Extraction of cardamom oil by supercritical carbon dioxide and sub-critical propane

Cardamom seed bioactives: A review of agronomic factors, preparation, extraction and formulation methods based on emerging technologies to maximize spice aroma economic value and applications

Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum (L.)) is a well-appreciated spice in food and pharmaceutical industries owing to its unique rich flavor dominated by oxygenated monoterpenoids, α-terpinyl acetate and 1,8-cineole, to which most of the quality of cardamom essential oil (CEO) is attributed. CEO output is greatly influenced by different agronomic factors, processing, and EO extraction methods. In that context, the goal of this study is to provide an overarching review regarding emerged technologies along with their optimization parameters to achieve optimal oil yield with the best flavor quality. Furthermore, the recent approaches employed in CEO stabilization were highlighted alongside their pharmaceutical and food applications. Moreover, the different aspects of superlative CEO production including agricultural aspects, climatic requirements, and processing methods were also explained.

Recent advances in the extraction, chemical composition, therapeutic potential, and delivery of cardamom phytochemicals

Dietary phytochemicals including plant-derived alkaloids, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, phenolics, and phytosterols, are health-promoting bioactive compounds that help in the prevention and mitigation of chronic diseases and microbial infections beyond basic nutrition supply. This article covers recent advances in the extraction, chemical composition, therapeutic potential (nutraceutical and antimicrobial), and delivery of black and green cardamom-derived phytochemicals. In recent years, advance extraction techniques (e.g., enzyme- assisted-, instant controlled pressure drop-, microwave- assisted-, pressurized liquid-, sub- critical-, supercritical fluid-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions) have been applied to obtain phytochemicals from cardamom. The bioactive constituents identification techniques, specifically GC-MS analysis revealed that 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate were the principle bioactive components in black and green cardamom. Regarding therapeutic potential, research findings have indicated desirable health properties of cardamom phytochemicals, including antioxidant-, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-hypertensive, and gastro-protective effects. Moreover, antimicrobial investigations revealed that cardamom phytochemicals effectively inhibited growth of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), biofilm formation inhibition (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria) and bacterial quorum sensing inhibition. Encapsulation and delivery vehicles, including microcapsules, nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nanoliposomes were effective strategies to enhance their stability, bioavailability and bioefficacy. In conclusion, cardamom phytochemicals had promising therapeutic potentials (antioxidant and antimicrobial) due to polyphenols, thus could be used as functional additive to increase shelf life, inhibit oxidative rancidity and confer pleasant aroma to commercial edibles as well as mitigate oxidative stress and lifestyle related chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases). A future perspective concerning the fabrication of functional foods, nutraceuticals and antibiotics to promote cardamom phytochemicals applications as biotherapeutic agents at large-scale requires thorough investigations, e.g., optimum dose and physical form of supplementation to obtain maximum health benefits.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) as green extraction technology for high-value metabolites of algae, its potential trends in food and human health

Application of high-value algal metabolites (HVAMs) in cosmetics, additives, pigments, foods and medicines are very important. These HVAMs can be obtained from the cultivation of micro- and macro-algae. These metabolites can benefit human and animal health in a physiological and nutritional manner. However, because of conventional extraction methods and their energy and the use of pollutant solvents, the availability of HVAMs from algae remains insufficient. Receiving their sustainability and environmental benefits have recently made green extraction technologies for HVAM extractions more desirable. But very little information is available about the technology of green extraction of algae from these HVAM. This review, therefore, highlights the supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) as principal green extraction technologyand theirideal parameters for extracting HVAMs. In first, general information is provided concerning the HVAMs and their components of macro and micro origin. The review also includes a description of SCFE technology's properties, instrumentation operation, solvents used, and the merits and demerits. Moreover, there are several HVAMs associated with their numerous high-level biological activities which include high-level antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial activity and have potential health-beneficial effects in humans since they are all HVAMs, such as foods and nutraceuticals. Finally, it provides future insights, obstacles, and suggestions for selecting the right technologies for extraction.

Green Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Biomass and Their Application in Meat as Natural Antioxidant

Plant extracts are rich in various bioactive compounds exerting antioxidants effects, such as phenolics, catechins, flavonoids, quercetin, anthocyanin, tocopherol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, lycopene, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, vitamin C, protocatechuic acid, vitamin E, carotenoids, β-carotene, myricetin, kaempferol, carnosine, zeaxanthin, sesamol, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol. The extraction processing protocols such as solvent, time, temperature, and plant powder should be optimized to obtain the optimum yield with the maximum concentration of active ingredients. The application of novel green extraction technologies has improved extraction yields with a high concentration of active compounds, heat-labile compounds at a lower environmental cost, in a short duration, and with efficient utilization of the solvent. The application of various combinations of extraction technologies has proved to exert a synergistic effect or to act as an adjunct. There is a need for proper identification, segregation, and purification of the active ingredients in plant extracts for their efficient utilization in the meat industry, as natural antioxidants. The present review has critically analyzed the conventional and green extraction technologies in extracting bioactive compounds from plant biomass and their utilization in meat as natural antioxidants.

Extraction of pumpkin peel extract using supercritical CO2 and subcritical water technology: Enhancing oxidative stability of canola oil

In this study, subcritical water extraction (SWE) and the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods were used for the extraction of pumpkin peel extract. Total phenolic content and carotenoid compounds of extracts were measured. The extracts were added to canola oil at a concentration of 400 ppm and were stored at 30 °C for 60 days. The peroxide, carbonyl and acid values of the oil samples were measured, then compared with 100 ppm of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) synthetic antioxidants. The results showed that the total phenol content of obtained extract by SFE (353.5 mg GA/100 g extract) was higher than by SWE (213.6 mg GA/100 g extract), while the carotenoid content was higher for obtained extract by SWE (15.22 mg/100 g extract) compared to SFE (11.48 mg/100 g extract). The result of oil oxidation showed that the oxidative stability of the oil containing the mixed extract (SFE-SWE) is higher than the separate extract, consequently showing higher performance in preventing oil oxidation compared to TBHQ.

Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry

This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.

Antibacterial Activity and Metabolomics Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack) Flower Oil Extracted Using Subcritical Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

The aim of this study was to identify the bioactive compound and evaluate the antibacterial activity of torch ginger flower oil extracted using subcritical carbon dioxide. The antibacterial activity was evaluated in agar diffusion assay, while MIC and MBC were determined using the microdilution broth assay. The essential oil was subjected to metabolomics profiling using GC-MS and 1H-NMR techniques. The results demonstrated strong antibacterial activity towards Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The MIC values were 0.0625, 0.25, and 0.25 mg/mL, and the MBC values were 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL towards S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and E. coli, respectively. A total of 33 compounds were identified using GC-MS including 15 compounds (45%) known for their antimicrobial activity. In addition, sixteen metabolites were identified using NMR analysis and 8 out of the sixteen metabolites (50%) have antibacterial activity. The extracted oil demonstrated broad range for antibacterial activity and has high potential for applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. Practical Applications. The oil extracted from the torch ginger flower was found very stable and has promising applications as antibacterial agent for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Depigmented Centella asiatica Extraction by Pretreated with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid for Wound Healing Application

Centella asiatica has been included in Thai traditional medicinal plants and recipes, as a well-established historical use as a vegetable and tonic. However, when applied in modern formulations, the progressive degradation of the plant pigments occurs, causing color-fading and color variation in the products. Depigmentation of the comminuted sample using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) fluid extraction with a cosolvent was introduced as a pretreatment to solve the color-fading problem. The contents of compounds with known biological activities and the wound healing activities (antioxidant screening by DPPH and ABTS+ scavenging activities; cell migration assay; matrix metallopeptidase [MMP]-2 inhibition on human skin fibroblast; endothelial cell tube formation assay) of the C. asiatica leaf extracts obtained by conventional ethanolic extraction (CV) and pretreatment using scCO2 extraction, were determined. Total triterpenoids (madecassoside, asiaticoside B, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, terminolic acid and asiatic acid) and total triterpenoid glucosides (madecassoside, asiaticoside B and asiaticoside) were notably more abundant in the extract that had been pretreated using scCO2 than the extract obtained by CV. Moreover, the scCO2 pretreatment not only caused greater relative MMP-2 inhibition (58.48 ± 7.50% of the control), but also exhibited a higher cell migration (59.83 ± 1.85% of the initial) and number of vessels (18.25 ± 4.58) of angiogenesis in the wound healing process. Additionally, positive correlations were observed between the DPPH antioxidant activity and madecassoside content (r = 0.914, p < 0.01), as well as between the cell migration activity and asiaticoside content (r = 0.854, p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the scCO2 pretreatment of C. asiatica can eliminate color pigments from the extract and improve its in vitro wound healing activity.

In Vitro Antifungal Efficacy of White Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Root Extract and Application as a Natural Preservative in Sponge Cake

The study attempts the optimization of the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) antioxidant activity of the white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root ethanolic extract (WRE) with regard to several parameters including ethanol concentration, the ratio of solvent/material, temperature and extraction time. Then antifungal analysis of WRE was performed against four fungal species including Aspergillus flavus NBRC 33021, Aspergillus niger NBRC 4066, Aspergillus clavatus NBRC 33020, and Fusarium solani NBRC 31094. At the WRE concentration of 75 mg/mL, diameters of inhibition zone were 9.11 ± 1.5, 19.55 ± 1.68, 17.72 ± 0.25, and 17.50 ± 0.73 mm respectively against the four examined species. Minimum fungal concentration (MFC) values of WRE against the four species were 30, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL respectively. Evaluation of the sponge cake added with white radish root extract suggested that shelf-life of the sponge cake is 8 weeks in air-cooled condition (20 °C) and two weeks in warm condition (37 °C).

A comprehensive analysis of 201 pesticides for different herbal species-ready application using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with QuEChERs

Developing an analysis of multi-pesticide residues for different herbal species-ready applications is a challenge. In the present work, a comprehensive analysis was proposed for rapid detection of 201 pesticides in various medicinal herbs. Samples were extracted and cleaned up with a high throughput pretreatment approach (modified QuEChERS), and then detected by gas chromatograph coupled to an electron impact ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-EI-MS/MS). The clean-up procedure has been optimized using four types of representative medicinal herbs with different primary or secondary metabolites. Moreover, a mixture of analyte protectants (APs) was to improve the peak shape and intensity of some compounds. The performance of the method was validated according to the European Union SANTE/11813/2017 regulatory guidelines. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was determined to be ≤10 ng mL^-1, and the recovery was between 70.0%-120.0%, with ≤20% RSD for the majority of pesticides. Sixty samples belonging to different species of medicinal herbs (such radix, flos, cortex, fructus, and seeds) were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the optimized method. High frequency of chlorpyrifos was found in Citri reticulatae pericarpium, Crataegi fructus and Cuscutae semen samples.

Partial propane extraction of aromatic compounds from dehydrated basils (Ocimum Lamiaceae)

BACKGROUND

Many conventional extraction methods for basils (Ocimum sp. Lamiaceae) produce only the extract as a usable product and leave the extracted herb as a waste product. We demonstrate partial extraction of chemically and morphologically diverse basil cultivars using propane at low temperature (20-27 °C) and pressure (950-1200 kPa) and evaluate the process for production of dual products, the extracted herb (raffinate) and the herb extract in terms of aromatic content and color.

RESULTS

The extracts contained aromatic compounds that were characteristic of but not always identical in terms of relative abundance to the dehydrated herb. Extraction decreased total aromatics in the raffinate by 12-43% but the individual aromatic proportions remained essentially the same, preserving flavor characteristics of the raffinate. Color was mostly unchanged by the extraction process.

CONCLUSION

Partial propane extraction resulted in two useful basil products (an extract and extraction raffinate). Aromatic extractability was tissue and cultivar dependent for basils. Therefore, partial extraction protocols should be optimized according to cultivar/plant tissue abundance to provide consistent aromatic intensity of these potential food products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimization of multi-residue method for targeted screening and quantitation of 243 pesticide residues in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis

Higher matrix interference makes the multi-residue pesticide analysis in spices more challenging. A simple, sensitive, and robust large-scale multi-residue method was developed for the rapid analysis of 243 pesticides in cardamom matrix by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Prehydration of cardamom in 1:4 sample:water for 30 min improved the homogeneity and extractability. QuEChERS extraction followed by cleanup with 25 mg primary secondary amine, 100 mg C₁₈, and 10 mg graphitized carbon black to 1 ml supernatant was used for sample preparation. Reconstitution of final extract in ethyl acetate reduced matrix co-extract up to 60%. The method was validated according to the SANTE/11,945/2015 guidelines. The limit of quantification was ≤0.01 mg kg^-1, and the recovery was within 70.0-120.0%, with ≤20% RSD for the majority of pesticides. The method was used for screening market samples, and the detected residues were devoid of any risk of acute toxicity related to dietary exposure.

Caracterización del aceite microencapsulado de cardamomo (Elettaria cardamomum) extraído por fluidos supercríticos a escala semi-industrial

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo radicó en encontrar las condiciones óptimas para la obtención de un aceite de cardamomo, extraído por FSC a escala semi-industrial, con rendimientos iguales o superiores a los métodos convencionales, pero con calidad sensorial y técnica competitiva para los mercados internacionales, así como la producción de microcápsulas del aceite que permitieran incrementar la solubilidad, sin afectar las características sensoriales como aroma y sabor. Las semillas de cardamomo se obtuvieron en el municipio de Tarso, (Antioquia, Colombia), se acondicionaron para ser extraídas por FSC a escala de laboratorio a 200.400 bar y 50 °C, 60 °C, con tres réplicas al centro a 300 bar y 55 °C, de acuerdo a un diseño central compuesto y la optimización de los resultados por superficie de respuesta según el rendimiento (%) y contenido de 1,8-cineol y acetato de α-terpenilo. Las condiciones finales (50 °C, 400 bar) se escalaron a un extractor semi-industrial hasta obtener un aceite con un rendimiento de 8,54 ± 1,09% y una concentración de 1,8-cineol (28,37 ± 1,80% p/p) y acetato de α-terpenilo (32,93 ± 1,24% p/p), analizados por GC-FID. La caracterización complementaria del aceite se encaminó al perfil sensorial y pruebas fisicoquímicas, con un resultado de atributos balanceados (herbal: 3,0, menta: 2,6, floral: 2,4 y cítrico: 2,3) e índice de color entre (+2 y +20). El aceite fue microencapsulado por secado por aspersión con una mezcla de goma arábiga, maltodextrina y almidón modificado (4/6, 1/6, 1/6) respectivamente. Se obtuvieron microcápsulas con un tamaño de partícula entre 12,2 y 25,78 µm y una distribución de la misma en solución acuosa de 13,18 µm, lo que permitió el aumento de la solubilidad del aceite en una matriz polar a temperatura ambiente.

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) fruit using compressed propane and supercritical CO2

Traditionally, Ilex paraguariensis leaves are consumed in tea form or as typical drinks like mate and terere, while the fruits are discarded processing and has no commercial value. The aim of this work to evaluate phytochemical properties, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts of Ilex paraguariensis fruits obtained from supercritical CO₂ and compressed propane extraction. The extraction with compressed propane yielded 2.72 wt%, whereas with supercritical CO₂ 1.51 wt% was obtained. The compound extracted in larger amount by the two extraction solvents was caffeine, 163.28 and 54.17 mg/g by supercritical CO₂ and pressurized propane, respectively. The antioxidant activity was more pronounced for the supercritical CO₂ extract, with no difference found in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus for the two extracts and better results observed for Escherichia coli when using supercritical CO₂.

Green extraction methods and environmental applications of carotenoids-a review

This review covers and discusses various aspects of carotenoids including their chemistry, classification, biosynthesis, extraction methods (conventional and non-conventional), analytical techniques and biological roles in living beings.

Chemical composition, antibacterial activity, and mechanism of action of the essential oil from Amomum kravanh

Amomum kravanh is widely cultivated and used as a culinary spice. In this work, the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of A. kravanh fruits was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 34 components were identified. 1,8-Cineole (68.42%) was found to be the major component, followed by α-pinene (5.71%), α-terpinene (2.63%), and β-pinene (2.41%). The results of antibacterial tests showed that the sensitivities to the essential oil of different foodborne pathogens tested were different based on the Oxford cup method, MIC, and MBC assays, and the essential oil exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium. Growth in the presence of Amomum kravanh at the MIC, as measured by monitoring optical density over time, demonstrated that the essential oil was bacteriostatic after 12 h to both B. subtilis and E. coli. Observations of cell membrane permeability, cell constituent release assay, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that this essential oil may disrupt the cell wall and cell membrane permeability, leading to leakage of intracellular constituents in both B. subtilis and E. coli.

Studies on saturated and trans fatty acids composition of few commercial brands of biscuits sold in Indian market

Saturated fat and trans fat consumption is linked to cardiovascular disease. Considering the health implications of saturated and trans fats investigation was undertaken with the objective to study the fat compositions in biscuits sold in Indian market. These commercial biscuits were analysed for saturated and trans fatty acids using capillary GC. The results of analysis of 46 biscuit samples showed that the total fat content ranged from 9.5 to 25.0 g/100 g of biscuits. The fatty acid profile showed that, saturated fat content in biscuits ranged from 5.1 to 18.7 g/100 g. The overall range of total trans fat content was found to be 0.1 to 3.2 g/100 g biscuit and cis monounsaturated fatty acid content varied from 0.9 to 8.6 g/100 g of biscuits. The low-level trans fatty acid was mainly by dienes and trienes where as high-level trans was from monoenes of C18. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in biscuits ranged from 0.2 to 3.5 g/100 g. Biscuits of same brand on repeat analysis over a period of one year showed little variation in fat, saturated and trans fat content.

Preparation and characterization of foxtail millet bran oil using subcritical propane and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv) bran oil was extracted with traditional solvent extraction (SE), supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) and subcritical propane extraction (SPE) and analyzed the yield, physicochemical property, fatty acid profile, tocopherol composition, oil oxidative stability in this study. The yields of foxtail millet bran oil by SE, SCE and SPE were 17.14 %, 19.65 %, 21.79 % of raw material weight (corresponded to 75.54 %, 86.60 %, 96.03 % of the total amount of the oil measured by using Soxhlet extraction), respectively. The effect of the extraction methods on the physicochemical properties (peroxide value, saponification value and color) was significant while the difference in fatty acid profile was negligible based on GC analysis. The major components of vitamin E in the obtained oils were identified as α- and β-tocopherols by HPLC, and SPE was superior to SE and SCE in the extraction of tocopherols. In Rancimat test, the oil obtained by SPE showed the highest oil oxidative stability, which could attribute to its high tocopherol content and low peroxide value. In view of oil quality, SPE employed smaller times and lower pressures compared to SE and SCE. SPE was a suitable and selective method for the extraction of the foxtail millet bran oil.

Supercritical fluid extraction of plant flavors and fragrances

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of plant material with solvents like CO₂, propane, butane, or ethylene is a topic of growing interest. SFE allows the processing of plant material at low temperatures, hence limiting thermal degradation, and avoids the use of toxic solvents. Although today SFE is mainly used for decaffeination of coffee and tea as well as production of hop extracts on a large scale, there is also a growing interest in this extraction method for other industrial applications operating at different scales. In this review we update the literature data on SFE technology, with particular reference to flavors and fragrance, by comparing traditional extraction techniques of some industrial medicinal and aromatic crops with SFE. Moreover, we describe the biological activity of SFE extracts by describing their insecticidal, acaricidal, antimycotic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. Finally, we discuss the process modelling, mass-transfer mechanisms, kinetics parameters and thermodynamic by giving an overview of SFE potential in the flavors and fragrances arena.