1
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Pei S, Babity S, Sara Cordeiro A, Brambilla D. Integrating microneedles and sensing strategies for diagnostic and monitoring applications: The state of the art. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115341. [PMID: 38797317 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) offer minimally-invasive access to interstitial fluid (ISF) - a potent alternative to blood in terms of monitoring physiological analytes. This property is particularly advantageous for the painless detection and monitoring of drugs and biomolecules. However, the complexity of the skin environment, coupled with the inherent nature of the analytes being detected and the inherent physical properties of MNs, pose challenges when conducting physiological monitoring using this fluid. In this review, we discuss different sensing mechanisms and highlight advancements in monitoring different targets, with a particular focus on drug monitoring. We further list the current challenges facing the field and conclude by discussing aspects of MN design which serve to enhance their performance when monitoring different classes of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Pei
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Samuel Babity
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ana Sara Cordeiro
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom.
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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2
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Ben Akacha B, Michalak M, Generalić Mekinić I, Kačániová M, Chaari M, Brini F, Ben Saad R, Mnif W, Garzoli S, Ben Hsouna A. Mixture design of α-pinene, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole: A multiobjective response followed by chemometric approaches to optimize the antibacterial effect against various bacteria and antioxidant activity. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:574-589. [PMID: 38268912 PMCID: PMC10804091 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Pinene, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole are compounds naturally present in essential oils, although their amounts vary from oil to oil. Although several studies have reported their antibacterial and antioxidant effects, there are few reports on the synergistic or antagonistic effects of their combinations. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined antibacterial effect of these three compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the prediction of their optimal combination using the mixture design approach. The experimental antibacterial activity of the α-pinene, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole mixtures depended on the proportion of each compound in the mixture and the target strain, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.31 to 1.85 mg/mL. Using the increased simplex-centroid mixture design, the mixture containing 0.33% of each molecule proved to be the most effective against Bacillus cereus and had the lowest MIC values. In addition, α-pinene, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole showed significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-picryl-1-hydrazyl radical (DPPH), with IC50 values of 24.53 ± 0.05, 65.63 ± 0.71, and 63.58 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. Statistical planning and the development of utility profiles of the substance mixtures can predict the optimal composition that will exhibit the highest antibacterial activity against B. cereus as well as antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of the mixtures can contribute significantly to their successful use as natural preservatives in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boutheina Ben Akacha
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant ImprovementCentre of Biotechnology of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | | | - Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and TechnologyUniversity of SplitSplitCroatia
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Faculty of Horticulture, Institute of HorticultureSlovak University of AgricultureNitraSlovakia
| | - Moufida Chaari
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE)Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS)University of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | - Faical Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant ImprovementCentre of Biotechnology of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant ImprovementCentre of Biotechnology of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences at BishaUniversity of BishaBishaSaudi Arabia
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of DrugSapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Anis Ben Hsouna
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant ImprovementCentre of Biotechnology of SfaxSfaxTunisia
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Nutrition, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of MahdiaUniversity of MonastirMonastirTunisia
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3
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Jenull S, Bauer T, Silbermayr K, Dreer M, Stark TD, Ehling-Schulz M. The toxicological spectrum of the Bacillus cereus toxin cereulide points towards niche-specific specialisation. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2231-2249. [PMID: 37354053 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Most microbes share their environmental niches with very different forms of life thereby engaging in specialised relationships to enable their persistence. The bacterium Bacillus cereus occurs ubiquitously in the environment with certain strain backgrounds causing foodborne and opportunistic infections in humans. The emetic lineage of B. cereus is capable of producing the toxin cereulide, which evokes emetic illnesses. Although food products favouring the accumulation of cereulide are known, the ecological role of cereulide and the environmental niche of emetic B. cereus remain elusive. To better understand the ecology of cereulide-producing B. cereus, we systematically assayed the toxicological spectrum of cereulide on a variety of organisms belonging to different kingdoms. As cereulide is a potassium ionophore, we further tested the effect of environmental potassium levels on the action of cereulide. We found that adverse effects of cereulide exposure are species-specific, which can be exacerbated with increased environmental potassium. Additionally, we demonstrate that cereulide is produced within an insect cadaver indicating its potential ecological function for a saprophytic lifestyle. Collectively, distinct cereulide susceptibilities of other organisms may reflect its role in enabling competitive niche specialization of emetic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jenull
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Silbermayr
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Dreer
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo D Stark
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Meng J, Shen H, Luo L, Zeng X, Wang J, Liu Y, Xu ZL. Engineered DNAzyme Enables Homogeneous Detection of Cereulide via Polychromic Fluorescence Modality. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14135-14142. [PMID: 37669908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cereulide, the exotoxin of emetic Bacillus cereus, has garnered considerable attention due to its capacity to produce foodborne poisonings and great chemical stability. Herein, a G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme-based biosensor was developed to detect cereulide in the homogeneous solution. Due to the special ring structure and high affinity to K+, cereulide can be attracted and intercalated into the G-quadruplex; thus, the properties of the G4 DNAzyme can be altered. The melting temperature (Tm) of the G4 DNAzyme in the presence or absence of cereulide was 58.75 and 50.10 °C, respectively, proving the intercalation of cereulide into the G4 DNAzyme. By using the polychromic fluorescence modality of CdTe quantum dots and o-phenylenediamine to assess the variation in the catalytic activity of the DNAzyme, the intercalation of cereulide had bidirectional effects in G4 DNAzyme-mediated reactions, showing that the fluorescence intensity of CdTe quantum dots displayed a linear relationship with the concentration of cereulide from 0.16 to 40 μg/mL with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.10 μg/mL, while the fluorescence intensity of DAP exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration of cereulide from 0.02 to 40 μg/mL with the LOD of 0.01 μg/mL. It will be a perspective step of controlling cereulide as a hazardous material in food or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Haoran Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Guangzhou Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510410, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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5
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Yang S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Jia K, Zhang Z, Dong Q. Cereulide and Emetic Bacillus cereus: Characterizations, Impacts and Public Precautions. Foods 2023; 12:833. [PMID: 36832907 PMCID: PMC9956921 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereulide, which can be produced by Bacillus cereus, is strongly associated with emetic-type food poisoning outbreaks. It is an extremely stable emetic toxin, which is unlikely to be inactivated by food processing. Considering the high toxicity of cereulide, its related hazards raise public concerns. A better understanding of the impact of B. cereus and cereulide is urgently needed to prevent contamination and toxin production, thereby protecting public health. Over the last decade, a wide range of research has been conducted regarding B. cereus and cereulide. Despite this, summarized information highlighting precautions at the public level involving the food industry, consumers and regulators is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the current review is to summarize the available data describing the characterizations and impacts of emetic B. cereus and cereulide; based on this information, precautions at the public level are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Jungong Road No. 334, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200093, China
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6
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Takahashi N, Nagai S, Tomimatsu Y, Saito A, Kaneta N, Tsujimoto Y, Tamura H. Simultaneous Discrimination of Cereulide-Producing Bacillus cereus and Psychrotolerant B. cereus Group by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1192-1202. [PMID: 35687734 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cereulide-producing Bacillus cereus, which causes foodborne illnesses with vomiting, and psychrotolerant B. cereus group strains such as Bacillus mycoides, which can grow at ≥7°C and cause spoilage of refrigerated foods, are significant concerns for the food industry. Rapid and simple methods to discriminate the cereulide-producing B. cereus and psychrotolerant B. cereus group strains from other B. cereus group strains are needed. We developed a novel, rapid, and simple method with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis for simultaneous discrimination of these two groups from other B. cereus group strains. A potassium adduct of cereulide was used to detect cereulide-producing B. cereus, and three ribosomal subunit proteins (L30, S16, and S20) were used to detect psychrotolerant B. cereus group. A total of 51 B. cereus group strains were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The biomarkers allowed successful discrimination of 16 cereulide-producing B. cereus and 15 psychrotolerant B. cereus group strains from other B. cereus group strains. The results showed that this MALDI-TOF MS analysis allows simultaneous discrimination of cereulide-producing B. cereus and psychrotolerant B. cereus group strains from other B. cereus group strains. This efficient method has the potential to be a valuable tool for ensuring food safety. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Takahashi
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0919, Japan
| | - Satomi Nagai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tomimatsu
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0919, Japan
| | - Ayumi Saito
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0919, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneta
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0919, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsujimoto
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0919, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
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7
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Du X, Li N, Chen Q, Wu Z, Zhai J, Xie X. Perspective on fluorescence cell imaging with ionophore-based ion-selective nano-optodes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:031301. [PMID: 35698631 PMCID: PMC9188459 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic ions are ubiquitous in all kinds of cells with highly dynamic spatial and temporal distribution. Taking advantage of different types of fluorescent probes, fluorescence microscopic imaging and quantitative analysis of ion concentrations in cells have rapidly advanced. A family of fluorescent nanoprobes based on ionophores has emerged in recent years with the potential to establish a unique platform for the analysis of common biological ions including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and so on. This article aims at providing a retrospect and outlook of ionophore-based ion-selective nanoprobes and the applications in cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Niping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinghan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zeying Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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8
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Emetic toxin production of Bacillus cereus in a biofilm. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jovanovic J, Ornelis VFM, Madder A, Rajkovic A. Bacillus cereus food intoxication and toxicoinfection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3719-3761. [PMID: 34160120 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is one of the leading etiological agents of toxin-induced foodborne diseases. Its omnipresence in different environments, spore formation, and its ability to adapt to varying conditions and produce harmful toxins make this pathogen a health hazard that should not be underestimated. Food poisoning by B. cereus can manifest itself as an emetic or diarrheal syndrome. The former is caused by the release of the potent peptide toxin cereulide, whereas the latter is the result of proteinaceous enterotoxins (e.g., hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, and cytotoxin K). The final harmful effect is not only toxin and strain dependent, but is also affected by the stress responses, accessory virulence factors, and phenotypic properties under extrinsic, intrinsic, and explicit food conditions and host-related environment. Infamous portrait of B. cereus as a foodborne pathogen, as well as a causative agent of nongastrointestinal infections and even nosocomial complications, has inspired vast volumes of multidisciplinary research in food and clinical domains. As a result, extensive original data became available asking for a new, both broad and deep, multifaceted look into the current state-of-the art regarding the role of B. cereus in food safety. In this review, we first provide an overview of the latest knowledge on B. cereus toxins and accessory virulence factors. Second, we describe the novel taxonomy and some of the most pertinent phenotypic characteristics of B. cereus related to food safety. We link these aspects to toxin production, overall pathogenesis, and interactions with its human host. Then we reflect on the prevalence of different toxinotypes in foods opening the scene for epidemiological aspects of B. cereus foodborne diseases and methods available to prevent food poisoning including overview of the different available methods to detect B. cereus and its toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Ornelis
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kalbhenn EM, Bauer T, Stark TD, Knüpfer M, Grass G, Ehling-Schulz M. Detection and Isolation of Emetic Bacillus cereus Toxin Cereulide by Reversed Phase Chromatography. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020115. [PMID: 33557428 PMCID: PMC7915282 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emetic toxin cereulide is a 1.2 kDa dodecadepsipeptide produced by the food pathogen Bacillus cereus. As cereulide poses a serious health risk to humans, sensitive and specific detection, as well as toxin purification and quantification, methods are of utmost importance. Recently, a stable isotope dilution assay tandem mass spectrometry (SIDA–MS/MS)-based method has been described, and an method for the quantitation of cereulide in foods was established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). However, although this SIDA–MS/MS method is highly accurate, the sophisticated high-end MS equipment required for such measurements limits the method’s suitability for microbiological and molecular research. Thus, we aimed to develop a method for cereulide toxin detection and isolation using equipment commonly available in microbiological and biochemical research laboratories. Reproducible detection and relative quantification of cereulide was achieved, employing reversed phase chromatography (RPC). Chromatographic signals were cross validated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The specificity of the RPC method was tested using a test panel of strains that included non-emetic representatives of the B. cereus group, emetic B. cereus strains, and cereulide-deficient isogenic mutants. In summary, the new method represents a robust, economical, and easily accessible research tool that complements existing diagnostics for the detection and quantification of cereulide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Kalbhenn
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Timo D. Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Mandy Knüpfer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (G.G.)
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (G.G.)
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (E.M.K.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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12
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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13
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Beyond Toxin Transport: Novel Role of ABC Transporter for Enzymatic Machinery of Cereulide NRPS Assembly Line. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01577-20. [PMID: 32994334 PMCID: PMC7527721 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01577-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study revealed a novel, potentially conserved mechanism involved in the biosynthesis of microbial natural products, exemplified by the mitochondrial active depsipeptide cereulide. Similar to other bioactive substances, such as the last-resort antibiotics vancomycin and daptomycin, the antitumor drug cryptophycin or the cholesterol-lowering agent lovastatin, cereulide is synthesized nonribosomally by multienzyme machinery, requiring the concerted actions of multiple proteins to ensure correct product assembly. Given the importance of microbial secondary metabolites in human and veterinary medicine, it is critical to understand how these processes are orchestrated within the host cells. By revealing that tethering of a biosynthetic enzyme to the cell membrane by an ABC transporter is essential for nonribosomal peptide production, our study provides novel insights into synthesis of microbial secondary metabolites, which could contribute to isolation of novel compounds from cryptic secondary metabolite clusters or improve the yield of produced pharmaceuticals. Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthetases (PKSs) play a pivotal role in the production of bioactive natural products, such as antibiotics and cytotoxins. Despite biomedical and pharmaceutical importance, the molecular mechanisms and architectures of these multimodular enzyme complexes are not fully understood. Here, we report on an ABC transporter that forms a vital part of the nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic machinery. Emetic Bacillus cereus produces the highly potent, mitochondrial active nonribosomal depsipeptide cereulide, synthesized by the NRPS Ces. The ces gene locus includes, next to the structural cesAB genes, a putative ABC transporter, designated cesCD. Our study demonstrates that tethering of CesAB synthetase to the cell membrane by CesCD is critical for peptide assembly. In vivo studies revealed that CesAB colocalizes with CesCD on the cell membrane, suggesting direct involvement of this ABC transporter in the biosynthesis of a nonribosomal peptide. Mutation of cesCD, disrupting the assembly of the CesCD complex, resulted in decreased interaction with CesAB and, as a consequence, negatively affected cereulide biosynthesis. Specific domains within CesAB synthetase interacting with CesC were identified. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the structurally similar BerAB transporter from Bacillus thuringiensis complements CesCD function in cereulide biosynthesis, suggesting that the direct involvement of ABC transporter in secondary metabolite biosynthesis could be a widespread mechanism. In summary, our study revealed a novel, noncanonical function for ABC transporter, which is essential for megaenzyme functionality of NRPS. The new insights into natural product biosynthesis gained may facilitate the discovery of new metabolites with bioactive potential.
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Cánovas R, Padrell Sánchez S, Parrilla M, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. Cytotoxicity Study of Ionophore-Based Membranes: Toward On-Body and in Vivo Ion Sensing. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2524-2535. [PMID: 31448593 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present the most complete study to date comprising in vitro cytotoxicity tests of ion-selective membranes (ISMs) in terms of cell viability, proliferation, and adhesion assays with human dermal fibroblasts. ISMs were prepared with different types of plasticizers and ionophores to be tested in combination with assays that focus on the medium-term and long-term leaching of compounds. Furthermore, the ISMs were prepared in different configurations considering (i) inner-filling solution-type electrodes, (ii) all-solid-state electrodes based on a conventional drop-cast of the membrane, (iii) peeling after the preparation of a wearable sensor, and (iv) detachment from a microneedle-based sensor, thus covering a wide range of membrane shapes. One of the aims of this study, other than the demonstration of the biocompatibility of various ISMs and materials tested herein, is to create an awareness in the scientific community surrounding the need to perform biocompatibility assays during the very first steps of any sensor development with an intended biomedical application. This will foster meeting the requirements for subsequent on-body application of the sensor and avoiding further problems during massive validations toward the final in vivo use and commercialization of such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cánovas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Padrell Sánchez
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc Parrilla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Rouzeau-Szynalski K, Stollewerk K, Messelhäusser U, Ehling-Schulz M. Why be serious about emetic Bacillus cereus: Cereulide production and industrial challenges. Food Microbiol 2019; 85:103279. [PMID: 31500702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cereulide, a potent toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, is a small, highly heat- and acid-resistant depsipeptide toxin, which confronts food industry with several challenges. Due to the ubiquitous presence of B. cereus in the environment, this opportunistic pathogen can enter food production and processing at almost any stage. Although the bacteria itself might be removed during food processing, the cereulide toxin will most likely not be destroyed or inactivated by these processes. Because of the high toxicity of cereulide and the high incidence rates often observed in connection with foodborne outbreaks, the understanding of the mechanisms of toxin production as well as accurate data on contamination sources and factors promoting toxin formation are urgently needed to prevent contamination and toxin production in food production processes. Over the last decade, considerable progress had been made on the understanding of cereulide toxin biosynthesis in emetic B. cereus, but an overview of current knowledge on this toxin with regards to food industry perspective is lacking. Thus, we aim in this work to summarize data available on extrinsic parameters acting on cereulide toxin synthesis in emetic B. cereus and to discuss the food industry specific challenges related to this toxin. Furthermore, we emphasize how identification of the cardinals in food production processes can lead to novel effective strategies for prevention of toxin formation in the food processing chain and could contribute to the improvement of existing HACCP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Stollewerk
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Messelhäusser
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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16
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García‐Calvo J, Torroba T, Brañas‐Fresnillo V, Perdomo G, Cózar‐Castellano I, Li Y, Legrand Y, Barboiu M. Manipulation of Transmembrane Transport by Synthetic K
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Ionophore Depsipeptides and Its Implications in Glucose‐Stimulated Insulin Secretion in β‐Cells. Chemistry 2019; 25:9287-9294. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José García‐Calvo
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | | | - Germán Perdomo
- Department of Health SciencesSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Irene Cózar‐Castellano
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGMUniversity of Valladolid-CSIC 47003 Valladolid Spain
| | - Yu‐Hao Li
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupInstitut Européen des Membranes Place Eugène Bataillon, CC047 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Yves‐Marie Legrand
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupInstitut Européen des Membranes Place Eugène Bataillon, CC047 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupInstitut Européen des Membranes Place Eugène Bataillon, CC047 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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17
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Parrilla M, Cuartero M, Padrell Sánchez S, Rajabi M, Roxhed N, Niklaus F, Crespo GA. Wearable All-Solid-State Potentiometric Microneedle Patch for Intradermal Potassium Detection. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1578-1586. [PMID: 30543102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical all-solid-state platform for intradermal potentiometric detection of potassium in interstitial fluid is presented here. Solid microneedles are modified with different coatings and polymeric membranes to prepare both the potassium-selective electrode and reference electrode needed for the potentiometric readout. These microneedle-based electrodes are fixed in an epidermal patch suitable for insertion into the skin. The analytical performances observed for the potentiometric cell (Nernstian slope, limit of detection of 10-4.9 potassium activity, linear range of 10-4.2 to 10-1.1, drift of 0.35 ± 0.28 mV h-1), together with a fast response time, adequate selectivity, and excellent reproducibility and repeatability, are appropriate for potassium analysis in interstitial fluid within both clinical and harmful levels. The potentiometric response is maintained after several insertions into animal skin, confirming the resiliency of the microneedle-based sensor. Ex vivo tests based on the intradermal detection of potassium in chicken and porcine skin demonstrate that the microneedle patch is suitable for monitoring potassium changes inside the skin. In addition, the dimensions of the microneedles modified with the corresponding layers necessary to enhance robustness and provide sensing capabilities (1000 μm length, 45° tip angle, 15 μm thickness in the tip, and 435 μm in the base) agree with the required ranges for a painless insertion into the skin. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments showed that the patch can be used for at least 24 h without any side effect for the skin cells. Overall, the developed concept constitutes important progress in the intradermal analysis of ions related to an electrolyte imbalance in humans, which is relevant for the control of certain types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Parrilla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 30 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - María Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 30 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sara Padrell Sánchez
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology , Karolinska Institutet , K 57 , SE-141 86 Stockholm , Sweden.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset , 14186 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mina Rajabi
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Malvinas väg 10 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Niclas Roxhed
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Malvinas väg 10 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Malvinas väg 10 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Gastón A Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 30 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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18
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Bauer T, Sipos W, Stark TD, Käser T, Knecht C, Brunthaler R, Saalmüller A, Hofmann T, Ehling-Schulz M. First Insights Into Within Host Translocation of the Bacillus cereus Toxin Cereulide Using a Porcine Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2652. [PMID: 30464760 PMCID: PMC6234764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive pathogen mainly known to evoke two types of foodborne poisonings. The diarrheal syndrome is caused by enterotoxins produced during growth in the intestine. In contrast, the emetic type is caused by the dodecadepsipeptide cereulide pre-formed in food. Usually, both diseases are self-limiting but occasionally more severe forms, including fatal ones, are reported. Since the mechanisms of cereulide toxin uptake and translocation within the body as well as the mechanism of its toxic action are still unknown, we used a porcine model to investigate the uptake, routes of excretion and distribution of cereulide within the host. Pigs were orally challenged with cereulide using single doses of 10-150 μg cereulide kg-1 body weight to study acute effects or using daily doses of 10 μg cereulide kg-1 body weight administered for 7 days to investigate effects of longtime, chronic exposure. Our study showed that part of cereulide ingested with food is rapidly excreted with feces while part of the cereulide toxin is absorbed, passes through membranes and is distributed within the body. Results from the chronic trial indicate bioaccumulation of cereulide in certain tissues and organs, such as kidney, liver, muscles and fat tissues. Beside its detection in various tissues and organs, our study also demonstrated that cereulide is able to cross the blood-brain-barrier, which may partially explain the cerebral effects reported from human intoxication cases. The neurobehavioral symptoms, such as seizures and lethargy, observed in our porcine model resemble those reported from human food borne intoxications. The rapid onset of these symptoms indicates direct effects of cereulide on the central nervous system (CNS), which warrant further research. The porcine model presented here might be useful to study the specific neurobiological effect in detail. Furthermore, our study revealed that typical diagnostic specimens used in human medicine, such as blood samples and urine, are not suitable for diagnostics of food borne cereulide intoxications. Instead, screening of fecal samples by SIDA-LC-MS may represent a simple and non-invasive method for detection of cereulide intoxications in clinical settings as well as in foodborne outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Decleer M, Jovanovic J, Vakula A, Udovicki B, Agoua RSEK, Madder A, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Oxygen Consumption Rate Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Bacillus cereus Cereulide in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E266. [PMID: 30004412 PMCID: PMC6070949 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emetic syndrome of Bacillus cereus is a food intoxication caused by cereulide (CER) and manifested by emesis, nausea and in most severe cases with liver failure. While acute effects have been studied in the aftermath of food intoxication, an exposure to low doses of cereulide might cause unnoticed damages to the intestines and liver. The toxicity which relies on the mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells after exposure of one, three and ten days to a range of low doses of cereulide. Oxygen consumption rate analyses were used to study the impact of low doses of CER on the bioenergetics functions of undifferentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells using Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer. Both Caco-2 and HepG2 cells experienced measurable mitochondrial impairment after prolonged exposure of 10 days to 0.25 nM of cereulide. Observed mitochondrial dysfunction was greatly reflected in reduction of maximal cell respiration. At 0.50 nM CER, mitochondrial respiration was almost completely shut down, especially in HepG2 cells. These results corresponded with a severe reduction in the amount of cells and an altered morphology, observed by microscopic examination of the cells. Accurate and robust quantification of basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and non-mitochondrial respiration allowed better understanding of the effects of cereulide in underlying respiratory malfunctions in low-dose exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Decleer
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anita Vakula
- Department of Food Preservation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Bozidar Udovicki
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Rock-Seth E K Agoua
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Guérin A, Rønning HT, Dargaignaratz C, Clavel T, Broussolle V, Mahillon J, Granum PE, Nguyen-The C. Cereulide production by Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains during growth at different pH values and temperatures. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Teplova VV, Belosludtsev KN, Kruglov AG. Mechanism of triclosan toxicity: Mitochondrial dysfunction including complex II inhibition, superoxide release and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:108-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Glutamate contributes to alcohol hepatotoxicity by enhancing oxidative stress in mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:253-264. [PMID: 28478591 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol intoxication is associated with increased oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms by which ethanol triggers an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the role of mitochondria in the development of oxidative stress has been insufficiently studied. The biochemical and proteomic data obtained in the present work suggest that one of the main causes of an increase in ROS generation is enhanced oxidation of glutamate in response to long-term alcohol exposure. In the course of glutamate oxidation, liver mitochondria from alcoholic rats generated more superoxide anion and H2O2 than in the presence of other substrates and more than control organelles. In mitochondria from alcoholic rats, rates of H2O2 production and NAD reduction in the presence of glutamate were almost twice higher than in the control. The proteomic study revealed a higher content of glutamate dehydrogenase in liver mitochondria of rats subjected to chronic alcohol exposure. Simultaneously, the content of mitochondrial catalase decreased compared to control. Each of these factors stimulates the production of ROS in addition to ROS generated by the respiratory chain complex I. The results are consistent with the conclusion that glutamate contributes to alcohol hepatotoxicity by enhancing oxidative stress in mitochondria.
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Gonzales GB, Smagghe G, Vissenaekens H, Grootaert C, Rajkovic A, Van de Wiele T, Raes K, Van Camp J. Quercetin mitigates valinomycin-induced cellular stress via stress-induced metabolism and cell uptake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:972-80. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (NutriFOODChem); Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
- Laboratory of Agrozoology; Department of Crop Protection; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology; Department of Crop Protection; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Hanne Vissenaekens
- Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (NutriFOODChem); Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
- Laboratory of Agrozoology; Department of Crop Protection; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (NutriFOODChem); Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Food Microbiology and Food Preservation; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (NutriFOODChem); Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Belgium
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Rasimus-Sahari S, Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Jestoi M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Streptomyces strains producing mitochondriotoxic antimycin A found in cereal grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 218:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Developments in the use of genomics to guide natural product discovery and a recent emphasis on understanding the molecular mechanisms of microbiota-host interactions have converged on the discovery of small molecules from the human microbiome. Here, we review what is known about small molecules produced by the human microbiota. Numerous molecules representing each of the major metabolite classes have been found that have a variety of biological activities, including immune modulation and antibiosis. We discuss technologies that will affect how microbiota-derived molecules are discovered in the future and consider the challenges inherent in finding specific molecules that are critical for driving microbe-host and microbe-microbe interactions and understanding their biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Bamnia M, Kaul G. Cereulide and diarrheal toxin contamination in milk and milk products: a systematic review. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1063070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Ehling-Schulz M, Frenzel E, Gohar M. Food-bacteria interplay: pathometabolism of emetic Bacillus cereus. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:704. [PMID: 26236290 PMCID: PMC4500953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive endospore forming bacterium known for its wide spectrum of phenotypic traits, enabling it to occupy diverse ecological niches. Although the population structure of B. cereus is highly dynamic and rather panmictic, production of the emetic B. cereus toxin cereulide is restricted to strains with specific genotypic traits, associated with distinct environmental habitats. Cereulide is an ionophoric dodecadepsipeptide that is produced non-ribosomally by an enzyme complex with an unusual modular structure, named cereulide synthetase (Ces non-ribosomal peptide synthetase). The ces gene locus is encoded on a mega virulence plasmid related to the B. anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1. Cereulide, a highly thermo- and pH- resistant molecule, is preformed in food, evokes vomiting a few hours after ingestion, and was shown to be the direct cause of gastroenteritis symptoms; occasionally it is implicated in severe clinical manifestations including acute liver failures. Control of toxin gene expression in emetic B. cereus involves central transcriptional regulators, such as CodY and AbrB, thereby inextricably linking toxin gene expression to life cycle phases and specific conditions, such as the nutrient supply encountered in food matrices. While in recent years considerable progress has been made in the molecular and biochemical characterization of cereulide toxin synthesis, far less is known about the embedment of toxin synthesis in the life cycle of B. cereus. Information about signals acting on toxin production in the food environment is lacking. We summarize the data available on the complex regulatory network controlling cereulide toxin synthesis, discuss the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors acting on toxin biosynthesis in emetic B. cereus and stress how unraveling these processes can lead to the development of novel effective strategies to prevent toxin synthesis in the food production and processing chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Elrike Frenzel
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Michel Gohar
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, AgroParistech – Domaine de Vilvert, Génétique Microbienne et EnvironnementJouy-en-Josas, France
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Yu R, Fang X, Somasundaran P, Chandran K. Short-term effects of TiO2, CeO2, and ZnO nanoparticles on metabolic activities and gene expression of Nitrosomonas europaea. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:207-215. [PMID: 25710320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized TiO2 (n-TiO2), CeO2 (n-CeO2), and ZnO (n-ZnO) and bulk ZnO were chosen for a 4-h exposure study on a model ammonia oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosomonas europaea. n-ZnO displayed the most serious cytotoxicity while n-TiO2 was the least toxic one. The change of cell morphologies, the retardance of specific oxygen uptake rates and ammonia oxidation rates, and the depression of amoA gene expressions under NP stresses were generally observed when the cell densities and membrane integrities were not significantly impaired yet. The TEM imaging and the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy of the NPs impacted cells revealed the increase of the corresponding intracellular Ti, Ce or Zn contents and suggested the intracellular NP accumulation. The elevation of intracellular S contents accompanied with higher K contents implied the possible activation of thiol-containing glutathione and thioredoxin production for NP stress alleviation. The NP cytotoxicity was not always a function of NP concentration. The 200 mg L(-1) n-TiO2 or n-CeO2 impacted cells displayed the similar ammonia oxidation activities but higher amoA gene expression levels than the 20 mg L(-1) NPs impacted ones. Such phenomenon further indicated the possible establishment of an anti-toxicity mechanism in N. europaea at the genetic level to redeem the weakened AMO activities along with the NP aggregation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Xiaohua Fang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Ponisseril Somasundaran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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Ajao C, Andersson MA, Teplova VV, Nagy S, Gahmberg CG, Andersson LC, Hautaniemi M, Kakasi B, Roivainen M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Mitochondrial toxicity of triclosan on mammalian cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:624-637. [PMID: 28962398 PMCID: PMC5598359 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of triclosan (5-chloro-2'-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) on mammalian cells were investigated using human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (PBMC), keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine pancreatic islets (MIN-6) and neuroblastoma cells (MNA) as targets. We show that triclosan (1-10 μg ml-1) depolarised the mitochondria, upshifted the rate of glucose consumption in PMBC, HaCaT, PK-15 and MNA, and subsequently induced metabolic acidosis. Triclosan induced a regression of insulin producing pancreatic islets into tiny pycnotic cells and necrotic death. Short exposure to low concentrations of triclosan (30 min, ≤1 μg/ml) paralyzed the high amplitude tail beating and progressive motility of spermatozoa, within 30 min exposure, depolarized the spermatozoan mitochondria and hyperpolarised the acrosome region of the sperm head and the flagellar fibrous sheath (distal part of the flagellum). Experiments with isolated rat liver mitochondria showed that triclosan impaired oxidative phosphorylation, downshifted ATP synthesis, uncoupled respiration and provoked excessive oxygen uptake. These exposure concentrations are 100-1000 fold lower that those permitted in consumer goods. The mitochondriotoxic mechanism of triclosan differs from that of valinomycin, cereulide and the enniatins by not involving potassium ionophoric activity.
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Key Words
- Acidosis
- BCF, bioconcentration factor
- EC50, concentration that diminishes the respective vitality parameter by ≥50%
- Electric transmembrane potential
- Glycolysis
- HaCaT, a spontaneously immortalized (non-neoplastic) keratinocyte cell line
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration
- MIN-6, a murine pancreatic beta cell line
- MNA, a murine neuroblastoma cells
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- PBMC, monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PI, propidium iodide
- PK-15, a porcine kidney tubular epithelial cell line
- PN, pyridine nucleotides
- RLM, rat liver mitochondria
- Sperm motility
- TPP+, tetraphenylphosphonium
- Uncoupler
- ΔΨ, electric transmembrane potential
- ΔΨm, membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane
- ΔΨp, membrane potential of the plasma membrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Ajao
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vera V. Teplova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Szabolcs Nagy
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Deak F. u.,16, H8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Carl G. Gahmberg
- Dept. of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Leif C. Andersson
- Dept. of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Research and Laboratory Department, Veterinary Virology Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Balazs Kakasi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Merja Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Virology, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
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Electrogenic and nonelectrogenic ion fluxes across lipid and mitochondrial membranes mediated by monensin and monensin ethyl ester. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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The peptide toxin amylosin of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from moisture-damaged buildings is immunotoxic, induces potassium efflux from mammalian cells, and has antimicrobial activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2939-49. [PMID: 25681192 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03430-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylosin, a heat-stable channel-forming non-ribosomally synthesized peptide toxin produced by strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from moisture-damaged buildings, is shown in this paper to have immunotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human cells as well as antagonistic effects on microbes. Human macrophages exposed to 50 ng of amylosin ml(-1) secreted high levels of cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 within 2 h, indicating activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, an integral part of the innate immune system. At the same exposure level, expression of IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA increased. Amylosin caused dose-dependent potassium ion efflux from all tested mammalian cells (human monocytes and keratinocytes and porcine sperm cells) at 1 to 2 μM exposure. Amylosin also inhibited the motility of porcine sperm cells and depolarized the mitochondria of human keratinocytes. Amylosin may thus trigger the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequently cytokine release by causing potassium efflux from exposed cells. The results of this study indicate that exposure to amylosin activates the innate immune system, which could offer an explanation for the inflammatory symptoms experienced by occupants of moisture-damaged buildings. In addition, the amylosin-producing B. amyloliquefaciens inhibited the growth of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic indoor microbes, and purified amylosin also had an antimicrobial effect. These antimicrobial effects could make amylosin producers dominant and therefore significant causal agents of health problems in some moisture-damaged sites.
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Marxen S, Stark TD, Frenzel E, Rütschle A, Lücking G, Pürstinger G, Pohl EE, Scherer S, Ehling-Schulz M, Hofmann T. Chemodiversity of cereulide, the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2439-53. [PMID: 25665710 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne intoxications are increasingly caused by the dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus. As such intoxications pose a health risk to humans, a more detailed understanding on the chemodiversity of this toxin is mandatory for the reliable risk assessment of B. cereus toxins in foods. Mass spectrometric screening now shows a series of at least 18 cereulide variants, among which the previously unknown isocereulides A-G were determined for the first time by means of UPLC-TOF MS and ion-trap MS(n) sequencing, (13)C-labeling experiments, and post-hydrolytic dipeptide and enantioselective amino acid analysis. The data demonstrate a high microheterogeneity in cereulide and show evidence for a relaxed proof reading function of the non-ribosomal cereulide peptide synthetase complex giving rise to an enhanced cereulide chemodiversity. Most intriguingly, the isocereulides were found to differ widely in their cell toxicity correlating with their ionophoric properties (e.g., purified isocereulide A showed about 8-fold higher cytotoxicity than purified cereulide in the HEp-2 assay and induced an immediate breakdown of bilayer membranes). These findings provide a substantial contribution to the knowledge-based risk assessment of B. cereus toxins in foods, representing a still unsolved challenge in the field of food intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marxen
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Silva LJ, Crevelin EJ, Souza WR, Moraes LAB, Melo IS, Zucchi TD. Streptomyces araujoniae Produces a Multiantibiotic Complex with Ionophoric Properties to Control Botrytis cinerea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1298-305. [PMID: 24983843 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-13-0327-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A recently described actinomycete species (Streptomyces araujoniae ASBV-1(T)) is effective against many phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of this species to inhibit Botrytis cinerea development in strawberry pseudofruit, and we identified the chemical structures of its bioactive compounds. An ethyl acetate crude extract (0.1 mg ml(-1)) of ASBV-1(T) fermentation broth completely inhibited fungus growth in strawberry pseudofruit under storage conditions. The crude extract was fractionated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography; the active fraction was further evaluated by tandem mass spectrometry. ASBV-1(T) produced a multiantibiotic complex with ionophoric properties. This complex contained members of the macrotetralides class (including monactin, dinactin, trinactin, and tetranactin) and the cyclodepsipeptide valinomycin, all of which were active against B. cinerea. Furthermore, the addition of 2 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM ZnSO4 enhanced macrotetralide and valinomycin production, respectively, in the culture broth. These compounds are considered to be the main active molecules that S. araujoniae produces to control B. cinerea. Their low to moderate toxicity to humans and the environment justifies the application of ASBV-1(T) in biological control programs that aim to mitigate the damage caused by this phytopathogen.
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Denisov SS, Kotova EA, Khailova LS, Korshunova GA, Antonenko YN. Tuning the hydrophobicity overcomes unfavorable deprotonation making octylamino-substituted 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (n-octylamino-NBD) a protonophore and uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 98:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Dodecyl and octyl esters of fluorescein as protonophores and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria at submicromolar concentrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Annese C, Abbrescia DI, Catucci L, D'Accolti L, Denora N, Fanizza I, Fusco C, La Piana G. Site-dependent biological activity of valinomycin analogs bearing derivatizable hydroxyl sites. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:751-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Annese
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- CNR-Istituto dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari section; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Daniela I. Abbrescia
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Lucia Catucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Lucia D'Accolti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- CNR-Istituto dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari section; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Immacolata Fanizza
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Caterina Fusco
- CNR-Istituto dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM), Bari section; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Gianluigi La Piana
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica; Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro; via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
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37
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Yamaguchi M, Kawai T, Kitagawa M, Kumeda Y. A new method for rapid and quantitative detection of the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin cereulide in food products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Food Microbiol 2013; 34:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Potato crop as a source of emetic Bacillus cereus and cereulide-induced mammalian cell toxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3534-43. [PMID: 23524678 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00201-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus, aseptically isolated from potato tubers, were screened for cereulide production and for toxicity on human and other mammalian cells. The cereulide-producing isolates grew slowly, the colonies remained small (~1 mm), tested negative for starch hydrolysis, and varied in productivity from 1 to 100 ng of cereulide mg (wet weight)(-1) (~0.01 to 1 ng per 10(5) CFU). By DNA-fingerprint analysis, the isolates matched B. cereus F5881/94, connected to human food-borne illness, but were distinct from cereulide-producing endophytes of spruce tree (Picea abies). Exposure to cell extracts (1 to 10 μg of bacterial biomass ml(-1)) and to purified cereulide (0.4 to 7 ng ml(-1)) from the potato isolates caused mitochondrial depolarization (loss of ΔΨm) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine fibroblasts (L-929), and pancreatic insulin-producing cells (MIN-6). Cereulide (10 to 20 ng ml(-1)) exposed pancreatic islets (MIN-6) disintegrated into small pyknotic cells, followed by necrotic death. Necrotic death in other test cells was observed only after a 2-log-higher exposure. Exposure to 30 to 60 ng of cereulide ml(-1) induced K(+) translocation in intact, live PBMC, keratinocytes, and sperm cells within seconds of exposure, depleting 2 to 10% of the cellular K(+) stores within 10 min. The ability of cereulide to transfer K(+) ions across biological membranes may benefit the producer bacterium in K(+)-deficient environments such as extracellular spaces inside plant tissue but is a pathogenic trait when in contact with mammalian cells.
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Psychrotolerant Paenibacillus tundrae isolates from barley grains produce new cereulide-like depsipeptides (paenilide and homopaenilide) that are highly toxic to mammalian cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3732-43. [PMID: 22407690 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00049-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenilide is a novel, heat-stable peptide toxin from Paenibacillus tundrae, which colonizes barley. P. tundrae produced 20 to 50 ng of the toxin mg(-1) of cells (wet weight) throughout a range of growth temperatures from +5°C to +28°C. Paenilide consisted of two substances of 1,152 Da and 1,166 Da, with masses and tandem mass spectra identical to those of cereulide and a cereulide homolog, respectively, produced by Bacillus cereus NS-58. The two components of paenilide were separated from those of cereulide by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), showing a structural difference suggesting the replacement of O-Leu (cereulide) by O-Ile (paenilide). The exposure of porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial (PK-15) cells to subnanomolar concentrations of paenilide resulted in inhibited motility, the depolarization of mitochondria, excessive glucose consumption, and metabolic acidosis. Paenilide was similar to cereulide in eight different toxicity endpoints with porcine and murine cells. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, nanomolar concentrations of paenilide collapsed respiratory control, zeroed the mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced swelling. The toxic effect of paenilide depended on its high lipophilicity and activity as a high-affinity potassium ion carrier. Similar to cereulide, paenilide formed lipocations, i.e., lipophilic cationic compounds, with K(+) ions already at 4 mM [K(+)], rendering lipid membranes electroconductive. Paenilide-producing P. tundrae was negative in a PCR assay with primers specific for the cesB gene, indicating that paenilide was not a product of plasmid pCER270, encoding the biosynthesis of cereulide in B. cereus. Paenilide represents the first potassium ionophoric compound described for Paenibacillus. The findings in this paper indicate that paenilide from P. tundrae is a potential food-poisoning agent.
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Ekman JV, Kruglov A, Andersson MA, Mikkola R, Raulio M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Cereulide produced by Bacillus cereus increases the fitness of the producer organism in low-potassium environments. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1106-1116. [PMID: 22241046 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cereulide, produced by certain Bacillus cereus strains, is a lipophilic cyclic peptide of 1152 Da that binds K(+) ions with high specificity and affinity. It is toxic to humans, but its role for the producer organism is not known. We report here that cereulide operates for B. cereus to scavenge potassium when the environment is growth limiting for this ion. Cereulide-producing B. cereus showed higher maximal growth rates (µ(max)) than cereulide non-producing B. cereus in K(+)-deficient medium (K(+) concentration ~1 mM). The cereulide-producing strains grew faster in K(+)-deficient than in K(+)-rich medium with or without added cereulide. Cereulide non-producing B. cereus neither increased µ(max) in K(+)-deficient medium compared with K(+)-rich medium, nor benefited from added cereulide. Cereulide-producing strains outcompeted GFP-labelled Bacillus thuringiensis in potassium-deficient (K(+) concentration ~1 mM) but not in potassium-rich (K(+) concentration ~30 mM) medium. Exposure to 2 µM cereulide in potassium-free medium lacking an energy source caused, within seconds, a major efflux of cellular K(+) from B. cereus not producing cereulide as well as from Bacillus subtilis. Cereulide depleted the cereulide non-producing B. cereus and B. subtilis cells of a major part of their K(+) stores, but did not affect cereulide-producing B. cereus strains. Externally added 6-10 µM cereulide triggered the generation of biofilms and pellicles by B. cereus. The results indicate that both endogenous and externally accessible cereulide supports the fitness of cereulide-producing B. cereus in environments where the potassium concentration is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V Ekman
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexey Kruglov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Maria A Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo Mikkola
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Raulio
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lofrumento DD, La Piana G, Abbrescia DI, Palmitessa V, La Pesa V, Marzulli D, Lofrumento NE. Valinomycin induced energy-dependent mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release, cytosolic NADH/cytochrome c oxidation and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1004-13. [PMID: 21739274 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In valinomycin induced stimulation of mitochondrial energy dependent reversible swelling, supported by succinate oxidation, cytochrome c (cyto-c) and sulfite oxidase (Sox) [both present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (MIS)] are released outside. This effect can be observed at a valinomycin concentration as low as 1 nM. The rate of cytosolic NADH/cyto-c electron transport pathway is also greatly stimulated. The test on the permeability of mitochondrial outer membrane to exogenous cyto-c rules out the possibility that the increased rate of exogenous NADH oxidation could be ascribed either to extensively damaged or broken mitochondria. Accumulation of potassium inside the mitochondria, mediated by the highly specific ionophore valinomycin, promotes an increase in the volume of matrix (evidenced by swelling) and the interaction points between the two mitochondrial membranes are expected to increase. The data reported and those previously published are consistent with the view that "respiratory contact sites" are involved in the transfer of reducing equivalents from cytosol to inside the mitochondria both in the absence and the presence of valinomycin. Magnesium ions prevent at least in part the valinomycin effects. Rather than to the dissipation of membrane potential, the pro-apoptotic property of valinomycin can be ascribed to both the release of cyto-c from mitochondria to cytosol and the increased rate of cytosolic NADH coupled with an increased availability of energy in the form of glycolytic ATP, useful for the correct execution of apoptotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Popoff MR. Multifaceted interactions of bacterial toxins with the gastrointestinal mucosa. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:763-97. [PMID: 21797691 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is one of the ecosystems that harbors the largest number and greatest variety of bacteria. Among them, certain bacteria have developed various strategies, including the synthesis of virulence factors such as toxins, to interact with the intestinal mucosa, and are responsible for various pathologies. A large variety of bacterial toxins of different sizes, structures and modes of action are able to interact with the gastrointestinal mucosa. Some toxins, termed enterotoxins, directly stimulate fluid secretion in enterocytes or cause their death, whereas other toxins pass through the intestinal barrier and disseminate by the general circulation to remote organs or tissues, where they are active. After recognition of a membrane receptor on target cells, toxins can act at the cell membrane by transducing a signal across the membrane in a hormone-like manner, by pore formation or by damaging membrane compounds. Other toxins can enter the cells and modify an intracellular target leading to a disregulation of certain physiological processes or disorganization of some structural architectures and cell death. Toxins are fascinating molecules, which mimic or interfere with eukaryotic physiological processes. Thereby, they have permitted the identification and characterization of new natural hormones or regulatory pathways. Besides use as protective antigens in vaccines, toxins offer multiple possibilities in pharmacology, such as immune modulation or specific delivery of a protein of interest into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 757245 Paris cedex 15, France.
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Antifungal activity displayed by cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2555-8. [PMID: 21278263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02519-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the fungistatic activity of Bacillus cereus cereulide-producing strains was demonstrated against nine fungal species. The role of cereulide was confirmed using plasmid-cured derivatives and ces knockout mutants. The fungistatic spectra of cereulide and valinomycin, a chemically related cyclododecadepsipeptide, were also compared and found to be similar but distinct.
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Quantification of the emetic toxin cereulide in food products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using synthetic cereulide as a standard. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7466-72. [PMID: 20889798 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01659-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus produces the emetic toxin cereulide, a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide that can act as a K(+) ionophore, dissipating the transmembrane potential in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Because pure cereulide has not been commercially available, cereulide content in food samples has been expressed in valinomycin equivalents, a highly similar cyclic potassium ionophore that is commercially available. This research tested the biological activity of synthetic cereulide and validated its use as a standard in the quantification of cereulide contents in food samples. The synthesis route consists of 10 steps that result in a high yield of synthetic cereulide that showed biological activity in the HEp-2 cell assay and the boar sperm motility assay. The activity is different in both methods, which may be attributed to differences in K(+) content of the test media used. Using cereulide or valinomycin as a standard to quantify cereulide based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), the concentration determined with cereulide as a standard was on average 89.9% of the concentration determined using valinomycin as a standard. The recovery experiments using cereulide-spiked food products and acetonitrile as extraction solute showed that the LC-MS method with cereulide as a standard is a reliable and accurate method to quantify cereulide in food, because the recovery rate was close to 100% over a wide concentration range.
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The Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin cause mitochondrial dysfunction by affecting the mitochondrial volume regulation, oxidative phosphorylation and ion homeostasis. Toxicology 2010; 276:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Boar spermatozoa as a biosensor for detecting toxic substances in indoor dust and aerosols. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:2041-52. [PMID: 20732404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence, quantity and origins of potentially toxic airborne substances were searched in moisture damaged indoor environments, where building related ill health symptoms were suspected and reference sites with no health complaints. Boar spermatozoa were used as the toxicity sensor. Indoor aerosols and dusts were collected from kindergartens, schools, offices and residences (n=25) by electrostatic filtering, vacuuming, wiping from elevated surfaces and from the interior of personal computers. Toxicity was measured from the ethanol or methanol extracts of the dusts and aerosols. EC(50) was expressed as the lowest concentration of the airborne substance that inhibited motility of >50% of the exposed sperm cells compared to vehicle control, within 30 min, 1 day or 3-4 days of exposure. Remarkably toxic aerosols (EC(50) <or=6 μg ml(-1)) were found from 11 sites, all of these were sites with known or suspected for building related ill health. Toxic microbial cultures were obtained from subsamples of the toxic aerosols/dusts. From these cereulide, amylosin, valinomycin and a novel indoor toxin, stephacidin B were identified and toxicities measured. Airborn dispersal of valinomycin from Streptomyces griseus cultures was evaluated using a flow-through chamber. Significant amounts of valinomycin (LC-MS assay) and toxicity (boar sperm motility assay) were carried by air and were after 14 days mainly recovered from the interior surfaces of the flow chamber.
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Popoff MR, Poulain B. Bacterial toxins and the nervous system: neurotoxins and multipotential toxins interacting with neuronal cells. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:683-737. [PMID: 22069606 PMCID: PMC3153206 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins are potent molecules used by various bacteria to interact with a host organism. Some of them specifically act on neuronal cells (clostridial neurotoxins) leading to characteristics neurological affections. But many other toxins are multifunctional and recognize a wider range of cell types including neuronal cells. Various enterotoxins interact with the enteric nervous system, for example by stimulating afferent neurons or inducing neurotransmitter release from enterochromaffin cells which result either in vomiting, in amplification of the diarrhea, or in intestinal inflammation process. Other toxins can pass the blood brain barrier and directly act on specific neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R. Popoff
- Neurotransmission et Sécrétion Neuroendocrine, CNRS UPR 2356 IFR 37 - Neurosciences, Centre de Neurochimie, 5, rue Blaise Pascal, F-67084 STRASBOURG cedex, France;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
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Saris NEL, Andersson MA, Mikkola R, Andersson LC, Teplova VV, Grigoriev PA, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Microbial toxin's effect on mitochondrial survival by increasing K+ uptake. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:441-6. [PMID: 19736254 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709103405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of toxins, which inhibited the motility of boar spermatozoa, on rat liver mitochondria. The toxins studied were originally from bacteria isolated from moisture-damaged buildings where inhabitants exhibited symptoms, or from food causing poisoning. Some strains of Bacillus cereus and Streptomyces griseus produced potassium ionophoric peptides cereulide and valinomycin (Mikkola, et al., European Journal of Biochemistry 1999; 263: 112-117). Of interest is that channels were formed in black-lipid membranes (BLM) with a selectivity of K(+) > Na(+) at a concentration of 26 nM. Recently, bafilomycin A1--an inhibitor of V-H(+)ATPases--was found also to be a K(+)-specific ionophore active at nanomolar concentrations (Teplova, et al., J Bioenerg Biomembr 2007; 39: 321-329), while B. amyloliquefaciens produced amylosin, a cation channel-forming peptide with a higher selectivity for K(+) over Na(+) at around 200 nM concentrations (Mikkola, et al., Toxicon 2007; 49: 1158-1171). Of interest is that channels were formed in BLM with a selectivity of K(+) > Na(+) at a concentration of 26 nM. The ionophores and the channel-forming amylosin caused swelling of energized mitochondria due to uptake of K(+), loss of membrane potential, inhibition of maximal respiration rates due to loss of pyridine nucleotides, and inhibition of ATP synthesis. Various cell types may have different sensitivities to the effects of the ionophores. Thus, the mitochondrial membrane potential in neuronal cells was more sensitive to cereulide than in differentiated Paju cells (Teplova, et al., Acta Biochimica Polonica 2004; 51: 539-544). Swelling causes release of proapoptotic factors from mitochondria, which explains that undifferentiated neuronal cells were sensitive, while differentiated Paju cells were resistant, which probably is due to them having an increased expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the neuroprotective stanniocalcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-E Leo Saris
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Makarasen A, Yoza K, Isobe M. Higher structure of cereulide, an emetic toxin from Bacillus cereus, and special comparison with valinomycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces fulvissimus. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:688-98. [PMID: 19347893 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cereulide and valinomycin are both 36-membered cyclic depsipeptides with 12 stereogenic centers that have a very similar sequence of cyclo [-D-O-Leu-D-Ala-L-O-Val-L-Val-]3 and cyclo [-D-O-Val-D-Val-L-O-Ala-L-Val-]3, respectively. Cereulide is an emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus through an unusual non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS), whereas valinomycin, produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus, is a known antibiotic drug. Both compounds are known as K+-ion-selective ionophores and cause a potassium-dependent drop in the transmembrane potential of mitochondria, arising from the uptake of a K+-ion-charged ionophore complex. Such compounds may affect mitochondrial function. In the three-dimensional structure of cereulide and valinomycin, cereulide has a vertical and horizontal mirror-image-like structure as is the case in valinomycin. The only difference is the side chains which are linked to a similar framework. Through the current 1H NMR spectroscopy and metal-complexation studies, we found that cereulide had a higher complexation ability to metal ions compared to valinomycin. Cereulide exhibited the K+-ion-selective ionophore property at a lower concentration than valinomycin. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the cereulide and valinomycin H+ form were compared, and revealed that the higher structures of both compounds also showed similarity in the crystal structures. The structure of cereulide-H+ form was found to be in agreement with the structure obtained by a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular-mechanics calculations, which afforded reasonable dihedral angles at the local-minimum-energy conformation of the cereulide-K+-ion complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthit Makarasen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 466-8601, Japan
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Hoton FM, Fornelos N, N'guessan E, Hu X, Swiecicka I, Dierick K, Jääskeläinen E, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Mahillon J. Family portrait of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus weihenstephanensis cereulide-producing strains. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2009; 1:177-83. [PMID: 23765791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Two thousand Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolates from food and environmental matrices were screened by PCR for the presence of cereulide-producing strains. This survey identified 73 potential emetic strains, most of which originated from non-random food and clinical samplings. None of the 460 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus pseudomycoides strains were PCR-positive for the cereulide genetic determinants. The chromosomal and extrachromosomal gene pool diversity of a subset of 30 cereulide-producing strains was then assessed using multilocus sequence typing, large plasmid gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridization. The strain toxicity on boar sperm and cereulide production were also analysed. The most striking observation was the identification of two distinct clusters of cereulide-producing strains, with members of the second group (cluster II) identified as psychrotolerant B. weihenstephanensis able to grow at 8°C. Moreover, the location of the cereulide genetic determinants was shown to vary depending on the strain, indicating a probable genomic mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence M Hoton
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 2/12, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Department of Microbiology, University of Bialystok, 20B Swierkowa Street, PL15-950 Bialystok, Poland. Institute of Public Health, Bacteriology, 14 Rue Juliette Wijtsman, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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