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Shiquan B, Sun RX, Zhou P, Li YQ, Shang XC. Temperature-responsive deep eutectic solvent as eco-friendly and recyclable media for the rapid assessment of pyrethroid pesticide residues in surface soil sample. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Ryu SH, Choi GH, Park SW, Kim BS, Kim JH, Lee HS. A comparison of the effectiveness of QuEChERS, FaPEx and a modified QuEChERS method on the determination of organochlorine pesticides in ginseng. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246108. [PMID: 33513159 PMCID: PMC7846022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a review of methods used in the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ginseng and compares the effectiveness of three extraction methods (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS), a modified QuEChERS and a Fast Pesticide Extraction (FaPEx)) in the analyses of 20 OCPs in ginseng root samples. For each method, sample mass, solvent volume and sorbent mass were varied to identify the optimum combination to effectively isolate analytes of interest from the complex sample matrix. Extracts were analyzed using the gas chromatography-μ-electron capture detector (GC-μ-ECD), and confirmatory analyses performed by gas chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Eighteen out of 20 OCPs spiked onto in-house prepared ginseng samples produced acceptable recoveries (51-156%) when extracted using QuEChERS and FaPEx. All 20 analytes, including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p, p'- DDD) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o, p'-DDT), produced acceptable recoveries (51-129%) with the use of a modified QuEChERS method. The applicability of the modified QuEChERS method was demonstrated through the analysis of ginseng samples grown in endosulfan-treated soil. The samples were analyzed by both GC-μ-ECD and GC-MS/MS with no significant difference identified in the results of each analytical method. This study highlights the applicability of the modified QuEChERS method, in combination with GC- μ-ECD, to determine organochlorine pesticides in ginseng. This may be especially useful for laboratories in developing countries and less advanced institutions without access to MS/MS instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- CSIR Water Research Institute, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Megson
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Song-Hee Ryu
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Geun-Hyoung Choi
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Sub Lee
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Yousefi M, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Mirsadeghi S, Pourmortazavi SM. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pesticides and Insecticides from Food Samples and Plant Materials. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:482-501. [PMID: 32295402 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1743965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The principal intention of this study is presenting the attempts carried out for extracting, separating, and determining of the pesticide and insecticide residues existing in food and plant samples. In this regard, a set of content, including the explanations about the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical fluid chromatography, and various types of pesticides are indicated. Besides, the parameters affecting the pesticides extraction composed of temperature, pressure, modifier, drying agent, and so on are discussed. Also, examples of insecticides extraction by SFE technique as an important subset of pesticides are indicated. Along with these items, some interesting works, concerning the innovations implemented in the field of SFE of pesticide and insecticide residues from foodstuff and plants are depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mirsadeghi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
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Combination of supercritical fluid elution and resin adsorption for removal of procymidone from ginseng extracts. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Use, analysis, and regulation of pesticides in natural extracts, essential oils, concretes, and absolutes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:971-80. [PMID: 23797908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural extracts used by the fragrance and cosmetics industries, namely essential oils, concretes, resinoids, and absolutes, are produced from natural raw materials. These are often cultivated by use of monoculture techniques that involve the use of different classes of xenobiotica, including pesticides. Because of these pesticides’ potential effect on public health and the environment, laws regarding permitted residual levels of pesticides used in cultivation of raw materials for fragrance and cosmetic products are expected to become stricter. The purpose of this review is to present and classify pesticides commonly used in the cultivation of these natural raw materials. We will summarize the most recent regulations, and discuss publications on detection of pesticides via chemical analysis of raw natural extracts. Advances in analytical chemistry for identification and quantification of pesticides will be presented, including both sample preparation and modern separation and detection techniques, and examples of the identification and quantification of individual pesticides present in natural extracts, for example essential oils, will be provided.
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Islam MN, Jo YT, Jung SK, Park JH. Thermodynamic and kinetic study for subcritical water extraction of PAHs. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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He JZ, Shao P, Liu JH, Ru QM. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peel and their antioxidant activity. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202938 PMCID: PMC3497312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peel and their antioxidant activity were investigated. Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology was employed to maximize the extraction yield of flavonoids. Correlation analysis of the mathematical-regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be used to optimize the SC-CO2 extraction of flavonoids. The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest extraction yield of flavonoids from pomelo peel were a temperature of 80 °C, a pressure of 39 MPa and a static extraction time of 49 min in the presence of 85% ethanol as modifier. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 2.37%, which matched positively with the value predicted by the model. Furthermore, flavonoids obtained by SC-CO2 extraction showed a higher scavenging activity on hydroxyl, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals than those obtained by conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Therefore, SC-CO2 extraction can be considered as a suitable technique for the obtainment of flavonoids from pomelo peel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhe He
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Lee HS, Lee HJ, Yu HJ, Ju DW, Kim Y, Kim CT, Kim CJ, Cho YJ, Kim N, Choi SY, Suh HJ. A comparison between high hydrostatic pressure extraction and heat extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1466-73. [PMID: 21384379 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine biomaterial components, the components must first be transferred into solution; thus extraction is the first step in biomaterial analysis. High hydrostatic pressure technology was used for ginsenoside extraction from ginseng roots. In the extraction of fresh and red ginseng, high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) was found to be more effective than heat extraction (HE). RESULTS In fresh ginseng extraction under HHPE, total ginsenosides (1602.2 µg mL⁻¹) and ginsenoside metabolite (132.6 µg mL⁻¹) levels were slightly higher than those under HE (1259.0 and 78.7 µg mL⁻¹), respectively. In red ginseng, similar results indicated total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite amounts according to the extraction methods. Most volatile compounds by HHPE were higher than by HE treatment. HHPE of red ginseng was conducted under four pressures: 0.1 MPa (1 atm), 30, 50, and 80 MPa. Total sugar, uronic acid, and polyphenol amounts increased until 30 MPa of pressure and then showed decreasing tendencies. Total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite contents linearly increased with increasing pressure, and a maximum was reached at 80 MPa for the metabolites. CONCLUSION HHPE used for red ginseng processing contributes to enhanced extraction efficiencies of functional materials such as ginsenosides through cell structure modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Korea
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Quan C, Shang YG, Li SF, Tang SK, Huang T, Fang X. Kinetic study of supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides from ginseng by Simulink® simulation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meujo DAF, Kevin DA, Peng J, Bowling JJ, Liu J, Hamann MT. Reducing oyster-associated bacteria levels using supercritical fluid CO2 as an agent of warm pasteurization. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 138:63-70. [PMID: 20022650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach to Post-Harvest Processing (PHP) of oysters is introduced focusing on the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) on bacterial contaminants trapped in the digestive system of oysters. Oysters were exposed to scCO(2) under two conditions: (1) 100 bar and 37 degrees C for 30 min and (2) 172 bar and 60 degrees C for 60 min. Using FDA standard guidelines for food analysis, variations in the Aerobic Plate Count (APC) were assessed. It was established that exposing oysters to CO(2) at 100 bar and 37 degrees C for 30 min and at 172 bar and 60 degrees C for 60 min induced 2-log and 3-log reductions in the APC respectively. The decrease in the microbial load as a result of treatment with scCO(2) was found to be significant (P=0.002). A release of adductor muscles from the shell was noted in oysters treated at 172 bar and 60 degrees C for 60 min; this was not the case for oysters treated at 100 bar and 37 degrees C for 30 min. A blind study allowing sensory analysis of treated vs. untreated oysters was also completed and no significant change in the physical appearance, smell, or texture was recorded. In this paper, we also report the effect of scCO(2) on several bacterial isolates, including a referenced ATCC strain of a non-pathogenic Vibrio (Vibrio fischeri) as well as several other bacterial isolates cultured from oyster' tissues and found to share biochemical features common to pathogenic Vibrio strains. A complete inactivation (minimum 7-log reduction) was achieved with these latter bacterial isolates. A 6-log reduction was observed with V. fischeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris A F Meujo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
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Barriada-Pereira M, Serôdio P, González-Castro MJ, Nogueira JMF. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in vegetable matrices by stir bar sorptive extraction with liquid desorption and large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry towards compliance with European Union directives. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:119-26. [PMID: 19931087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical approach to determine trace levels of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in nine vegetable matrices (lettuce, spinach, green bean, green pepper, tomato, broccoli, potato, carrot and onion) is proposed, based on stir bar sorptive extraction followed by liquid desorption and large volume injection-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the selected-ion monitoring mode acquisition (SBSE-LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)). The experimental procedure consists of a previous ultrasonic extraction of the freeze-dried vegetable samples (100.0mg) with methanol (2mL) followed by centrifugation and dissolution in aqueous media prior to SBSE-LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM) under optimised conditions. Assays were performed on 30mL aqueous samples using stir bars coated with 47microL of polydimethylsiloxane, an equilibrium time of 180min (1000rpm; 20 degrees C) and acetonitrile as back-extraction solvent, providing convenient analytical performance to monitor OCPs in vegetable matrices at the trace level. Besides the selectivity reached, the data obtained clearly demonstrate that the matrices involved have a strong effect on the recovery yields (10-110%) of the OCPs under study, in particular the green vegetables especially the leafy ones. By using the standard addition methodology, good linearity (r(2)>0.99) and convenient precisions (RSD<20%) were found for almost all cases, depending on the particular OCP and vegetable matrix involved. Furthermore enough sensitivity was also achieved (limit of detection <10microgkg(-1)) for all OCPs under study towards compliance with the European Union regulations for the maximum residue limits of pesticides in agricultural vegetables. The methodology showed to be easy of work-up, fast, almost solventless with low sample amount requirement, when compared with conventional methods of sample preparation to screen pesticides in vegetable matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barriada-Pereira
- Universidade da Coruña, Facultade de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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LIU TONGJU, LI SHUFEN, LIU SHAOCONG, LV GANG. OPTIMIZATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION/HEADSPACE SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINATING ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN CLAM SAMPLES. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2009.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun Y, Quan C, Li S, Hou C, Sun Y. Solubility of alpha-benzene hexachloride in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dehghani F, Annabi N, Titus M, Valtchev P, Tumilar A. Sterilization of ginseng using a high pressure CO2at moderate temperatures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:569-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sunarso J, Ismadji S. Decontamination of hazardous substances from solid matrices and liquids using supercritical fluids extraction: a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:1-20. [PMID: 18434005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid has been adopted as an extraction media to remove various kinds of substances from distinct types of solid matrices since three decades ago. Compared to conventional extraction mode, supercritical fluid extraction technology is preferred because of the flexibility in adjusting its dissolving power and inherent elimination of organic solvent which means reducing time and money needed for subsequent purification. Utilization of this method as an environmental remedial technology, however, has become a trend only after its accomplishment in analytical chemistry was acknowledged. This review tries to summarize in a comprehensive manner the multitude aspects involved in hazardous compounds removal from miscellaneous class of environmental matrices. The industrial adsorbent regeneration using supercritical fluid technology is also discussed. Although, this technology has been successfully realized for environmental remediation in laboratory and on pilot-plant scale, its commercialization attempts still lack significant technology improvement in order to reach the economic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Sunarso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
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Cardozo EL, Cardozo-Filho L, Filho OF, Zanoelo EF. Selective liquid CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids in different Ilex paraguariensis progenies grown under environmental influences. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:6835-41. [PMID: 17650001 DOI: 10.1021/jf0706225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, liquid carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C and 150 bar was used for the selective extraction of caffeine and theobromine from dry leaves of mate. A comparison between the chromatograms from CO2 extraction and traditional solvent extraction supports the selectivity of carbon dioxide for these purine alkaloids. The advantages of selective liquid CO2 extraction in terms of speed and resolution of UV/HPLC is also evidenced. A randomized block design of experiments was proposed to investigate the influence of 16 progenies of Ilex paraguariensis grown in 3 diverse sites on the contents of caffeine and theobromine in liquors of mate leaves obtained by extraction with compressed CO2. A significant effect of both these factors on the parameters investigated was observed by involving the F distribution in the statistical analysis. A cluster analysis based on the experimental uncertainties in the contents of these two methylxanthines has identified from four to six different groups of mate progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euclides Lara Cardozo
- Universidade Paranaense, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Parigot de Souza, 3636 Jardim Prada, Toledo-PR, CEP: 85903-170, Brazil
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Fidalgo-Used N, Blanco-González E, Sanz-Medel A. Sample handling strategies for the determination of persistent trace organic contaminants from biota samples. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 590:1-16. [PMID: 17416217 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Even after emergence of most advanced instrumental techniques for the final separation, detection, identification and determination of analytes, sample handling continues to play a basic role in environmental analysis of complex matrices. In fact, sample preparation steps are often the bottleneck for combined time and efficiency in many overall analytical procedures. Thus, it is not surprising that, in the last two decades, a lot of effort has been devoted to the development of faster, safer, and more environment friendly techniques for sample extraction and extract clean up, prior to actual instrumental analysis. This article focuses on the state of the art in sample preparation of environmental solid biological samples dedicated to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) analysis. Extraction techniques such as Soxhlet extraction, sonication-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) are reviewed and their most recent applications to the determination of POPs in biota samples are provided. Additionally, classical as well as promising novel extraction/clean-up techniques such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) are also summarized. Finally, emerging trends in sample preparation able to integrate analytes extraction and their adequate clean-up are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fidalgo-Used
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Sun Y, Li S, Song H, Tian S. Extraction of ferulic acid from Angelica sinensis with supercritical CO2. Nat Prod Res 2006; 20:835-41. [PMID: 16753921 DOI: 10.1080/14786410500462579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of pharmacologically active ingredient of ferulic acid from the root of Angelica sinensis with supercritical CO2 was investigated. The experimental results show that the extract yields were 0.87-4.06% at temperatures from 45 to 65 degrees Celsius and pressures from 30 to 50 MPa, and the maximum content of ferulic aicd in the extracts was about 0.35-0.37%, which is lower than that of 0.61-0.85% by conventional percolation methods. Ethanol was used as co-solvent in different ratios to raw materials in order to increase the content of ferulic acid in the extracts. The experimental results show that both the extract yields and the content of ferulic acid in the extracts increase greatly compared with pure CO2 extraction. When the ratio of ethanol to the raw material was 1.6, the content of ferulic acid in the extracts was 0.91-1.27%, indicating that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 in the presence of suitable co-solvent is superior to percolation in extracting polar ferulic acid from Angelica sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyue Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of State Education Ministry, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Zhang S, Chen R, Wu H, Wang C. Ginsenoside extraction from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng) root by using ultrahigh pressure. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:57-63. [PMID: 16332422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 10/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method of ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) was used to extract the ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng) root at room temperature. Several solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and n-butanol were used in the UPE. The ginsenosides were quantified by a HPLC equipped with UV-vis detector. The results showed that ethanol is the most efficient solvent among the used ones. Compared with other methods, i.e., Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction, the UPE has the highest extraction yield in the shortest time. The extraction yield of 0.861% ginsenoside-Rc in 2 min was achieved by the UPE, while the yields of 0.284% and 0.661% were obtained in several hours by supercritical CO2 extraction and the heat reflux extraction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouqin Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhang CF, Zhu BK, Ji GL, Xu YY. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction in membrane formation by thermally induced phase separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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