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Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Cancer Biology and Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061388. [PMID: 32503133 PMCID: PMC7349761 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with more than 100 substrates and interacting molecules. GSK3β is normally active in cells and negative regulation of GSK3β activity via phosphorylation of its serine 9 residue is required for most normal cells to maintain homeostasis. Aberrant expression and activity of GSK3β contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of common recalcitrant diseases such as glucose intolerance, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Despite recognized roles against several proto-oncoproteins and mediators of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, deregulated GSK3β also participates in tumor cell survival, evasion of apoptosis, proliferation and invasion, as well as sustaining cancer stemness and inducing therapy resistance. A therapeutic effect from GSK3β inhibition has been demonstrated in 25 different cancer types. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that GSK3β inhibition protects normal cells and tissues from the harmful effects associated with conventional cancer therapies. Here, we review the evidence supporting aberrant GSK3β as a hallmark property of cancer and highlight the beneficial effects of GSK3β inhibition on normal cells and tissues during cancer therapy. The biological rationale for targeting GSK3β in the treatment of cancer is also discussed at length.
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Thakur S, Tobey A, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J. The Role of Lithium in Management of Endocrine Tumors-A Comprehensive Review. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1092. [PMID: 31750236 PMCID: PMC6842984 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological data reveal that treatment with lithium, a mood stabilizer, is associated with decreased incidence and mortality of certain cancer types, such as melanoma. Therefore, repositioning of lithium as an anticancer agent has emerged as a promising strategy in oncology. Since lithium affects the physiology of several endocrine tissues, the goal of this study was to analyze the role of lithium in the pathogenesis and treatment of tumors of the endocrine system. Methods: The databases of PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, were searched from January 1970 through February 2019 for articles including the keywords "lithium and"-"thyroid cancer," "thyroid nodule," "parathyroid adenoma," "parathyroid carcinoma," "pituitary adenoma," "pituitary neuroendocrine tumor," "neuroendocrine tumor," "carcinoid," "adrenal adenoma," "adrenal carcinoma," "pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma." Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies as well as case series, retrospective cohort studies and prospective trials were selected for the analysis. Results: Treatment with lithium has been associated with a higher prevalence of thyroid enlargement, hypothyroidism and increased calcium levels due to parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia, as one of the mechanisms of its action is to stimulate proliferation of normal follicular thyroid and parathyroid cells via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Supratherapeutic concentrations of lithium decrease the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), leading to cell cycle arrest in several in vitro cancer models including medullary thyroid cancer (TC), pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma and carcinoid. Growth inhibitory effects of lithium in vivo have been documented in medullary TC xenograft mouse models. Clinically, lithium has been used as an adjuvant agent to therapy with radioactive iodine (RAI), as it increases the residence time of RAI in TC. Conclusion: Patients chronically treated with lithium need to be screened for hypothyroidism, goiter, and hyperparathyroidism, as the prevalence of these endocrine abnormalities is higher in lithium-treated patients than in the general population. The growth inhibitory effects of lithium in medullary TC, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma and carcinoid were achieved with supratherapeutic concentrations of lithium thus limiting its translational perspective. Currently available clinical data on the efficacy of lithium in the therapy of endocrine tumors in human is limited and associated with conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Thakur
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Tobey
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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García-Maldonado G, Castro-García RDJ. Endocrinological Disorders Related to the Medical Use of Lithium. A Narrative Review. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2019; 48:35-43. [PMID: 30651171 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prescribing of Lithium is common in psychiatric clinical practice. The aim of this study was to identify the most common endocrine side effects associated with this drug and to clarify the pathophysiological basis. A systematic review was conducted in Psycinfo, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. A computerised search for information was performed using a PICO (patient, intervention, comparative, outcomes) strategy. The main neuroendocrine alterations were reported in kidneys, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, and the communication pathways between the pituitary and adrenal glands. The pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, and include the inhibition of the thyroid adenylate cyclase sensitive to the thyroid stimulant hormone (TSH) sensitive adenylate cyclase, which causes hypothyroidism. It also reduces the expression of aquaporin type 2, which is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and the loss of the ionic balance of calcium that induces hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia. Other considerations are related to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a decrease in the production of catecholamines. Finally, another side-effect is the glycaemic dysregulation caused by the insulin resistance. Periodical clinical and para-clinical evaluations are necessary. The author proposes an evaluation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-Maldonado
- Hospital Psiquiátrico de Tampico, Secretaría de Salud, Tamaulipas, México; Facultad de Medicina Dr. Alberto Romo Caballero, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, México.
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Wang B, Hu C, Yang X, Du F, Feng Y, Li H, Zhu C, Yu X. Inhibition of GSK-3β Activation Protects SD Rat Retina Against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Degeneration by Modulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:233-242. [PMID: 28929374 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are characterized by photoreceptor cell loss. Photoreceptor cell loss leading to retinal degeneration can be induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), which was widely used to mimic the pathology. However, the mechanism by which MNU induces photoreceptor cell loss is still largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β) is a potent mediator of MNU-induced retinal degeneration and how p-GSK-3β affects the process. MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat retinas. GSK-3β and Akt expression levels did not change during MNU-induced retinal degeneration but the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and Akt was decreased by MNU treatment. Lithium chloride (LiCl), which increases p-GSK-3β level and active-β-catenin level, reversed retinal degeneration induced by MNU treatment. These results suggest that GSK-3β activation is closely related to photoreceptor cell loss and that the application of the GSK-3β inhibitor LiCl could activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and reduce photoreceptor cell loss induced by MNU. Our findings indicate that inhibition of GSK-3β activation may be a potential therapeutic target for retinal degeneration induced by photoreceptor cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghu Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangying Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Weckman A, Rotondo F, Di Ieva A, Syro LV, Butz H, Cusimano MD, Kovacs K. Autophagy in endocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R205-18. [PMID: 25947570 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important intracellular process involving the degradation of cytoplasmic components. It is involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is described as a 'double-edged sword,' a term that reflects its known participation in tumor suppression, tumor survival and tumor cell proliferation. Available research regarding autophagy in endocrine cancer supports this concept. Autophagy shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in different types of endocrine cancer, inhibiting or increasing treatment efficacy in a context- and cell-type-dependent manner. At present, however, there is very little research concerning autophagy in endocrine tumors. No research was reported connecting autophagy to some of the tumors of the endocrine glands such as the pancreas and ovary. This review aims to elucidate the roles of autophagy in different types of endocrine cancer and highlight the need for increased research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weckman
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Antonio Di Ieva
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Luis V Syro
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Henriett Butz
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of SurgeryDivision of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 CanadaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clínica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
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Lithium improves survival of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in high-density cultures and after exposure to toxic compounds. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:135908. [PMID: 24563652 PMCID: PMC3915898 DOI: 10.1155/2014/135908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that allows for the degradation of long-lived proteins and entire organelles which are driven to lysosomes for digestion. Different kinds of stressful conditions such as starvation are able to induce autophagy. Lithium and rapamycin are potent autophagy inducers with different molecular targets. Lithium stimulates autophagy by decreasing the intracellular myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate levels, while rapamycin acts through the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The correlation between autophagy and cell death is still a matter of debate especially in transformed cells. In fact, the execution of autophagy can protect cells from death by promptly removing damaged organelles such as mitochondria. Nevertheless, an excessive use of the autophagic machinery can drive cells to death via a sort of self-cannibalism. Our data show that lithium (used within its therapeutic window) stimulates the overgrowth of the rat Pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. Besides, lithium and rapamycin protect PC12 cells from toxic compounds such as thapsigargin and trimethyltin. Taken together these data indicate that pharmacological activation of autophagy allows for the survival of Pheochromocytoma cells in stressful conditions such as high-density cultures and exposure to toxins.
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Giusti CF, Amorim SR, Guerra RA, Portes ES. Endocrine disturbances related to the use of lithium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 56:153-8. [PMID: 22666729 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders, lithium salts remain frequently used, as they are effective and inexpensive alternatives, especially in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Their use is commonly associated with various endocrine disorders, mainly in thyroid and parathyroid function, and in mineral metabolism. This article aims at reviewing these potential endocrinopathies related to the use of lithium to make health care professionals aware and familiar with these possible complications when they follow up patients using this drug, and to make them able to monitor, identify and institute early and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília F Giusti
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual (HSPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Nutritional limitation sensitizes mammalian cells to GSK-3β inhibitors and leads to growth impairment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1814-23. [PMID: 21435461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase GSK-3β was initially described as a key enzyme involved in glucose metabolism, but it is now known to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including proliferation and apoptosis. We previously reported a transformation-dependent cell death induced by glucose limitation in K-ras-transformed NIH3T3. To address the mechanism of this phenomenon, we analyzed GSK-3β regulation in these cells in conditions of high versus low glucose availability. We found that glucose depletion caused a marked inhibition of GSK-3β through posttranslational mechanisms and that this inhibition was much less pronounced in normal cells. Further inhibition of GSK-3β with lithium chloride, combined with glucose shortage, caused specific activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and significant suppression of proliferation in transformed but not normal cells. The cooperative effect of lithium and low glucose availability on cell growth did not seem to depend exclusively on ras pathway activation because two human cell lines, A549 and MDA-MB-231, both harboring an activated ras gene, showed very different sensitivity to lithium. These findings thus provide a rationale to further analyze the biochemical bases for combined glucose deprivation and GSK-3β inhibition as a new approach to control transformed cell growth.
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Inhibition of the PI3K pathway suppresses hormonal secretion and limits growth in pheochromocytoma cells. World J Surg 2010; 33:2452-7. [PMID: 19669229 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Operative resection is the only curative treatment for pheochromocytomas. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway has been shown to be an effective treatment of neuroendocrine (NE) tumors in vitro. We hypothesized that inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway would be a viable strategy to inhibit growth and hormonal secretion in pheochromocytoma cells. METHODS Sixteen pheochromocytomas were analyzed for expression of phosphorylated Akt and the NE marker achaete scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1). Pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells were treated with up to 100 microM of the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 for 48 h. Western blot analysis was used to measure phosphorylated Akt, total Akt, ASCL1, chromogranin A (CgA), and markers of apoptosis. Growth was assessed by a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) bromide cellular proliferation assay for six days. RESULTS Human pheochromocytomas expressed significant amounts of phosphorylated Akt, and there was a significant correlation between malignant pheochromocytomas and the amount of expressed ASCL1. LY294002 significantly inhibited the PI3K-Akt pathway. Treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease in both ASCL1 and CgA, indicating an alteration in the NE phenotype and hormonal suppression. Treatment decreased cellular proliferation, and cleavage of the apoptotic markers caspase-3 and PARP was observed. CONCLUSIONS Human pheochromocytoma tumor samples express high levels of phosphorylated Akt. LY294002 effectively inhibits the PI3K-Akt pathway, suppresses NE tumor markers, and decreases cellular proliferation via apoptosis in vitro. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway may represent a new strategy in the treatment of pheochromocytomas.
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Chen JY, Cook MR, Pinchot SN, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. MG-132 inhibits carcinoid growth and alters the neuroendocrine phenotype. J Surg Res 2010; 158:15-9. [PMID: 19765735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoid cancers are the most common neuroendocrine (NE) tumors, and limited treatment options exist. The inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of carcinoid disease. In this study, we investigate the ability of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, to inhibit carcinoid growth, the neuroendocrine phenotype, and its association with GSK-3beta. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human pulmonary (NCI-H727) and gastrointestinal (BON) carcinoid cells were treated with MG-132 (0-4microM). Cellular growth was measured by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Levels of total and phosphorylated GSK-3beta and the NE markers chromogranin A (CgA), Achaete-Scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1), as well as the apoptotic markers poly (ADP-ribose), polymerase (PARP), and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Treating carcinoid cells with MG-132 resulted in growth inhibition, a dose-dependent inhibition of CgA and ASCL1, as well as an increase in the levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, an increase in the level of phosphorylated GSK-3beta was observed. CONCLUSION MG-132 inhibits cellular growth and the neuroendocrine phenotype. This proteasome inhibitor warrants further preclinical investigation as a possible therapeutic strategy for intractable carcinoid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-yu Chen
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
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Adler JT, Cook M, Luo Y, Pitt SC, Ju J, Li W, Shen B, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Tautomycetin and tautomycin suppress the growth of medullary thyroid cancer cells via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:914-20. [PMID: 19372564 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a relatively uncommon neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Unfortunately, MTC frequently metastasizes, precluding curative surgical resection and causing significant morbidity. Thus, there is an urgent need for new treatment modalities. Tautomycin and tautomycetin are antifungal antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus and Streptomyces griseochromogens, respectively. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates multiple cellular processes and is important in various cancers, including MTC. Treatment with tautomycin and tautomycetin decreased neuroendocrine markers, suppressed hormonal secretion, and inhibited growth through apoptosis in MTC cells. Importantly, we describe a novel action of these compounds: inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Adler
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, H4/750 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Camacho CP, Latini FRM, Oler G, Hojaij FC, Maciel RMB, Riggins GJ, Cerutti JM. Down-regulation of NR4A1 in follicular thyroid carcinomas is restored following lithium treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:475-83. [PMID: 18727708 PMCID: PMC2742303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of follicular thyroid adenoma-associated transcripts will lead to a better understanding of the events involved in pathogenesis and progression of follicular tumours. Using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, we identified five genes that are absent in a malignant follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) library, but expressed in follicular adenoma (FTA) and normal thyroid libraries. METHODS NR4A1, one of the five genes, was validated in a set of 27 normal thyroid tissues, 10 FTAs and 14 FTCs and three thyroid carcinoma cell lines by real time PCR. NR4A1 can be transiently increased by a variety of stimuli, including lithium, which is used as adjuvant therapy of thyroid carcinoma with (131)I. We tested if lithium could restore NR4A1 expression. The expression of other genes potentially involved in the same signalling pathway was tested. To this end, lithium was used at different concentration (10 mm or 20 mm) and time (2 h and 24 h) and the level of expression was tested by quantitative PCR. We next tested if Lithium could affect cell growth and apoptosis. RESULTS We observed that NR4A1 expression was under-expressed in most of the FTCs investigated, compared with expression in normal thyroid tissues and FTAs. We also found a positive correlation between NR4A1 and FOSB gene expression. Lithium induced NR4A1 and FOSB expression, reduced CCDN1 expression, inhibited cell growth and triggered apoptosis in a FTC cell line. CONCLUSIONS NR4A1 is under-expressed in most of FTCs. The loss of expression of both NR4A1 and the Wnt pathway gene FOSB was correlated with malignancy. This is consistent with the hypothesis that its loss of expression is part of the transformation process of FTCs, either as a direct or indirect consequence of Wnt pathway alterations. Lithium restores NR4A1 expression, induces apoptosis and reduces cell growth. These findings may explain a possible molecular mechanism of lithium's therapeutic action.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenoma/drug therapy
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Lithium Compounds/pharmacology
- Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléber P Camacho
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kam Y, Quaranta V. Cadherin-bound beta-catenin feeds into the Wnt pathway upon adherens junctions dissociation: evidence for an intersection between beta-catenin pools. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4580. [PMID: 19238201 PMCID: PMC2640460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-catenin is an essential component of two cellular systems: cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJ) and the Wnt signaling pathway. A functional or physical connection between these β-catenin pools has been suggested in previous studies, but not conclusively demonstrated to date. To further examine this intersection, we treated A431 cell colonies with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which forces rapid and synchronized dissociation of AJ. A combination of immunostaining, time-lapse microscopy using photoactivatable-GFP-tagged β-catenin, and image analyses indicate that the cadherin-bound pool of β-catenin, internalized together with E-cadherin, accumulates at the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) upon AJ dissociation, and can be translocated into the cell nucleus upon Wnt pathway activation. These results suggest that the ERC may be a site of residence for β-catenin destined to enter the nucleus, and that dissociation of AJ may influence β-catenin levels in the ERC, effectively affecting β-catenin substrate levels available downstream for the Wnt pathway. This intersection provides a mechanism for integrating cell-cell adhesion with Wnt signaling and could be critical in developmental and cancer processes that rely on β-catenin-dependent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Kam
- Cancer Biology Department, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Cancer Biology Department, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cytoprotective effect of lithium against spontaneous and induced apoptosis of lymphoid cell line MOLT-4. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2009; 47:639-46. [PMID: 20430733 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is still useful in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Cellular mechanisms of Li action are not fully understood and include some cytoprotective properties. Data concerning Li effect on the apoptotic mechanisms in cells other than neurons are fragmentary and contradictory. We have investigated anti-apoptotic activity of Li in a lymphoid derived MOLT-4 cell line. Spontaneous and camptothecin-induced apoptosis was analyzed in cells treated with 0-20 mM Li carbonate. Early apoptosis was identified as significant mitochondrial depolarization (JC-1 staining). Later stages of apoptosis were estimated with annexin V binding and by the proportion of cells containing sub-G1 amounts of DNA (PI staining). We have observed a biphasic effect of Li on the proportion of spontaneously apoptotic cells;namely, low (therapeutic) concentrations of Li had a significant effect stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane polarization, while 10 and 20mM Li increased apoptosis. The latter could be seen both as mitochondrial depolarization as well as an increased proportion of sub-G1 cells, accompanied by reduced proportion of S phase cells. Li at concentrations above 2 mM had a significant, dose-dependent, anti-apoptotic effect on the cells undergoing camptothecin induced apoptosis. In conclusion, demonstrated cytoprotective effect of Li is at least partially related to stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential and to the reduction of DNA damaging effects in proliferating cells; both may form part of the mechanism through which Li is useful in therapy of bipolar disorder, but may have more general consequences.
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Adler JT, Hottinger DG, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate Notch-1 and inhibit growth in pheochromocytoma cells. Surgery 2008; 144:956-61; discussion 961-2. [PMID: 19041003 PMCID: PMC2638099 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) have been demonstrated recently to be strong Notch-1 activators. Upregulation of the Notch-1 pathway has been shown to limit growth and suppress hormonal secretion in neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms. We hypothesized that HDAC inhibition would be an effective strategy to activate the Notch-1 pathway and inhibit growth and hormonal secretion in pheochromocytoma cells. METHODS Pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells were treated with up to 8 mmol/L VPA or 40 micromol/L SBHA for 2 days. NE tumor markers achaete-scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1) and chromogranin A (CgA) were measured by Western analysis after treatment. Growth was assessed by a cellular proliferation assay; Western analysis was used to determine the mechanism of growth regulation. RESULTS HDAC inhibitor treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in ASCL1 and CgA while increasing the amount of active Notch-1 protein; with a 6-day treatment, dose-dependent growth inhibition and cleavage of the apoptotic markers caspase-3 and poly-ADP ribose phosphate was observed. CONCLUSION VPA and SBHA upregulate Notch-1 effectively, suppress NE tumor markers, and decrease growth via apoptosis of pheochromocytoma cells in vitro. Activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway with HDAC inhibitors may represent a new strategy for treating pheochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Adler
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis, USA
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Adler JT, Hottinger DG, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Combination therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitors and lithium chloride: a novel treatment for carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 16:481-6. [PMID: 19030935 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In carcinoid cell lines, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) activate the Notch1 pathway, whereas lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). These compounds limit growth and decrease hormonal secretion in vitro. We hypothesized that lower-dose combination therapy of HDAC inhibitors and lithium chloride could achieve similar growth inhibition to that of the drugs alone. Gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoid cells were treated with either VPA or SBHA and lithium chloride for up to 48 hours. Western blot analysis was used to measure the effects on the Notch1 and GSK-3beta pathways and the neuroendocrine tumor marker chromogranin A (CgA). Growth was measured by a cellular proliferation assay. With lower-dose combination therapy, a decrease in CgA was observed. The HDAC inhibitors increased the amount of active Notch1 protein, whereas treatment with lithium was associated with inhibition of GSK-3beta. Moreover, growth was inhibited with lower-dose combination therapy. Treatment of carcinoid cells with either VPA or SBHA and lithium chloride suppresses the neuroendocrine marker CgA while upregulating Notch1 and inhibiting GSK-3beta. This combination effectively reduces growth. Thus, lower-dose combination therapy may be a viable therapeutic approach for carcinoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Adler
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, Madison, 53792, USA
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Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer accounts for 5%-10% of all thyroid cancers. The majority of medullary thyroid cancers are sporadic, but 20% of cases are a result of a germline mutation in the ret proto-oncogene. Hereditary medullary thyroid cancer can be seen as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2A or 2B or as part of familial medullary thyroid cancer. This article discusses the current methods available for the diagnosis and evaluation of a patient with suspected medullary thyroid cancer. The management of medullary thyroid cancer is predominantly surgical excision, consisting of a total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. The extent and timing of surgical excision are discussed. Systemic therapeutic options are limited for medullary thyroid cancer, but several therapeutic targets show promise for the development of new therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Sippel
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin 53792-7375, USA.
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Inhibition of growth in medullary thyroid cancer cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors and lithium chloride. J Surg Res 2008; 159:640-4. [PMID: 19394967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While representing only 3% of thyroid malignancies, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) accounts for 14% of thyroid cancer deaths. MTC has a high rate of recurrence and lacks effective treatments. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) activate the Notch1 signaling pathway, while lithium chloride inhibits the glycogen synthase kinase-3ss (GSK-3ss) pathway. These compounds have been shown to limit growth and suppress hormonal secretion; thus, targeting different signaling pathways may be an effective treatment. METHODS MTC cells were treated with varying combinations of up to 20 mM lithium chloride with either 3 mM VPA or 20 muM SBHA for 48 h. Western analysis was used to measure the effects on Notch1, GSK-3ss, and neuroendocrine (NE) markers. Growth was assessed by a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) bromide cellular proliferation assay. Western analysis was used to determine the mechanism of growth regulation. RESULTS Combination therapy increased active Notch1, inhibited the GSK-3ss pathway, and decreased NE markers. Additive inhibition of growth was observed with combination therapy. Lower-dose combination therapy achieved greater decreases on NE markers and growth than treatment with any of the drugs alone. Moreover, an increase in the cleavage of the apoptotic markers caspase-3 and PARP was observed. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with lithium chloride and HDAC inhibitors suppresses NE markers and decreases growth via apoptosis of MTC cells in vitro. With the possibility of increased efficacy and decreased toxicity, combination therapy may represent a new strategy to treat MTC.
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Barten DM, Albright CF. Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 37:171-86. [PMID: 18581273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are guided by four disease characteristics: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillar tangles (NFT), neurodegeneration, and dementia. Amyloid plaques are composed largely of 4 kDa beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides, with the more amyloidogenic, 42 amino acid form (Abeta42) as the primary species. Because multiple, rare mutations that cause early-onset, familial AD lead to increased production or aggregation of Abeta42, amyloid therapeutics aim to reduce the amount of toxic Abeta42 aggregates. Amyloid-based therapies include gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators, BACE inhibitors, aggregation blockers, catabolism inducers, and anti-Abeta biologics. Tangles are composed of paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Tau-based therapeutics include kinase inhibitors, microtubule stabilizers, and catabolism inducers. Therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration target multiple mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and inflammation or stimulation of neuronal viability. Although not disease modifying, cognition enhancers are important to treat the symptom of dementia. Strategies for cognition enhancement include cholinesterase inhibitors, and other approaches to enhance the signaling of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons. In summary, plaques, tangles, neurodegeneration and dementia guide the development of multiple therapeutic approaches for AD and are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Barten
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Neuroscience Drug Discovery, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Pizarro JG, Folch J, Esparza JL, Jordan J, Pallàs M, Camins A. A molecular study of pathways involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation in neuroblastoma B65 cells by the GSK-3 inhibitors lithium and SB-415286. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:3906-17. [PMID: 18624766 PMCID: PMC4516538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological GSK-3 inhibitors are potential drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and diabetes. We examined the antiproliferative effects of two GSK-3 inhibitors, lithium and SB-415286, on B65 neuroblastoma cell line. Treatment of B65 cells with either drug administered separately caused a decrease in cell proliferation that was associated with G2/M cell cycle arrest. Cell-cycle proteins such as cyclins D, E, A, cdk4 and cdk2 were up-regulated. Since lithium and SB-415286-induced G2/M arrest we studied changes in the expression of proteins involved in this phase, specifically cyclin B, cdc2 and the phosphorylated form of this protein (tyr15-cdc2). Both drugs increased the expression of tyr15-cdc2, thus inhibiting mitosis. On the other hand, SB-415286 increased the expression of SIRT2, involved in the regulation of proliferation. Moreover, cell-cycle arrest mediated by SB-415286 was accompanied by apoptosis that was not prevented by 100 μM of zVAD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone), a pan-caspase inhibitor. Likewise, GSK-3 inhibitors did not affect the mitochondrial release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). We conclude that inhibitors of GSK-3 induced cell-cycle arrest, mediated by the phosphorylation of cdc2 and, in the case of SB-415286, SIRT2 expression, which induced apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G Pizarro
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina and Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain
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Pinchot SN, Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Novel targets for the treatment and palliation of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. CURRENT OPINION IN INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS (LONDON, ENGLAND : 2000) 2008; 9:576-582. [PMID: 18516757 PMCID: PMC2905744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), for example, carcinoids, are rare neoplasms characterized by the production of bioactive markers, such as 5-HT and chromogranin A. With the exception of surgery, there are limited curative and palliative treatments available for this type of tumor. Therefore, there is a great need to develop new pharmacological strategies to reduce tumor burden and control symptoms in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. In this review, several pathways thought to be involved in GI NET carcinogenesis are discussed, and novel approaches that are currently in development to target these pathways are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Pinchot
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, H4/750 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Greenblatt DY, Shenker Y, Chen H. The Utility of Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Scintigraphy in Patients with Pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:900-5. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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