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Šeflová J, Schwarz JA, Smith AN, Svensson B, Blackwell DJ, Phillips TA, Nikolaienko R, Bovo E, Rebbeck RT, Zima AV, Thomas DD, Van Petegem F, Knollmann BC, Johnston JN, Robia SL, Cornea RL. RyR2 Binding of an Antiarrhythmic Cyclic Depsipeptide Mapped Using Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Detection of FRET. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2290-2299. [PMID: 37769131 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactivity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca2+-release channels contributes to heart failure and arrhythmias. Reducing the RyR2 activity, particularly during cardiac relaxation (diastole), is a desirable therapeutic goal. We previously reported that the unnatural enantiomer (ent) of an insect-RyR activator, verticilide, inhibits porcine and mouse RyR2 at diastolic (nanomolar) Ca2+ and has in vivo efficacy against atrial and ventricular arrhythmia. To determine the ent-verticilide structural mode of action on RyR2 and guide its further development via medicinal chemistry structure-activity relationship studies, here, we used fluorescence lifetime (FLT)-measurements of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in HEK293 cells expressing human RyR2. For these studies, we used an RyR-specific FRET molecular-toolkit and computational methods for trilateration (i.e., using distances to locate a point of interest). Multiexponential analysis of FLT-FRET measurements between four donor-labeled FKBP12.6 variants and acceptor-labeled ent-verticilide yielded distance relationships placing the acceptor probe at two candidate loci within the RyR2 cryo-EM map. One locus is within the Ry12 domain (at the corner periphery of the RyR2 tetrameric complex). The other locus is sandwiched at the interface between helical domain 1 and the SPRY3 domain. These findings document RyR2-target engagement by ent-verticilide, reveal new insight into the mechanism of action of this new class of RyR2-targeting drug candidate, and can serve as input in future computational determinations of the ent-verticilide binding site on RyR2 that will inform structure-activity studies for lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Šeflová
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Jacob A Schwarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Abigail N Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bengt Svensson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel J Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Taylor A Phillips
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Roman Nikolaienko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Elisa Bovo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Robyn T Rebbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aleksey V Zima
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Björn C Knollmann
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Seth L Robia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Răzvan L Cornea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Dridi H, Santulli G, Bahlouli L, Miotto MC, Weninger G, Marks AR. Mitochondrial Calcium Overload Plays a Causal Role in Oxidative Stress in the Failing Heart. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1409. [PMID: 37759809 PMCID: PMC10527470 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a serious global health challenge, affecting more than 6.2 million people in the United States and is projected to reach over 8 million by 2030. Independent of etiology, failing hearts share common features, including defective calcium (Ca2+) handling, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, and oxidative stress. In cardiomyocytes, Ca2+ not only regulates excitation-contraction coupling, but also mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress signaling, thereby controlling the function and actual destiny of the cell. Understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of increased mitochondrial Ca2+ influx is an ongoing challenge in order to identify novel therapeutic targets to alleviate the burden of heart failure. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying altered mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in heart failure and the potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikel Dridi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; (L.B.); (M.C.M.); (G.W.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Laith Bahlouli
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; (L.B.); (M.C.M.); (G.W.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Marco C. Miotto
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; (L.B.); (M.C.M.); (G.W.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Gunnar Weninger
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; (L.B.); (M.C.M.); (G.W.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Andrew R. Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; (L.B.); (M.C.M.); (G.W.); (A.R.M.)
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Nikolaienko R, Bovo E, Kahn D, Gracia R, Jamrozik T, Zima AV. Cysteines 1078 and 2991 cross-linking plays a critical role in redox regulation of cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR). Nat Commun 2023; 14:4498. [PMID: 37495581 PMCID: PMC10372021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cardiac pathologies, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure, are associated with oxidative stress. Oxidation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca2+ channel causes spontaneous oscillations of intracellular Ca2+, resulting in contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias. RyR2 oxidation promotes the formation of disulfide bonds between two cysteines on neighboring RyR2 subunits, known as intersubunit cross-linking. However, the large number of cysteines in RyR2 has been a major hurdle in identifying the specific cysteines involved in this pathology-linked post-translational modification of the channel. Through mutagenesis of human RyR2 and in-cell Ca2+ imaging, we identify that only two cysteines (out of 89) in each RyR2 subunit are responsible for half of the channel's functional response to oxidative stress. Our results identify cysteines 1078 and 2991 as a redox-sensitive pair that forms an intersubunit disulfide bond between neighboring RyR2 subunits during oxidative stress, resulting in a pathological "leaky" RyR2 Ca2+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Nikolaienko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Elisa Bovo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Daniel Kahn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Ryan Gracia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Thomas Jamrozik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Aleksey V Zima
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Xie L, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Yang Z. Identification of Potential Lead Compounds Targeting Novel Druggable Cavity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076281. [PMID: 37047254 PMCID: PMC10094189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become an urgent public health problem. Spike (S) protein mediates the fusion between the virus and the host cell membranes, consequently emerging as an important target of drug design. The lack of comparisons of in situ full-length S homotrimer structures in different states hinders understanding the structures and revealing the function, thereby limiting the discovery and development of therapeutic agents. Here, the steady-state structures of the in situ full-length S trimer in closed and open states (Sclosed and Sopen) were modeled with the constraints of density maps, associated with the analysis of the dynamic structural differences. Subsequently, we identified various regions with structure and property differences as potential binding pockets for ligands that promote the formation of inactive trimeric protein complexes. By using virtual screening strategy and a newly defined druggable cavity, five ligands were screened with potential bioactivities. Then molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed on apo protein structures and ligand bound complexes to reveal the conformational changes upon ligand binding. Our simulation results revealed that sulforaphane (SFN), which has the best binding affinity, could inhibit the conformational changes of S homotrimer that would occur during the viral membrane fusion. Our results could aid in the understanding of the regulation mechanism of S trimer aggregation and the structure-activity relationship, facilitating the development of potential antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Linke Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yuze Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yongjian Zang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xuhua Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence:
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Cardiac ryanodine receptor N-terminal region biosensors identify novel inhibitors via FRET-based high-throughput screening. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101412. [PMID: 34793835 PMCID: PMC8689225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal region (NTR) of ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels is critical for the regulation of Ca2+ release during excitation–contraction (EC) coupling in muscle. The NTR hosts numerous mutations linked to skeletal (RyR1) and cardiac (RyR2) myopathies, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Here, we constructed two biosensors by labeling the mouse RyR2 NTR at domains A, B, and C with FRET pairs. Using fluorescence lifetime (FLT) detection of intramolecular FRET signal, we developed high-throughput screening (HTS) assays with these biosensors to identify small-molecule RyR modulators. We then screened a small validation library and identified several hits. Hits with saturable FRET dose–response profiles and previously unreported effects on RyR were further tested using [3H]ryanodine binding to isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to determine effects on intact RyR opening in its natural membrane. We identified three novel inhibitors of both RyR1 and RyR2 and two RyR1-selective inhibitors effective at nanomolar Ca2+. Two of these hits activated RyR1 only at micromolar Ca2+, highlighting them as potential enhancers of excitation–contraction coupling. To determine whether such hits can inhibit RyR leak in muscle, we further focused on one, an FDA-approved natural antibiotic, fusidic acid (FA). In skinned skeletal myofibers and permeabilized cardiomyocytes, FA inhibited RyR leak with no detrimental effect on skeletal myofiber excitation–contraction coupling. However, in intact cardiomyocytes, FA induced arrhythmogenic Ca2+ transients, a cautionary observation for a compound with an otherwise solid safety record. These results indicate that HTS campaigns using the NTR biosensor can identify compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Woll KA, Van Petegem F. Calcium Release Channels: Structure and Function of IP3 Receptors and Ryanodine Receptors. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:209-268. [PMID: 34280054 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-release channels are giant membrane proteins that control the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two members, ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptors (IP3Rs), are evolutionarily related and are both activated by cytosolic Ca2+. They share a common architecture, but RyRs have evolved additional modules in the cytosolic region. Their massive size allows for the regulation by tens of proteins and small molecules, which can affect the opening and closing of the channels. In addition to Ca2+, other major triggers include IP3 for the IP3Rs, and depolarization of the plasma membrane for a particular RyR subtype. Their size has made them popular targets for study via electron microscopic methods, with current structures culminating near 3Å. The available structures have provided many new mechanistic insights int the binding of auxiliary proteins and small molecules, how these can regulate channel opening, and the mechanisms of disease-associated mutations. They also help scrutinize previously proposed binding sites, as some of these are now incompatible with the structures. Many questions remain around the structural effects of post-translational modifications, additional binding partners, and the higher-order complexes these channels can make in situ. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the structures of Ca2+-release channels and how this informs on their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Woll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Basak S, Sakia N, Dougherty L, Guo Z, Wu F, Mindlin F, Lary JW, Cole JL, Ding F, Bowen ME. Probing Interdomain Linkers and Protein Supertertiary Structure In Vitro and in Live Cells with Fluorescent Protein Resonance Energy Transfer. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166793. [PMID: 33388290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.166793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are composed of independently-folded domains connected by flexible linkers. The primary sequence and length of such linkers can set the effective concentration for the tethered domains, which impacts rates of association and enzyme activity. The length of such linkers can be sensitive to environmental conditions, which raises questions as to how studies in dilute buffer relate to the highly-crowded cellular environment. To examine the role of linkers in domain separation, we measured Fluorescent Protein-Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FP-FRET) for a series of tandem FPs that varied in the length of their interdomain linkers. We used discrete molecular dynamics to map the underlying conformational distribution, which revealed intramolecular contact states that we confirmed with single molecule FRET. Simulations found that attached FPs increased linker length and slowed conformational dynamics relative to the bare linkers. This makes the CLYs poor sensors of inherent linker properties. However, we also showed that FP-FRET in CLYs was sensitive to solvent quality and macromolecular crowding making them potent environmental sensors. Finally, we targeted the same proteins to the plasma membrane of living mammalian cells to measure FP-FRET in cellulo. The measured FP-FRET when tethered to the plasma membrane was the same as that in dilute buffer. While caveats remain regarding photophysics, this suggests that the supertertiary conformational ensemble of these CLY proteins may not be affected by this specific cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Basak
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Nabanita Sakia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - Laura Dougherty
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Zhuojun Guo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Frank Mindlin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Lary
- National Analytical Ultracentrifugation Facility, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - James L Cole
- National Analytical Ultracentrifugation Facility, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - Mark E Bowen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA.
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Zhou Y, Wang W, Salauddin NM, Lin L, You M, You S, Yuchi Z. Crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of ryanodine receptor from the honeybee, Apis mellifera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 125:103454. [PMID: 32781205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the molecular target of diamides, a new chemical class of insecticides. Diamide insecticides are used to control lepidopteran pests and were considered relatively safe for mammals and non-targeted beneficial insects, including honey bees. However, recent studies showed that exposure to diamides could cause long-lasting locomotor deficits of bees. Here we report the crystal structure of RyR N-terminal domain A (NTD-A) from the honeybee, Apis mellifera, at 2.5 Å resolution. It shows a similar overall fold as the RyR NTD-A from mammals and the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and still several loops located at the inter-domain interfaces show insect-specific or bee-specific structural features. A potential insecticide-binding pocket formed by loop9 and loop13 is conserved in lepidopteran but different in both mammals and bees, making it a good candidate targeting site for the development of pest-selective insecticides. Furthermore, a conserved intra-domain disulfide bond was observed in both DBM and bee RyR NTD-A crystal structures, which explains their higher thermal stability compared to mammalian RyR NTD-A. This work provides a basis for the development of novel insecticides with better selectivity between pests and bees by targeting a distinct site on pest RyRs, which would be a promising strategy to overcome the current toxicity problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenlan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nahiyan Mohammad Salauddin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lianyun Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Bauerová-Hlinková V, Hajdúchová D, Bauer JA. Structure and Function of the Human Ryanodine Receptors and Their Association with Myopathies-Present State, Challenges, and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184040. [PMID: 32899693 PMCID: PMC7570887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are serious, life-threatening diseases associated with the dysregulation of Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. This dysregulation often arises from dysfunction of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), the principal Ca2+ release channel. Dysfunction of RyR1, the skeletal muscle isoform, also results in less severe, but also potentially life-threatening syndromes. The RYR2 and RYR1 genes have been found to harbor three main mutation “hot spots”, where mutations change the channel structure, its interdomain interface properties, its interactions with its binding partners, or its dynamics. In all cases, the result is a defective release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myocyte cytoplasm. Here, we provide an overview of the most frequent diseases resulting from mutations to RyR1 and RyR2, briefly review some of the recent experimental structural work on these two molecules, detail some of the computational work describing their dynamics, and summarize the known changes to the structure and function of these receptors with particular emphasis on their N-terminal, central, and channel domains.
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10
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Tung M, Van Petegem F, Lauson S, Collier A, Hodgkinson K, Fernandez B, Connors S, Leather R, Sanatani S, Arbour L. Cardiac arrest in a mother and daughter and the identification of a novel
RYR2
variant, predisposing to low penetrant catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a four‐generation Canadian family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1151. [PMID: 31994352 PMCID: PMC7196448 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare inherited arrhythmia syndrome characterized by adrenergically driven ventricular arrhythmia predominantly caused by pathogenic variants in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). We describe a novel variant associated with cardiac arrest in a mother and daughter. Methods Initial sequencing of the RYR2 gene identified a novel variant (c.527G > T, p.R176L) in the index case (the mother), and her daughter. Structural analysis demonstrated the variant was located within the N‐terminal domain of RyR2, likely leading to a gain‐of‐function effect facilitating enhanced calcium ion release. Four generation cascade genetic and clinical screening was carried out. Results Thirty‐eight p.R176L variant carriers were identified of 94 family members with genetic testing, and 108 family members had clinical evaluations. Twelve carriers were symptomatic with previous syncope and 2 additional survivors of cardiac arrest were identified. Thirty‐two had clinical features suggestive of CPVT. Of 52 noncarriers, 11 had experienced previous syncope with none exhibiting any clinical features of CPVT. A documented arrhythmic event rate of 2.89/1000 person‐years across all carriers was calculated. Conclusion The substantial variability in phenotype and the lower than previously reported penetrance is illustrative of the importance of exploring family variants beyond first‐degree relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Samantha Lauson
- Division of Medical Genetics Island Health Victoria BC Canada
| | - Ashley Collier
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program Eastern Health St. John's NL Canada
| | - Kathy Hodgkinson
- Clinical Epidemiology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's NL Canada
| | - Bridget Fernandez
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program Eastern Health St. John's NL Canada
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John’s NL Canada
| | - Sean Connors
- Division of Cardiology Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's NL Canada
| | | | - Shubhayan Sanatani
- Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- Division of Medical Genetics Island Health Victoria BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
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Yamaguchi N. Molecular Insights into Calcium Dependent Regulation of Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1131:321-336. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Pathogenic mechanism of a catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia causing-mutation in cardiac calcium release channel RyR2. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 117:26-35. [PMID: 29477366 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a condition that is characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm in response to physical or emotional stress. The majority CPVT patients carry mutations in the RYR2 gene that encodes the calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR2) in cardiomyocytes. The pathogenic mechanisms that account for the clinical phenotypes of CPVT are still elusive. We have identified a de novo mutation, A165D, from a CPVT patient. We found that CPVT phenotypes are recapitulated in A165D knock-in mice. The mutant RyR2 channels enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, triggered delayed afterdepolarization in cardiomyocytes. Structural analysis revealed that the A165D mutation is located in a loop that is involved in inter-subunit interactions in the RyR2 tetrameric structure, it disrupted conformational stability of the RyR2, which favored a closed-to-open state transition, resulting in a leaky channel. The loop also harbors several other CPVT mutations, which suggests a common pathogenic molecular mechanism of CPVT-causing mutations. Our data illustrated disease-relevant functional defects and provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia.
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Zheng W, Liu Z. Investigating the inter-subunit/subdomain interactions and motions relevant to disease mutations in the N-terminal domain of ryanodine receptors by molecular dynamics simulation. Proteins 2017; 85:1633-1644. [PMID: 28508509 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ryanodine receptors (RyR) are essential to calcium signaling in striated muscles, and numerous disease mutations have been identified in two RyR isoforms, RyR1 in skeletal muscle and RyR2 in cardiac muscle. A deep understanding of the activation/regulation mechanisms of RyRs has been hampered by the shortage of high-resolution structures and dynamic information for this giant tetrameric complex in different functional states. Toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms of disease mutations in RyRs, we performed molecular dynamics simulation of the N-terminal domain (NTD) which is not only the best-resolved structural component of RyRs, but also a hotspot of disease mutations. First, we simulated the tetrameric NTD of wild-type RyR1 and three disease mutants (K155E, R157Q, and R164Q) that perturb the inter-subunit interfaces. Our simulations identified a dynamic network of salt bridges involving charged residues at the inter-subunit/subdomain interfaces and disease-mutation sites. By perturbing this key network, the above three mutations result in greater flexibility with the highest inter-subunit opening probability for R157Q. Next, we simulated the monomeric NTD of RyR2 in the presence or absence of a central Cl- anion which is known to stabilize the interfaces between the three NTD subdomains (A, B, and C). We found that the loss of Cl- restructures the salt-bridge network near the Cl- -binding site, leading to rotations of subdomain A/B relative to subdomain C and enhanced mobility between the subdomains. This finding supports a mechanism for disease mutations in the NTD of RyR2 via perturbation of the Cl- binding. The rich structural and dynamic information gained from this study will guide future mutational and functional studies of the NTD of RyRs. Proteins 2017; 85:1633-1644. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital and Pan-Vascular Research Institute, Heart, Lung, and Blood Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dulhunty AF, Board PG, Beard NA, Casarotto MG. Physiology and Pharmacology of Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channels. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 79:287-324. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Samsó M. A guide to the 3D structure of the ryanodine receptor type 1 by cryoEM. Protein Sci 2016; 26:52-68. [PMID: 27671094 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction by the ryanodine receptor (RyR) is essential in many excitable cells including all striated contractile cells and some types of neurons. While its transmembrane domain is a classic tetrameric, six-transmembrane cation channel, the cytoplasmic domain is uniquely large and complex, hosting a multiplicity of specialized domains. The overall outline and substructure readily recognizable by electron microscopy make RyR a geometrically well-behaved specimen. Hence, for the last two decades, the 3D structural study of the RyR has tracked closely the technological advances in electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), and computerized 3D reconstruction. This review summarizes the progress in the structural determination of RyR by cryoEM and, bearing in mind the leap in resolution provided by the recent implementation of direct electron detection, analyzes the first near-atomic structures of RyR. These reveal a complex orchestration of domains controlling the channel's function, and help to understand how this could break down as a consequence of disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Samsó
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Clarke OB, Hendrickson WA. Structures of the colossal RyR1 calcium release channel. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 39:144-152. [PMID: 27687475 PMCID: PMC5419430 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are intracellular cation channels that mediate the rapid and voluminous release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as required for excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Understanding of the architecture and gating of RyRs has advanced dramatically over the past two years, due to the publication of high resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstructions and associated atomic models of multiple functional states of the skeletal muscle receptor, RyR1. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of RyR architecture and gating, and highlight remaining gaps in understanding which we anticipate will soon be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Yuchi Z, Van Petegem F. Ryanodine receptors under the magnifying lens: Insights and limitations of cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography studies. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:209-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Yuchi Z, Yuen SMWK, Lau K, Underhill AQ, Cornea RL, Fessenden JD, Van Petegem F. Crystal structures of ryanodine receptor SPRY1 and tandem-repeat domains reveal a critical FKBP12 binding determinant. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7947. [PMID: 26245150 PMCID: PMC4530471 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form calcium release channels located in the membranes of the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum. RyRs play a major role in excitation-contraction coupling and other Ca2+-dependent signalling events, and consist of several globular domains that together form a large assembly. Here we describe the crystal structures of the SPRY1 and tandem-repeat domains at 1.2–1.5 Å resolution, which reveal several structural elements not detected in recent cryo-EM reconstructions of RyRs. The cryo-EM studies disagree on the position of SPRY domains, which had been proposed based on homology modelling. Computational docking of the crystal structures, combined with FRET studies, show that the SPRY1 domain is located next to FK506-binding protein (FKBP). Molecular dynamics flexible fitting and mutagenesis experiments suggest a hydrophobic cluster within SPRY1 that is crucial for FKBP binding. A RyR1 disease mutation, N760D, appears to directly impact FKBP binding through interfering with SPRY1 folding. The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a large multi-domain ion channel that functions to release calcium from the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here the authors present crystal structures of the SPRY1 and tandem repeat domains of RyR, allowing precise positioning of the domains and linking disease mutations to RyR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Yuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Siobhan M Wong King Yuen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Ainsley Q Underhill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Razvan L Cornea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James D Fessenden
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Structural and physico-chemical effects of disease and non-disease nsSNPs on proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 32:18-24. [PMID: 25658850 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the effects of naturally occurring mutations on structural features and physico-chemical properties of proteins. The basic protein characteristics considered are stability, dynamics, and the binding of proteins and methods for assessing effects of mutations on these macromolecular characteristics are briefly outlined. It is emphasized that the above entities mostly reflect global characteristics of considered macromolecules, while given mutations may alter the local structural features such as salt bridges and hydrogen bonds without affecting the global ones. Furthermore, it is pointed out that disease-causing mutations frequently involve a drastic change of amino acid physico-chemical properties such as charge, hydrophobicity, and geometry, and are less surface exposed than polymorphic mutations.
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Liu Y, Sun B, Xiao Z, Wang R, Guo W, Zhang JZ, Mi T, Wang Y, Jones PP, Van Petegem F, Chen SRW. Roles of the NH2-terminal domains of cardiac ryanodine receptor in Ca2+ release activation and termination. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7736-46. [PMID: 25627681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NH2-terminal region (residues 1-543) of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) harbors a large number of mutations associated with cardiac arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies. Functional studies have revealed that the NH2-terminal region is involved in the activation and termination of Ca(2+) release. The three-dimensional structure of the NH2-terminal region has recently been solved. It is composed of three domains (A, B, and C). However, the roles of these individual domains in Ca(2+) release activation and termination are largely unknown. To understand the functional significance of each of these NH2-terminal domains, we systematically deleted these domains and assessed their impact on caffeine- or Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release and store overload-induced Ca(2+) release (SOICR) in HEK293 cells. We found that all deletion mutants were capable of forming caffeine- and ryanodine-sensitive functional channels, indicating that the NH2-terminal region is not essential for channel gating. Ca(2+) release measurements revealed that deleting domain A markedly reduced the threshold for SOICR termination but had no effect on caffeine or Ca(2+) activation or the threshold for SOICR activation, whereas deleting domain B substantially enhanced caffeine and Ca(2+) activation and lowered the threshold for SOICR activation and termination. Conversely, deleting domain C suppressed caffeine activation, abolished Ca(2+) activation and SOICR, and diminished protein expression. These results suggest that domain A is involved in channel termination, domain B is involved in channel suppression, and domain C is critical for channel activation and expression. Our data shed new insights into the structure-function relationship of the NH2-terminal domains of RyR2 and the action of NH2-terminal disease mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bo Sun
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zhichao Xiao
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ruiwu Wang
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wenting Guo
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Joe Z Zhang
- Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand, and
| | - Tao Mi
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yundi Wang
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Peter P Jones
- Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand, and
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - S R Wayne Chen
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada,
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21
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Van Petegem F. Ryanodine Receptors: Allosteric Ion Channel Giants. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:31-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Seo MD, Enomoto M, Ishiyama N, Stathopulos PB, Ikura M. Structural insights into endoplasmic reticulum stored calcium regulation by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1980-91. [PMID: 25461839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The two major calcium (Ca²⁺) release channels on the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) are inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors (IP3Rs and RyRs). They play versatile roles in essential cell signaling processes, and abnormalities of these channels are associated with a variety of diseases. Structural information on IP3Rs and RyRs determined using multiple techniques including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy (EM), has significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms by which these Ca²⁺ release channels function under normal and pathophysiological circumstances. In this review, structural advances on the understanding of the mechanisms of IP3R and RyR function and dysfunction are summarized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 13th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Duk Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Lau K, Van Petegem F. Crystal structures of wild type and disease mutant forms of the ryanodine receptor SPRY2 domain. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5397. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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