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Kumari L, Choudhari Y, Patel P, Gupta GD, Singh D, Rosenholm JM, Bansal KK, Kurmi BD. Advancement in Solubilization Approaches: A Step towards Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051099. [PMID: 37240744 DOI: 10.3390/life13051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A drug's aqueous solubility is defined as the ability to dissolve in a particular solvent, and it is currently a major hurdle in bringing new drug molecules to the market. According to some estimates, up to 40% of commercialized products and 70-90% of drug candidates in the development stage are poorly soluble, which results in low bioavailability, diminished therapeutic effects, and dosage escalation. Because of this, solubility must be taken into consideration when developing and fabricating pharmaceutical products. To date, a number of approaches have been investigated to address the problem of poor solubility. This review article attempts to summarize several conventional methods utilized to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. These methods include the principles of physical and chemical approaches such as particle size reduction, solid dispersion, supercritical fluid technology, cryogenic technology, inclusion complex formation techniques, and floating granules. It includes structural modification (i.e., prodrug, salt formation, co-crystallization, use of co-solvents, hydrotrophy, polymorphs, amorphous solid dispersions, and pH variation). Various nanotechnological approaches such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, metal organic frameworks, nanogels, nanoemulsions, nanosuspension, carbon nanotubes, and so forth have also been widely investigated for solubility enhancement. All these approaches have brought forward the enhancement of the bioavailability of orally administered drugs by improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the solubility issues have not been completely resolved, owing to several challenges associated with current approaches, such as reproducibility in large scale production. Considering that there is no universal approach for solving solubility issues, more research is needed to simplify the existing technologies, which could increase the number of commercially available products employing these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Yash Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kuldeep Kumar Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
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Liang B, Hao J, Zhu N, Han L, Song L, Hong H. Formulation of nitrendipine/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex as a drug delivery system to enhance the solubility and bioavailability by supercritical fluid technology. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Islam T, Sarker MZI, Uddin ABMH, Smith RL. Acetaminophen synthesis and encapsulation using safe mixed-solvents and solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Islam T, Al Ragib A, Ferdosh S, Uddin ABMH, Haque Akanda MJ, Mia MAR, D. M RP, Kamaruzzaman BY, Islam Sarker MZ. Development of nanoparticles for pharmaceutical preparations using supercritical techniques. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2021.1983545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariqul Islam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al Ragib
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sahena Ferdosh
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A. B. M. Helal Uddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Md. Abdur Rashid Mia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Reddy Prasad D. M
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme area, Universiti Technology Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bin Yunus Kamaruzzaman
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Food Science Program, Cooperative Research, Education and Extension Services, Northern Marianas College, Saipan, MP, USA
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Wang J, Wang H, Xu H, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang X. Solid lipid nanoparticles as an effective sodium aescinate delivery system: formulation and anti-inflammatory activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6583-6591. [PMID: 35424603 PMCID: PMC8981568 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07638h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium aescinate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were fabricated using a melt-emulsification and ultrasonication method. Based on mean particle size, polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency, orthogonal and Box-Behnken designs were applied to optimize solid lipid nanoparticles with single emulsification and double emulsification methods. The characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles was investigated by X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. After optimization of sodium aescinate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with single emulsification, the particle size was 90.7 nm and encapsulation efficiency was 76.5%. The sodium aescinate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with double emulsification were negatively charged spherical particles with the size of 109.4 nm and encapsulation efficiency up to 86.6%. Both solid lipid nanoparticles with single emulsification and double emulsification exhibited sustained release for 12 h without an initial burst release. The results indicated that sodium aescinate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by double emulsification showed more drug loading and stability after reconstitution. The sodium aescinate-solid lipid nanoparticles with double emulsification demonstrated stronger anti-inflammatory activity, including paw edema and ear swelling in mice than that of free sodium aescinate. Therefore, solid lipid nanoparticles have great potential as an effective sodium aescinate delivery system for application in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 China +86-24-23986522 +86-24-23986522
| | - Hongyue Wang
- School of Function Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Hongjia Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 China +86-24-23986522 +86-24-23986522
| | - Jinghan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 308 SE Harvard St Minneapolis 55455 Minnesota USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Function Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 China +86-24-23986522 +86-24-23986522
- School of Function Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 China
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Kankala RK, Xu PY, Chen BQ, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted fabrication of carrier-free drugs: An eco-friendly welcome to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113846. [PMID: 34197896 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success in developing various pharmaceutical formulations, most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)/drugs, according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), often suffer from various intrinsic limitations of solubility and permeability, substantially hindering their bioavailability in vivo. Regardless of the fact that the availability of different particle fabrication approaches (top-down and bottom-up) towards pharmaceutical manufacturing, the supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has emerged as one of the highly effective substitutes due to the environmentally benign nature and processing convenience, as well as the economically promising character of SCFs. The exceptional features of SCFs have endowed the fabrication of various APIs either solely or in combination with the compatible supramolecular species towards achieving improved drug delivery. Operating such APIs in high-pressure conditions often results in arbitrary-sized particulate forms, ranging from micron-sized to sub-micron/nano-sized particles. Comparatively, these SCF-processed particles offer enhanced tailorable physicochemical and morphological properties (size, shape, and surface), as well as improved performance efficacy (bioavailability and therapy) over the unprocessed APIs. Although the "carrier-based" delivery is practical among diverse delivery systems, the direct fabrication of APIs into suitable particulate forms, referred to as "carrier-free" delivery, has increased attention towards improving the bioavailability and conveying a high payload of the APIs. This review gives a comprehensive emphasis on the SCF-assisted fabrication of diverse APIs towards exploring their great potential in drug delivery. Initially, we discuss various challenges of drug delivery and particle fabrication approaches. Further, different supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)-based fabrication approaches depending on the character of SCFs are explicitly described, highlighting their advantages and suitability in processing diverse APIs. Then, we provide detailed insights on various processing factors affecting the properties and morphology of SCF-processed APIs and their pharmaceutical applications, emphasizing their performance efficacy when administered through multiple routes of administration. Finally, we summarize this compilation with exciting perspectives based on the lessons learned so far and moving forward in terms of challenges and opportunities in the scale-up and clinical translation of these drugs using this innovative technology.
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Sodeifian G, Hazaveie SM, Sodeifian F. Determination of Galantamine solubility (an anti-alzheimer drug) in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2): Experimental correlation and thermodynamic modeling. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saadati Ardestani N, Sodeifian G, Sajadian SA. Preparation of phthalocyanine green nano pigment using supercritical CO 2 gas antisolvent (GAS): experimental and modeling. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04947. [PMID: 32995627 PMCID: PMC7502587 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanine green nano pigment was prepared using supercritical gas antisolvent (GAS) process based on the SC-CO2 method. Thermodynamic models were developed to study the volume expansion and operating conditions of the GAS process. Peng-Robinson EoS were applied for binary (CO2 and DMSO) and ternary (CO2, DMSO, and pigment) systems. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the process. Influences of temperature (308, 318 and 328 K), pressure (10, 15 and 20 MPa) and solute concentration (10, 40 and 70 mg/mL) were studied on the particles size and their morphology. The fine particles produced were characterized by SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR and DSC. Experimental results showed a great reduction in size of pigment particles in comparison to the original particles. The mean particle sizes of nanoparticles were obtained to 27.1 nm after GAS based on SC-CO2 method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedasadat Saadati Ardestani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Laboratory of Supercriritcal Fluids and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Modeling and Simulation Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Sodeifian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Laboratory of Supercriritcal Fluids and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Modeling and Simulation Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Seyed Ali Sajadian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Laboratory of Supercriritcal Fluids and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
- Modeling and Simulation Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran
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Novel application of neural network modelling for multicomponent herbal medicine optimization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15442. [PMID: 31659222 PMCID: PMC6817903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional method for effective or toxic chemical substance identification of multicomponent herbal medicine is based on single component separation, which is time-consuming, labor intensive, inefficient, and neglects the interaction and integrity among the components; therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative routine to evaluate the components more efficiently and scientifically. In this study, sodium aescinate injection (SAI), obtained from different manufacturers and prepared as "components knockout" samples, was chosen as the case study. The chemical fingerprints of SAI were obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography to provide the chemical information. The effectiveness and irritation of each sample were evaluated using anti-inflammatory and irritation tests, and then "Gray correlation" analysis (GCA) was applied to rank the effectiveness and irritability of each component to provide a preliminary judgment for product optimization. The prediction model of the proportions of the expected components was constructed using the artificial neural network. The results of the GCA showed that the irritation sorting of each SAI component was in the order of B > A > G > J > I > H > D > F > E > C and the effectiveness sorting of SAI components was in the order of D > C > B > A > F > E > H > I > G > J; the predictive proportion of SAI was optimized by the BP neural network as A: B: C: D: E: F = 0.7526: 0.5005: 5.4565: 1.4149: 0.8113: 1.0642. This study provided a scientific, accurate, reliable, and efficient approach for the proportion optimization of multicomponent drugs, which has a good prospect of popularization and application in product upgrading and development of herbal medicine.
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Xie M, Xu M, Chen X, Li Y. Recent Progress of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Producing Natural Nanomaterials. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:465-476. [PMID: 30324880 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181015152952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural medicines are widely utilized in human healthcare. Their beneficial effects have been attributed to the existence of natural active ingredients (NAI) with a positive impact on disease treatment and prevention. Public awareness about the side effects of synthetic chemical compounds increased the need for NAI as well. Clinical applications of NAI are limited by their instability and poor water solubility, while micronization is a major strategy to overcome these drawbacks. Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) based nano techniques have drawn great attention in nanomedicinal area for many years, due to their unique characters such as fast mass transfer, near zero surface tension, effective solvents elimination, non-toxic, non-flammable, low cost and environmentally benign. In terms of functions of sc-CO2, many modified sc-CO2 based techniques are developed to produce NAI nanoparticles with high solubility, biological availability and stability. 5 types of promising methods, including gas-assisted melting atomization, CO2-assisted nebulization with a bubble dryer, supercritical fluidassisted atomization with a hydrodynamic cavitation mixer, supercritical CO2-based coating method and solution-enhanced dispersion by sc-CO2 process, are summarized in this article followed by a highlight of their fundamental synthesis principles and important medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maobin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Jia J, Zhang K, Zhou X, Zhou D, Ge F. Precise Dissolution Control and Bioavailability Evaluation for Insoluble Drug Berberine via a Polymeric Particle Prepared Using Supercritical CO₂. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111198. [PMID: 30961123 PMCID: PMC6290634 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still controversial whether poor aqueous solubility is the most primary reason for the low oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs. Therefore, in this study, berberine-loaded solid polymeric particles (BPs) of varied dissolution profiles with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as carrier were fabricated using solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS), and the relationship between dissolution and berberine (BBR) bioavailability was evaluated. Dissolution property was controlled via particle morphology manipulation, which was achieved by adjusting several key operating parameters during the SEDS process. Characterization on BP using infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction indicated that BBR was dispersed in amorphous form, while nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that methoxy groups of BBR were included into the cavities of β-CD. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that oral bioavailability increased by about 54% and 86% when the dissolution rate of BBR was increased by 51% and 83%, respectively. The entry speed of BBR into the bloodstream was also advanced with the degree of dissolution enhancement. It seemed that dissolution enhancement gave positive effect to the oral bioavailability of berberine, but this might not be the crucial point. Meanwhile, supercritical CO₂ technology is a promising method for pharmaceutical research due to its advantages in regulating drug-dosage properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Kerong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dan Zhou
- Nansha Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Fahuan Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Recrystallization and Production of Spherical Submicron Particles of Sulfasalazine Using a Supercritical Antisolvent Process. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the recrystallization and production of spherical submicron particles of sulfasalazine, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), were performed using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process, a nonconventional crystallization technique. Sulfasalazine was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) served as the antisolvent. The effects of operating parameters on the SAS process, including the operating pressure, solution concentration, solution flowrate, CO2 flowrate, and spraying nozzle diameter, at two operating temperatures were examined. The solid-state characteristics of sulfasalazine before and after the SAS process, including particle size, crystal habit, and crystal form, were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). A higher operating temperature, intermediate operating pressure, higher CO2 flowrate, and lower solution flowrate are recommended to obtain spherical particles of sulfasalazine. The effects of the solution concentration and spraying nozzle diameter on the SAS process were negligible. Under optimal conditions, spherical sulfasalazine crystals with a mean size of 0.91 μm were generated, and this study demonstrated the feasibility for tuning the solid-state characteristics of API through the SAS process.
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