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Miceli de Farias F, O'Connor PM, Buttimer C, Kamilari E, Soria MC, Johnson CN, Deliephan A, Hill D, Fursenko O, Wiese J, Draper LA, Stanton C, Hill C, Ross RP. Raffinocyclicin is a novel plasmid-encoded circular bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus raffinolactis with broad-spectrum activity against many gram-positive food pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0080924. [PMID: 39189737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00809-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study describes the discovery and characterization of raffinocyclicin, a novel plasmid-encoded circular bacteriocin, produced by the raw milk isolate Lactococcus raffinolactis APC 3967. This bacteriocin has a molecular mass of 6,092 Da and contains 61 amino acids with a three-amino acid leader peptide. It shows the highest identity to the circular bacteriocins bacicyclicin XIN-1 (42.62%), aureocyclicin 4185 (42.62%), and garvicin ML (41.53%). A broad inhibitory spectrum includes strains from Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Listeria, in addition to a pronounced inhibitory effect against Lactococcus and Clostridium. It displays low sensitivity to trypsin, most likely as a result of its circular nature. The raffinocyclicin gene cluster is composed of 10 genes: 6 core genes, genes encoding an accessory three-component ABC transporter (rafCDE), and a putative transcriptional regulator related to the MutR family. A lack of inhibitory activity in the cell-free supernatant combined with the pronounced activity of cell extracts suggests that the majority of raffinocyclicin is associated with the cell rather than being released to the extracellular environment. This is the first report of a bacteriocin produced by the L. raffinolactis species.IMPORTANCEThe present study aimed to characterize raffinocyclicin, a novel circular bacteriocin produced by the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus raffinolactis APC 3967. Bacteriocins are generally cationic and hydrophobic peptides with antimicrobial activity, which present diverse biotechnological properties of interest for the food industry. Raffinocyclicin inhibits a wide range of bacteria, including foodborne pathogens, and is stable against different treatments which suggest its potential as a natural biopreservative. Whole-genome sequencing and the genetic analysis of the raffinocyclicin gene cluster showed that it is encoded by plasmid that could be used in the future to transfer the ability to produce the bacteriocin to other lactic acid bacteria for industrial applications. These results together highlight the potential of this novel antimicrobial as a biopreservative to be used by the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin Buttimer
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eleni Kamilari
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Crystal Nicole Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University - Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Daragh Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Kraft Heinz Corporate Headquarters, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Oxana Fursenko
- Kraft Heinz Corporate Headquarters, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan Wiese
- Kraft Heinz Corporate Headquarters, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
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Andújar-Tenorio N, Cobo A, Martínez-Rodríguez AM, Hidalgo M, Prieto I, Gálvez A, Martínez-Cañamero M. Intestinal microbiota modulation at the strain level by the olive oil polyphenols in the diet. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1272139. [PMID: 37860036 PMCID: PMC10582982 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1272139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previously we have reported a r16S gene next generation sequencing study on the effect of high fat diets in the intestinal microbiota using a murine model. However, many important microbial traits occur at strain level and, in order to detect these population changes, culture-dependent approaches need to be applied. With this goal, we decided to study a very well-known commensal genus, Enterococcus, and therefore, intestinal enterococci methodically isolated during the above-mentioned experiment were analyzed. Materials and methods A collection of 75 distinct enterococcal strains isolated from feces of mice fed a standard diet or high-fat diets enriched with butter, refined olive oil, or extra virgin olive oil and after 0, 6 or 12 weeks of diet, were genetically and phenotypically characterized in search of virulence factors, biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance. All strains were tested for the susceptibility in vitro to two virgin olive oil polyphenols, oleuropein (the bitter principle of olives) and hydroxytyrosol (derived from oleuropein by enzymatic hydrolysis and responsible for the high stability of olive oil). Results No drastic polyphenol effect was found except at high concentrations. However, when carrying out a comparative statistical study in the 75 strains of the collection according to the different diets, we have detected significant differences between the strains isolated from mice fed with a diet enriched with virgin olive oil and the rest of the diets. EVOO strains also presented less resistance to antibiotics and a more beneficial profile overall. Discussion These results support the prebiotic role of polyphenols, showing how they are able to modulate the set of strains that comprises a genus in the gut, allowing them to adapt to a changing environment in the host's intestine and possibly exerting effects on its physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Cobo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Marina Hidalgo
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Área de Fisiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Lactic acid bacteria diversity and dynamics during ripening of traditional Turkish goatskin Tulum cheese produced in Mut region assessed by culturing and PCR-DGGE. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moh LG, Etienne PT, Jules-Roger K. Seasonal Diversity of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Artisanal Yoghurt and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:6674644. [PMID: 33628770 PMCID: PMC7895560 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6674644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microbiological quality of artisanal yoghurt marketed in some regions of Cameroon was evaluated during the dry and rainy seasons alongside three commercial brands and the susceptibility of isolates to some conventional antibiotics. A total of ninety-six (96) samples were collected, and the microbiological quality was based on the total count of lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli and cocci) as well as the identification of species present using identification kits. The susceptibility of isolates was determined using the microdilution method. The lactobacillus counts of locally made yoghurts during both seasons were lower than those of the commercial samples. However, there was a general reduction of viable count of lactobacilli within the samples during the rainy season when compared to the dry season while a general increase in the total coccus count was observed during the rainy season except samples from Bamenda which instead decreased. Five (5) Lactobacillus species belonging to one genera were identified from 29 lactobacillus isolates. Lactobacillus bulgaricus was the highest (64.28%), present in 71.42%, 50.00%, 33.33%, and 33.33% (dry season) compared to 85.71%, 100%, 33.33%, and 25.00% (rainy season) from Bamenda, Dschang, Bafoussam, and commercial, respectively. More so, 14 cocci, 3 coccobacilli, and 1 rod species belonging to 5, 3, and 1 genera were identified, from 74 cocci, 12 coccobacilli, and 3 rod isolates, respectively, with Streptococcus thermophilus being the highest (35.55%). However, 93.33% of the lactobacillus isolates were very sensitive to the antibiotics used, while only 20% of cocci were sensitive. This result suggests that the paucity of the appropriate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and presence of pathogenic LAB caused by the absence of quality control and ignorance might hinder its health benefits and protection offered to consumers with a resultant exposure to high risk of food borne infection and intoxication coupled to the resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamye Glory Moh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Pamo Tedonkeng Etienne
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Kuiate Jules-Roger
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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Influence of the Type of Diet on the Incidence of Pathogenic Factors and Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Faeces in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174290. [PMID: 31480694 PMCID: PMC6747218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study on potential risks was carried out in a collection of 50 enterococci isolated from faeces of mice fed a standard or a high-fat diet enriched with extra virgin olive oil, refined olive oil or butter, at the beginning, after six weeks and after twelve weeks of experiments. Strains were biochemically assessed and genetically characterized. E. faecalis and E. casseliflavus were the most frequently isolated species in any diet and time points. Apart from the fact of not having isolated any strain from the virgin olive oil group during the last balance, we found statistically significant differences p<0.05 among the diets in the percentage of antibiotic resistance and in the presence of the enterococcal surface protein gene (esp), as well as a tendency p<0.1 for the presence of the tyrosine decarboxylase gene (tdc) to increase over time in the group of isolates from the standard diet. When the resistance of the strains to virgin or refined olive oil was studied, only the group of enterococci from high fat diets showed a significantly higher percentage of resistance to refined olive oil p<0.05, while both types of oil equally inhibited those isolated from the standard diet p>0.05.
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Glibota N, Grande Burgos MJ, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Copper tolerance and antibiotic resistance in soil bacteria from olive tree agricultural fields routinely treated with copper compounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4677-4685. [PMID: 30906996 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metal pollution may act as persistent selective pressure that favors the spread of antimicrobial resistance in natural environments. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify metal-tolerant bacteria from soils in olive tree fields routinely treated with copper-derived compounds and to evaluate the tolerance of bacterial strains to other metals and their resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. RESULTS Five hundred and ninety-five bacterial isolates from 45 olive tree agricultural fields were studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥ 16 mmol L-1 were detected for copper (57% of isolates), zinc (37%) and lead (62%), while only 3% had MICs ≥ 12 mmol L-1 for nickel. Ninety-six metal-tolerant strains were selected for identification and antibiotic resistance determination. Most isolates belonged to the genera Pseudomonas (37%), Bacillus (23%) and Chryseobacterium (20%), while 6% were identified as Variovorax, 4% as Stenotrophomonas and 2% as Serratia or Burkholderia. Highest copper tolerance was detected among Pseudomonas. Over 75% of the strains with high copper tolerance were also resistant to vancomycin, 50% to ampicillin and 40% to erythromycin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSION Bacteria from olive soils are tolerant to metals, mainly copper, but also zinc and lead, as well as resistant to clinically important antibiotics, which could be a troublesome issue in clinical settings. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Glibota
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Mª José Grande Burgos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Boutarfi Z, Rebiahi SA, Morghad T, Perez Pulido R, Grande Burgos MJ, Mahdi F, Lucas R, Galvez A. Biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance of Enterobacter spp. isolated from an Algerian hospital environment. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:291-297. [PMID: 31005732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, 77 Enterobacter spp. isolates from a collection of 175 Gram-negative bacilli isolated from Tlemcen University Hospital Center (North-West of Algeria) were tested for antibiotic resistance, biocide tolerance and genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. METHODS The isolates were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Biocide tolerance was determined by broth microdilution, and antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion. Genetic determinants of resistance were studied by PCR amplification using suitable primers. RESULTS The most common Enterobacter species was Enterobacter cloacae (58.4%), followed by Enterobacter hormaechei (24.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance was to ticarcillin either alone or in combination with clavulanic acid (70.1%), followed by cefepime (68.8%), cefotaxime (63.6%), ceftazidime (54.5%) and gentamicin (54.5%). Tobramycin was active against 87.0% of the isolates. Levels of biocide tolerance were high for hexachlorophene and to a lesser extent for benzalkonium chloride. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes blaTEM and blaCTX-M were detected in 44.2% and 36.4% of isolates, respectively. Other antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) frequently detected were aac(6')-Ib (57.1%) and sul2 (50.6%). Multidrug-resistant isolates carrying several ARGs were common. Significant positive correlations were detected for efflux pump genes with ARGs and also between ARGs. CONCLUSION The results of this study reveal thatEnterobacter spp. isolates from hospital settings are both resistant to clinically-used antibiotics and tolerant to biocides. Biocide tolerance could be an advantage for antibiotic-resistant strains in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Boutarfi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire, au Biomédical et à l'Environnement (LAMAABE), Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sid-Ahmed Rebiahi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire, au Biomédical et à l'Environnement (LAMAABE), Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Touhami Morghad
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire, au Biomédical et à l'Environnement (LAMAABE), Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ruben Perez Pulido
- Department of Health Sciences, Microbiology Division, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Fatma Mahdi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire, au Biomédical et à l'Environnement (LAMAABE), Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Rosario Lucas
- Department of Health Sciences, Microbiology Division, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Galvez
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire, au Biomédical et à l'Environnement (LAMAABE), Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria.
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Abanoz HS, Kunduhoglu B. Antimicrobial Activity of a Bacteriocin Produced by Enterococcus faecalis KT11 against Some Pathogens and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:1064-1079. [PMID: 30479512 PMCID: PMC6238024 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antimicrobial activity of a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecalis KT11, isolated from traditional Kargı Tulum cheese, was determined, and bacteriocin KT11 was partially characterized. The results showed that bacteriocin KT11 was antagonistically effective against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative test bacteria, including vancomycin- and/or methicillin-resistant bacteria. The activity of bacteriocin KT11 was completely abolished after treatment with proteolytic enzymes (proteinase K, α-chymotrypsin, protease and trypsin), which demonstrates the proteinaceous nature of this bacteriocin. Additionally, bacteriocin KT11 remained stable at pH values ranging from 2 to 11 and after autoclaving at 121℃ for 30 min. In addition, the activity of bacteriocin KT11 was stable after treatment with several surfactants (EDTA, SDS, Triton X-100, Tween 80 and urea) and organic solvents (chloroform, propanol, methanol, ethyl alcohol, acetone, hexane and ethyl ether). Cell-free supernatant of E. faecalis KT11 was subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation and then desalted by using a 3.5-kDa cut-off dialysis membrane. The bacteriocin activity was determined to be 711 AU/mL in the dialysate. After tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis, one peptide band, which had a molecular weight of ~3.5 kDa, exhibited antimicrobial activity. Because the bacteriocin KT11, isolated from E. faecalis KT11, exhibits a broad antimicrobial spectrum, heat stability and stability over a wide pH range, this bacteriocin can be used as a potential bio-preservative in foods. Additionally, bacteriocin KT11 alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics may provide a therapeutic option for the treatment of multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens after further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Seval Abanoz
- Institute of Science, University of
Eskişehir Osmangazi, 26480 Eskişehir,
Turkey
| | - Buket Kunduhoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts,
University of Eskişehir Osmangazi,
26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
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Garcia-Gutierrez E, Mayer MJ, Cotter PD, Narbad A. Gut microbiota as a source of novel antimicrobials. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:1-21. [PMID: 29584555 PMCID: PMC6363078 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1455790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya and viruses coexist in the human gut, and this coexistence is functionally balanced by symbiotic or antagonistic relationships. Antagonism is often characterized by the production of antimicrobials against other organisms occupying the same environmental niche. Indeed, close co-evolution in the gut has led to the development of specialized antimicrobials, which is attracting increased attention as these may serve as novel alternatives to antibiotics and thereby help to address the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is especially suitable for finding novel antimicrobials due to the vast array of microbes that inhabit it, and a considerable number of antimicrobial producers of both wide and narrow spectrum have been described. In this review, we summarize some of the antimicrobial compounds that are produced by bacteria isolated from the gut environment, with a special focus on bacteriocins. We also evaluate the potential therapeutic application of these compounds to maintain homeostasis in the gut and the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Garcia-Gutierrez
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Melinda J. Mayer
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome, Ireland
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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Xi Q, Wang J, Du R, Zhao F, Han Y, Zhou Z. Purification and Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced by a Strain of Enterococcus faecalis TG2. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1106-1119. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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van Heel AJ, Montalban-Lopez M, Oliveau Q, Kuipers OP. Genome-guided identification of novel head-to-tail cyclized antimicrobial peptides, exemplified by the discovery of pumilarin. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000134. [PMID: 29177092 PMCID: PMC5695211 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for novel antibiotics in an era where antimicrobial resistance is on the rise, and the number of new approved antimicrobial drugs reaching the market is declining, is evident. The underused potential of post-translationally modified peptides for clinical use makes this class of peptides interesting candidates. In this study, we made use of the vast amounts of available genomic data and screened all publicly available prokaryotic genomes (~3000) to identify 394 novel head-to-tail cyclized antimicrobial peptides. To verify these in silico results, we isolated and characterized a novel antimicrobial peptide from Bacillus pumilus that we named pumilarin. Pumilarin was demonstrated to have a circular structure and showed antimicrobial activity against several indicator strains, including pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auke J van Heel
- 1Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NA 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Montalban-Lopez
- 1Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NA 9747 AG, The Netherlands.,2Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Quentin Oliveau
- 1Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NA 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- 1Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NA 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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12
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Romero JL, Grande Burgos MJ, Pérez-Pulido R, Gálvez A, Lucas R. Resistance to Antibiotics, Biocides, Preservatives and Metals in Bacteria Isolated from Seafoods: Co-Selection of Strains Resistant or Tolerant to Different Classes of Compounds. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1650. [PMID: 28912764 PMCID: PMC5583239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant bacteria (particularly those producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases) have become a major health concern. The continued exposure to antibiotics, biocides, chemical preservatives, and metals in different settings such as the food chain or in the environment may result in development of multiple resistance or co-resistance. The aim of the present study was to determine multiple resistances (biocides, antibiotics, chemical preservatives, phenolic compounds, and metals) in bacterial isolates from seafoods. A 75.86% of the 87 isolates studied were resistant to at least one antibiotic or one biocide, and 6.90% were multiply resistant to at least three biocides and at least three antibiotics. Significant (P < 0.05) moderate or strong positive correlations were detected between tolerances to biocides, between antibiotics, and between antibiotics with biocides and other antimicrobials. A sub-set of 30 isolates selected according to antimicrobial resistance profile and food type were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and tested for copper and zinc tolerance. Then, the genetic determinants for biocide and metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance were investigated. The selected isolates were identified as Pseudomonas (63.33%), Acinetobacter (13.33%), Aeromonas (13.33%), Shewanella, Proteus and Listeria (one isolate each). Antibiotic resistance determinants detected included sul1 (43.33% of tested isolates), sul2 (6.66%), blaTEM (16.66%), blaCTX-M (16.66%), blaPSE (10.00%), blaIMP (3.33%), blaNDM-1 (3.33%), floR (16.66%), aadA1 (20.0%), and aac(6')-Ib (16.66%). The only biocide resistance determinant detected among the selected isolates was qacEΔ1 (10.00%). A 23.30 of the selected isolates were able to grow on media containing 32 mM copper sulfate, and 46.60% on 8 mM zinc chloride. The metal resistance genes pcoA/copA, pcoR, and chrB were detected in 36.66, 6.66, and 13.33% of selected isolates, respectively. Twelve isolates tested positive for both metal and antibiotic resistance genes, including one isolate positive for the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1 and for pcoA/copA. These results suggest that exposure to metals could co-select for antibiotic resistance and also highlight the potential of bacteria on seafoods to be involved in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio Gálvez
- Microbiology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of JaenJaen, Spain
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Cidre I, Pulido RP, Burgos MJG, Gálvez A, Lucas R. Copper and Zinc Tolerance in Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Produce. J Food Prot 2017; 80:969-975. [PMID: 28467185 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The continued agricultural exposure of bacteria to metals such as copper and zinc may result in an increased copper tolerance through the food chain. The aim of this study was to determine the Cu and Zn tolerance of bacteria from fresh produce (cucumber, zucchini, green pepper, tomato, lettuce, vegetable salad, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, green onion, onion, and mango). Isolates (506 aerobic mesophiles) from 12 different food produce products were tested for growth in a range of Cu and Zn concentrations. Selected isolates were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing, and the presence of metal resistance genes was studied using PCR amplification. More than 50% of the isolates had MICs for copper sulfate greater than 16 mM, and more than 40% had MICs greater than 4 mM for zinc chloride. Isolates with high levels of tolerance to Cu and Zn were detected in all the produce products investigated. A selection of 51 isolates with high MICs for both Cu and Zn were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (28), Enterobacter (7), Serratia (4), Leclercia (1), Bacillus (10), and Paenibacillus (1). A study of the genetic determinants of resistance in the selected gram-negative isolates revealed a high incidence of genes from the pco multicopper oxidase cluster, from the sil cluster involved in Cu and silver resistance, and from the chromate resistance gene chrB. A high percentage carried both pco and sil. The results suggest that Cu and Zn tolerance, as well as metal resistance genes, is widespread in bacteria from fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Cidre
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Maria José Grande Burgos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Rosario Lucas
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Priyodip P, Prakash PY, Balaji S. Phytases of Probiotic Bacteria: Characteristics and Beneficial Aspects. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:148-154. [PMID: 28611491 PMCID: PMC5446837 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics play a vital role in clinical applications for the treatment of diarrhea, obesity and urinary tract infections. Phytate, an anti-nutrient, chelates essential minerals that are vital for human health. In the past few decades, research reports emphasize extensively on phytate degradation in animals. There is a growing need for finding alternate strategies of phytate utilization in human, as they are unable to produce phytase. At this juncture, probiotics can be utilized for phytase production to combat mineral deficiency in humans. The main focus of this review is on improving phosphate bioavailability by employing two approaches: supplementation of (1) fermented food products that contain probiotics and (2) recombinant phytase producing bacteria. In addition, several factors influencing phytase activity such as bacterial viability, optimal pH, substrate concentration and specificity were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Priyodip
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India
| | - P Y Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - S Balaji
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India
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Fernández Márquez ML, Grande Burgos MJ, López Aguayo MC, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Lucas R. Characterization of biocide-tolerant bacteria isolated from cheese and dairy small-medium enterprises. Food Microbiol 2017; 62:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Gadea R, Glibota N, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Adaptation to Biocides Cetrimide and Chlorhexidine in Bacteria from Organic Foods: Association with Tolerance to Other Antimicrobials and Physical Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1758-1770. [PMID: 28177232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CH) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), such as cetrimide (CE), are widely used as disinfectants because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum. However, their frequent use for disinfection in different settings may promote bacterial drug resistance against both biocides and clinically relevant antibiotics. This study analyzes the effects of stepwise exposure to cetrimide (CE) and chlorhexidine (CH) of bacteria from organic foods and previously classified as biocide-sensitive. Gradual exposure of these strains to biocides resulted in mainly transient decreased antimicrobial susceptibility to other antibiotics and to biocides. Biocide-adapted bacteria also exhibit alterations in physiological characteristics, mainly decreased heat tolerance, or gastric acid tolerance in CE-adapted strains, while bile resistance does not seem to be influenced by biocide adaptation. Results from this study suggest that changes in membrane fluidity may be the main mechanism responsible for the acquisition of stable tolerance to biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gadea
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Nicolás Glibota
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
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17
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Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from hen egg shells. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Fernández Márquez ML, Burgos MJG, Pulido RP, Gálvez A, López RL. Biocide Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Isolates from Hen Eggshells. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:89-95. [PMID: 27841937 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from hen eggshells. A total of 39 isolates from hen eggshells, identified as either Salmonella spp. or Salmonella enterica according to 16S rDNA sequencing, were selected for biocide tolerance. Isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) above the wild-type MICs were considered to be biocide tolerant: benzalkonium chloride (BC, 7.7%), cetrimide (CT, 7.7%), hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP, 10.3%), triclosan (TC, 17.9%), hexachlorophene (CF, 30.8%), and P3-oxonia (OX, 25.6%). The resulting 21 biocide-tolerant isolates were further characterized. Most isolates (95.2%) were resistant to ampicillin, but only 9.5% were resistant to cefotaxime as well as to ceftazidime. Resistance to chloramphenicol (61.9%), tetracycline (47.6%), streptomycin (19.0%), nalidixic acid (28.6%), ciprofloxacin (9.5%), netilmicin (14.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (38.1%) was also detected. Considering only antibiotics, 66.7% of isolates were multiresistant; furthermore, 90.5% were multiresistant considering antibiotics and biocides combined. Efflux pump and biocide tolerance genetic determinants detected included acrB (95.2%), oqxA (14.3%), mdfA (9.5%), qacA/B (4.8%), and qacE (9.5%). Antibiotic resistance genes detected included blaTEM (14.3%), blaCTXM-2 (4.8%), blaPSE (4.8%), floR (19.05%), tet(A) (9.5%), tet(C) (4.8%), dfrA12 (0.05%), and dfrA15 (0.05%). Significant positive correlations were detected between phenotypic tolerance/resistance to biocides, biocides and antibiotics, and also between antibiotics, suggesting that a generalized use of biocides could co-select antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Fernández Márquez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - María José Grande Burgos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Rosario Lucas López
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
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Gadea R, Fernández Fuentes MÁ, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Effects of exposure to quaternary-ammonium-based biocides on antimicrobial susceptibility and tolerance to physical stresses in bacteria from organic foods. Food Microbiol 2016; 63:58-71. [PMID: 28040182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a collection of 76 biocide-sensitive bacterial strains isolated from organically produced food were adapted by repeated exposure to increasing concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) benzalkonium chloride (BC) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP). The sensitivity of both wildtype strains and their corresponding QAC-adapted strains to other biocides and to antibiotics was studied. QAC tolerance increased in 88.2% of strains for BC and in 30.3% of strains for HDP, with increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations between 2 and over 100 fold. Adaptive resistance was stable after 20 subcultures in biocide-free medium for 7 and 5 of the BC- and HDP-adapted strains, respectively. Adaptation to BC and HDP also reduced the susceptibility to other biocides, mainly hexachlorophene (CF), didecyldimethylammonium bromide (AB), triclosan (TC) and chlorhexidine (CH). BC-adapted strains showed increased antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (AM) followed by sulfamethoxazol (SXT) and cefotaxime (CTX), and some showed increased sensitivity to ceftazidime (CAZ), CTX, AM and STX. Changes in antibiotic resistance in HDP-adapted strains were more heterogeneous and strain-dependent. Main efflux pump genes detected in QAC-adapted strains were acrB, sugE, norC, qacE and qacH, as well as antibiotic resistance genes aac(6_)-Ie-aph(2_)-Ia, aph(2_)-Ic, ant(4_)-Ia, lsa, mrsA/B, ereA, ermB and cat. Membrane anisotropy experiments revealed that QAC adaptation induced an increase in membrane rigidity in the case of BC, while response to HDP was more heterogeneous and strain-dependent. Growth capacity was significantly higher in some QAC-adapted strains and strain-dependent changes in heat tolerance were also detected in QAC-adapted strains. Gastric acid or bile resistances do not seem to be influenced by QAC adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gadea
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernández Fuentes
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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20
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Gadea R, Fernández Fuentes MÁ, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Adaptive tolerance to phenolic biocides in bacteria from organic foods: Effects on antimicrobial susceptibility and tolerance to physical stresses. Food Res Int 2016; 85:131-143. [PMID: 29544828 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of step-wise exposure of biocide-sensitive bacteria from organic foods to phenolic biocides triclosan (TC) and hexachlorophene [2,2'-methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol)] (CF). The analysis included changes in the tolerance to the biocide itself, the tolerance to other biocides, and cross-resistance to clinically important antibiotics. The involvement of efflux mechanisms was also studied as well as the possible implication of modifications in cytoplasmic membrane fluidity in the resistance mechanisms. The influence of biocide tolerance on growth capacity of the adapted strains and on subsequent resistance to other physical stresses has also been analyzed. Repeated exposure of bacteria from organic foods to phenolic biocides resulted in most cases in partially increased tolerance to the same biocide, to dissimilar biocides and other antimicrobial compounds. Nine TC-adapted strains and six CF-adapted strains were able to develop high levels of biocide tolerance, and these were stable in the absence of biocide selective pressure. Most strains adapted to TC and one CF-adapted strain showed significantly higher anisotropy values than their corresponding wildtype strains, suggesting that changes in membrane fluidity could be involved in biocide adaptation. Exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of CF induced a decrease in heat tolerance. Biocide adaptation had no significant effects of gastric acid or bile resistance, suggesting that biocide adaptation should not influence survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gadea
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernández Fuentes
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain.
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
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21
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Potential Applications of the Cyclic Peptide Enterocin AS-48 in the Preservation of Vegetable Foods and Beverages. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 2:77-89. [PMID: 26781116 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-009-9030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria. Among them, the enterococcal bacteriocin (enterocin) AS-48 stands for its peculiar characteristics and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. AS-48 belongs to the class of circular bacteriocins and has been studied in depth in several aspects: peptide structure, genetic determinants, and mode of action. Recently, a wealth of knowledge has accumulated on the antibacterial activity of this bacteriocin against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in food systems, especially in vegetable foods and drinks. This work provides a general overview on the results from tests carried out with AS-48 in different vegetable food categories (such as fruit juices, ciders, sport and energy drinks, fresh fruits and vegetables, pre-cooked ready to eat foods, canned vegetables, and bakery products). Depending on the food substrate, the bacteriocin has been tested alone or as part of hurdle technology, in combination with physico-chemical treatments (such as mild heat treatments or high-intensity pulsed electric fields) and other antimicrobial substances (such as essential oils, phenolic compounds, and chemical preservatives). Since the work carried out on bacteriocins in preservation of vegetable foods and drinks is much more limited compared to meat and dairy products, the results reported for AS-48 may open new possibilities in the field of bacteriocin applications.
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Javaherzadeh V, Jamshidian M, Zahraei M, Youseftabar A, Milani M, Hassan M, Lotfipour F. Evaluation of Bacteriocin Activities among Enterococcal Poultry Isolates from East Azarbaijan Iran. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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Zheng W, Zhang Y, Lu HM, Li DT, Zhang ZL, Tang ZX, Shi LE. Antimicrobial activity and safety evaluation of Enterococcus faecium KQ 2.6 isolated from peacock feces. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:30. [PMID: 25962418 PMCID: PMC4427955 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this paper was to study antimicrobial activity and safety of Enterococcus faecium KQ 2.6 (E. faecium KQ 2.6) isolated from peacock feces. Methods Agar well diffusion method was adopted in antimicrobial activity assay. Disk diffusion test was used to determine the antibiotic resistance. The identification and virulence potential of E. faecium KQ 2.6 were investigated using PCR amplification. Results The results indicated that cell free supernatant (CFS) of the strain had the good antimicrobial activity against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The biochemical characteristics of antimicrobial substances were investigated. The results indicated that the antimicrobial substances were still active after treatment with catalase and proteinase, respectively. Moreover, the stability of antimicrobial substances did not change after heat treatment at 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80°C for 30 min, respectively. The activity of antimicrobial substances remained stable at 4 and −20°C after long time storage. The antimicrobial activity of CFS was compared with that of the buffer with similar strength and pH. The inhibitory zone of the buffer was apparently smaller than that of CFS, which meant that the acid in CFS was not the only factor that was contributed to antibacterial activity of CFS. The antibiotic resistance and virulence potential were evaluated using disk diffusion test and PCR amplification. The results showed that E. faecium KQ 2.6 did not harbor any tested virulence genes such as gelE, esp, asa1, cylA, efaA and hyl. It was susceptible to most of tested antibiotics except for vancomycin and polymyxin B. Conclusion E. faecium KQ 2.6 may be used as bio-preservative cultures for the production of fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hui-Min Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhi-Liang Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhen-Xing Tang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lu-E Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhou H, Hu Y, Jiang L, Zhou H, Ma J, Liu C. Antilisterial Activity of Bacteriocin HY07 fromEnterococcus faeciumHY07 Isolated from Chinese Sausages. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2014.996893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Gaaloul N, ben Braiek O, Hani K, Volski A, Chikindas M, Ghrairi T. Isolation and characterization of large spectrum and multiple bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium
strain from raw bovine milk. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:343-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Gaaloul
- UR12-ES03 Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine of Sousse; University of Sousse; Sousse Tunisia
| | - O. ben Braiek
- UR12-ES03 Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine of Sousse; University of Sousse; Sousse Tunisia
| | - K. Hani
- UR12-ES03 Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine of Sousse; University of Sousse; Sousse Tunisia
| | - A. Volski
- School of Arts and Science; Rutgers State University; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - M.L. Chikindas
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences; Rutgers State University; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - T. Ghrairi
- UR12-ES03 Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine of Sousse; University of Sousse; Sousse Tunisia
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Grande Burgos MJ, Pulido RP, Del Carmen López Aguayo M, Gálvez A, Lucas R. The Cyclic Antibacterial Peptide Enterocin AS-48: Isolation, Mode of Action, and Possible Food Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22706-22727. [PMID: 25493478 PMCID: PMC4284732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocin AS-48 is a circular bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus. It contains a 70 amino acid-residue chain circularized by a head-to-tail peptide bond. The conformation of enterocin AS-48 is arranged into five alpha-helices with a compact globular structure. Enterocin AS-48 has a wide inhibitory spectrum on Gram-positive bacteria. Sensitivity of Gram-negative bacteria increases in combination with outer-membrane permeabilizing treatments. Eukaryotic cells are bacteriocin-resistant. This cationic peptide inserts into bacterial membranes and causes membrane permeabilization, leading ultimately to cell death. Microarray analysis revealed sets of up-regulated and down-regulated genes in Bacillus cereus cells treated with sublethal bacteriocin concentration. Enterocin AS-48 can be purified in two steps or prepared as lyophilized powder from cultures in whey-based substrates. The potential applications of enterocin AS-48 as a food biopreservative have been corroborated against foodborne pathogens and/or toxigenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica) and spoilage bacteria (Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Bacillus spp., Paenibacillus spp., Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Staphylococcus carnosus, Lactobacillus sakei and other spoilage lactic acid bacteria). The efficacy of enterocin AS-48 in food systems increases greatly in combination with chemical preservatives, essential oils, phenolic compounds, and physico-chemical treatments such as sublethal heat, high-intensity pulsed-electric fields or high hydrostatic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Grande Burgos
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | | | - Antonio Gálvez
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Rosario Lucas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
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Lavilla Lerma L, Benomar N, Valenzuela AS, Casado Muñoz MDC, Gálvez A, Abriouel H. Role of EfrAB efflux pump in biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from traditional fermented foods and the effect of EDTA as EfrAB inhibitor. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:249-57. [PMID: 25084670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from various traditional fermented foods of both animal and vegetable origins have shown multidrug resistance to several antibiotics and tolerance to biocides. Reduced susceptibility was intra and inter-species dependent and was due to specific and unspecific mechanisms such as efflux pumps. EfrAB, a heterodimeric ABC transporter efflux pump, was detected in 100% of multidrug resistant (MDR) E. faecalis strains and only in 12% of MDR E. faecium strains. EfrAB expression was induced by half of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. However, expression of efrA and efrB genes was highly dependent on the strain tested and on the antimicrobial used. Our results indicated that 3 mM EDTA highly reduced the MICs of almost all drugs tested. Nevertheless, the higher reductions (>8 folds) were obtained with gentamicin, streptomycin, chlorhexidine and triclosan. Reductions of MICs were correlated with down-regulation of EfrAB expression (10-140 folds) in all three MDR enterococci strains. This is the first report describing the role of EfrAB in the efflux of antibiotics and biocides which reflect also the importance of EfrAB in multidrug resistance in enterococci. EDTA used at low concentration as food preservative could be one of the best choices to prevent spread of multidrug resistant enterococci throughout food chain by decreasing EfrAB expression. EfrAB could be an attractive target not only in enterococci present in food matrix but also those causing infections as well by using EDTA as therapeutic agent in combination with low doses of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Valenzuela
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Casado Muñoz
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Cebrián R, Rodríguez-Ruano S, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Montalbán-López M. Analysis of the promoters involved in enterocin AS-48 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90603. [PMID: 24594763 PMCID: PMC3942455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterocin AS-48 is the best characterized antibacterial circular protein in prokaryotes. It is a hydrophobic and cationic bacteriocin, which is ribosomally synthesized by enterococcal cells and post-translationally cyclized by a head-to-tail peptide bond. The production of and immunity towards AS-48 depend upon the coordinated expression of ten genes organized in two operons, as-48ABC (where genes encoding enzymes with processing, secretion, and immunity functions are adjacent to the structural as-48A gene) and as-48C1DD1EFGH. The current study describes the identification of the promoters involved in AS-48 expression. Seven putative promoters have been here amplified, and separately inserted into the promoter-probe vector pTLR1, to create transcriptional fusions with the mCherry gene used as a reporter. The activity of these promoter regions was assessed measuring the expression of the fluorescent mCherry protein using the constitutive pneumococcal promoter PX as a reference. Our results revealed that only three promoters PA, P2(2) and PD1 were recognized in Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli, in the conditions tested. The maximal fluorescence was obtained with PX in all the strains, followed by the P2(2) promoter, which level of fluorescence was 2-fold compared to PA and 4-fold compared to PD1. Analysis of putative factors influencing the promoter activity in single and double transformants in E. faecalis JH2-2 demonstrated that, in general, a better expression was achieved in presence of pAM401-81. In addition, the P2(2) promoter could be regulated in a negative fashion by genes existing in the native pMB-2 plasmid other than those of the as-48 cluster, while the pH seems to affect differently the as-48 promoter expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Cebrián
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Rodríguez-Ruano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Montalbán-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Sánchez Valenzuela A, Lavilla Lerma L, Benomar N, Gálvez A, Pérez Pulido R, Abriouel H. Phenotypic and Molecular Antibiotic Resistance Profile ofEnterococcus faecalisandEnterococcus faeciumIsolated from Different Traditional Fermented Foods. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:143-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sánchez Valenzuela
- Microbiology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Microbiology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Microbiology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Microbiology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Microbiology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Hikmate Abriouel
- Microbiology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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De Niederhäusern S, Bondi M, Anacarso I, Iseppi R, Sabia C, Bitonte F, Messi P. Antibiotics and heavy metals resistance and other biological characters in enterococci isolated from surface water of Monte Cotugno Lake (Italy). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:939-946. [PMID: 23485245 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.762739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited knowledge about the biological characters in enterococci isolated from surface waters, we investigated antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance, bacteriocin production, and some important virulence traits of 165 enterococci collected in water samples from Monte Cotugno Lake, the largest artificial basin built with earth in Europe. The species distribution of isolates was as follows: Enterococcus faecium (80%), Enterococcus faecalis (12.7%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (3%), Enterococcus mundtii (1.8%), Enterococcus hirae (1.8%), Enterococcus durans (0.6%). All enterococci showed heavy metal resistance toward Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were susceptible to Ag and Hg, and at the same time exhibited in large percentage (83.7%) resistance to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Relatively to virulence factor genes, 50.9% enterococci were positive for gelatinase (gelE), 10.9% for aggregation substance (agg), 12.7% and 66.6% for the cell wall adhesins (efaAfs and efaAfm), respectively. No amplicons were detected after PCR for cytolysin production (cylA, cylB and cylM) and enterococcal surface protein (esp) genes. Bacteriocin production was found in most of the isolates. Given that the waters of the Monte Cotugno Lake are used for different purposes, among which farming and recreational activities, they can contribute to spread enterococci endowed with virulence factors, and antibiotics and heavy metals resistance to humans.
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Lavilla Lerma L, Benomar N, Gálvez A, Abriouel H. Prevalence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and/or biocides on meat processing plant surfaces throughout meat chain production. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 161:97-106. [PMID: 23279818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the prevalence of resistant bacteria to biocides and/or antibiotics throughout meat chain production from sacrifice till end of production line, samples from various surfaces of a goat and lamb slaughterhouse representative of the region were analyzed by the culture dependent approach. Resistant Psychrotrophs (n=255 strains), Pseudomonas sp. (n=166 strains), E. coli (n=23 strains), Staphylococcus sp. (n=17 strains) and LAB (n=82 represented mainly by Lactobacillus sp.) were isolated. Resistant psychrotrophs and pseudomonads (47 and 29%, respectively) to different antimicrobials were frequently detected in almost all areas of meat processing plant regardless the antimicrobial used, although there was a clear shift in the spectrum of other bacterial groups and for this aim such resistance was determined according to several parameters: antimicrobial tested, sampling zone and the bacterial group. Correlation of different parameters was done using a statistical tool "Principal component analysis" (PCA) which determined that quaternary ammonium compounds and hexadecylpyridinium were the most relevant biocides for resistance in Pseudomonas sp., while ciprofloxacin and hexachlorophene were more relevant for psychrotrophs, LAB, and in lesser extent Staphylococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. On the other hand, PCA of sampling zones determined that sacrifice room (SR) and cutting room (CR) considered as main source of antibiotic and/or biocide resistant bacteria showed an opposite behaviour concerning relevance of antimicrobials to determine resistance being hexadecylpyridinium, cetrimide and chlorhexidine the most relevant in CR, while hexachlorophene, oxonia 6P and PHMG the most relevant in SR. In conclusion, rotational use of the relevant biocides as disinfectants in CR and SR is recommended in an environment which is frequently disinfected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
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Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Valdivia E, Martín-Vivaldi M, Martín-Platero AM, Martínez-Bueno M, Méndez M, Peralta-Sánchez JM, Soler JJ. Antimicrobial activity and genetic profile of Enteroccoci isolated from hoopoes uropygial gland. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41843. [PMID: 22911858 PMCID: PMC3404078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms may be directly transferred from parents to offspring or acquired from a particular environment that animals may be able to select. If benefits for hosts vary among microbial strains, natural selection may favour hosts holding the most beneficial one. Enterococci symbionts living in the hoopoe (Upupa epops) uropygial gland are able to synthesise bacteriocins (antimicrobial peptides that inhibit the growth of competitor bacteria). We explored variability in genetic profile (through RAPD-PCR analyses) and antimicrobial properties (by performing antagonistic tests against ten bacterial indicator strains) of the different isolates obtained from the uropygial glands of hoopoe females and nestlings. We found that the genetic profile of bacterial isolates was related to antimicrobial activity, as well as to individual host identity and the nest from which samples were obtained. This association suggest that variation in the inhibitory capacity of Enterococci symbionts should be under selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Departamento Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Almería, Spain.
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Fernández-Fuentes MA, Ortega Morente E, Abriouel H, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A. Isolation and identification of bacteria from organic foods: Sensitivity to biocides and antibiotics. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Montalbán-López M, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cebrián R, Maqueda M. Discovering the bacterial circular proteins: bacteriocins, cyanobactins, and pilins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27007-13. [PMID: 22700986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.354688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, several examples of natural ribosomally synthesized circular proteins and peptides from diverse organisms have been described. They are a group of proteins for which the precursors must be post-translationally modified to join the N and C termini with a peptide bond. This feature appears to confer a range of potential advantages because these proteins show increased resistance to proteases and higher thermodynamic stability, both of which improve their biological activity. They are produced by prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and show diverse biological activities, related mostly to a self-defense or competition mechanism of the producer organisms, with the only exception being the circular pilins. This minireview highlights ribosomally synthesized circular proteins produced by members of the domain Bacteria: circular bacteriocins, cyanobactins, and circular pilins. We pay special attention to the genetic organization of the biosynthetic machinery of these molecules, the role of circularization, and the differences in the possible circularization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Montalbán-López
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hassan M, Diep DB, Javadzadeh Y, Dastmalchi S, Nes IF, Sharifi Y, Yari S, Farajnia S, Lotfipour F. Prevalence of bacteriocin activities and bacteriocin-encoding genes in enterococcal clinical isolates in Iran. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:359-68. [PMID: 22414091 DOI: 10.1139/w11-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the project was to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-producing enterococci, as well as determine the prevalence of enterocin structural genes in 187 enterococcal clinical isolates from the northwest of Iran. The isolates were screened for antibacterial activity against 15 different indicator strains. The proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial substances was confirmed by sensitivity to proteinase K; their stability to heat treatment was tested at 60 °C and 100 °C for 20 and 10 min, respectively. The PCR method was applied to detect previously identified enterocin genes. Our results showed that 38 (20.3%) of the enterococcal isolates were considered to be potential bacteriocinogenic strains. Furthermore, genes encoding diverse bacteriocin are highly distributed among clinical enterococci, and the strains with multi-bacteriocin genes displayed high antimicrobial activity. Enterocin A, enterolysin A, and enterocin L50A/B were the most abundant structural genes detected in bacteriocinogenic strains. This work is the first survey on the prevalence of bacteriocin genes among clinical enterococci in Iran that has isolated a strain with high antimicrobial activity and sensitivity to clinically relevant antibiotics.
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Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from wild flowers. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 101:701-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hadji-Sfaxi I, El-Ghaish S, Ahmadova A, Batdorj B, Le Blay-Laliberté G, Barbier G, Haertlé T, Chobert JM. Antimicrobial activity and safety of use of Enterococcus faecium PC4.1 isolated from Mongol yogurt. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Satish Kumar R, Kanmani P, Yuvaraj N, Paari K, Pattukumar V, Arul V. Purification and characterization of enterocin MC13 produced by a potential aquaculture probiontEnterococcus faeciumMC13 isolated from the gut ofMugil cephalus. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A bacteriocin producer strain MC13 was isolated from the gut of Mugil cephalus (grey mullet) and identified as Enterococcus faecium . The bacteriocin of E. faecium MC13 was purified to homogeneity, as confirmed by Tricine sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed a single active fraction eluted at 26 min, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis showed the molecular mass to be 2.148 kDa. The clear zone in native PAGE corresponding to enterocin MC13 band further substantiated its molecular mass. A dialyzed sample (semicrude preparation) of enterocin MC13 was broad spectrum in its action and inhibited important seafood-borne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and Vibrio vulnificus . This antibacterial substance was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, protease, and chymotrypsin but insensitive to catalase and lipase, confirming that inhibition was due to the proteinaceous molecule, i.e., bacteriocin, and not due to hydrogen peroxide. Enterocin MC13 tolerated heat treatment (up to 90 °C for 20 min). Enterococcus faecium MC13 was effective in bile salt tolerance, acid tolerance, and adhesion to the HT-29 cell line. These properties reveal the potential of E. faecium MC13 to be a probiotic bacterium. Enterococcus faecium MC13 could be used as potential fish probiotic against pathogens such as V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi , and Aeromonas hydrophila in fisheries. Also, this could be a valuable seafood biopreservative against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Satish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605014, India
| | - P. Kanmani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605014, India
| | - N. Yuvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605014, India
| | - K.A. Paari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605014, India
| | - V. Pattukumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605014, India
| | - V. Arul
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605014, India
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ISLEROGLU HILAL, YILDIRIM ZELIHA, TOKATLI MEHMET, ONCUL NILGUN, YILDIRIM METIN. Partial characterisation of enterocin KP produced byEnterococcus faecalisKP, a cheese isolate. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Montalbán-López M, Cebrián R, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M. AS-48 bacteriocin: close to perfection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2845-57. [PMID: 21590312 PMCID: PMC11115006 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocin AS-48 is an intriguing molecule because of its unique structural characteristics, genetic regulation, broad activity spectrum, and potential biotechnological applications. It was the first reported circular bacteriocin and has been undoubtedly the best characterized for the last 25 years. Thus, AS-48 is the prototype of circular bacteriocins (class IV), for which the structure and genetic regulation have been elucidated. This review discusses the state-of-the-art in genetic engineering with regard to this circular protein, with the use of site-directed mutagenesis and circular permutation. Mutagenesis studies have been used to unravel the role of (a) different residues in the biological activity, underlining the relevance of several residues involved in membrane interaction and the low correlation between stability and activity and (b) three amino acids involved in maturation, providing information on the specificity of the leader peptidase and the circularization process itself. To investigate the role of circularity in the stability and biological properties of the enterocin AS-48, two different ways of linearization have been attempted: in vitro by limited proteolysis experiments and in vivo by circular permutation in the structural gene as-48A. The results summarized here show the significance of circularization on the secondary structure, potency and, especially, the stability of AS-48 and point as well to a putative role of the leader peptide as a protecting moiety in the pre-proprotein. Taken all together, the data available on circular bacteriocins support the idea that AS-48 has been engineered by nature to make a remarkably active and stable protein with a broad spectrum of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Montalbán-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Cebrián
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Javed A, Masud T, ul Ain Q, Imran M, Maqsood S. Enterocins of Enterococcus faecium, emerging natural food preservatives. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Valenzuela AS, Benomar N, Abriouel H, Cañamero MM, Gálvez A. Isolation and identification of Enterococcus faecium from seafoods: antimicrobial resistance and production of bacteriocin-like substances. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:955-61. [PMID: 20688238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A collection of isolates from uncooked seafoods (molluscs, fish, and fish fillets) were identified as Enterococcus faecium species and studied in further detail. Isolates were clustered in well-defined genomic groups according to food origin after ERIC-PCR analysis. Four isolates (FR 1-2, FB 1-3-B, FB 3-1, FTA 1-2) decarboxylated lysine, ornithine, and tyrosine. Isolate FR 1-2 also decarboxylated histidine. Most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics of clinical use, but resistance was detected more frequently towards nitrofurantoin (50%), erythromycin (33.33%) or rifampicin (33.33%) to quinupristin/dalfopristin (12.5%). Resistance to beta-lactams or vancomycin was not detected. The enterococcal antigen A was the presumed virulence trait detected most frequently. None of isolates carried haemolysin/cytolysin genes. Twelve isolates produced anti-listerial activity. Among them, seven isolates also produced bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances against other enterococci, and one isolate was also able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Three isolates only were active against Listeria monocytogenes, and two only were active against enterococci. One bacteriocinogenic isolate carried the enterocin A structural gene, but genes corresponding to other enterocins (EntB, EntP, EntQ, Ent1071, EntL50A/EntL50B, and Ent31) were not detected. Bacteriocin-producing enterococci lacking undesirable traits (such as antibiotic resistance or biogenic amine production) or their produced bacteriocins could be potential candidates to aid in preservation of seafoods and other food products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sánchez Valenzuela
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Gupta H, Malik RK, Bhardwaj A, Kaur G, De S, Kaushik JK. Purification and characterization of enterocin FH 99 produced by a faecal isolate Enterococcus faecium FH 99. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:145-55. [PMID: 23100821 PMCID: PMC3450323 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium FH 99 was isolated from human faeces and selected because of its broad spectrum of inhibitory activity against several Gram-positive foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Ent. faecium FH 99 accumulates enterocin in large number in early stationary phase of the growth. The enterocin FH 99 was stable over a wide pH range (2-10) and recovered activity even after treatment at high temperatures (10 min at 100°C). The enterocin was subjected to different purification techniques viz., gel filteration, cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The activity was eluted as one individual active fraction. SDSPAGE revealed a molecular weight of less than 6.5 kDa. Studies carried out to identify the genetic determinants for bacteriocin production showed that this trait may be plasmid encoded as loss in both of the plasmids (size>chromosomal DNA) led to loss in bacteriocin production by Ent. faecium FH 99. Ent. faecium strain FH 99 is a newly discovered high bacteriocin producer with Activity Units 1.8 × 10(5) AU ml(-1) and its characteristics indicate that it may have strong potential for application as a protective agent against pathogens and spoilage bacteria in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Gupta
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Division of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 India
| | - R. K. Malik
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Division of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 India
| | - A. Bhardwaj
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Division of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 India
| | - G. Kaur
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Division of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 India
| | - S. De
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Division of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 India
| | - J. K. Kaushik
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Division of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001 India
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Gong H, Meng X, Wang H. Plantaricin MG active against Gram-negative bacteria produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0391 isolated from “Jiaoke”, a traditional fermented cream from China. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Marounek M, Břeňová N, Suchorská O, Mrázek J. Phytase activity in rabbit cecal bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 54:111-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-009-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Valenzuela AS, Omar NB, Abriouel H, López RL, Veljovic K, Cañamero MM, Topisirovic MKL, Gálvez A. Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and bacteriocins in enterococci from artisan foods of animal origin. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guglielmetti E, Korhonen JM, Heikkinen J, Morelli L, von Wright A. Transfer of plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline in pathogenic bacteria from fish and aquaculture environments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 293:28-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Identification and characterization of lactocyclicin Q, a novel cyclic bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. strain QU 12. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1552-8. [PMID: 19139222 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02299-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus sp. strain QU 12, which was isolated from cheese, produced a novel cyclic bacteriocin termed lactocyclicin Q. By using cation-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, lactocyclicin Q was purified from culture supernatant, and its molecular mass was determined to be 6,062.8 Da by mass spectrometry. Lactocyclicin Q has been characterized by its unique antimicrobial spectrum, high level of protease resistance, and heat stability compared to other reported bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. The amino acid sequence of lactocyclicin Q was determined chemically, and this compound is composed of 61 amino acid residues that have a cyclic structure with linkage between the N and C termini by a peptide bond. It showed no homology to any other antimicrobial peptide, including cyclic bacteriocins. On the basis of the amino acid sequences obtained, the sequence of the gene encoding the prepeptide lactocyclicin Q was obtained. This is the first report of a cyclic bacteriocin purified from a strain belonging to the genus Lactococcus.
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