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Zhao J, Xu Y. PITX1 plays essential functions in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1253238. [PMID: 37841446 PMCID: PMC10570508 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1253238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PITX1, also known as the pituitary homeobox 1 gene, has emerged as a key regulator in animal growth and development, attracting significant research attention. Recent investigations have revealed the implication of dysregulated PITX1 expression in tumorigenesis, highlighting its involvement in cancer development. Notably, PITX1 interacts with p53 and exerts control over crucial cellular processes including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance. Its influence extends to various tumors, such as esophageal, colorectal, gastric, and liver cancer, contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. Despite its significance, a comprehensive review examining PITX1's role in oncology remains lacking. This review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of PITX1 in different cancer types, with a particular focus on its clinicopathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yongfeng Xu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chen C, Guo H, Zhou C, Wang H, Liu Z. PITX1 suppresses osteosarcoma metastasis through exosomal LINC00662-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023; 40:79-93. [PMID: 36334221 PMCID: PMC9898340 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) is frequently downregulated in cancers, including osteosarcoma (OS). However, its role in OS remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to explore the functions and potential mechanisms of PITX1 in OS malignant progression. Elevated PITX1 suppressed OS cell proliferation and migration, based on transwell, proliferation, and colony formation assays. Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially-expressed genes between PITX1-overexpressing and control OS cells indicated that PITX1 expression was associated with the FAK/Src and PI3k/Akt signaling pathways. Mechanistically, ubiquitination assays and rescue experiments showed that PITX1 interacted with transcription factor STAT3, leading to decreased STAT3 transcriptional activity, which repressed the expression of LINC00662. Specific knockdown of LINC00662 reduced the tumor growth and invasion of OS cells induced by downregulated PITX1. Moreover, exosomal LINC00662, derived from PITX1 knockdown OS cell lines activated M2 macrophages in cell co-culture assays. M2 macrophage secreted several cytokines, among which CCL22 was found to cause OS cell EMT. Collectively, our data indicate that PITX1 suppresses OS cell proliferation and metastasis by downregulating LINC00662. Moreover, LINC00662 can be packaged into OS cell-derived exosomes to mediate M2 macrophage polarization to promote OS metastasis via CCL22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yelong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuangzhen Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunbin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
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Sha Z, Hao S, Long F, Wei Y, Chen S, Li T, Yi L, Hu L, Lin Z, Xian J, Pei X. Transcription factor CDX2 up-regulates proto-oncogenic miR-744 via a promoter activation mechanism in non-small-cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1538. [PMID: 34790744 PMCID: PMC8576675 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2) in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mRNA (message RNA) expression of CDX2 in NSCLC, and to determine its relationship with miR-744 (microRNA744) and its potential as a biomarker of NSCLC. Methods MiR-744 is overexpressed in A549, H460, and H1299 cell lines. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) essay was performed to determine the CDX2 binding sites. We then conducted a luciferase reporter essay to analyze interaction between MiR-744 and 3'UTRs (the 3' untranslated sequences). The migration and Boyden chamber method were used to study cell mobility. Results In this study, we found that ectopic CDX2 increased the expression of miR-744, while the attenuation of CDX2 reduced the expression of miR-744 by qRT-PCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that CDX2 directly binds to the promoter of miR-744. The luciferase reporter assay further verified the binding sites of −347 to −358 bp in the most likely promoter like sequence of miR-744. CDX2-induced up-regulation of miR-744 can significantly promote the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells, while overexpression CDX2 is sufficient to rescue the migration and invasion capacity of these cells following knockdown of miR-744. Conclusions In summary, our results confirmed for the first time the regulatory mechanism of CDX2 on miR-744 transcription and provided a potential mechanism for CDX2 as an oncogene in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Sha
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Song Hao
- Spinal Surgery Department, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengjiao Long
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yajun Wei
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaoyi Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lina Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Liyang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianzhong Xian
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Pei
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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PITX1 inhibits the growth and proliferation of melanoma cells through regulation of SOX family genes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18405. [PMID: 34526609 PMCID: PMC8443576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer wherein resistance to treatment prevails. Therefore, it is important to discover novel molecular targets of melanoma progression as potential treatments. Here we show that paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) plays a crucial role in the inhibition of melanoma progression through regulation of SRY-box transcription factors (SOX) gene family mRNA transcription. Overexpression of PITX1 in melanoma cell lines resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. Additionally, analysis of protein levels revealed an antagonistic cross-regulation between SOX9 and SOX10. Interestingly, PITX1 binds to the SOX9 promoter region as a positive regulatory transcription factor; PITX1 mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with SOX9 expression, and negatively correlated with SOX10 expression in melanoma tissues. Furthermore, transcription of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), survival-associated mitochondrial melanoma-specific oncogenic noncoding RNA (SAMMSON), was decreased in PITX1-overexpressing cells. Taken together, the findings in this study indicate that PITX1 may act as a negative regulatory factor in the development and progression of melanoma via direct targeting of the SOX signaling.
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Karakasheva TA, Kijima T, Shimonosono M, Maekawa H, Sahu V, Gabre JT, Cruz-Acuña R, Giroux V, Sangwan V, Whelan KA, Natsugoe S, Yoon AJ, Philipone E, Klein-Szanto AJ, Ginsberg GG, Falk GW, Abrams JA, Que J, Basu D, Ferri L, Diehl JA, Bass AJ, Wang TC, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Generation and Characterization of Patient-Derived Head and Neck, Oral, and Esophageal Cancer Organoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 53:e109. [PMID: 32294323 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancers comprise adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, two distinct histologic subtypes. Both are difficult to treat and among the deadliest human malignancies. We describe protocols to initiate, grow, passage, and characterize patient-derived organoids (PDO) of esophageal cancers, as well as squamous cell carcinomas of oral/head-and-neck and anal origin. Formed rapidly (<14 days) from a single-cell suspension embedded in basement membrane matrix, esophageal cancer PDO recapitulate the histology of the original tumors. Additionally, we provide guidelines for morphological analyses and drug testing coupled with functional assessment of cell response to conventional chemotherapeutics and other pharmacological agents in concert with emerging automated imaging platforms. Predicting drug sensitivity and potential therapy resistance mechanisms in a moderate-to-high throughput manner, esophageal cancer PDO are highly translatable in personalized medicine for customized esophageal cancer treatments. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of esophageal cancer PDO Basic Protocol 2: Propagation and cryopreservation of esophageal cancer PDO Basic Protocol 3: Imaged-based monitoring of organoid size and growth kinetics Basic Protocol 4: Harvesting esophageal cancer PDO for histological analyses Basic Protocol 5: PDO content analysis by flow cytometry Basic Protocol 6: Evaluation of drug response with determination of the half-inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) Support Protocol: Production of RN in HEK293T cell conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hisatsugu Maekawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Varun Sahu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joel T Gabre
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Angela J Yoon
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Philipone
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julian A Abrams
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam J Bass
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Ballester V, Taylor WR, Slettedahl SW, Mahoney DW, Yab TC, Sinicrope FA, Boland CR, Lidgard GP, Cruz-Correa MR, Smyrk TC, Boardman LA, Ahlquist DA, Kisiel JB. Novel methylated DNA markers accurately discriminate Lynch syndrome associated colorectal neoplasia. Epigenomics 2020; 12:2173-2187. [PMID: 33350853 PMCID: PMC7923255 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Acquired molecular changes in Lynch syndrome (LS) colorectal tumors have been largely unstudied. We identified methylated DNA markers (MDMs) for discrimination of colorectal neoplasia in LS and determined if these MDMs were comparably discriminant in sporadic patients. Patients & methods: For LS discovery, we evaluated DNA from 53 colorectal case and control tissues using next generation sequencing. For validation, blinded methylation-specific PCR assays to the selected MDMs were performed on 197 cases and controls. Results: OPLAH was the most discriminant MDM with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥0.97 for colorectal neoplasia in LS and sporadic tissues. ALKBH5, was uniquely hypermethylated in LS neoplasms. Conclusion: Highly discriminant MDMs for colorectal neoplasia in LS were identified with potential use in screening and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veroushka Ballester
- Division of Digestive & Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William R Taylor
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy C Yab
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Frank A Sinicrope
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Marcia R Cruz-Correa
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Thomas C Smyrk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lisa A Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David A Ahlquist
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John B Kisiel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ohira T, Kojima H, Kuroda Y, Aoki S, Inaoka D, Osaki M, Wanibuchi H, Okada F, Oshimura M, Kugoh H. PITX1 protein interacts with ZCCHC10 to regulate hTERT mRNA transcription. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217605. [PMID: 31404068 PMCID: PMC6690549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein ribonucleic enzyme that is essential for cellular immortalization via elongation of telomere repeat sequences at the end of chromosomes. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase holoenzyme, is a key regulator of telomerase activity. Telomerase activity, which has been detected in the majority of cancer cells, is accompanied by hTERT expression, suggesting that this enzyme activity contributes to an unlimited replication potential of cancer cells via regulation of telomere length. Thus, hTERT is an attractive target for cancer-specific treatments. We previously reported that pared-like homeodomain 1 (PITX1) is a negative regulator of hTERT through direct binding to the hTERT promoter. However, the mechanism by which the function of PITX1 contributes to transcriptional silencing of the hTERT gene remains to be clarified. Here, we show that PITX1 and zinc finger CCHC-type containing 10 (ZCCHC10) proteins cooperate to facilitate the transcriptional regulation of the hTERT gene by functional studies via FLAG pull-down assay. Co-expression of PITX1 and ZCCHC10 resulted in inhibition of hTERT transcription, in melanoma cell lines, whereas mutate-deletion of homeodomain in PITX1 that interact with ZCCHC10 did not induce similar phenotypes. In addition, ZCCHC10 expression levels showed marked decrease in the majority of melanoma cell lines and tissues. Taken together, these results suggest that ZCCHC10-PITX1 complex is the functional unit that suppresses hTERT transcription, and may play a crucial role as a novel tumor suppressor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Ohira
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hirotada Kojima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Kuroda
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aoki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Daigo Inaoka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kugoh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kei S, Adeyi OA. Practical Application of Lineage-Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers: Transcription Factors (Sometimes) Behaving Badly. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:626-643. [PMID: 31385722 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0226-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate gene expression and control RNA transcription from DNA. Lineage-specific TFs have increasingly been used by pathologists to determine tumor lineage, especially in the setting of metastatic tumors of unknown primary, among other uses. With experience gathered from its daily application and increasing pitfalls reported from immunohistochemical studies, these often-touted highly specific TFs are not as reliable as once thought. OBJECTIVES.— To summarize the established roles of many of the commonly used TFs in clinical practice and to discuss known and potential sources for error (eg, false-positivity from cross-reactivity, aberrant, and overlap "lineage-specific" expression) in their application and interpretation. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review and the authors' personal practice experience were used. Several examples selected from the University Health Network (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) are illustrated. CONCLUSIONS.— The application of TF diagnostic immunohistochemistry has enabled pathologists to better assess the lineage/origin of primary and metastatic tumors. However, the awareness of potential pitfalls is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Kei
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
| | - Oyedele A Adeyi
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
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Shen K, Zhang S, Ma S, Zhang H. Molecular Markers and Diagnostic Model Specific for Barrett's Esophagus. J Comput Biol 2019; 26:1367-1378. [PMID: 31259619 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2019.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers involved in the progression of Barrett's esophagus (BE) have not been extensively studied. We aimed to identify novel molecular markers for the early diagnosis of BE. The expression profiles of GSE100843 including BE segment and normal squamous mucosa samples before and after vitamin D3 supplementation were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the limma package. Principal component analysis was performed using Minitab, and DEGs in the top three principal components were clustered into different gene sets by the mclust package. Pathways and functions enriched by these gene sets were evaluated by deregulation score analysis. Key genes associated with BE were identified by coexpression analysis and a genetic algorithm. Using the xgboost package, an XGBoost classifier specific for BE was further constructed based on the key genes. A total of 2598 DEGs were identified, which were further clustered into nine gene sets. According to the deregulation scores of pathways and functions enriched by these gene sets, nine functional and pathway terms were significantly deregulated in BE. Among the DEGs, CREB3L1, HNF1B, and IL35 were genes with high fitness levels and connectivity degrees, predicting that they were key genes associated with BE. The XGBoost classifier constructed using the key genes was efficient and robust in BE prediction. The accuracies for prediction were 93% and 87% for training and validation datasets, respectively. Key genes may serve as novel biomarkers of BE, and the XGBoost classifier may contribute to the diagnosis of BE in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shurong Ma
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haishan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shen X, Gu Y, Yu S, Gong P, Mao Y, Li Y, Zheng Y, Qiao F, Zhao Z, Fan H. Silenced PITX1 promotes chemotherapeutic resistance to 5-fluorocytosine and cisplatin in gastric cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4046-4054. [PMID: 31007741 PMCID: PMC6468935 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs leads to a poor prognosis in gastric cancer (GC). The present study aimed to assess the association between pituitary homeobox paired homeodomain transcription 1 (PITX1) expression and the sensitivity of GC cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP). In the present study, the gastric cancer cell lines GES-1, AGS, BGC-823, MCG-803 and SGC-7901 were used. The expression of PITX1 was determined via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in GC cell lines. AGS and BGC-823 cells, which exhibit a decreased PITX1 expression, were transfected with a PITX1 cDNA construct and its control vector. MCG-803 and SGC-7901 cells, which exhibit an increased PITX1 expression, were transfected with siRNA against PITX1 and its control scramble sequence. A Cell Counting kit-8 assay was performed to determine the impact of PITX1 expression on the sensitivity of GC cells to 5-FU and CDDP. The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to analyze the expression of PITX1 with GC prognosis in the Asian population and to assess the potential mechanism of PITX1 in 5-FU and CDDP resistance. The results revealed that the overexpression of PIXT1 increased the sensitivity of GC cells to 5-FU/CDDP. The combination of 5-FU/CDDP and PITX1 overexpression also reduced the proliferation of GC cells. Additionally, PIXT1 knockdown decreased the sensitivity of GC cells to 5-FU/CDDP. TCGA data revealed that a lower expression of PITX1 is exhibited in Asian GC patients than in normal individuals. GC patients with a lower expression of PITX1 had a poor prognosis. The expression of PITX1 affected the sensitivity of GC cells to 5-FU/CDDP, indicating that PITX1 may increase the efficacy of treatment in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Shen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yuejun Gu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Shengling Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Pihai Gong
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Mao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fengchang Qiao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhujiang Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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11
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DNA hypermethyation and silencing of PITX1 correlated with advanced stage and poor postoperative prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84434-84448. [PMID: 29137437 PMCID: PMC5663609 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is associated with the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in the background mucosa. Dysregulated DNA methylation is known to lead to the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes. To identify the genes whose expression is perturbed by abnormal DNA methylation in ESCC, integrative transcriptomics by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and methylome sequencing by methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) analysis were performed. We found 159 genes with significantly decreased expression in ESCC compared to that in noncancerous esophageal mucosa. MeDIP-seq analysis identified hypermethylation in the promoter region of 56 of these genes. Using surgically resected tissues of 40 cases, we confirmed that the paired-like homeodomain 1 (PITX1) gene was hypermethylated in ESCC compared to that in normal tissues (P < 0.0001) by pyrosequencing. PITX1 overexpression in ESCC cell lines inhibited cell growth and colony formation, whereas PITX1 knockdown accelerated cell growth. A PITX1-transfected ESCC cell line, KYSE30, formed smaller tumors in nude mice than in mock-transfected cells. Hypermethylation of PITX1 was associated with tumor depth (P = 0.0011) and advanced tumor stage (P = 0.0052) and predicted poor survival in ESCC (hazard ratio, 0.1538; 95% confidence interval, 0.03159–0.7488; P = 0.0169). In this study, we found a novel tumor suppressor gene of ESCC, PITX1, which is silenced by DNA hypermethylation. Downregulation of PITX1 contributes to the growth and progression of ESCC. Hypermethylation of the PITX1 in ESCC correlated with tumor progression and advanced stage cancer, and may predict a poor prognosis.
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12
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Joo MK, Park JJ, Chun HJ. Impact of homeobox genes in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8247-8256. [PMID: 27729732 PMCID: PMC5055856 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i37.8247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes, including HOX and non-HOX genes, have been identified to be expressed aberrantly in solid tumors. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, most studies have focused on the function of non-HOX genes including caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 1 (CDX1) and CDX2. CDX2 is a crucial factor in the development of pre-cancerous lesions such as Barrett’s esophagus or intestinal metaplasia in the stomach, and its tumor suppressive role has been investigated in colorectal cancers. Recently, several HOX genes were reported to have specific roles in GI cancers; for example, HOXA13 in esophageal squamous cell cancer and HOXB7 in stomach and colorectal cancers. HOXD10 is upregulated in colorectal cancer while it is silenced epigenetically in gastric cancer. Thus, it is essential to examine the differential expression pattern of various homeobox genes in specific tumor types or cell lineages, and understand their underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the available research on homeobox genes and present their potential value for the prediction of prognosis in GI cancers.
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13
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Barut F, Udul P, Kokturk F, Kandemir NO, Keser SH, Ozdamar SO. Clinicopathological features and pituitary homeobox 1 gene expression in the progression and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:494-500. [PMID: 27742032 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence that PITX1 (pituitary homeobox 1) is a significant tumor suppressor in human cancer remains largely circumstantial, but it clearly warrants further study as little is known about the tumor-inhibitory roles of PITX1 in cutaneous malignant melanoma. The aims of this study were to investigate PITX1 gene expression in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma and to evaluate its potential relevance to clinicopathological characteristics and tumor cell proliferation. Clinicopathological findings of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma were analyzed retrospectively. PITX1 and Ki-67 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry in malignant melanoma and healthy tissue samples from each patient. Labeling indices were calculated based on PITX1 gene and Ki-67 expression. The correlation between PITX1and Ki-67 expressions was analyzed in cutaneous malignant melanoma cases. The relationship between PITX1 expression intensity and clinicopathological characteristics was also analyzed. PITX1 expression was observed in all (100%) normal healthy skin tissue samples. In addition, PITX1 expression was found in 56 (80%) and was absent in 14 (20%) of the 70 cutaneous malignant melanoma cases. Ki-67 positive expression was only detected in the 14 (20%) PITX1-negative cases. PITX1-positive tumor cells were observed on the surface, but Ki-67 positive tumor cells were observed in deeper zones of the tumor nests. PITX1 expression was downregulated in human cutaneous malignant melanoma lesions compared with healthy skin tissue, but Ki-67 expression was upregulated in concordance with the progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. PITX1 expression may be involved in tumor progression and is a potential tumor suppressor gene and prognostic marker for cutaneous malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Perihan Udul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Kokturk
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Onak Kandemir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Hallac Keser
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Lutfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukru Oguz Ozdamar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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14
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Takenobu M, Osaki M, Fujiwara K, Fukuhara T, Kitano H, Kugoh H, Okada F. PITX1 is a novel predictor of the response to chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:89-94. [PMID: 27330773 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary homeobox 1 (PITX1) protein is essential for developmental processes in humans. Previously, PITX1 was identified as a possible tumor suppressor gene in various types of human carcinoma. However, the association between PITX1 and human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains to be elucidated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the expression levels of PITX1 in 47 cases of HNSCC, and in 4 control cases. The expression of p53 was also examined in these cases. The labeling indices (LIs) were calculated, and the correlations between clinical factors (chemosensitivity, prognosis and the degree of differentiation) and the LIs were assessed. The PITX1 LI in HNSCC was 27.4±14.5%, which was significantly lower compared with the LIs of the control samples: 76.9±6.97% (P<0.05). Additionally, the PITX1 LIs were 39.9±6.2, 26.9±16.9 and 24.2±11.8% in the complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease or progressive disease (SD/PD) groups, respectively. The PITX1 LI in the CR group revealed the highest result between the all groups, and it was significantly greater compared with that in the SD/PD group (P<0.01). The p53 LIs were 24.5±19.9, 25.7±16.9 and 19.8±13.8 in the CR, PR and SD/PD groups, respectively (P>0.05). Neither the PITX1 nor the p53 LIs were a statistically significant indicator of the prognosis. PITX1 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene and a possible predictive biomarker of chemosensitivity of human HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Takenobu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Fujiwara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuhara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kitano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kugoh
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science; Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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15
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Studies of Tumor Suppressor Genes via Chromosome Engineering. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 8:cancers8010004. [PMID: 26729168 PMCID: PMC4728451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of malignant tumors likely result from consecutive accumulation of genetic alterations, including dysfunctional tumor suppressor genes. However, the signaling mechanisms that underlie the development of tumors have not yet been completely elucidated. Discovery of novel tumor-related genes plays a crucial role in our understanding of the development and progression of malignant tumors. Chromosome engineering technology based on microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) is an effective approach for identification of tumor suppressor genes. The studies have revealed at least five tumor suppression effects. The discovery of novel tumor suppressor genes provide greater understanding of the complex signaling pathways that underlie the development and progression of malignant tumors. These advances are being exploited to develop targeted drugs and new biological therapies for cancer.
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16
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Ariyo EO, Booy EP, Patel TR, Dzananovic E, McRae EK, Meier M, McEleney K, Stetefeld J, McKenna SA. Biophysical Characterization of G-Quadruplex Recognition in the PITX1 mRNA by the Specificity Domain of the Helicase RHAU. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144510. [PMID: 26649896 PMCID: PMC4674103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids rich in guanine are able to fold into unique structures known as G-quadruplexes. G-quadruplexes consist of four tracts of guanylates arranged in parallel or antiparallel strands that are aligned in stacked G-quartet planes. The structure is further stabilized by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds and monovalent cations centered between the planes. RHAU (RNA helicase associated with AU-rich element) is a member of the ATP-dependent DExH/D family of RNA helicases and can bind and resolve G-quadruplexes. RHAU contains a core helicase domain with an N-terminal extension that enables recognition and full binding affinity to RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes. PITX1, a member of the bicoid class of homeobox proteins, is a transcriptional activator active during development of vertebrates, chiefly in the anterior pituitary gland and several other organs. We have previously demonstrated that RHAU regulates PITX1 levels through interaction with G-quadruplexes at the 3’-end of the PITX1 mRNA. To understand the structural basis of G-quadruplex recognition by RHAU, we characterize a purified minimal PITX1 G-quadruplex using a variety of biophysical techniques including electrophoretic mobility shift assays, UV-VIS spectroscopy, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our biophysical analysis provides evidence that the RNA G-quadruplex, but not its DNA counterpart, can adopt a parallel orientation, and that only the RNA can interact with N-terminal domain of RHAU via the tetrad face of the G-quadruplex. This work extends our insight into how the N-terminal region of RHAU recognizes parallel G-quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O. Ariyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Evan P. Booy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Trushar R. Patel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, United Kingdom
| | - Edis Dzananovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ewan K. McRae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Markus Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kevin McEleney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jorg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sean A. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ke J, Lou J, Chen X, Li J, Liu C, Gong Y, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Gong J. Identification of a Potential Regulatory Variant for Colorectal Cancer Risk Mapping to Chromosome 5q31.1: A Post-GWAS Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138478. [PMID: 26381143 PMCID: PMC4575091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have established chromosome 5q31.1 as a susceptibility locus for colorectal cancer (CRC), which was still lack of causal genetic variants. We searched potentially regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the overlap region between linkage disequilibrium (LD) block of 5q31.1 and regulatory elements predicted by histone modifications, then tested their association with CRC via a case-control study. Among three candidate common variants, we found rs17716310 conferred significantly (heterozygous model: OR = 1.273, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.016–1.595, P = 0.036) and marginally (dominant model: OR = 1.238, 95%CI = 1.000–1.532, P = 0.050) increase risk for CRC in a Chinese population including 695 cases and 709 controls. This variation was suggested to be regulatory altering the activity of enhancer that control PITX1 expression. Using epigenetic information such as chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) data might help researchers to interpret the results of GWAS and locate causal variants for diseases in post-GWAS era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Kong G, Liu Z, Wu K, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Feng W, Chen S, Wang H. Strong expression of paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) is associated with a favorable outcome in human osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7735-41. [PMID: 25936343 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in various cancers. However, the biological and clinical significance of PITX1 in osteosarcoma has not been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the expression and clinical significance of PITX1 in 6 normal lower limb bone tissue specimens and 35 osteosarcoma tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. PITX1 was expressed in all normal tissues (6/6, 100 %) and in 85.7 % (30/35) of tumor tissues (P > 0.05). In addition, all normal tissue specimens showed high PITX1 expression (6/6, 100 %) while only 23.3 % (7/30) osteosarcoma tissue specimens had high PITX1 expression (P < 0.05). Patients with median overall survival (OS) >12 months had significantly higher PITX1 levels compared with those whose median OS was less than or equal to 12 months (P < 0.05 or 0.001). Furthermore, patients with lung metastasis had significantly lower PITX1 levels than patients without lung metastasis. In conclusion, PITX1 expression is downregulated in osteosarcoma and correlates with patient survival and lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengbin Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kezhou Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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miR-19b regulates hTERT mRNA expression through targeting PITX1 mRNA in melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8201. [PMID: 25643913 PMCID: PMC4314654 DOI: 10.1038/srep08201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) plays a crucial role in cancer development. We previously identified paired-like homeodomain1 (PITX1) as an hTERT suppressor gene. However, the underlying mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of PITX1 remain unknown. Here, we report that the microRNA-19b (miR-19b) regulates hTERT expression and cell proliferation through inhibition of PITX1. Compared with normal melanocyte cells, miR-19b expression was higher in most melanoma cells and was accompanied by downregulation of PITX1. Moreover, overexpression of miR-19b inhibited PITX1 mRNA translation through a miR-19b binding site within the 3'UTR of the PITX1 mRNA. Our combined findings indicate the participation of miR-19b as a novel upstream effector of hTERT transcription via direct targeting of PITX1.
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20
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with colorectal cancer susceptibility and loss of heterozygosity in a Taiwanese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100060. [PMID: 24968322 PMCID: PMC4072675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the significant racial and ethnic diversity in genetic variation, we are intrigued to find out whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genome-wide association studies of colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility in East Asian populations are also relevant to the population of Taiwan. Moreover, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) may provide insight into how variants alter CRC risk and how regulatory elements control gene expression. To investigate the racial and ethnic diversity of CRC-susceptibility genetic variants and their relevance to the Taiwanese population, we genotyped 705 CRC cases and 1,802 healthy controls (Taiwan Biobank) for fifteen previously reported East Asian CRC-susceptibility SNPs and four novel genetic variants identified by whole-exome sequencing. We found that rs10795668 in FLJ3802842 and rs4631962 in CCND2 were significantly associated with CRC risk in the Taiwanese population. The previously unreported rs1338565 was associated with a significant increased risk of CRC. In addition, we also genotyped tumor tissue and paired adjacent normal tissues of these 705 CRC cases to search for LOH, as well as risk-associated and protective alleles. LOH analysis revealed preferential retention of three SNPs, rs12657484, rs3802842, and rs4444235, in tumor tissues. rs4444235 has been recently reported to be a cis-acting regulator of BMP4 gene; in this study, the C allele was preferentially retained in tumor tissues (p = 0.0023). rs4631962 and rs10795668 contribute to CRC risk in the Taiwanese and East Asian populations, and the newly identified rs1338565 was specifically associated with CRC, supporting the ethnic diversity of CRC-susceptibility SNPs. LOH analysis suggested that the three CRC risk variants, rs12657484, rs3802842, and rs4444235, exhibited somatic allele-specific imbalance and might be critical during neoplastic progression.
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21
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Hyland PL, Hu N, Rotunno M, Su H, Wang C, Wang L, Pfeiffer RM, Gherman B, Giffen C, Dykes C, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC, Johnson KM, Acosta RD, Young PE, Cash BD, Taylor PR. Global changes in gene expression of Barrett's esophagus compared to normal squamous esophagus and gastric cardia tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93219. [PMID: 24714516 PMCID: PMC3979678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic precursor lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA), the most rapidly increasing cancer in western societies. While the prevalence of BE is increasing, the vast majority of EA occurs in patients with undiagnosed BE. Thus, we sought to identify genes that are altered in BE compared to the normal mucosa of the esophagus, and which may be potential biomarkers for the development or diagnosis of BE. DESIGN We performed gene expression analysis using HG-U133A Affymetrix chips on fresh frozen tissue samples of Barrett's metaplasia and matched normal mucosa from squamous esophagus (NE) and gastric cardia (NC) in 40 BE patients. RESULTS Using a cut off of 2-fold and P<1.12E-06 (0.05 with Bonferroni correction), we identified 1324 differentially-expressed genes comparing BE vs NE and 649 differentially-expressed genes comparing BE vs NC. Except for individual genes such as the SOXs and PROM1 that were dysregulated only in BE vs NE, we found a subset of genes (n = 205) whose expression was significantly altered in both BE vs NE and BE vs NC. These genes were overrepresented in different pathways, including TGF-β and Notch. CONCLUSION Our findings provide additional data on the global transcriptome in BE tissues compared to matched NE and NC tissues which should promote further understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of genes involved in BE development, as well as insight into novel genes that may be useful as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of BE in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L. Hyland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Rotunno
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hua Su
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lemin Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Carol Giffen
- Information Management Services, Inc, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cathy Dykes
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanford M. Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Johnson
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruben D. Acosta
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Young
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brooks D. Cash
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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PITX1 is a reliable biomarker for predicting prognosis in patients with oral epithelial dysplasia. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:750-754. [PMID: 24527083 PMCID: PMC3919858 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain 1 (PITX1) genes are essential in human development. In the present study, PITX1 protein expression was evaluated in human normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with the aim of examining the expression patterns of these critical genes during the multi-stage transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia to OSCC. PITX1 and Ki-67 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 26 individuals with normal oral mucosa, 106 patients with oral epithelial dysplasia and 97 OSCC patients. The labeling indices (LIs) of PITX1 and Ki-67 were calculated and their correlation with the incidence of malignancy was evaluated. The PITX1 LI of the dysplasia specimens was significantly lower than that of the normal oral mucosa samples, but significantly higher than that of the OSCC samples. The oral epithelial dysplasia patients that exhibited low PITX1 expression showed a significantly higher incidence of malignant transformation than those exhibiting high PITX1 expression, regardless of the histological grades of their oral epithelial dysplasias. On the other hand, no correlation was observed between the Ki-67 LI and the incidence of malignancy. These results suggested that PITX1 suppression is associated with malignant transformation in the oral epithelium and that PITX1 expression may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting prognosis in oral epithelial dysplasia.
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23
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Booy EP, Howard R, Marushchak O, Ariyo EO, Meier M, Novakowski SK, Deo SR, Dzananovic E, Stetefeld J, McKenna SA. The RNA helicase RHAU (DHX36) suppresses expression of the transcription factor PITX1. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:3346-61. [PMID: 24369427 PMCID: PMC3950718 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA Helicase associated with AU-rich element (RHAU) (DHX36) is a DEAH (Aspartic acid, Glumatic Acid, Alanine, Histidine)-box RNA helicase that can bind and unwind G4-quadruplexes in DNA and RNA. To detect novel RNA targets of RHAU, we performed an RNA co-immunoprecipitation screen and identified the PITX1 messenger RNA (mRNA) as specifically and highly enriched. PITX1 is a homeobox transcription factor with roles in both development and cancer. Primary sequence analysis identified three probable quadruplexes within the 3′-untranslated region of the PITX1 mRNA. Each of these sequences, when isolated, forms stable quadruplex structures that interact with RHAU. We provide evidence that these quadruplexes exist in the endogenous mRNA; however, we discovered that RHAU is tethered to the mRNA via an alternative non–quadruplex-forming region. RHAU knockdown by small interfering RNA results in significant increases in PITX1 protein levels with only marginal changes in mRNA, suggesting a role for RHAU in translational regulation. Involvement of components of the microRNA machinery is supported by similar and non-additive increases in PITX1 protein expression on Dicer and combined RHAU/Dicer knockdown. We also demonstrate a requirement of argonaute-2, a key RNA-induced silencing complex component, to mediate RHAU-dependent changes in PITX1 protein levels. These results demonstrate a novel role for RHAU in microRNA-mediated translational regulation at a quadruplex-containing 3′-untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Booy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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24
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Luis-Ravelo D, Antón I, Zandueta C, Valencia K, Ormazábal C, Martínez-Canarias S, Guruceaga E, Perurena N, Vicent S, De Las Rivas J, Lecanda F. A gene signature of bone metastatic colonization sensitizes for tumor-induced osteolysis and predicts survival in lung cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:5090-9. [PMID: 24166494 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is a frequent complication of advanced disease. The purpose of this study was to identify key mediators conferring robust prometastatic activity with clinical significance. We isolated highly metastatic subpopulations (HMS) using a previously described in vivo model of lung AC bone metastasis. We performed transcriptomic profiling of HMS and stringent bioinformatics filtering. Functional validation was assessed by overexpression and lentiviral silencing of single, double and triple combination in vivo and in vitro. We identified HDAC4, PITX1 and ROBO1 that decreased bone metastatic ability after their simultaneous abrogation. These effects were solely linked to defects in osseous colonization. The molecular mechanisms related to bone colonization were mediated by non-cell autonomous effects that include the following: (1) a marked decrease in osteoclastogenic activity in vitro and in vivo, an effect associated with reduced pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines IL-11 and PTHrP expression levels, as well as decreased in vitro expression of stromal rankl in conditions mimicking tumor-stromal interactions; (2) an abrogated response to TGF-β signaling by decreased phosphorylation and levels of Smad2/3 in tumor cells and (3) an impaired metalloproteolytic activity in vitro. Interestingly, coexpression of HDAC4 and PITX1 conferred high prometastatic activity in vivo. Further, levels of both genes correlated with patients at higher risk of metastasis in a clinical lung AC data set and with a poorer clinical outcome. These findings provide functional and clinical evidence that this metastatic subset is an important determinant of osseous colonization. These data suggest novel therapeutic targets to effectively block lung AC bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luis-Ravelo
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - I Antón
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Zandueta
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - K Valencia
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Ormazábal
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Canarias
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - E Guruceaga
- Bioinformatics and Proteomics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - N Perurena
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - S Vicent
- 1] Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain [2] Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J De Las Rivas
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Research Group, Cancer Research Center, University of Salamanca (CSIC/USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - F Lecanda
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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25
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Jia WH, Zhang B, Matsuo K, Shin A, Xiang YB, Jee SH, Kim DH, Ren Z, Cai Q, Long J, Shi J, Wen W, Yang G, Delahanty RJ, Ji BT, Pan ZZ, Matsuda F, Gao YT, Oh JH, Ahn YO, Park EJ, Li HL, Park JW, Jo J, Jeong JY, Hosono S, Casey G, Peters U, Shu XO, Zeng YX, Zheng W. Genome-wide association analyses in East Asians identify new susceptibility loci for colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2012; 45:191-6. [PMID: 23263487 PMCID: PMC3679924 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel genetic factors for colorectal cancer (CRC), we conducted a genome-wide association study in East Asians. By analyzing genome-wide data in 2,098 cases and 5,749 controls, we selected 64 promising SNPs for replication in an independent set of samples including up to 5,358 cases and 5,922 controls. We identified four SNPs with a P-value of 8.58 × 10−7 to 3.77 × 10−10 in the combined analysis of all East Asian samples. Three of the four SNPs were replicated in a study conducted among 26,060 European descendants with a combined P-value of 1.22 × 10−10 for rs647161 (5q31.1), 6.64 × 10−9 for rs2423279 (20p12.3), and 3.06 × 10−8 for rs10774214 (12p13.32 near the CCND2 gene), respectively, derived from the meta-analysis of data from both East Asian and European populations. This study identified three new CRC susceptibility loci and provides additional insight into the genetics and biology of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Knösel T, Chen Y, Hotovy S, Settmacher U, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Petersen I. Loss of desmocollin 1-3 and homeobox genes PITX1 and CDX2 are associated with tumor progression and survival in colorectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:1391-9. [PMID: 22438068 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomewide expression profiling has identified a number of genes differentially expressed in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) compared to normal tissue. Some of these genes were linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We tested whether genes including desmocollins and homeobox genes were distinct on the protein level and correlated the expression with clinicopathological data. METHODS Tissue microarrays of 402 R0-resected colorectal carcinomas of UICC stage II or III were constructed to evaluate ten biomarkers. Furthermore, mRNA expression of desmocollins was evaluated in eight colon cancer cell lines. Demethylation test was performed by treatment with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytide in five colon cancer cell lines. RESULTS On protein level, high expression of desmocollin 1 (DSC1) was observed in 41.6%, DSC2 in 58.0%, DSC3 in 61.4%, E-cadherin in 71.4%, CDX2 in 58.0%, PITX1 in 55.0%, CDK4 in 0.2%, TLE1 in 1.3%, Factor H in 42.5%, and MDM2 in 0.2%. Reduced expression of DSC1-3 was statistically linked to higher grading and DSC2, E-cadherin and CDX2 with shorter survival in high-grade carcinomas. Multivariate analysis showed that pathological stage and low PITX1 expression were statistically associated with shorter patients survival. On mRNA level, seven out of eight cell lines exhibited no expression of DSC1, and four out of seven restored DSC1 expression after demethylation test. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of PITX1 was independently correlated to shorter patients survival and could serve as a prognostic marker. Decreased expression of DSC1-3 is significantly correlated with higher tumor grading. Downregulation of DSC1 could be explained by DNA hypermethylation in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchnerstr. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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27
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Lee BH, Kim N, Lee HS, Kang JM, Park HK, Jo HJ, Shin CM, Lee SH, Park YS, Hwang JH, Kim JW, Jeong SH, Lee DH, Jung HC, Song IS. The Role of CDX2 in Intestinal Metaplasia Evaluated Using Immunohistochemistry. Gut Liver 2012; 6:71-7. [PMID: 22375174 PMCID: PMC3286742 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2012.6.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Intestinal metaplasia (IM) has been regarded as a premalignant condition. This study evaluated the role of the transforming factor CDX2 according to the severity and type of IM. Methods This analysis was performed on 383 subjects with IM in the antrum and/or body, with diagnoses that were categorized as controls, dysplasias, and gastric cancers. The IM grades were classified into four groups as negative, mild, moderate or severe using the updated Sydney scoring system. The IM subtypes were categorized as type I, type II, and type III using high iron diamine and alcian blue (pH 2.5) staining. The CDX2 expression in the IM foci was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in specimens from the antrum and/or body. Results CDX2 expression increased according to IM severity (p=0.001) but was not associated with the IM subtype (p=0.881) in the antrum specimens. Similarly, CDX2 expression increased according to the IM grade (p=0.001) but was not associated with the IM subtype (p=0.755) in the body specimens. CDX2 expression was also increased according to baseline disease in the antrum, especially dysplastic and GC group (p=0.003), but not in the body (p=0.582). However, status of Helicobacter pylori infection was not associated with CDX2 expression in the antrum (p=0.692) and body (p=0.271). Conclusions These results show that CDX2 expression is associated with the IM grade regardless of the IM subtype and that it was more frequent in the dysplasia group. These results suggest that CDX2 expression might play an important role in the progression of IM in various environments that can affect neoplastic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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28
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Saad RS, Ghorab Z, Khalifa MA, Xu M. CDX2 as a marker for intestinal differentiation: Its utility and limitations. World J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 3:159-66. [PMID: 22180832 PMCID: PMC3240675 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v3.i11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CDX2 is a nuclear homeobox transcription factor that belongs to the caudal-related family of CDX homeobox genes. The gene encoding CDX2 is a nonclustered hexapeptide located on chromosome 13q12-13. Homeobox genes play an essential role in the control of normal embryonic development. CDX2 is crucial for axial patterning of the alimentary tract during embryonic development and is involved in the processes of intestinal cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and apoptosis. It is considered specific for enterocytes and has been used for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. CDX2 expression has been reported to be organ specific and is normally expressed throughout embryonic and postnatal life within the nuclei of epithelial cells of the alimentary tract from the proximal duodenum to the distal rectum. In this review, the authors elaborate on the diagnostic utility of CDX2 in gastrointestinal tumors and other neoplasms with intestinal differentiation. Limitations with its use as the sole predictor of a gastrointestinal origin of metastatic carcinomas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda S Saad
- Reda S Saad, Zeina Ghorab, Mahmoud A Khalifa, Department of Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
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29
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Green NH, Huang Q, Corfe BM, Bury JP, MacNeil S. NF-κB is activated in oesophageal fibroblasts in response to a paracrine signal generated by acid-exposed primary oesophageal squamous cells. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:345-56. [PMID: 21668534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal exposure to duodenogastro-oesophageal refluxate leads to reflux oesophagitis and is implicated in the development of Barrett's metaplasia (BM). NF-κB signalling in epithelial cells is associated with the activation of transcription factors believed to be central to BM development, whilst NF-κB activation in fibroblasts plays a critical role in matrix remodelling. Our aim was to study the effects of acid exposure on NF-κB activation in primary human oesophageal fibroblasts (HOFs) and primary and immortalized oesophageal squames and to investigate any epithelial/stromal interactions in the response of these cells to acid. Primary HOFs and primary and immortalized oesophageal epithelial cells were exposed to acid (pH 7 - pH 4 ≤ 120 min) in single or pulsed treatments. Conditioned medium from epithelial cells following acid exposure was also applied to fibroblasts. Cell viability was determined by MTT-ESTA. NF-κB activation was determined by cellular localization of NF-κB/p65 visualized by immunofluorescence. Conditioned medium from oesophageal epithelial cells, subjected to pH 5 pulsatile exposure, activated NF-κB in fibroblasts, with some inter-patient variability, but these conditions did not directly activate NF-κB in the epithelial cells themselves. Significant NF-κB activation was seen in the epithelial cells but only with greater acidity and exposure times (pH 4, 60-120 min). Our findings show that acid exposure can cause indirect activation of stromal cells by epithelial-stromal interactions. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of oesophageal diseases, and the inter-patient variability may go some way to explain why some patients with reflux oesophagitis develop BM and others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola H Green
- Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Effects of Homeodomain Protein CDX2 Expression on the Proliferation and Migration of Lovo Colon Cancer Cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:743-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Barrett's esophagus is an acquired metaplastic abnormality in which the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus is replaced by an intestinal-like columnar epithelium. While in itself a benign and asymptomatic disorder, the clinical importance of this relatively common condition relates to its role as a precursor lesion to esophageal adenocarcinoma, the incidence of which has dramatically increased in Western populations in recent years. Although known to arise as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying development Barrett's esophagus and its progression to cancer remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Phillips
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Libório TN, Acquafreda T, Matizonkas-Antonio LF, Silva-Valenzuela MG, Ferraz AR, Nunes FD. In situ hybridization detection of homeobox genes reveals distinct expression patterns in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Histopathology 2011; 58:225-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1624-36. [PMID: 21300782 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00470-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that maintains telomere length, is crucial for cellular immortalization and cancer progression. Telomerase activity is attributed primarily to the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) into the mouse melanoma cell line B16F10, we previously found that human chromosome 5 carries a gene, or genes, that can negatively regulate TERT expression (H. Kugoh, K. Shigenami, K. Funaki, J. Barrett, and M. Oshimura, Genes Chromosome Cancer 36:37-47, 2003). To identify the gene responsible for the regulation of TERT transcription, we performed cDNA microarray analysis using parental B16F10 cells, telomerase-negative B16F10 microcell hybrids with a human chromosome 5 (B16F10MH5), and its revertant clones (MH5R) with reactivated telomerase. Here, we report the identification of PITX1, whose expression leads to the downregulation of mouse tert (mtert) transcription, as a TERT suppressor gene. Additionally, both human TERT (hTERT) and mouse TERT (mtert) promoter activity can be suppressed by PITX1. We show that three and one binding site within the hTERT and mtert promoters, respectively, that express a unique conserved region are responsible for the transcriptional activation of TERT. Furthermore, we showed that PITX1 binds to the TERT promoter both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PITX1 suppresses TERT transcription through direct binding to the TERT promoter, which ultimately regulates telomerase activity.
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Liu FX, Wang WH, Wang J, Li J, Gao PP. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma formation in a rat model of chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Helicobacter 2011; 16:66-77. [PMID: 21241415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and Barrett's esophagus (BE), a rat model of chronic gastroesophageal reflux with H. pylori infection was established and the degree of inflammation, incidence of BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) were evaluated. METHODS Eight-week-old male specific-pathogen-free SD rats were divided into five groups randomly: pseudo-operation group; esophagojejunum anastomosis (EJA) group; EJA with H. pylori infection group; EJA with H. pylori infection and celecoxib-treated group; EJA with celecoxib-treated group. Rats were kept for 30 weeks after surgery. Esophageal lesion was evaluated grossly and microscopically. The expression of COX-2 and CDX2 was determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining. The level of PGE₂ was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Esophageal mucosal injury in the group of EJA with H. pylori infection was decreased than that in EJA group (p < .05). The incidence of BE and EA in rats undergoing EJA with H. pylori infection was increased than in rats undergoing EJA with no statistical difference. Celecoxib treatment decreased the incidence of EA in rats undergoing EJA with H. pylori infection (p < .05). The expression of CDX2 mRNA was decreased in rats with H. pylori infection or treated with celecoxib than in the rats of pseudo-operation group (p < .05). When compared with those in rats of pseudo-operation group, the expression of COX-2 mRNA and the level of PGE₂ were upregulated in rats undergoing EJA irrespective of H. pylori infection (p < .05) and downregulated in rats treated with celecoxib (p < .05). When H. pylori colonized in esophagus, the severity of inflammation and the incidence of BE and EA were increased significantly. Higher levels of COX-2 expression and PGE₂ were detected in rats with esophageal H. pylori colonization. CONCLUSIONS When H. pylori infect in stomach, it may reduce the severity of inflammation. However, when colonizes in esophagus, H. pylori increases the severity of esophageal inflammation and the incidence of BE and EA. Celecoxib administration attenuates the incidence of EA by inhibiting COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
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Mukherjee K, Chakravarthy AB, Goff LW, El-Rifai W. Esophageal adenocarcinoma: treatment modalities in the era of targeted therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:3304-14. [PMID: 20300841 PMCID: PMC2890301 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with a poor outcome, and its incidence continues to rise at an alarming rate. Current treatment strategies combining chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are plagued with high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Multiple molecular pathways including the epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ERBB2), and Aurora kinase pathways are activated in many esophageal adenocarcinomas. In many cases, these pathways have critical roles in tumor progression. Research on the mechanisms by which these pathways contribute to disease progression has resulted in numerous biologic agents and small molecules with the potential to improve outcome. The promise of targeted therapy and personalized medicine in improving the clinical outcome is now closer than it has ever been.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - A. Bapsi Chakravarthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Laura W. Goff
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
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The pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia and the progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 2010; 182:39-63. [PMID: 20676870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70579-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The most important risk factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus is the reflux of both gastric and duodenal contents into the esophagus. The reason why Barrett's metaplasia develops only in a minority of patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease remains unknown.The exact mechanism behind the transition of normal squamous epithelium into specialized columnar epithelium is also unclear. It is likely that stem cells are involved in this metaplastic change, as they are the only permanent residents of the epithelium. Several tumorigenic steps that lead to the underlying genetic instability, which is indispensable in the progression from columnar metaplasia to esophageal adenocarcinoma have been described. This review outlines the process of pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia and its progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus: bile acids inhibit the Notch signaling pathway with induction of CDX2 gene expression in human esophageal cells. Surgery 2009; 146:714-21; discussion 721-2. [PMID: 19789031 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the predominant risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. BE is characterized by intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells. Reflux of bile acids is known to induce intestinal metaplasia, but the mechanisms are unclear. Inhibition of Notch signaling accompanied by increased Hath1 and induction of caudal homeobox 2 (CDX2) may be involved in development of intestinal goblet cells. METHODS Esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines OE19 and OE33 were exposed for up to 8 hours to DCA (100-300 microM), and for up to 24 hours with and without the gamma-secretase inhibitor, DAPT (20 microM). Notch signaling components and CDX2 levels were measured by real-time PCR (for mRNA) and by Western blot analysis (for proteins). RESULTS DCA induced a time and concentration dependent decrease in Notch pathway components mRNAs in OE33 and in the proteins in both cell lines. CDX2 mRNA and Hath1 protein were increased in OE19 by 3-fold. Inhibition of Notch pathway by DAPT decreased downstream Notch signaling mRNAs and proteins in both cell lines and increased Hath1 and CDX2 proteins only in OE19. CONCLUSION Bile acid inhibition of Notch signaling in esophageal cells is correlated with an increase in Hath1 and CDX2 and may be one of the key processes contributing to the formation of BE.
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A tumorigenic homeobox (HOX) gene expressing human gastric cell line derived from putative gastric stem cell. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21:1016-23. [PMID: 19424076 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e32831d7b9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GOAL Study the mechanism of gastric tumor development. BACKGROUND We have generated and characterized a novel human gastric cell line, KMU-CS12 (CS12), from an immortal cell line, KMU-CSN (CSN; formerly named as GI2CS) which was derived from putative human gastric stem cell/progenitor cell clone, KMU-GI2. STUDY The characterization of the CS12 cell line includes gene expression by immunocytochemical staining, cell proliferation and differentiation potential, cyotogenetic analysis by Giemsa banding and spectral karyotype analysis (SKY), and tumorigenicity in immune-deficient congenic inbred, nude mice (BALB/cAnN-Foxn1nu/CrlNarl). The Agilent Human 1A oligo-array and RT-PCR were also employed to analyze the expression of homeobox (HOX) genes. RESULTS The CS12 gastric cell line showed cancer cell phenotypes, i.e. the ability of anchorage-independent growth high frequency (44%) and to the expression of Oct-4, a transcription factor expressed in embryonic stem cells and many types of cancer cells, and tumor development in immune deficient mice. SKY analysis indicated a characteristic duplication of the short arm of chromosome 7 to chromosome 12. Agilent Human 1A oligo-array analysis showed that the expression of 1145 genes was upregulated while that of 890 genes was downregulated in CS12 cells. RT-PCR revealed that homeobox genes (HOXA4, HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA13) were highly expressed in CS12 cells in culture, as well as tumor tissues developed by CS12 cells in immunodeficient mice for six to eight weeks. CONCLUSION Except for the duplication of the short arm of Chromosome 7 on Chromosome12, the karyotype of the tumorigenic CS12 cells is similar to the parental GI2 cells which are non-tumorigenic and normal in karyotype. This chromosomal change could be the cause for the high expression of HOXA genes and tumorigenicity of these cells found in this study. Thus HOXA genes might play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Avissar NE, Toia L, Hu Y, Watson TJ, Jones C, Raymond DP, Matousek A, Peters JH. Bile acid alone, or in combination with acid, induces CDX2 expression through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:212-22. [PMID: 18854960 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bile acids and acid are implicated in the development of Barrett's esophagus. Evidence suggests that Barrett's esophagus intestinal metaplasia may occur via induction of caudal homeobox gene 2 (CDX2). We hypothesized that induction of CDX2 by bile acids may be due to ligand-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). METHODS Human mucosal epithelial cells (SEG-1) were treated for 0 to 24 h with up to 300 microM deoxycholic acid (DCA) at pH 7 or 5 with or without (w/wo) antibodies against EGFR ligand-binding site (Mab528, 3-5 mug/ml). Treatment with 100 ng/ml EGF served as control. CDX2 mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. EGFR activation was analyzed by Westerns of phosphorylated EGFR tyrosines. RESULTS Acid (pH 5) increased the induction of CDX2 mRNA expression caused by DCA. CDX2 mRNA induction was markedly reduced by EGFR blockade with Mab528. Each treatment (pH 5, DCA or pH 5 plus DCA) activated the EGFR on all tyrosines tested but in different time courses. Phosphorylation by DCA was inhibited by Mab528. Activation of EGFR by DCA at pH 5 resulted in EGFR degradation, while that by DCA alone did not. CONCLUSION Thus, CDX2 induction by DCA w/wo acid occurs through ligand-dependent transactivation of the EGFR. The variations in EGFR degradation pattern with DCA or DCA at pH 5 indicate differential transactivation pathways. The molecular pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus may occur via bile-stimulated cell signaling through the EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly E Avissar
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Tischoff I, Tannapfel A. Barrett's esophagus: can biomarkers predict progression to malignancy? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 2:653-63. [PMID: 19072343 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2.5.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is one of the most common premalignant lesions and can progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. It is characterized histologically by a specialized intestinal metaplasia that replaces the squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus, and is associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. Similar to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal carcinomas, esophageal adenocarcinoma develops through progression from BE to low- and high-grade dysplasia, then to adenocarcinoma with accumulation of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. The exact malignancy potential of BE is uncertain. Dysplasia is the most predictive marker for risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, whereas endoscopic and histological diagnoses are still the gold standard for surveillance of patients with BE. However, both are limited, either by sampling errors in biopsies or by differences in histological interpretation. Several studies have identified candidate biomarkers that may have predictive value and may serve as additional factors for the risk assessment of esophageal adenocarcinoma. This review discusses the role of biomarkers in the progression from BE to adenocarcinoma, focusing on clinical and molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Tischoff
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz, Bochum 44789, Germany.
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Ikeda H, Sasaki M, Ohira S, Ishikawa A, Sato Y, Harada K, Zen Y, Nakanuma Y. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces the aberrant expression of mucus core protein-2 in non-neoplastic biliary epithelial cells via the upregulation of CDX2 in chronic cholangitis. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:1006-17. [PMID: 18507686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic cholangitis, such as hepatolithiasis, is frequently associated with goblet cell metaplasia and the aberrant expression of mucus core protein-2 (MUC2). In this study, we clarified the role of inflammatory cytokines in the expression of MUC2 in lining biliary epithelial cells (BEC) in chronic cholangitis with an emphasis on CDX2, an intestine-specific transcription factor. METHODS We used human hepatolithiatic livers and polycystic kidney (PCK) rats, an animal model of Caroli's disease, and cultured BEC from PCK rats. As a control, extrahepatic biliary obstruction and histologically normal livers and Crj:CD rats were used. RESULTS Immunohistochemically, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was expressed in periductal inflammatory cells and BEC of the affected intrahepatic bile ducts with an aberrant expression of MUC2 and CDX2 in hepatolithiasis and the PCK rats. In cultured BEC, TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and interferon-gamma induced the expression of CDX2 mRNA, though only TNF-alpha additionally induced the expression of MUC2 mRNA. The expression of CDX2 mRNA and the MUC2 protein induced in BEC by TNF-alpha were abolished by pretreatment of nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitors. CONCLUSION The aberrant expression of CDX2 and MUC2 in the affected bile ducts showing goblet cell metaplasia was closely associated with TNF-alpha expressed in periductal infiltrating inflammatory cells and BEC. TNF-alpha induced the expression of CDX2 and MUC2 in cultured BEC. Taken together, it seems likely that TNF-alpha plays a role in MUC2 expression via CDX2 upregulation in the bile ducts with chronic cholangitis and goblet cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeda
- Departments of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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van Baal JWPM, Bozikas A, Pronk R, Ten Kate FJW, Milano F, Rygiel AM, Rosmolen WD, Peppelenbosch MP, Bergman JJGHM, Krishnadath KK. Cytokeratin and CDX-2 expression in Barrett's esophagus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:132-40. [PMID: 18224560 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701676575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition of the distal esophagus. For diagnostic purposes it is important to find biomarkers that can specifically identify BE, for instance to differentiate BE epithelial cells from gastric cardia epithelial cells in brush cytology specimens. The objective of this study was to determine the specificity of CDX-2 and a set of cytokeratins (CKs) as specific markers for BE as compared with normal squamous esophageal and gastric cardia tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with specific antibodies against CDX-2, and a set of CKs was performed on fresh frozen consecutive tissue sections of normal squamous, gastric cardia and non-dysplastic BE of 80 patients. RESULTS IHC results showed CK8, CK18 and CK20 expression in both BE and gastric cardia, while CK7 was seen in all BE but also in 26% of gastric cardia biopsies. CK10/13 was only expressed in normal squamous epithelium. CDX-2 nuclear staining was found in 87.5% of the BE biopsies, whereas normal squamous esophagus and cardia biopsies were negative. CONCLUSIONS CDX-2 in combination with a set of CKs can be used as biomarkers to distinguish between BE and normal squamous esophagus. In order to distinguish BE from cardia tissue, a combination of CDX-2 and CK7 is most informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantine W P M van Baal
- Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine in Amsterdam, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Riker AI, Enkemann SA, Fodstad O, Liu S, Ren S, Morris C, Xi Y, Howell P, Metge B, Samant RS, Shevde LA, Li W, Eschrich S, Daud A, Ju J, Matta J. The gene expression profiles of primary and metastatic melanoma yields a transition point of tumor progression and metastasis. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:13. [PMID: 18442402 PMCID: PMC2408576 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The process of malignant transformation, progression and metastasis of melanoma is poorly understood. Gene expression profiling of human cancer has allowed for a unique insight into the genes that are involved in these processes. Thus, we have attempted to utilize this approach through the analysis of a series of primary, non-metastatic cutaneous tumors and metastatic melanoma samples. Methods We have utilized gene microarray analysis and a variety of molecular techniques to compare 40 metastatic melanoma (MM) samples, composed of 22 bulky, macroscopic (replaced) lymph node metastases, 16 subcutaneous and 2 distant metastases (adrenal and brain), to 42 primary cutaneous cancers, comprised of 16 melanoma, 11 squamous cell, 15 basal cell skin cancers. A Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 array from Affymetrix, Inc. was utilized for each sample. A variety of statistical software, including the Affymetrix MAS 5.0 analysis software, was utilized to compare primary cancers to metastatic melanomas. Separate analyses were performed to directly compare only primary melanoma to metastatic melanoma samples. The expression levels of putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were analyzed by semi- and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) and Western blot analysis was performed on select genes. Results We find that primary basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and thin melanomas express dramatically higher levels of many genes, including SPRR1A/B, KRT16/17, CD24, LOR, GATA3, MUC15, and TMPRSS4, than metastatic melanoma. In contrast, the metastatic melanomas express higher levels of genes such as MAGE, GPR19, BCL2A1, MMP14, SOX5, BUB1, RGS20, and more. The transition from non-metastatic expression levels to metastatic expression levels occurs as melanoma tumors thicken. We further evaluated primary melanomas of varying Breslow's tumor thickness to determine that the transition in expression occurs at different thicknesses for different genes suggesting that the "transition zone" represents a critical time for the emergence of the metastatic phenotype. Several putative tumor oncogenes (SPP-1, MITF, CITED-1, GDF-15, c-Met, HOX loci) and suppressor genes (PITX-1, CST-6, PDGFRL, DSC-3, POU2F3, CLCA2, ST7L), were identified and validated by quantitative PCR as changing expression during this transition period. These are strong candidates for genes involved in the progression or suppression of the metastatic phenotype. Conclusion The gene expression profiling of primary, non-metastatic cutaneous tumors and metastatic melanoma has resulted in the identification of several genes that may be centrally involved in the progression and metastatic potential of melanoma. This has very important implications as we continue to develop an improved understanding of the metastatic process, allowing us to identify specific genes for prognostic markers and possibly for targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Riker
- Mitchell Cancer Institute-University of South Alabama, 315 North University Boulevard, MSB 2015, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
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Chen YN, Chen H, Xu Y, Zhang X, Luo Y. Expression of pituitary homeobox 1 gene in human gastric carcinogenesis and its clinicopathological significance. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:292-7. [PMID: 18186570 PMCID: PMC2675129 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of pituitary homeobox 1 (PITX1) expression in cases of human gastric cancer on cancer differentiation and progression, and carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Using polyclonal PITX1 antibodies, we studied the expression of PITX1 in normal gastric mucosa, atypical hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia, and cancer tissue samples from 83 gastric cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, semi-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (semi-RT-PCR) was performed to detect the mRNA level of PITX1 in three gastric cancer cell lines and a normal gastric epithelial cell line. Subsequently, somatic mutations of the PITX1 gene in 71 gastric cancer patients were analyzed by a combination of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and DNA sequencing.
RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that PITX1 was strongly or moderately expressed in the parietal cells of normal gastric mucosa (100%), while 55 (66.3%) out of 83 samples of gastric cancers showed decreased PITX1 expression. Moreover, PITX1 expression was reduced in 20 out of 28 cases (71.5%) of intestinal metaplasia, but in only 1 out of 9 cases (11%) of atypical hyperplasia. More importantly, PITX1 expression was significantly associated with the differentiation, position and invasion depth of gastric cancers (r = -0.316, P < 0.01; r = 0.213, P < 0.05; r = -0.259, P < 0.05, respectively). Similarly, levels of PITX1 mRNA were significantly decreased in 2 gastric cancer cell lines, BGC-823 and SGC-7901, compared with the normal gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 (0.306 ± 0.060 vs 0.722 ± 0.102, P < 0.05; 0.356 ± 0.081 vs 0.722 ± 0.102, P < 0.05, respectively). Nevertheless, no somatic mutation of PITX1 gene was found in 71 samples of gastric cancer by DHPLC analysis followed by sequencing.
CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of PITX1 may be a frequent molecular event in gastric carcinogenesis. Aberrant levels of PITX1 expression may be closely correlated with the progression and differentiation of gastric cancer.
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Gulluoglu MG, Karayigit E, Ozden I, Kapran Y, Dizdaroglu F. Does HepPar-1 immunoexpression have a role in differential diagnosis of periampullary cancer? Pathology 2008; 40:35-41. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020701716391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Guo M, House MG, Suzuki H, Ye Y, Brock MV, Lu F, Liu Z, Rustgi AK, Herman JG. Epigenetic silencing of CDX2 is a feature of squamous esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1219-26. [PMID: 17534889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CDX2, a mammalian homologue of the homeobox gene 'caudal,' is expressed in gut epithelia and plays an important role in establishing the intestinal phenotype during development. Mice heterozygously disrupted for CDX2 develop disorganized polypoid hamartomas with glandular epithelium and stratified squamous metaplasia resembling foregut mucosa. Since no genetic disruptions of CDX2 have been reported to explain loss of gene function, we examined whether epigenetic mechanisms altered CDX2 expression. Eleven of 17 squamous esophageal cancer cell lines lacked expression of CDX2 that was restored following treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, while all colorectal cancer cell lines expressed CDX2. Loss of expression was associated with DNA methylation in the 5' region of CDX2 determined by methylation specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Methylation of CDX2 was rare in primary colorectal (1 of 44 tumors, 2%) and esophageal adenocarcinoma neoplasms (2 of 43 tumors, 5%), but was common in esophageal squamous carcinoma (24 of 45 tumors, 49%). No CDX2 methylation was found in normal tissues. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, expression of CDX2 was found in low level in normal esophagus, at higher levels in primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, but not in primary squamous cancers of the esophagus. Restoration of CDX2 in silenced cell lines resulted in expression of the CDX2 target gene MUC2, a gene important in glandular differentiation. Our results suggest that the inactivation of CDX2 in esophageal cancer associated with DNA methylation may be an important determinant of the squamous or non-adenomatous phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingZhou Guo
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Biology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
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Abstract
Little is known about factors that stimulate transcription of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Here, we report that the human pituitary homeobox 1 (hPitx1) transcription factor increases the expression of p53 at the mRNA and protein levels in human mammary carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Increased p53 mRNA expression was due to activation of the p53 promoter by hPitx1. hPitx1 bound directly to the p53 promoter and functionally utilized two hPitx1 consensus elements. The predominant consensus element utilized by hPitx1 to stimulate p53 transcription was located within the first exon of the p53 gene. A hPitx1 mutant (hPitx1-R141P) acting as a dominant inhibitor repressed p53 transcription. Forced expression of hPitx1 resulted in cell-cycle arrest and p53-dependent apoptosis in p53-replete MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, hPitx1 stimulated the transcription of p53 target genes involved in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis (p21 and PTGF-beta), again in a p53-dependent manner. Depletion of endogenous hPitx1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in MCF-7 cells resulted in decreased basal expression of p53 and consequently of p21 and placental transforming growth factor beta (PTGF-beta). Depletion of p53 by siRNA dramatically attenuated hPitx1-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Thus, p53 is a direct transcriptional target gene of hPitx1. This observation is concordant with the recent identification of hPitx1 as a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Liu
- Liggins Institute and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hu Y, Williams VA, Gellersen O, Jones C, Watson TJ, Peters JH. The pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus: secondary bile acids upregulate intestinal differentiation factor CDX2 expression in esophageal cells. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11:827-34. [PMID: 17458588 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-007-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical evidence strongly suggests that bile acids are important in the development of Barrett's esophagus, although the mechanism remains unknown. Caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2) is a transcription factor recently implicated in early differentiation and maintenance of normal intestinal epithelium and is suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of primary and secondary bile acids on CDX2 mRNA expression in human esophageal cells. METHODS Human esophageal cells: (1) squamous, immortalized by SV40 (Het-1A); (2) adenocarcinoma (SEG-1); and (3) squamous cell carcinoma (HKESC-1 & HKESC-2), were exposed in cell culture for 1-24 h to 100-1,000 microM deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, and glycocholic acids. Total RNA was extracted before and after bile acid treatment and reverse transcribed to cDNA. CDX2 mRNA expression was determined by both quantitative real-time and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS CDX2 mRNA expression was absent before bile acid exposure in all cell lines. CDX2 expression increased in a dose- and time-dependent fashion with deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic, but not glycocholic, acid in all four cell lines. The maximal induction of CDX2 expression was seen in SEG-1 adenocarcinoma cells. Expression in Het-1A cells also increased significantly as did expression in HKESC-1,2 cells, although to a lesser extent than in adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that secondary bile acid stimulation upregulates CDX2 gene expression in both normal and cancer cell lines. They further support the role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and link the clinical evidence of a high prevalence of luminal bile acids in Barrett's to expression of the gene thought to be responsible for the phenotypic expression of intestinal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchuan Hu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Krishnadath KK. Novel findings in the pathogenesis of esophageal columnar metaplasia or Barrett's esophagus. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007; 23:440-5. [PMID: 17545783 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0b013e32814e6b4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In esophageal metaplasia the transdifferentiation of the epithelium is the result of longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease that causes inflammation of the esophageal squamous mucosa, and occasionally is followed by replacement of the squamous epithelium by a columnar type of mucosa. For a long time, the molecular mechanisms involved in metaplasia were poorly understood. This review focuses on several recent findings on the molecular mechanisms involved in esophageal columnar metaplasia. RECENT FINDINGS Our recent findings on bone morphogenetic protein 4 and other recent discoveries in the field of cell signaling that take place during the sequence of inflammation and epithelial transdifferentiation are highlighted. In this process, several embryonic pathways that were silenced in the adult esophagus, and factors that are normally involved in the homeostasis of the large intestine, seem to be induced. These factors may mediate transdifferentiation of the esophageal epithelium. SUMMARY Although there are many aspects that need further investigation, it seems that in columnar metaplasia of the esophagus inductive morphogenes such as bone morphogenetic protein 4 are important for development and differentiation. Development of specialized intestinal type of metaplasia is the result of a succession of events, in which the effect of stromal factors is followed by expression of intestine-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chen Y, Knösel T, Ye F, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Deutschmann N, Petersen I. Decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in human lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2006; 55:287-94. [PMID: 17157953 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The PITX1 (pituitary homeobox 1) gene has essential roles in human development and has been considered a tumor suppressor in various cancers. However, in lung cancer the role of PITX1 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the expression of PITX1 at both mRNA and protein levels in human lung cancer. The reduced PITX1 expression was found in cancer cell lines test compared to normal human bronchial epithelia cells (HEBC) and small airway epithelia cells (SAEC) by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR as well as Western blot analysis. In primary lung tissues, PITX1 mRNA was found to be downregulated in the majority of tumors compared with normal lung tissues. An association between the lack of PITX1 mRNA expression and higher tumor grade was observed. A tissue microarray containing 135 primary lung carcinomas was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Eighty-four cases (62%) exhibited no expression of PITX1 and the lower expression of PITX1 was significantly linked to higher tumor stages. Additionally, PITX1 was found to be upregulated in lung cancer cell lines H2228 and H526 after they were exposed to a differentiation modifying agent 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Since homeobox genes are known to transcriptionally regulate key cellular processes and associated with differentiation and carcinogenesis, we suggest that PITX1 might be linked to lung cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Schumannstr 20-21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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