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Mancarella C, Morrione A, Scotlandi K. Extracellular Interactors of the IGF System: Impact on Cancer Hallmarks and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5915. [PMID: 38892104 PMCID: PMC11172729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system determines the onset of various pathological conditions, including cancer. Accordingly, therapeutic strategies have been developed to block this system in tumor cells, but the results of clinical trials have been disappointing. After decades of research in the field, it is safe to say that one of the major reasons underlying the poor efficacy of anti-IGF-targeting agents is derived from an underestimation of the molecular complexity of this axis. Genetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and functional interactors interfere with the activity of canonical components of this axis, supporting the need for combinatorial approaches to effectively block this system. In addition, cancer cells interface with a multiplicity of factors from the extracellular compartment, which strongly affect cell destiny. In this review, we will cover novel extracellular mechanisms contributing to IGF system dysregulation and the implications of such dangerous liaisons for cancer hallmarks and responses to known and new anti-IGF drugs. A deeper understanding of both the intracellular and extracellular microenvironments might provide new impetus to better decipher the complexity of the IGF axis in cancer and provide new clues for designing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Mancarella
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Kertisová A, Žáková L, Macháčková K, Marek A, Šácha P, Pompach P, Jiráček J, Selicharová I. Insulin receptor Arg717 and IGF-1 receptor Arg704 play a key role in ligand binding and in receptor activation. Open Biol 2023; 13:230142. [PMID: 37935358 PMCID: PMC10645074 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR, with its isoforms IR-A and IR-B) and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are related tyrosine kinase receptors. Recently, the portfolio of solved hormone-receptor structures has grown extensively thanks to advancements in cryo-electron microscopy. However, the dynamics of how these receptors transition between their inactive and active state are yet to be fully understood. The C-terminal part of the alpha subunit (αCT) of the receptors is indispensable for the formation of the hormone-binding site. We mutated the αCT residues Arg717 and His710 of IR-A and Arg704 and His697 of IGF-1R. We then measured the saturation binding curves of ligands on the mutated receptors and their ability to become activated. Mutations of Arg704 and His697 to Ala in IGF-1R decreased the binding of IGF-1. Moreover, the number of binding sites for IGF-1 on the His697 IGF-1R mutant was reduced to one-half, demonstrating the presence of two binding sites. Both mutations of Arg717 and His710 to Ala in IR-A inactivated the receptor. We have proved that Arg717 is important for the binding of insulin to its receptor, which suggests that Arg717 is a key residue for the transition to the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kertisová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pompach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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3
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Viola CM, Frittmann O, Jenkins HT, Shafi T, De Meyts P, Brzozowski AM. Structural conservation of insulin/IGF signalling axis at the insulin receptors level in Drosophila and humans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6271. [PMID: 37805602 PMCID: PMC10560217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-related hormones regulate key life processes in Metazoa, from metabolism to growth, lifespan and aging, through an evolutionarily conserved insulin signalling axis (IIS). In humans the IIS axis is controlled by insulin, two insulin-like growth factors, two isoforms of the insulin receptor (hIR-A and -B), and its homologous IGF-1R. In Drosophila, this signalling engages seven insulin-like hormones (DILP1-7) and a single receptor (dmIR). This report describes the cryoEM structure of the dmIR ectodomain:DILP5 complex, revealing high structural homology between dmIR and hIR. The excess of DILP5 yields dmIR complex in an asymmetric 'T' conformation, similar to that observed in some complexes of human IRs. However, dmIR binds three DILP5 molecules in a distinct arrangement, showing also dmIR-specific features. This work adds structural support to evolutionary conservation of the IIS axis at the IR level, and also underpins a better understanding of an important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Viola
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Orsolya Frittmann
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Talha Shafi
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Pierre De Meyts
- Department of Cell Signalling, de Duve Institute, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Cell Therapy Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2670, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Andrzej M Brzozowski
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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4
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Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a type II receptor tyrosine kinase that plays essential roles in metabolism, growth, and proliferation. Dysregulation of IR signaling is linked to many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancers. The resolution revolution in cryo-electron microscopy has led to the determination of several structures of IR with different numbers of bound insulin molecules in recent years, which have tremendously improved our understanding of how IR is activated by insulin. Here, we review the insulin-induced activation mechanism of IR, including (a) the detailed binding modes and functions of insulin at site 1 and site 2 and (b) the insulin-induced structural transitions that are required for IR activation. We highlight several other key aspects of the activation and regulation of IR signaling and discuss the remaining gaps in our understanding of the IR activation mechanism and potential avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA;
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5
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Liu C, Hao D, Sun R, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Yuan Y, Jiang K, Li W, Wen X, Guo H. Arabidopsis NPF2.13 functions as a critical transporter of bacterial natural compound tunicamycin in plant-microbe interaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:765-780. [PMID: 36653958 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites including antibiotics, enzymes, and volatiles produced by plant-associated bacteria are key factors in plant-microbiota interaction that regulates various plant biological processes. There should be crucial mediators responsible for their entry into host plants. However, less is known about the identities of these plant transporters. We report that the Arabidopsis Nitrate Transporter1 (NRT1)/NPF protein NPF2.13 functions in plant uptake of tunicamycin (TM), a natural antibiotic produced by several Streptomyces spp., which inhibits protein N-glycosylation. Loss of NPF2.13 function resulted in enhanced TM tolerance, whereas NPF2.13 overexpression led to TM hypersensitivity. Transport assays confirmed that NPF2.13 is a H+ /TM symporter and the transport is not affected by other substrates like nitrate. NPF2.13 exclusively showed TM transport activity among tested NPFs. Tunicamycin uptake from TM-producing Streptomyces upregulated the expression of nitrate-related genes including NPF2.13. Moreover, nitrate allocation to younger leaves was promoted by TM in host plants. Tunicamycin could also benefit plant defense against the pathogen. Notably, the TM effects were significantly repressed in npf2.13 mutant. Overall, this study identifies NPF2.13 protein as an important TM transporter in plant-microbe interaction and provides insights into multiple facets of NPF proteins in modulating plant nutrition and defense by transporting exterior bacterial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongdong Hao
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruixue Sun
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- The Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory, Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Centre and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced and Interdisciplinary Studies, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Wen
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech, 518055, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Dey A, Mitra D, Rachineni K, Khatri LR, Paithankar H, Vajpai N, Kumar A. Mapping of Methyl Epitopes of a Peptide-Drug with Its Receptor by 2D STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200489. [PMID: 36227643 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The current trend in the biopharmaceutical market has boosted the development and production of biological drugs with high efficacy and fidelity for receptor binding. While high-resolution structural insights into binding epitopes of the receptor are indispensable for better therapeutic design, it is tedious and costly. In this work, we develop a protocol by integrating two well-known NMR-based solution-state methods. Saturation transfer double-difference with methyl-TROSY (STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR) was used to probe methyl binding epitopes of the ligand in a label-free environment. This study was carried out with Human insulin as a model peptide drug, with the insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), which is an off-target receptor for insulin. Methyl epitopes identified from STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR spectroscopy were validated through the HADDOCK platform to generate a drug-receptor model. Since this method can be applied at natural abundance, it has the potential to screen a large set of peptide-drug interactions for optimum receptor binding. Thus, we propose STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR spectroscopy as a technique for rapid screening of biologics for the development of optimized biopharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anomitra Dey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debarghya Mitra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Kavitha Rachineni
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Lakshya Raj Khatri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harshad Paithankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Navratna Vajpai
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Biocon Park (SEZ), Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
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7
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Wu C, Huang X, Dong F, Tang W, Shi J, Lu X, Shu Q, Zhang X. Cryo-EM structure shows how two IGF1 hormones bind to the human IGF1R receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:121-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Xu Y, Margetts MB, Venugopal H, Menting JG, Kirk NS, Croll TI, Delaine C, Forbes BE, Lawrence MC. How insulin-like growth factor I binds to a hybrid insulin receptor type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Structure 2022; 30:1098-1108.e6. [PMID: 35660159 PMCID: PMC9364964 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monomers of the insulin receptor and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) can combine stochastically to form heterodimeric hybrid receptors. These hybrid receptors display ligand binding and signaling properties that differ from those of the homodimeric receptors. Here, we describe the cryoelectron microscopy structure of such a hybrid receptor in complex with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The structure (ca. 3.7 Å resolution) displays a single IGF-I ligand, bound in a similar fashion to that seen for IGFs in complex with IGF-1R. The IGF-I ligand engages the first leucine-rich-repeat domain and cysteine-rich region of the IGF-1R monomer (rather than those of the insulin receptor monomer), consistent with the determinants for IGF binding residing in the IGF-1R cysteine-rich region. The structure broadens our understanding of this receptor family and assists in delineating the key structural motifs involved in binding their respective ligands. A cryo-EM structure of IGF-I bound to a hybrid IR/IGF-1R ectodomain is presented The structure is congruent to those of the single-liganded homodimeric receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xu
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | | | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John G Menting
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Kirk
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Carlie Delaine
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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9
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Zhang X, Wu C, Wei T, Lu Y, Liu C, Zhang J. Cryo-EM studies of the apo states of human IGF1R. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:148-152. [PMID: 35749888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IGF1R plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism and growth. As a single transmembrane protein, its structure is flexible. Although previous studies revealed some structures of IGF1R, the cryo-EM apo structures of the receptor have never been reported. Herein, we reported four distinct cryo-EM structures that reveal the apo states of IGF1R. These conformations were classified as "Resting states" and "Active states", according to the orientation of α-CT helices and structural symmetry. In addition, a "Ligand-pocket" was formed in the active conformations, which presented a new view of conformational changes of apo-IGF1R. These results suggest a new dynamic change model to show the details of why and how ligands can bind to IGF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Cang Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianzi Wei
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuang Liu
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Turvey SJ, McPhillie MJ, Kearney MT, Muench SP, Simmons KJ, Fishwick CWG. Recent developments in the structural characterisation of the IR and IGF1R: implications for the design of IR-IGF1R hybrid receptor modulators. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:360-374. [PMID: 35647546 PMCID: PMC9020618 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) are dimeric disulfide-linked receptor tyrosine kinases, whose actions regulate metabolic and mitogenic signalling pathways inside the cell. It is well documented that in tissues co-expressing the IR and IGF1R, their respective monomers can heterodimerise to form IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors. Increased populations of the IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors are associated with several disease states, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Recently, progress in the structural biology of IR and IGF1R has given insights into their structure-function relationships and mechanism of action. However, challenges in isolating IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors mean that their structural properties remain relatively unexplored. This review discusses the advances in the structural understanding of the IR and IGF1R, and how these discoveries can inform the design of small-molecule modulators of the IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors to understand their role in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Turvey
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
| | | | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre, University of Leeds UK
| | - Katie J Simmons
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
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11
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Zhang X, Wei T, Wu C, Jiang J, Chen S, Hu Y, Lu Y, Sun D, Zhai L, Zhang J, Liu C. Cryo-EM structure reveals polymorphic ligand-bound states of IGF1R. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167536. [PMID: 35300993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism and cell growth and has been identified as an anticancer drug target. Although previous studies have revealed some structures of IGF1R with different ligands, the continuous dynamic conformation change remains unclear. Here, we report 10 distinct structures (7.9-3.6 Å) of IGF1R bound to IGF1 or insulin to reveal the polymorphic conformations of ligand-bound IGF1R. These results showed that the α-CT2, disulfide bond (C670-C670'), and FnIII-2 domains had the most flexible orientations for the conformational change that occurs when ligands bind to the receptor. In addition, we found one special conformation (tentatively named the diverter-switch state) in both complexes, which may be one of the apo-IGF1R forms under ligand-treatment conditions. Hence, these results illustrated the mechanism of how different ligands could bind to human IGF1R and provided a rational template for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianzi Wei
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cang Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyi Jiang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengming Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinqing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dayong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liting Zhai
- ChEM-H/Neuroscience Research Complex290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, California, USA.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Cryo-EM structure of dodecamer human p97 in complex with NMS-873 reveals S 765-G 779 peptide plays critical role for D2 ring oligomerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 601:146-152. [PMID: 35247768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The AAA + ATPase p97 is a well-known hexametric enzyme that is evolutionary conserved in eukaryotes. p97 contains an amino-terminal N domain, two tandem ATPase domains (D1 and D2 domain) and a C-terminal unstructured extensive tail, involved in many cellular processes and plays important biological functions, but the structural basis of p97 for its biological roles still remain unclear. Here we report the Cryo-EM structure of full-length human p97 dodecamer in 3.0 Å resolution, the structure was captured in ADP-bound form but only D1 ATPase sites were well occupied by nucleotide and D2 sites are empty, furthermore, 12 non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of NMS-873 bound in the interface between each p97 monomer. We also found that the C-terminal S765-G779 (765-'SRGFGSFRFPSGNQG'-779) peptide plays critical roles for the D2 ring oligomerization, biochemical and electron microscopy studies confirm that the S765-G779 peptide could induce the D2 ring itself to form the heptamer, this give new insights how p97 protomers assemble to the biological functional multimers.
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Li J, Wu J, Hall C, Bai XC, Choi E. Molecular basis for the role of disulfide-linked αCTs in the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and insulin receptor. eLife 2022; 11:81286. [PMID: 36413010 PMCID: PMC9731570 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) control metabolic homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation. The IR and IGF1R form similar disulfide bonds linked homodimers in the apo-state; however, their ligand binding properties and the structures in the active state differ substantially. It has been proposed that the disulfide-linked C-terminal segment of α-chain (αCTs) of the IR and IGF1R control the cooperativity of ligand binding and regulate the receptor activation. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for the roles of disulfide-linked αCTs in IR and IGF1R activation are still unclear. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of full-length mouse IGF1R/IGF1 and IR/insulin complexes with modified αCTs that have increased flexibility. Unlike the Γ-shaped asymmetric IGF1R dimer with a single IGF1 bound, the IGF1R with the enhanced flexibility of αCTs can form a T-shaped symmetric dimer with two IGF1s bound. Meanwhile, the IR with non-covalently linked αCTs predominantly adopts an asymmetric conformation with four insulins bound, which is distinct from the T-shaped symmetric IR. Using cell-based experiments, we further showed that both IGF1R and IR with the modified αCTs cannot activate the downstream signaling potently. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that the certain structural rigidity of disulfide-linked αCTs is critical for optimal IR and IGF1R signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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14
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Huang Y, Ognjenovic J, Karandur D, Miller K, Merk A, Subramaniam S, Kuriyan J. A molecular mechanism for the generation of ligand-dependent differential outputs by the epidermal growth factor receptor. eLife 2021; 10:73218. [PMID: 34846302 PMCID: PMC8716103 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that couples the binding of extracellular ligands, such as EGF and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), to the initiation of intracellular signaling pathways. EGFR binds to EGF and TGF-α with similar affinity, but generates different signals from these ligands. To address the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon, we have carried out cryo-EM analyses of human EGFR bound to EGF and TGF-α. We show that the extracellular module adopts an ensemble of dimeric conformations when bound to either EGF or TGF-α. The two extreme states of this ensemble represent distinct ligand-bound quaternary structures in which the membrane-proximal tips of the extracellular module are either juxtaposed or separated. EGF and TGF-α differ in their ability to maintain the conformation with the membrane-proximal tips of the extracellular module separated, and this conformation is stabilized preferentially by an oncogenic EGFR mutation. Close proximity of the transmembrane helices at the junction with the extracellular module has been associated previously with increased EGFR activity. Our results show how EGFR can couple the binding of different ligands to differential modulation of this proximity, thereby suggesting a molecular mechanism for the generation of ligand-sensitive differential outputs in this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jana Ognjenovic
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, United States
| | - Deepti Karandur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kate Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alan Merk
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, United States
| | | | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
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15
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González-Beltrán M, Gómez-Alegría C. Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics Analysis of Drug-Receptor Interactions in the System Formed by Glargine, Its Metabolite M1, the Insulin Receptor, and the IGF1 Receptor. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211046403. [PMID: 34594103 PMCID: PMC8477355 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211046403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insulin and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) regulate multiple physiological functions by acting on the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R). The insulin analog glargine differs from insulin in three residues (GlyA21, ArgB31, ArgB32), and it is converted to metabolite M1 (lacks residues ArgB31 and ArgB32) by in vivo processing. It is known that activation of these receptors modulates pathways related to metabolism, cell division, and growth. Though, the structures and structural basis of the glargine interaction with these receptors are not known. Aim To generate predictive structural models, and to analyze the drug/receptor interactions in the system formed by glargine, its metabolite M1, IR, and IGF1R by using bioinformatics tools. Methods Ligand/receptor models were built by homology modeling using SWISSMODEL, and surface interactions were analyzed using Discovery Studio® Visualizer. Target and hetero target sequences and appropriate template structures were used for modeling. Results Our glargine/IR and metabolite M1/IR models showed an overall symmetric T-shaped conformation and full occupancy with four ligand molecules. The glargine/IR model revealed that the glargine residues ArgB31 and ArgB32 fit in a hydrophilic region formed by the α-chain C-terminal helix (αCT) and the cysteine-rich region (CR) domain of this receptor, close to the CR residues Arg270-Arg271-Gln272 and αCT residue Arg717. Regarding IGF1R, homologous ligand/receptor models were further built assuming that the receptor is in a symmetrical T-shaped conformation and is fully occupied with four ligand molecules, similar to what we described for IR. Our glargine/IGF1R model showed the interaction of the glargine residues ArgB31 and ArgB32 with Glu264 and Glu305 in the CR domain of IGF1R. Conclusion Using bioinformatics tools and predictive modeling, our study provides a better understanding of the glargine/receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Gómez-Alegría
- Grupo de investigación UNIMOL, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
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16
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Dhayalan B, Chatterjee D, Chen YS, Weiss MA. Structural Lessons From the Mutant Proinsulin Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:754693. [PMID: 34659132 PMCID: PMC8514764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.754693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into folding mechanisms of proinsulin has been provided by analysis of dominant diabetes-associated mutations in the human insulin gene (INS). Such mutations cause pancreatic β-cell dysfunction due to toxic misfolding of a mutant proinsulin and impairment in trans of wild-type insulin secretion. Anticipated by the "Akita" mouse (a classical model of monogenic diabetes mellitus; DM), this syndrome illustrates the paradigm endoreticulum (ER) stress leading to intracellular proteotoxicity. Diverse clinical mutations directly or indirectly perturb native disulfide pairing leading to protein misfolding and aberrant aggregation. Although most introduce or remove a cysteine (Cys; leading in either case to an unpaired thiol group), non-Cys-related mutations identify key determinants of folding efficiency. Studies of such mutations suggest that the hormone's evolution has been constrained not only by structure-function relationships, but also by the susceptibility of its single-chain precursor to impaired foldability. An intriguing hypothesis posits that INS overexpression in response to peripheral insulin resistance likewise leads to chronic ER stress and β-cell dysfunction in the natural history of non-syndromic Type 2 DM. Cryptic contributions of conserved residues to folding efficiency, as uncovered by rare genetic variants, define molecular links between biophysical principles and the emerging paradigm of Darwinian medicine: Biosynthesis of proinsulin at the edge of non-foldability provides a key determinant of "diabesity" as a pandemic disease of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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17
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Karl K, Hristova K. Pondering the mechanism of receptor tyrosine kinase activation: The case for ligand-specific dimer microstate ensembles. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:193-199. [PMID: 34399300 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are single-pass membrane proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation, motility, and metabolism. Here, we review recent advancements in RTK structure determination and in the understanding of RTK activation. We argue that further progress in the field will necessitate new ways of thinking, and we introduce the concept that RTK dimers explore ensembles of microstates, each characterized by different kinase domain dimer conformations, but the same extracellular domain dimer structure. Many microstates are phosphorylation-competent and ensure the phosphorylation of one specific tyrosine. The prevalence of each microstate correlates with its stability. A switch in ligand will lead to a switch in the extracellular domain configuration and to a subsequent switch in the ensemble of microstates. This model can explain how different ligands produce specific phosphorylation patterns, how receptor overexpression leads to enhanced signaling even in the absence of activating ligands, and why RTK kinase domain structures have remained unresolved in cryogenic electron microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Karl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
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18
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Dhayalan B, Chatterjee D, Chen YS, Weiss MA. Diabetes mellitus due to toxic misfolding of proinsulin variants. Mol Metab 2021:101229. [PMID: 33823319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dominant mutations in the human insulin gene (INS) lead to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and diabetes mellitus (DM) due to toxic misfolding of a mutant proinsulin. Analogous to a classical mouse model of monogenic DM ("Akita"), this syndrome highlights the susceptibility of β-cells to endoreticulum (ER) stress due to protein misfolding and aberrant aggregation. SCOPE OF REVIEW Diverse clinical mutations directly or indirectly perturb native disulfide pairing. Whereas most introduce or remove a cysteine (Cys; leading in either case to an unpaired thiol group), non-Cys-related mutations identify key determinants of folding efficiency. Studies of such mutations suggest that the hormone's evolution has been constrained not only by structure-function relationships but also by the susceptibility of its single-chain precursor to impaired foldability. An intriguing hypothesis posits that INS overexpression in response to peripheral insulin resistance likewise leads to chronic ER stress and β-cell dysfunction in the natural history of nonsyndromic Type 2 DM. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Cryptic contributions of conserved residues to folding efficiency, as uncovered by rare genetic variants, define molecular links between biophysical principles and the emerging paradigm of Darwinian medicine: Biosynthesis of proinsulin at the edge of nonfoldability provides a key determinant of "diabesity" as a pandemic disease of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Sheff J, Wang P, Xu P, Arbour M, Masson L, van Faassen H, Hussack G, Kemmerich K, Brunette E, Stanimirovic D, Hill JJ, Kelly J, Ni F. Defining the epitope of a blood-brain barrier crossing single domain antibody specific for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4284. [PMID: 33608571 PMCID: PMC7896052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-activated signaling through the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is implicated in many physiological processes ranging from normal human growth to cancer proliferation and metastasis. IGF1R has also emerged as a target for receptor-mediated transcytosis, a transport phenomenon that can be exploited to shuttle biotherapeutics across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). We employed differential hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to characterize the interactions of the IGF1R ectodomain with a recently discovered BBB-crossing single-domain antibody (sdAb), VHH-IR5, in comparison with IGF-1 binding. HDX-MS confirmed that IGF-1 induced global conformational shifts in the L1/FnIII-1/-2 domains and α-CT helix of IGF1R. In contrast, the VHH-IR5 sdAb-mediated changes in conformational dynamics were limited to the α-CT helix and its immediate vicinity (L1 domain). High-resolution NMR spectroscopy titration data and linear peptide scanning demonstrated that VHH-IR5 has high-affinity binding interactions with a peptide sequence around the C-terminal region of the α-CT helix. Taken together, these results define a core linear epitope for VHH-IR5 within the α-CT helix, overlapping the IGF-1 binding site, and suggest a potential role for the α-CT helix in sdAb-mediated transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Sheff
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ping Wang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Ping Xu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Melanie Arbour
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Luke Masson
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kristin Kemmerich
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Danica Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Hill
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Feng Ni
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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20
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Batishchev OV, Kuzmina NV, Mozhaev AA, Goryashchenko AS, Mileshina ED, Orsa AN, Bocharov EV, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. Activity-dependent conformational transitions of the insulin receptor-related receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100534. [PMID: 33713705 PMCID: PMC8058561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), and insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) form a mini family of predimerized receptor-like tyrosine kinases. IR and IGF-1R bind to their peptide agonists triggering metabolic and cell growth responses. In contrast, IRR, despite sharing with them a strong sequence homology, has no peptide-like agonist but can be activated by mildly alkaline media. The spatial structure and activation mechanisms of IRR have not been established yet. The present work represents the first account of a structural analysis of a predimerized receptor-like tyrosine kinase by high-resolution atomic force microscopy in their basal and activated forms. Our data suggest that in neutral media, inactive IRR has two conformations, where one is symmetrical and highly similar to the inactive Λ/U-shape of IR and IGF-1R ectodomains, whereas the second is drop-like and asymmetrical resembling the IRR ectodomain in solution. We did not observe complexes of IRR intracellular catalytic domains of the inactive receptor forms. At pH 9.0, we detected two presumably active IRR conformations, Γ-shaped and T-shaped. Both of conformations demonstrated formation of the complex of their intracellular catalytic domains responsible for autophosphorylation. The existence of two active IRR forms correlates well with the previously described positive cooperativity of the IRR activation. In conclusion, our data provide structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of alkali-induced IRR activation under mild native conditions that could be valuable for interpretation of results of IR and IGF-IR structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Batishchev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Kuzmina
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mozhaev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Goryashchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina D Mileshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orsa
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Igor E Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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