-1R complex, including homotypic receptor-receptor interactions. Thus, IL-34 and CSF-1 have evolved to exploit the geometric requirements of CSF-1R activation. Our models include N-linked oligomannose glycans derived from a systematic approach resulting in the accurate fitting of glycosylated models to the SAXS data. We further show that the C-terminal region of IL-34 is heavily glycosylated and that it can be proteolytically cleaved from the IL-34:hCSF-1R complex, providing insights into its role in the functional nonredundancy of IL-34 and CSF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Chen PH, Chen X, He X. Platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors: structural and functional perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:2176-86. [PMID: 23137658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The four types of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and the two types of PDGF receptors (PDGFRs, which belong to class III receptor tyrosine kinases) have important functions in the development of connective tissue cells. Recent structural studies have revealed novel mechanisms of PDGFs in propeptide loading and receptor recognition/activation. The detailed structural understanding of PDGF-PDGFR signaling has provided a template that can aid therapeutic intervention to counteract the aberrant signaling of this normally silent pathway, especially in proliferative diseases such as cancer. This review summarizes the advances in the PDGF system with a focus on relating the structural and functional understandings, and discusses the basic aspects of PDGFs and PDGFRs, the mechanisms of activation, and the insights into the therapeutic antagonism of PDGFRs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emerging recognition and activation mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Searle 8-417, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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30
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Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Allosteric competitive inactivation of hematopoietic CSF-1 signaling by the viral decoy receptor BARF1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:938-47. [PMID: 22902366 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic human colony-stimulating factor 1 (hCSF-1) is essential for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and microbial infections and cancer. The human pathogen Epstein-Barr virus secretes the lytic-cycle protein BARF1 that neutralizes hCSF-1 to achieve immunomodulation. Here we show that BARF1 binds the dimer interface of hCSF-1 with picomolar affinity, away from the cognate receptor-binding site, to establish a long-lived complex featuring three hCSF-1 at the periphery of the BARF1 toroid. BARF1 locks dimeric hCSF-1 into an inactive conformation, rendering it unable to signal via its cognate receptor on human monocytes. This reveals a new functional role for hCSF-1 cooperativity in signaling. We propose a new viral strategy paradigm featuring an allosteric decoy receptor of the competitive type, which couples efficient sequestration and inactivation of the host growth factor to abrogate cooperative assembly of the cognate signaling complex.
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32
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Liu H, Leo C, Chen X, Wong BR, Williams LT, Lin H, He X. The mechanism of shared but distinct CSF-1R signaling by the non-homologous cytokines IL-34 and CSF-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:938-45. [PMID: 22579672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) and colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) both signal through the CSF-1R receptor tyrosine kinase, but they have no sequence homology, and their functions and signaling activities are not identical. We report the crystal structures of mouse IL-34 alone and in complex with the N-terminal three immunoglobulin-like domains (D1-D3) of mouse CSF-1R. IL-34 is structurally related to other helical hematopoietic cytokines, but contains two additional helices integrally associated with the four shared helices. The non-covalently linked IL-34 homodimer recruits two copies of CSF-1R on the sides of the helical bundles, with an overall shape similar to the CSF-1:CSF-1R complex, but the flexible linker between CSF-1R D2 and D3 allows these domains to clamp IL-34 and CSF-1 at different angles. Functional dissection of the IL-34:CSF-1R interface indicates that the hydrophobic interactions, rather than the salt bridge network, dominate the biological activity of IL-34. To degenerately recognize two ligands with completely different surfaces, CSF-1R apparently takes advantage of different subsets of a chemically inert surface that can be tuned to fit different ligand shapes. Differentiated signaling between IL-34 and CSF-1 is likely achieved by the relative thermodynamic independence of IL-34 vs. negative cooperativity of CSF-1 at the receptor-recognition sites, in combination with the difference in hydrophobicity which dictates a more stable IL-34:CSF-1R complex compared to the CSF-1:CSF-1R complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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33
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Ma X, Lin WY, Chen Y, Stawicki S, Mukhyala K, Wu Y, Martin F, Bazan JF, Starovasnik MA. Structural basis for the dual recognition of helical cytokines IL-34 and CSF-1 by CSF-1R. Structure 2012; 20:676-87. [PMID: 22483114 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lacking any discernible sequence similarity, interleukin-34 (IL-34) and colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) signal through a common receptor CSF-1R on cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage. Here, the crystal structure of dimeric IL-34 reveals a helical cytokine fold homologous to CSF-1, and we further show that the complex architecture of IL-34 bound to the N-terminal immunoglobulin domains of CSF-1R is similar to the CSF-1/CSF-1R assembly. However, unique conformational adaptations in the receptor domain geometry and intermolecular interface explain the cross-reactivity of CSF-1R for two such distantly related ligands. The docking adaptations of the IL-34 and CSF-1 quaternary complexes, when compared to the stem cell factor assembly, draw a common evolutionary theme for transmembrane signaling. In addition, the structure of IL-34 engaged by a Fab fragment reveals the mechanism of a neutralizing antibody that can help deconvolute IL-34 from CSF-1 biology, with implications for therapeutic intervention in diseases with myeloid pathogenic mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Baculoviridae
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/chemistry
- Interleukins/genetics
- Kinetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/chemistry
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Stem Cell Factor/chemistry
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ma
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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