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Mohd S, Oder A, Specker E, Neuenschwander M, Von Kries JP, Daumke O. Identification of drug-like molecules targeting the ATPase activity of dynamin-like EHD4. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302704. [PMID: 39074100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Eps15 (epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15) homology domain-containing proteins (EHDs) comprise a family of eukaryotic dynamin-related ATPases that participate in various endocytic membrane trafficking pathways. Dysregulation of EHDs function has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. The lack of small molecule inhibitors which acutely target individual EHD members has hampered progress in dissecting their detailed cellular membrane trafficking pathways and their function during disease. Here, we established a Malachite green-based assay compatible with high throughput screening to monitor the liposome-stimulated ATPase of EHD4. In this way, we identified a drug-like molecule that inhibited EHD4's liposome-stimulated ATPase activity. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies indicated sites of preferred substitutions for more potent inhibitor synthesis. Moreover, the assay optimization in this work can be applied to other dynamin family members showing a weak and liposome-dependent nucleotide hydrolysis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Mohd
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Oder
- Screening Unit, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Specker
- Screening Unit, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Screening Unit, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Peter Von Kries
- Screening Unit, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Lewis JW, Frost K, Neag G, Wahid M, Finlay M, Northall EH, Abudu O, Kemble S, Davis ET, Powell E, Palmer C, Lu J, Rainger GE, Iqbal AJ, Chimen M, Mahmood A, Jones SW, Edwards JR, Naylor AJ, McGettrick HM. Therapeutic avenues in bone repair: Harnessing an anabolic osteopeptide, PEPITEM, to boost bone growth and prevent bone loss. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101574. [PMID: 38776873 PMCID: PMC11148860 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The existing suite of therapies for bone diseases largely act to prevent further bone loss but fail to stimulate healthy bone formation and repair. We describe an endogenous osteopeptide (PEPITEM) with anabolic osteogenic activity, regulating bone remodeling in health and disease. PEPITEM acts directly on osteoblasts through NCAM-1 signaling to promote their maturation and formation of new bone, leading to enhanced trabecular bone growth and strength. Simultaneously, PEPITEM stimulates an inhibitory paracrine loop: promoting osteoblast release of the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin, which sequesters RANKL, thereby limiting osteoclast activity and bone resorption. In disease models, PEPITEM therapy halts osteoporosis-induced bone loss and arthritis-induced bone damage in mice and stimulates new bone formation in osteoblasts derived from patient samples. Thus, PEPITEM offers an alternative therapeutic option in the management of diseases with excessive bone loss, promoting an endogenous anabolic pathway to induce bone remodeling and redress the imbalance in bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lewis
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Kathryn Frost
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Georgiana Neag
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Mussarat Wahid
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Melissa Finlay
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Ellie H Northall
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Oladimeji Abudu
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Samuel Kemble
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Edward T Davis
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Bristol Road, Birmingham B31 2AP, UK
| | - Emily Powell
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Charlotte Palmer
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Jinsen Lu
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - G Ed Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Ansar Mahmood
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Simon W Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - James R Edwards
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Amy J Naylor
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK.
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3
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Zhu G, Zhang H, Xia M, Liu Y, Li M. EH domain-containing protein 2 (EHD2): Overview, biological function, and therapeutic potential. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4016. [PMID: 38613224 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
EH domain-containing protein 2 (EHD2) is a member of the EHD protein family and is mainly located in the plasma membrane, but can also be found in the cytoplasm and endosomes. EHD2 is also a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttle protein. After entering the cell nuclear, EHD2 acts as a corepressor of transcription to inhibit gene transcription. EHD2 regulates a series of biological processes. As a key regulator of endocytic transport, EHD2 is involved in the formation and maintenance of endosomal tubules and vesicles, which are critical for the intracellular transport of proteins and other substances. The N-terminal of EHD2 is attached to the cell membrane, while its C-terminal binds to the actin-binding protein. After binding, EHD2 connects with the actin cytoskeleton, forming the curvature of the membrane and promoting cell endocytosis. EHD2 is also associated with membrane protein trafficking and receptor signaling, as well as in glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the function of EHD2 in various cellular processes and its potential implications in human diseases such as cancer and metabolic disease. We also discussed the prospects for the future of EHD2. EHD2 has a broad prospect as a therapeutic target for a variety of diseases. Further research is needed to explore its mechanism, which could pave the way for the development of targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Urology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Min Xia
- Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hengyang Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyong Li
- Department of Urology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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4
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Dong Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Ma H, Liu Y, Lv G, Niu J. Multi-omics profiling of primary hepatic stellate cells from advanced liver fibrosis patients reveals distinctive molecular signatures. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1416-1425. [PMID: 37226284 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathogenic outcome of almost all chronic liver diseases and a growing public health problem globally. However, the key genes or proteins driving liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are not well understood. We aimed to identify novel hepatic fibrosis genes of human primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS Human primary HSCs were isolated from surgically resected advanced fibrosis liver tissues (n = 6) and surgical resection of normal liver tissue around hemangioma (n = 5). Differences in the expression levels of mRNA and proteins from HSCs in advanced fibrosis group and the control group were analyzed using RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry as transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. The obtained biomarkers were further validated through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence, and Western blot. RESULTS A total of 2156 transcripts and 711 proteins were found to be differently expressed between the advanced fibrosis group and the control group patients. The Venn diagram shows that a total of 96 upregulated molecules are overlapped in both the transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that those overlapped genes were mainly involved in wound healing, cell adhesion regulation, and actin binding, which reflects the major biological conversions in liver cirrhosis process. Pyruvate kinase M2 and EH domain-containing 2 were identified as potential new markers for advanced liver cirrhosis, which have been validated in primary human HSCs and in vitro cellular hepatic fibrosis model Lieming Xu-2 (LX-2) cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the major transcriptomic and proteomic changes during liver cirrhosis process and identified new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for advanced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Dong
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Heming Ma
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Banushi B, Joseph SR, Lum B, Lee JJ, Simpson F. Endocytosis in cancer and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00574-6. [PMID: 37217781 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a complex process whereby cell surface proteins, lipids and fluid from the extracellular environment are packaged, sorted and internalized into cells. Endocytosis is also a mechanism of drug internalization into cells. There are multiple routes of endocytosis that determine the fate of molecules, from degradation in the lysosomes to recycling back to the plasma membrane. The overall rates of endocytosis and temporal regulation of molecules transiting through endocytic pathways are also intricately linked with signalling outcomes. This process relies on an array of factors, such as intrinsic amino acid motifs and post-translational modifications. Endocytosis is frequently disrupted in cancer. These disruptions lead to inappropriate retention of receptor tyrosine kinases on the tumour cell membrane, changes in the recycling of oncogenic molecules, defective signalling feedback loops and loss of cell polarity. In the past decade, endocytosis has emerged as a pivotal regulator of nutrient scavenging, response to and regulation of immune surveillance and tumour immune evasion, tumour metastasis and therapeutic drug delivery. This Review summarizes and integrates these advances into the understanding of endocytosis in cancer. The potential to regulate these pathways in the clinic to improve cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerida Banushi
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shannon R Joseph
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benedict Lum
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason J Lee
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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6
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Stehle J, Weisner J, Eichhorn L, Rauh D, Drescher M. Insights into the Conformational Plasticity of the Protein Kinase Akt1 by Multi-Lateral Dipolar Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203959. [PMID: 36795969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt1 is part of the PI3 K/Akt pathway and plays a key role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here, we analyzed the elasticity between the two domains of the kinase Akt1, connected by a flexible linker, recording a wide variety of distance restraints by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We studied full length Akt1 and the influence of the cancer-associated mutation E17K. The conformational landscape in the presence of different modulators, like different types of inhibitors and membranes was presented, revealing a tuned flexibility between the two domains, dependent on the bound molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Stehle
- Department of Chemistry and, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jörn Weisner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für Integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leanne Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für Integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry and, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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7
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Cryo-electron tomography reveals structural insights into the membrane remodeling mode of dynamin-like EHD filaments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7641. [PMID: 36496453 PMCID: PMC9741607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eps15-homology domain containing proteins (EHDs) are eukaryotic, dynamin-related ATPases involved in cellular membrane trafficking. They oligomerize on membranes into filaments that induce membrane tubulation. While EHD crystal structures in open and closed conformations were previously reported, little structural information is available for the membrane-bound oligomeric form. Consequently, mechanistic insights into the membrane remodeling mechanism have remained sparse. Here, by using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we determined structures of nucleotide-bound EHD4 filaments on membrane tubes of various diameters at an average resolution of 7.6 Å. Assembly of EHD4 is mediated via interfaces in the G-domain and the helical domain. The oligomerized EHD4 structure resembles the closed conformation, where the tips of the helical domains protrude into the membrane. The variation in filament geometry and tube radius suggests a spontaneous filament curvature of approximately 1/70 nm-1. Combining the available structural and functional data, we suggest a model for EHD-mediated membrane remodeling.
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8
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Xia W, Li X, Wu Q, Xu A, Zhang L, Xia Z. The importance of caveolin as a target in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951381. [PMID: 36405687 PMCID: PMC9666770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The diabetic population has been increasing in the past decades and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a pathology that is defined by the presence of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction without conventional cardiac risk factors such as hypertension and coronary heart diseases, would eventually lead to fatal heart failure in the absence of effective treatment. Impaired insulin signaling, commonly known as insulin resistance, plays an important role in the development of DCM. A family of integral membrane proteins named caveolins (mainly caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 in the myocardium) and a protein hormone adiponectin (APN) have all been shown to be important for maintaining normal insulin signaling. Abnormalities in caveolins and APN have respectively been demonstrated to cause DCM. This review aims to summarize recent research findings of the roles and mechanisms of caveolins and APN in the development of DCM, and also explore the possible interplay between caveolins and APN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Yang HQ, Echeverry FA, ElSheikh A, Gando I, Anez Arredondo S, Samper N, Cardozo T, Delmar M, Shyng SL, Coetzee WA. Subcellular trafficking and endocytic recycling of K ATP channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1230-C1247. [PMID: 35508187 PMCID: PMC9169827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00099.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcolemmal/plasmalemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels have key roles in many cell types and tissues. Hundreds of studies have described how the KATP channel activity and ATP sensitivity can be regulated by changes in the cellular metabolic state, by receptor signaling pathways and by pharmacological interventions. These alterations in channel activity directly translate to alterations in cell or tissue function, that can range from modulating secretory responses, such as insulin release from pancreatic β-cells or neurotransmitters from neurons, to modulating contractile behavior of smooth muscle or cardiac cells to elicit alterations in blood flow or cardiac contractility. It is increasingly becoming apparent, however, that KATP channels are regulated beyond changes in their activity. Recent studies have highlighted that KATP channel surface expression is a tightly regulated process with similar implications in health and disease. The surface expression of KATP channels is finely balanced by several trafficking steps including synthesis, assembly, anterograde trafficking, membrane anchoring, endocytosis, endocytic recycling, and degradation. This review aims to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological implications of KATP channel trafficking and mechanisms that regulate KATP channel trafficking. A better understanding of this topic has potential to identify new approaches to develop therapeutically useful drugs to treat KATP channel-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Qian Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Assmaa ElSheikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ivan Gando
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Natalie Samper
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mario Delmar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Show-Ling Shyng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - William A Coetzee
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
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10
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Jones T, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Differential requirements for the Eps15 homology Domain Proteins EHD4 and EHD2 in the regulation of mammalian ciliogenesis. Traffic 2022; 23:360-373. [PMID: 35510564 PMCID: PMC9324998 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic protein EHD1 controls primary ciliogenesis by facilitating fusion of the ciliary vesicle and by removal of CP110 from the mother centriole. EHD3, the closest EHD1 paralog, has a similar regulatory role, but initial evidence suggested that the other two more distal paralogs, EHD2 and EHD4 may be dispensable for ciliogenesis. Herein, we define a novel role for EHD4, but not EHD2, in regulating primary ciliogenesis. To better understand the mechanisms and differential functions of the EHD proteins in ciliogenesis, we first demonstrated a requirement for EHD1 ATP‐binding to promote ciliogenesis. We then identified two sequence motifs that are entirely conserved between EH domains of EHD1, EHD3 and EHD4, but display key amino acid differences within the EHD2 EH domain. Substitution of either P446 or E470 in EHD1 with the aligning S451 or W475 residues from EHD2 was sufficient to prevent rescue of ciliogenesis in EHD1‐depleted cells upon reintroduction of EHD1. Overall, our data enhance the current understanding of the EHD paralogs in ciliogenesis, demonstrate a need for ATP‐binding and identify conserved sequences in the EH domains of EHD1, EHD3 and EHD4 that regulate EHD1 binding to proteins and its ability to rescue ciliogenesis in EHD1‐depleted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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11
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Beenken A. Endocytosis Begins inside the Cell. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:661-662. [PMID: 35256404 PMCID: PMC8970442 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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12
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Tracking protein domain movements by EPR distance determination and multilateration. Methods Enzymol 2022; 666:121-144. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Lysine acetylation regulates the interaction between proteins and membranes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6466. [PMID: 34753925 PMCID: PMC8578602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation regulates the function of soluble proteins in vivo, yet it remains largely unexplored whether lysine acetylation regulates membrane protein function. Here, we use bioinformatics, biophysical analysis of recombinant proteins, live-cell fluorescent imaging and genetic manipulation of Drosophila to explore lysine acetylation in peripheral membrane proteins. Analysis of 50 peripheral membrane proteins harboring BAR, PX, C2, or EHD membrane-binding domains reveals that lysine acetylation predominates in membrane-interaction regions. Acetylation and acetylation-mimicking mutations in three test proteins, amphiphysin, EHD2, and synaptotagmin1, strongly reduce membrane binding affinity, attenuate membrane remodeling in vitro and alter subcellular localization. This effect is likely due to the loss of positive charge, which weakens interactions with negatively charged membranes. In Drosophila, acetylation-mimicking mutations of amphiphysin cause severe disruption of T-tubule organization and yield a flightless phenotype. Our data provide mechanistic insights into how lysine acetylation regulates membrane protein function, potentially impacting a plethora of membrane-related processes. Lysine acetylation regulates the function of soluble proteins in vivo, yet it remains largely unexplored whether lysine acetylation regulates the function of membrane proteins. Here, the authors map lysine acetylation predominantly in membrane-interaction regions in peripheral membrane proteins and show with three candidate proteins how lysine acetylation is a regulator of membrane protein function.
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14
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Recent developments in membrane curvature sensing and induction by proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129971. [PMID: 34333084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane-bound intracellular organelles have characteristic shapes attributed to different local membrane curvatures, and these attributes are conserved across species. Over the past decade, it has been confirmed that specific proteins control the large curvatures of the membrane, whereas many others due to their specific structural features can sense the curvatures and bind to the specific geometrical cues. Elucidating the interplay between sensing and induction is indispensable to understand the mechanisms behind various biological processes such as vesicular trafficking and budding. SCOPE OF REVIEW We provide an overview of major classes of membrane proteins and the mechanisms of curvature sensing and induction. We then discuss the importance of membrane elastic characteristics to induce the membrane shapes similar to intracellular organelles. Finally, we survey recently available assays developed for studying the curvature sensing and induction by many proteins. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Recent theoretical/computational modeling along with experimental studies have uncovered fascinating connections between lipid membrane and protein interactions. However, the phenomena of protein localization and synchronization to generate spatiotemporal dynamics in membrane morphology are yet to be fully understood. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The understanding of protein-membrane interactions is essential to shed light on various biological processes. This further enables the technological applications of many natural proteins/peptides in therapeutic treatments. The studies of membrane dynamic shapes help to understand the fundamental functions of membranes, while the medicinal roles of various macromolecules (such as proteins, peptides, etc.) are being increasingly investigated.
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Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) has long been implicated in cancer progression, and while widely accepted as an oncogenic protein, CAV1 also has tumor suppressor activity. CAV1 was first identified in an early study as the primary substrate of Src kinase, a potent oncoprotein, where its phosphorylation correlated with cellular transformation. Indeed, CAV1 phosphorylation on tyrosine-14 (Y14; pCAV1) has been associated with several cancer-associated processes such as focal adhesion dynamics, tumor cell migration and invasion, growth suppression, cancer cell metabolism, and mechanical and oxidative stress. Despite this, a clear understanding of the role of Y14-phosphorylated pCAV1 in cancer progression has not been thoroughly established. Here, we provide an overview of the role of Src-dependent phosphorylation of tumor cell CAV1 in cancer progression, focusing on pCAV1 in tumor cell migration, focal adhesion signaling and metabolism, and in the cancer cell response to stress pathways characteristic of the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss a model for Y14 phosphorylation regulation of CAV1 effector protein interactions via the caveolin scaffolding domain.
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16
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Matthaeus C, Taraska JW. Energy and Dynamics of Caveolae Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614472. [PMID: 33692993 PMCID: PMC7939723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are 70–100 nm diameter plasma membrane invaginations found in abundance in adipocytes, endothelial cells, myocytes, and fibroblasts. Their bulb-shaped membrane domain is characterized and formed by specific lipid binding proteins including Caveolins, Cavins, Pacsin2, and EHD2. Likewise, an enrichment of cholesterol and other lipids makes caveolae a distinct membrane environment that supports proteins involved in cell-type specific signaling pathways. Their ability to detach from the plasma membrane and move through the cytosol has been shown to be important for lipid trafficking and metabolism. Here, we review recent concepts in caveolae trafficking and dynamics. Second, we discuss how ATP and GTP-regulated proteins including dynamin and EHD2 control caveolae behavior. Throughout, we summarize the potential physiological and cell biological roles of caveolae internalization and trafficking and highlight open questions in the field and future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matthaeus
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Jones T, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Eps15 Homology Domain Protein 4 (EHD4) is required for Eps15 Homology Domain Protein 1 (EHD1)-mediated endosomal recruitment and fission. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239657. [PMID: 32966336 PMCID: PMC7511005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon internalization, receptors are trafficked to sorting endosomes (SE) where they undergo sorting and are then packaged into budding vesicles that undergo fission and transport within the cell. Eps15 Homology Domain Protein 1 (EHD1), the best-characterized member of the Eps15 Homology Domain Protein (EHD) family, has been implicated in catalyzing the fission process that releases endosome-derived vesicles for recycling to the plasma membrane. Indeed, recent studies suggest that upon receptor-mediated internalization, EHD1 is recruited from the cytoplasm to endosomal membranes where it catalyzes vesicular fission. However, the mechanism by which this recruitment occurs remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that the EHD1 paralog, EHD4, is required for the recruitment of EHD1 to SE. We show that EHD4 preferentially dimerizes with EHD1, and knock-down of EHD4 expression by siRNA, shRNA or by CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing leads to impaired EHD1 SE-recruitment and enlarged SE. Moreover, we demonstrate that at least 3 different asparagine-proline-phenylalanine (NPF) motif-containing EHD binding partners, Rabenosyn-5, Syndapin2 and MICAL-L1, are required for the recruitment of EHD1 to SE. Indeed, knock-down of any of these SE-localized EHD interaction partners leads to enlarged SE, presumably due to impaired endosomal fission. Overall, we identify a novel mechanistic role for EHD4 in recruitment of EHD1 to SE, thus positioning EHD4 as an essential component of the EHD1-fission machinery at SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Keeping in touch with the membrane; protein- and lipid-mediated confinement of caveolae to the cell surface. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:155-163. [PMID: 32049332 PMCID: PMC7054752 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are small Ω-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that play important roles in mechanosensing, lipid homeostasis and signaling. Their typical morphology is characterized by a membrane funnel connecting a spherical bulb to the membrane. Membrane funnels (commonly known as necks and pores) are frequently observed as transient states during fusion and fission of membrane vesicles in cells. However, caveolae display atypical dynamics where the membrane funnel can be stabilized over an extended period of time, resulting in cell surface constrained caveolae. In addition, caveolae are also known to undergo flattening as well as short-range cycles of fission and fusion with the membrane, requiring that the membrane funnel closes or opens up, respectively. This mini-review considers the transition between these different states and highlights the role of the protein and lipid components that have been identified to control the balance between surface association and release of caveolae.
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19
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Abstract
Caveolae are small plasma membrane invaginations that are particularly abundant in adipocytes. Caveolae are implicated in lipid uptake, but the exact mechanism is not clear. Here, we characterized the physiological function of EHD2, a protein that is found at the neck of caveolae. We established a link between higher caveolar mobility induced by EHD2 loss and increased cellular fatty acid uptake. Concurrently, lipid droplets were enlarged in various tissues of EHD2-lacking mice. Our data suggest that EHD2 controls a cell-autonomous, caveolae-dependent fatty acid uptake pathway. Notably, obese patients express only low levels of EHD2, implicating a role of EHD2-controlled caveolar dynamics in obesity. Eps15-homology domain containing protein 2 (EHD2) is a dynamin-related ATPase located at the neck of caveolae, but its physiological function has remained unclear. Here, we found that global genetic ablation of EHD2 in mice leads to increased lipid droplet size in fat tissue. This organismic phenotype was paralleled at the cellular level by increased fatty acid uptake via a caveolae- and CD36-dependent pathway that also involves dynamin. Concomitantly, elevated numbers of detached caveolae were found in brown and white adipose tissue lacking EHD2, and increased caveolar mobility in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. EHD2 expression itself was down-regulated in the visceral fat of two obese mouse models and obese patients. Our data suggest that EHD2 controls a cell-autonomous, caveolae-dependent fatty acid uptake pathway and imply that low EHD2 expression levels are linked to obesity.
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20
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Caveolae: Formation, dynamics, and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:8-16. [PMID: 32146331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are abundant surface pits formed by the assembly of cytoplasmic proteins on a platform generated by caveolin integral membrane proteins and membrane lipids. This membranous assembly can bud off into the cell or can be disassembled releasing the cavin proteins into the cytosol. Disassembly can be triggered by increased membrane tension, or by stress stimuli, such as UV. Here, we discuss recent mechanistic studies showing how caveolae are formed and how their unique properties allow them to function as multifunctional protective and signaling structures.
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21
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Matthaeus C, Lian X, Kunz S, Lehmann M, Zhong C, Bernert C, Lahmann I, Müller DN, Gollasch M, Daumke O. eNOS-NO-induced small blood vessel relaxation requires EHD2-dependent caveolae stabilization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223620. [PMID: 31600286 PMCID: PMC6786623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-related vessel relaxation is a highly coordinated process that regulates blood flow and pressure and is dependent on caveolae. Here, we investigated the role of caveolar plasma membrane stabilization by the dynamin-related ATPase EHD2 on eNOS-nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vessel relaxation. Loss of EHD2 in small arteries led to increased numbers of caveolae that were detached from the plasma membrane. Concomitantly, impaired relaxation of mesenteric arteries and reduced running wheel activity were observed in EHD2 knockout mice. EHD2 deletion or knockdown led to decreased production of nitric oxide (NO) although eNOS expression levels were not changed. Super-resolution imaging revealed that eNOS was redistributed from the plasma membrane to internalized detached caveolae in EHD2-lacking tissue or cells. Following an ATP stimulus, reduced cytosolic Ca2+ peaks were recorded in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) lacking EHD2. Our data suggest that EHD2-controlled caveolar dynamics orchestrates the activity and regulation of eNOS/NO and Ca2+ channel localization at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matthaeus
- Crystallography, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Lian
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Kunz
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Cell Biology and Imaging Core Facility, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Bernert
- Crystallography, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Signal Transduction/Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Experimental & Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Clinic for Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Crystallography, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Kitmitto A, Baudoin F, Cartwright EJ. Cardiomyocyte damage control in heart failure and the role of the sarcolemma. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:319-333. [PMID: 31520263 PMCID: PMC6831538 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cardiomyocyte plasma membrane, termed the sarcolemma, is fundamental for regulating a myriad of cellular processes. For example, the structural integrity of the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma is essential for mediating cardiac contraction by forming microdomains such as the t-tubular network, caveolae and the intercalated disc. Significantly, remodelling of these sarcolemma microdomains is a key feature in the development and progression of heart failure (HF). However, despite extensive characterisation of the associated molecular and ultrastructural events there is a lack of clarity surrounding the mechanisms driving adverse morphological rearrangements. The sarcolemma also provides protection, and is the cell's first line of defence, against external stresses such as oxygen and nutrient deprivation, inflammation and oxidative stress with a loss of sarcolemma viability shown to be a key step in cell death via necrosis. Significantly, cumulative cell death is also a feature of HF, and is linked to disease progression and loss of cardiac function. Herein, we will review the link between structural and molecular remodelling of the sarcolemma associated with the progression of HF, specifically considering the evidence for: (i) Whether intrinsic, evolutionary conserved, plasma membrane injury-repair mechanisms are in operation in the heart, and (ii) if deficits in key 'wound-healing' proteins (annexins, dysferlin, EHD2 and MG53) may play a yet to be fully appreciated role in triggering sarcolemma microdomain remodelling and/or necrosis. Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated with very limited regenerative capability and therefore preserving cell viability and cardiac function is crucially important. This review presents a novel perspective on sarcolemma remodelling by considering whether targeting proteins that regulate sarcolemma injury-repair may hold promise for developing new strategies to attenuate HF progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Kitmitto
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Florence Baudoin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, AV Hill, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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23
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Liu C, Liu S, Wang L, Wang Y, Li Y, Cui Y. Effect of EH domain containing protein 2 on the biological behavior of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:927-937. [PMID: 30995867 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119842241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of EH domain containing protein 2 (EHD2) on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and provide new insights for the clinical treatment of rental cancer. Forty patients (26 males and 14 females, 62.4 ± 5.7 years old) with ccRCC were selected from January 2015 to December 2016 to serve as research subjects in this study. The EHD2 protein expression in the tumor tissues and adjacent healthy tissues of ccRCC patients were detected by Western Blot assay. The cells of ccRCC cell lines RLC-310 and 786-O were divided into normal control group (control), no-load control group (pLV), EHD2 overexpression group (pLV-EHD2), and EHD2 interference group (pLV-siEHD2). The expression levels of EHD2 protein in each group of cells were detected by western blot. The cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Wound healing assay was performed to check the cell migration ability. Transwell invasion assay was used to detect the cell invasion ability. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The expression level of EHD2 was significantly increased in pLV-EHD2 group and decreased in pLV-siEHD2 group compared with control group and pLV-siEHD2 group, indicating the successfully established EHD2 overexpression cell line and EHD2 RNA interference cell line. EHD2 overexpression enhanced the proliferation, invasion, and migration but inhibited the apoptosis of ccRCC cells, while EHD2 interference showed opposite functions. EHD2 interference can inhibit the development of ccRCC by inhibiting the proliferation, invasion, and migration, and EHD2 can potentially serve as a molecular target for the clinical treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - S Liu
- School of Pharmacy (School of Enology), Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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24
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Morén B, Hansson B, Negoita F, Fryklund C, Lundmark R, Göransson O, Stenkula KG. EHD2 regulates adipocyte function and is enriched at cell surface-associated lipid droplets in primary human adipocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1147-1159. [PMID: 30811273 PMCID: PMC6724522 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes play a central role in energy balance, and dysfunctional adipose tissue severely affects systemic energy homeostasis. The ATPase EH domain–containing 2 (EHD2) has previously been shown to regulate caveolae, plasma membrane-specific domains that are involved in lipid uptake and signal transduction. Here, we investigated the role of EHD2 in adipocyte function. We demonstrate that EHD2 protein expression is highly up-regulated at the onset of triglyceride accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. Small interfering RNA–mediated EHD2 silencing affected the differentiation process and impaired insulin sensitivity, lipid storage capacity, and lipolysis. Fluorescence imaging revealed localization of EHD2 to caveolae, close to cell surface–associated lipid droplets in primary human adipocytes. These lipid droplets stained positive for glycerol transporter aquaporin 7 and phosphorylated perilipin-1 following adrenergic stimulation. Further, EHD2 overexpression in human adipocytes increased the lipolytic signaling and suppressed the activity of transcription factor PPARγ. Overall, these data suggest that EHD2 plays a key role for adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Hansson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Florentina Negoita
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes Fryklund
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard Lundmark
- Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olga Göransson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 84 Lund, Sweden
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25
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Deo R, Kushwah MS, Kamerkar SC, Kadam NY, Dar S, Babu K, Srivastava A, Pucadyil TJ. ATP-dependent membrane remodeling links EHD1 functions to endocytic recycling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5187. [PMID: 30518883 PMCID: PMC6281616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic and recycling pathways generate cargo-laden transport carriers by membrane fission. Classical dynamins, which generate transport carriers during endocytosis, constrict and cause fission of membrane tubes in response to GTP hydrolysis. Relatively, less is known about the ATP-binding Eps15-homology domain-containing protein1 (EHD1), a dynamin family member that functions at the endocytic-recycling compartment. Here, we show using cross complementation assays in C. elegans that EHD1's membrane binding and ATP hydrolysis activities are necessary for endocytic recycling. Further, we show that ATP-bound EHD1 forms membrane-active scaffolds that bulge tubular model membranes. ATP hydrolysis promotes scaffold self-assembly, causing the bulge to extend and thin down intermediate regions on the tube. On tubes below 25 nm in radius, such thinning leads to scission. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate this scission pathway. Deletion of N-terminal residues causes defects in stable scaffolding, scission and endocytic recycling. Thus, ATP hydrolysis-dependent membrane remodeling links EHD1 functions to endocytic recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunaq Deo
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish S Kushwah
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sukrut C Kamerkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nagesh Y Kadam
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Srishti Dar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Babu
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Thomas J Pucadyil
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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26
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Jilly R, Khan NZ, Aronsson H, Schneider D. Dynamin-Like Proteins Are Potentially Involved in Membrane Dynamics within Chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29520287 PMCID: PMC5827413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin-like proteins (DLPs) are a family of membrane-active proteins with low sequence identity. The proteins operate in different organelles in eukaryotic cells, where they trigger vesicle formation, membrane fusion, or organelle division. As discussed here, representatives of this protein family have also been identified in chloroplasts and DLPs are very common in cyanobacteria. Since cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, an organelle of bacterial origin, have similar internal membrane systems, we suggest that DLPs are involved in membrane dynamics in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Here, we discuss the features and activities of DLPs with a focus on their potential presence and activity in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruven Jilly
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadir Zaman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Malakand, Pakistan
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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27
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Iseka FM, Goetz BT, Mushtaq I, An W, Cypher LR, Bielecki TA, Tom EC, Arya P, Bhattacharyya S, Storck MD, Semerad CL, Talmadge JE, Mosley RL, Band V, Band H. Role of the EHD Family of Endocytic Recycling Regulators for TCR Recycling and T Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:483-499. [PMID: 29212907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells use the endocytic pathway for key cell biological functions, including receptor turnover and maintenance of the immunological synapse. Some of the established players include the Rab GTPases, the SNARE complex proteins, and others, which function together with EPS-15 homology domain-containing (EHD) proteins in non-T cell systems. To date, the role of the EHD protein family in T cell function remains unexplored. We generated conditional EHD1/3/4 knockout mice using CD4-Cre and crossed these with mice bearing a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific TCR transgene. We found that CD4+ T cells from these mice exhibited reduced Ag-driven proliferation and IL-2 secretion in vitro. In vivo, these mice exhibited reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Further analyses showed that recycling of the TCR-CD3 complex was impaired, leading to increased lysosomal targeting and reduced surface levels on CD4+ T cells of EHD1/3/4 knockout mice. Our studies reveal a novel role of the EHD family of endocytic recycling regulatory proteins in TCR-mediated T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany M Iseka
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Benjamin T Goetz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Insha Mushtaq
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Wei An
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Luke R Cypher
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Timothy A Bielecki
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Eric C Tom
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Craig L Semerad
- Flow Cytometry Research Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; and
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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28
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Varkey J, Langen R. Membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins studied by EPR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 280:127-139. [PMID: 28579098 PMCID: PMC5461824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in site-directed spin labeling of proteins has enabled EPR studies to expand into newer research areas within the umbrella of protein-membrane interactions. Recently, membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins has gained a substantial interest in relation to driving and controlling vital cellular processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, shaping of organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, intracellular vesicular trafficking, formation of filopedia and multivesicular bodies, mitochondrial fusion and fission, and synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling in neurotransmission. Misregulation in any of these processes due to an aberrant protein (mutation or misfolding) or alteration of lipid metabolism can be detrimental to the cell and cause disease. Dissection of the structural basis of membrane remodeling by proteins is thus quite necessary for an understanding of the underlying mechanisms, but it remains a formidable task due to the difficulties of various common biophysical tools in monitoring the dynamic process of membrane binding and bending by proteins. This is largely since membranes generally complicate protein structure analysis and this problem is amplified for structural analysis in the presence of different types of membrane curvatures. Recent EPR studies on membrane remodeling by proteins show that a significant structural information can be generated to delineate the role of different protein modules, domains and individual amino acids in the generation of membrane curvature. These studies also show how EPR can complement the data obtained by high resolution techniques such as X-ray and NMR. This perspective covers the application of EPR in recent studies for understanding membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins that is useful for researchers interested in using or complimenting EPR to gain better understanding of membrane remodeling. We also discuss how a single protein can generate different type of membrane curvatures using specific conformations for specific membrane structures and how EPR is a versatile tool well-suited to analyze subtle alterations in structures under such modifying conditions which otherwise would have been difficult using other biophysical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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29
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Structural insights into the activation mechanism of dynamin-like EHD ATPases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5629-5634. [PMID: 28228524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614075114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eps15 (epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15)-homology domain containing proteins (EHDs) comprise a family of dynamin-related mechano-chemical ATPases involved in cellular membrane trafficking. Previous studies have revealed the structure of the EHD2 dimer, but the molecular mechanisms of membrane recruitment and assembly have remained obscure. Here, we determined the crystal structure of an amino-terminally truncated EHD4 dimer. Compared with the EHD2 structure, the helical domains are 50° rotated relative to the GTPase domain. Using electron paramagnetic spin resonance (EPR), we show that this rotation aligns the two membrane-binding regions in the helical domain toward the lipid bilayer, allowing membrane interaction. A loop rearrangement in GTPase domain creates a new interface for oligomer formation. Our results suggest that the EHD4 structure represents the active EHD conformation, whereas the EHD2 structure is autoinhibited, and reveal a complex series of domain rearrangements accompanying activation. A comparison with other peripheral membrane proteins elucidates common and specific features of this activation mechanism.
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30
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EHD2 restrains dynamics of caveolae by an ATP-dependent, membrane-bound, open conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4360-E4369. [PMID: 28223496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614066114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The EH-domain-containing protein 2 (EHD2) is a dynamin-related ATPase that confines caveolae to the cell surface by restricting the scission and subsequent endocytosis of these membrane pits. For this, EHD2 is thought to first bind to the membrane, then to oligomerize, and finally to detach, in a stringently regulated mechanistic cycle. It is still unclear how ATP is used in this process and whether membrane binding is coupled to conformational changes in the protein. Here, we show that the regulatory N-terminal residues and the EH domain keep the EHD2 dimer in an autoinhibited conformation in solution. By significantly advancing the use of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrate that EHD2 adopts an open conformation by tilting the helical domains upon membrane binding. We show that ATP binding enables partial insertion of EHD2 into the membrane, where G-domain-mediated oligomerization occurs. ATP hydrolysis is related to detachment of EHD2 from the membrane. Finally, we demonstrate that the regulation of EHD2 oligomerization in a membrane-bound state is crucial to restrict caveolae dynamics in cells.
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31
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Senju Y, Suetsugu S. Possible regulation of caveolar endocytosis and flattening by phosphorylation of F-BAR domain protein PACSIN2/Syndapin II. BIOARCHITECTURE 2016; 5:70-7. [PMID: 26745030 PMCID: PMC4832444 DOI: 10.1080/19490992.2015.1128604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. The BAR domain proteins form crescent-shaped dimers, and their oligomeric filaments are considered to form spirals at the necks of invaginations, such as clathrin-coated pits and caveolae. PACSIN2/Syndapin II is one of the BAR domain-containing proteins, and is localized at the necks of caveolae. PACSIN2 is thought to function in the scission and stabilization of caveolae, through binding to dynamin-2 and EHD2, respectively. These two functions are considered to be switched by PACSIN2 phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) upon hypotonic stress and sheer stress. The phosphorylation decreases the membrane binding affinity of PACSIN2, leading to its removal from caveolae. The removal of the putative oligomeric spiral of PACSIN2 from caveolar membrane invaginations could lead to the deformation of caveolae. Indeed, PACSIN2 removal from caveolae is accompanied by the recruitment of dynamin-2, suggesting that the removal provides space for the function of dynamin-2. Otherwise, the removal of PACSIN2 decreases the stability of caveolae, which could result in the flattening of caveolae. In contrast, an increase in the amount of EHD2 restored caveolar stability. Therefore, PACSIN2 at caveolae stabilizes caveolae, but its removal by phosphorylation could induce both caveolar endocytosis and flattening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Senju
- a Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki , Finland
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- b Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology; Graduate School of Biosciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology ; Ikoma , Japan
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32
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Daumke O, Praefcke GJK. Invited review: Mechanisms of GTP hydrolysis and conformational transitions in the dynamin superfamily. Biopolymers 2016; 105:580-93. [PMID: 27062152 PMCID: PMC5084822 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin superfamily proteins are multidomain mechano-chemical GTPases which are implicated in nucleotide-dependent membrane remodeling events. A prominent feature of these proteins is their assembly- stimulated mechanism of GTP hydrolysis. The molecular basis for this reaction has been initially clarified for the dynamin-related guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP1) and involves the transient dimerization of the GTPase domains in a parallel head-to-head fashion. A catalytic arginine finger from the phosphate binding (P-) loop is repositioned toward the nucleotide of the same molecule to stabilize the transition state of GTP hydrolysis. Dynamin uses a related dimerization-dependent mechanism, but instead of the catalytic arginine, a monovalent cation is involved in catalysis. Still another variation of the GTP hydrolysis mechanism has been revealed for the dynamin-like Irga6 which bears a glycine at the corresponding position in the P-loop. Here, we highlight conserved and divergent features of GTP hydrolysis in dynamin superfamily proteins and show how nucleotide binding and hydrolysis are converted into mechano-chemical movements. We also describe models how the energy of GTP hydrolysis can be harnessed for diverse membrane remodeling events, such as membrane fission or fusion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 580-593, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Daumke
- Kristallographie, Max-Delbrück Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Institut Für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Gerrit J K Praefcke
- Abteilung Hämatologie/Transfusionsmedizin, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, Langen, 63225, Germany
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33
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Evans EGB, Pushie MJ, Markham KA, Lee HW, Millhauser GL. Interaction between Prion Protein's Copper-Bound Octarepeat Domain and a Charged C-Terminal Pocket Suggests a Mechanism for N-Terminal Regulation. Structure 2016; 24:1057-67. [PMID: 27265848 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper plays a critical role in prion protein (PrP) physiology. Cu(2+) binds with high affinity to the PrP N-terminal octarepeat (OR) domain, and intracellular copper promotes PrP expression. The molecular details of copper coordination within the OR are now well characterized. Here we examine how Cu(2+) influences the interaction between the PrP N-terminal domain and the C-terminal globular domain. Using nuclear magnetic resonance and copper-nitroxide pulsed double electron-electron resonance, with molecular dynamics refinement, we localize the position of Cu(2+) in its high-affinity OR-bound state. Our results reveal an interdomain cis interaction that is stabilized by a conserved, negatively charged pocket of the globular domain. Interestingly, this interaction surface overlaps an epitope recognized by the POM1 antibody, the binding of which drives rapid cerebellar degeneration mediated by the PrP N terminus. The resulting structure suggests that the globular domain regulates the N-terminal domain by binding the Cu(2+)-occupied OR within a complementary pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G B Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Kate A Markham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hsiau-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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34
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Bhattacharyya S, Rainey MA, Arya P, Mohapatra BC, Mushtaq I, Dutta S, George M, Storck MD, McComb RD, Muirhead D, Todd GL, Gould K, Datta K, Gelineau-van Waes J, Band V, Band H. Endocytic recycling protein EHD1 regulates primary cilia morphogenesis and SHH signaling during neural tube development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20727. [PMID: 26884322 PMCID: PMC4756679 DOI: 10.1038/srep20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the four-member C-terminal EPS15-Homology Domain-containing (EHD) protein family play crucial roles in endocytic recycling of cell surface receptors from endosomes to the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that Ehd1 gene knockout in mice on a predominantly B6 background is embryonic lethal. Ehd1-null embryos die at mid-gestation with a failure to complete key developmental processes including neural tube closure, axial turning and patterning of the neural tube. We found that Ehd1-null embryos display short and stubby cilia on the developing neuroepithelium at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Loss of EHD1 also deregulates the ciliary SHH signaling with Ehd1-null embryos displaying features indicative of increased SHH signaling, including a significant downregulation in the formation of the GLI3 repressor and increase in the ventral neuronal markers specified by SHH. Using Ehd1-null MEFS we found that EHD1 protein co-localizes with the SHH receptor Smoothened in the primary cilia upon ligand stimulation. Under the same conditions, EHD1 was shown to co-traffic with Smoothened into the developing primary cilia and we identify EHD1 as a direct binding partner of Smoothened. Overall, our studies identify the endocytic recycling regulator EHD1 as a novel regulator of the primary cilium-associated trafficking of Smoothened and Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Rainey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Priyanka Arya
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Samikshan Dutta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Manju George
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rodney D McComb
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Muirhead
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gordon L Todd
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karen Gould
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Vimla Band
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hamid Band
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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35
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Abstract
BAR domains bend membranes by imposing their curved shape. In this issue, Isas et al. show the structural differences in the interaction of the BAR domain protein amphiphysin with vesicles and tubes. They find that superficial interactions lead to vesicles, whereas more penetrating interactions of a more crowded protein lead to tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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36
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Ambroso MR, Haworth IS, Langen R. Structural Characterization of Membrane-Curving Proteins: Site-Directed Spin Labeling, EPR, and Computational Refinement. Methods Enzymol 2015; 564:259-88. [PMID: 26477254 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis and other membrane remodeling processes require the coordinated generation of different membrane shapes. Proteins capable of manipulating lipid bilayers mediate these events using mechanisms that are not fully understood. Progress is limited by the small number of structures solved for proteins bound to different membrane shapes and tools capable of resolving such information. However, recent studies have shown site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to be capable of obtaining high-resolution structural information for proteins bound to different membrane shapes. This technique can be applied to proteins with no known structure or proteins with structures known in solution. By refining the data obtained by EPR with computational modeling, 3D structures or structural models of membrane-bound proteins can be generated. In this chapter, we highlight the basic considerations and steps required to investigate the structures of membrane-bound proteins using SDSL, EPR, and computational refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Ambroso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ian S Haworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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37
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Cabasso O, Pekar O, Horowitz M. SUMOylation of EHD3 Modulates Tubulation of the Endocytic Recycling Compartment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134053. [PMID: 26226295 PMCID: PMC4520680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis defines the entry of molecules or macromolecules through the plasma membrane as well as membrane trafficking in the cell. It depends on a large number of proteins that undergo protein-protein and protein-phospholipid interactions. EH Domain containing (EHDs) proteins formulate a family, whose members participate in different stages of endocytosis. Of the four mammalian EHDs (EHD1-EHD4) EHD1 and EHD3 control traffic to the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) and from the ERC to the plasma membrane, while EHD2 modulates internalization. Recently, we have shown that EHD2 undergoes SUMOylation, which facilitates its exit from the nucleus, where it serves as a co-repressor. In the present study, we tested whether EHD3 undergoes SUMOylation and what is its role in endocytic recycling. We show, both in-vitro and in cell culture, that EHD3 undergoes SUMOylation. Localization of EHD3 to the tubular structures of the ERC depends on its SUMOylation on lysines 315 and 511. Absence of SUMOylation of EHD3 has no effect on its dimerization, an important factor in membrane localization of EHD3, but has a dominant negative effect on its appearance in tubular ERC structures. Non-SUMOylated EHD3 delays transferrin recycling from the ERC to the cell surface. Our findings indicate that SUMOylation of EHD3 is involved in tubulation of the ERC membranes, which is important for efficient recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Cabasso
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Olga Pekar
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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38
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Endocytosis and Trafficking of Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-A: Potential Role of Short Sequence Motifs. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:253-87. [PMID: 26151885 PMCID: PMC4584282 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The targeted endocytosis and redistribution of transmembrane receptors among membrane-bound subcellular organelles are vital for their correct signaling and physiological functions. Membrane receptors committed for internalization and trafficking pathways are sorted into coated vesicles. Cardiac hormones, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) bind to guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) and elicit the generation of intracellular second messenger cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), which lowers blood pressure and incidence of heart failure. After ligand binding, the receptor is rapidly internalized, sequestrated, and redistributed into intracellular locations. Thus, NPRA is considered a dynamic cellular macromolecule that traverses different subcellular locations through its lifetime. The utilization of pharmacologic and molecular perturbants has helped in delineating the pathways of endocytosis, trafficking, down-regulation, and degradation of membrane receptors in intact cells. This review describes the investigation of the mechanisms of internalization, trafficking, and redistribution of NPRA compared with other cell surface receptors from the plasma membrane into the cell interior. The roles of different short-signal peptide sequence motifs in the internalization and trafficking of other membrane receptors have been briefly reviewed and their potential significance in the internalization and trafficking of NPRA is discussed.
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39
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Bahl K, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Role of the EHD2 unstructured loop in dimerization, protein binding and subcellular localization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123710. [PMID: 25875965 PMCID: PMC4398442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal Eps 15 Homology Domain proteins (EHD1-4) play important roles in regulating endocytic trafficking. EHD2 is the only family member whose crystal structure has been solved, and it contains an unstructured loop consisting of two proline-phenylalanine (PF) motifs: KPFRKLNPF. In contrast, despite EHD2 having nearly 70% amino acid identity with its paralogs, EHD1, EHD3 and EHD4, the latter proteins contain a single KPF or RPF motif, but no NPF motif. In this study, we sought to define the precise role of each PF motif in EHD2’s homo-dimerization, binding with the protein partners, and subcellular localization. To test the role of the NPF motif, we generated an EHD2 NPF-to-NAF mutant to mimic the homologous sequences of EHD1 and EHD3. We demonstrated that this mutant lost both its ability to dimerize and bind to Syndapin2. However, it continued to localize primarily to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. On the other hand, EHD2 NPF-to-APA mutants displayed normal dimerization and Syndapin2 binding, but exhibited markedly increased nuclear localization and reduced association with the plasma membrane. We then hypothesized that the single PF motif of EHD1 (that aligns with the KPF of EHD2) might be responsible for both binding and localization functions of EHD1. Indeed, the EHD1 RPF motif was required for dimerization, interaction with MICAL-L1 and Syndapin2, as well as localization to tubular recycling endosomes. Moreover, recycling assays demonstrated that EHD1 RPF-to-APA was incapable of supporting normal receptor recycling. Overall, our data suggest that the EHD2 NPF phenylalanine residue is crucial for EHD2 localization to the plasma membrane, whereas the proline residue is essential for EHD2 dimerization and binding. These studies support the recently proposed model in which the EHD2 N-terminal region may regulate the availability of the unstructured loop for interactions with neighboring EHD2 dimers, thus promoting oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (NN)
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (NN)
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40
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Tubulation by amphiphysin requires concentration-dependent switching from wedging to scaffolding. Structure 2015; 23:873-881. [PMID: 25865245 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BAR proteins are involved in a variety of membrane remodeling events but how they can mold membranes into different shapes remains poorly understood. Using electron paramagnetic resonance, we find that vesicle binding of the N-BAR protein amphiphysin is predominantly mediated by the shallow insertion of amphipathic N-terminal helices. In contrast, the interaction with tubes involves deeply inserted N-terminal helices together with the concave surface of the BAR domain, which acts as a scaffold. Combined with the observed concentration dependence of tubulation and BAR domain scaffolding, the data indicate that initial membrane deformations and vesicle binding are mediated by insertion of amphipathic helical wedges, while tubulation requires high protein densities at which oligomeric BAR domain scaffolds form. In addition, we identify a pocket of residues on the concave surface of the BAR domain that insert deeply into tube membrane. Interestingly, this pocket harbors a number of disease mutants in the homologous amphiphysin 2.
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