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Nierath WF, Leitner E, Reimann S, Schwarz R, Hinz B, Bleich A, Vollmar B, Zechner D. GSK805 inhibits alpha-smooth muscle expression and modulates liver inflammation without impairing the well-being of mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23889. [PMID: 39157975 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400733r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), lead to inflammation and severe hepatic damage with limited therapeutic options. This study assessed the efficacy of the inverse RORγt agonist, GSK805, both in vitro using the hepatic stellate cell-line LX-2 and in vivo using male bile duct-ligated BALB/c mice. In vitro, 0.3 μM GSK805 reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in LX-2 cells. In vivo, GSK805 significantly decreased IL-23R, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression in cholestatic liver. Despite high concentrations of GSK805 in the liver, no significant reduction in fibrosis was noticed. GSK805 significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity in the blood, while levels of glutamate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin were not substantially increased. Importantly, GSK805 did neither increase an animal distress score nor substantially reduce body weight, burrowing activity, or nesting behavior. These results suggest that a high liver concentration of GSK805 is achieved by daily oral administration and that this drug modulates inflammation in cholestatic mice without impairing animal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke-Felicitas Nierath
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emily Leitner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reimann
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rico Schwarz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Diwan R, Gaytan SL, Bhatt HN, Pena-Zacarias J, Nurunnabi M. Liver fibrosis pathologies and potentials of RNA based therapeutics modalities. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01551-8. [PMID: 38446352 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) occurs when the liver tissue responds to injury or inflammation by producing excessive amounts of scar tissue, known as the extracellular matrix. This buildup stiffens the liver tissue, hinders blood flow, and ultimately impairs liver function. Various factors can trigger this process, including bloodborne pathogens, genetic predisposition, alcohol abuse, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While some existing small-molecule therapies offer limited benefits, there is a pressing need for more effective treatments that can truly cure LF. RNA therapeutics have emerged as a promising approach, as they can potentially downregulate cytokine levels in cells responsible for liver fibrosis. Researchers are actively exploring various RNA-based therapeutics, such as mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and oligonucleotides, to assess their efficacy in animal models. Furthermore, targeted drug delivery systems hold immense potential in this field. By utilizing lipid nanoparticles, exosomes, nanocomplexes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, researchers aim to deliver therapeutic agents directly to specific biomarkers or cytokines within the fibrotic liver, increasing their effectiveness and reducing side effects. In conclusion, this review highlights the complex nature of liver fibrosis, its underlying causes, and the promising potential of RNA-based therapeutics and targeted delivery systems. Continued research in these areas could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment options for LF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Samantha Lynn Gaytan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Himanshu Narendrakumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jacqueline Pena-Zacarias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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3
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LeFort KR, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ. Contributing roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver diseases through oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:34. [PMID: 38214802 PMCID: PMC10786752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes in multiple liver diseases, including but not limited to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). While the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) is mainly responsible for oxidizing binge alcohol via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, it is also responsible for metabolizing many xenobiotics, including pollutants, chemicals, drugs, and specific diets abundant in n-6 fatty acids, into toxic metabolites in many organs, including the liver, causing pathological insults through organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula. Oxidative imbalances (oxidative stress) in mitochondria promote the covalent modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Excessive changes stimulate various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and histones. Increased PTMs of mitochondrial proteins inactivate many enzymes involved in the reduction of oxidative species, fatty acid metabolism, and mitophagy pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy depletion, and apoptosis. Unique from other organelles, mitochondria control many signaling cascades involved in bioenergetics (fat metabolism), inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis of hepatocytes. When mitochondrial homeostasis is shifted, these pathways become altered or shut down, likely contributing to the death of hepatocytes with activation of inflammation and hepatic stellate cells, causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review will encapsulate how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis in several types of liver diseases in order to provide recommendations for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli R LeFort
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Inai Y, Izawa T, Kamei T, Fujiwara S, Tanaka M, Yamate J, Kuwamura M. Difference in the Mechanism of Iron Overload-Enhanced Acute Hepatotoxicity Induced by Thioacetamide and Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2024; 52:55-66. [PMID: 38528719 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241235623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Iron overload has been recognized as a risk factor for liver disease; however, little is known about its pathological role in the modification of liver injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of iron overload on liver injury induced by two hepatotoxicants with different pathogenesis in rats. Rats were fed a control (Cont), 0.8% high-iron (0.8% Fe), or 1% high-iron diet (1% Fe) for 4 weeks and were then administered with saline, thioacetamide (TAA), or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Hepatic and systemic iron overload were seen in the 0.8% and 1% Fe groups. Twenty-four hours after administration, hepatocellular necrosis induced by TAA and hepatocellular necrosis, degeneration, and vacuolation induced by CCl4, as well as serum transaminase values, were exacerbated in the 0.8% and 1% Fe groups compared to the Cont group. On the other hand, microvesicular vacuolation induced by CCl4 was decreased in 0.8% and 1% Fe groups. Hepatocellular DNA damage was increased by iron overload in both models, whereas a synergistic effect of oxidative stress by excess iron and hepatotoxicant was only present in the CCl4 model. The data showed that dietary iron overload exacerbates TAA- and CCl4-induced acute liver injury with different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Inai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kamei
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Hassan GS, Flores Molina M, Shoukry NH. The multifaceted role of macrophages during acute liver injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237042. [PMID: 37736102 PMCID: PMC10510203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is situated at the interface of the gut and circulation where it acts as a filter for blood-borne and gut-derived microbes and biological molecules, promoting tolerance of non-invasive antigens while driving immune responses against pathogenic ones. Liver resident immune cells such as Kupffer cells (KCs), a subset of macrophages, maintain homeostasis under physiological conditions. However, upon liver injury, these cells and others recruited from circulation participate in the response to injury and the repair of tissue damage. Such response is thus spatially and temporally regulated and implicates interconnected cells of immune and non-immune nature. This review will describe the hepatic immune environment during acute liver injury and the subsequent wound healing process. In its early stages, the wound healing immune response involves a necroinflammatory process characterized by partial depletion of resident KCs and lymphocytes and a significant infiltration of myeloid cells including monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) complemented by a wave of pro-inflammatory mediators. The subsequent repair stage includes restoring KCs, initiating angiogenesis, renewing extracellular matrix and enhancing proliferation/activation of resident parenchymal and mesenchymal cells. This review will focus on the multifaceted role of hepatic macrophages, including KCs and MoMFs, and their spatial distribution and roles during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S. Hassan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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6
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Lee YS, Seki E. In Vivo and In Vitro Models to Study Liver Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Limitations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:355-367. [PMID: 37270060 PMCID: PMC10444957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common result of liver injury owing to various kinds of chronic liver diseases. A deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and identifying potential therapeutic targets of liver fibrosis is important because liver fibrosis may progress to advanced liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite numerous studies, the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis remain unclear. Mechanisms of the development and progression of liver fibrosis differ according to etiologies. Therefore, appropriate liver fibrosis models should be selected according to the purpose of the study and the type of underlying disease. Many in vivo animal and in vitro models have been developed to study liver fibrosis. However, there are no perfect preclinical models for liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current in vivo and in vitro models for studying liver fibrosis and highlight emerging in vitro models, including organoids and liver-on-a-chip models. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms and limitations of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Ramakrishna K, Sinku S, Majumdar S, Singh N, Gajendra TA, Rani A, Krishnamurthy S. Indole-3-carbinol ameliorated the thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Toxicology 2023; 492:153542. [PMID: 37150287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is reported to have hepatic and neuroprotective properties. However, the I3C role in the protection of the liver and brain in the pathological condition of hepatic encephalopathy has not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, we have assessed the hepatic and neuroprotective roles of I3C against thioacetamide (TAA)- induced hepatic encephalopathy in Wistar rats. TAA (300mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to Wistar rats to induce hepatic encephalopathy. The elevated levels of ammonia in the blood, liver, and brain were substantially lowered by I3C treatment (25, 50, and 100mg/kg, oral, 7 days). I3C significantly ameliorated the TAA-induced liver dysfunction by decreasing the alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes and reduced the elevated cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) activity in the liver and brain. Further, I3C alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain. I3C treatment improved the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 while reducing inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-1 and IL-6 in hepatic encephalopathy rats. I3C reduced the levels of apoptotic indicators mediated by the mitochondria, including cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3. Concurrently, I3C mitigated the liver and brain histological abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy rats. Therefore, the present study concluded that the I3C protected the liver and brain from TAA-induced hepatic encephalopathy injury by inhibiting CYP2E1 enzyme activity and decreasing ammonia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The present study provides preclinical validation of I3C use as hepatic and neuroprotective for hepatic encephalopathy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakarla Ramakrishna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeetha Sinku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shreyasi Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T A Gajendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Imarah AA, Jabir MS, Abood AH, Sulaiman GM, Albukhaty S, Mohammed HA, Khan RA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Azzawi WK, A Najm MA, Jawad SF. Graphene oxide-induced, reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis: high-dose toxicity in normal cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:875-887. [PMID: 37470184 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The cytotoxic effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) using MTT assays, observance of apoptotic markers, and oxidative stress were outlined. Materials & methods: Rat embryonic fibroblasts (REFs) and human epithelial breast cells (HBLs) were used at 250, 500 and 750 μg/ml concentrations. Results: Significant cytotoxic and apoptotic effects were observed. Analyses of CYP2E1 and malondialdehyde concentrations in REF and HBL-100 cell lines after exposing to GONPs confirmed the nanomaterials toxicity. However, the glutathione levels in REF and HBL-100 cell lines showed a substantial reduction compared with the control. The cytochrome CYP2E1, glutathione, malondialdehyde and caspase-3 alterations provided a plausible interlinked relationship. Conclusion: The study confirmed the GONPs cytotoxic effects on REF and HBL-100 cell lines. The outcome suggested caution in wide-spread applications of GONPs, which could have implications for occupational health also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer A Imarah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 540011, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, 10066, Iraq
| | - Ali H Abood
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 540011, Iraq
| | - Ghassan M Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, 10066, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
| | - Hamdoon A Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Riaz A Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, PO Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, PO Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Mazin A A Najm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq
| | - Sabrean F Jawad
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
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9
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Zhao Y, Liu X, Ding C, Zheng Y, Zhu H, Cheng Z, Zhao C, Liu W. Aronia melanocarpa polysaccharide ameliorates liver fibrosis through TGF-β1-mediated the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway and modulating gut microbiota. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 150:289-300. [PMID: 36344052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of Aronia melanocarpa polysaccharide (AMP) on TAA-induced liver fibrosis mice and its mechanism, as well as the changes in intestinal flora in vivo. This was established with a dose of 200 mg/kg TAA (i.p) once every three days, lasting for eight weeks. Colchicine with 0.4 mg/kg, and AMP (200 and 400 mg/kg) were given by intragastric administration (i.g) after 28 days of intraperitoneal injection of TAA. AMP treatment significantly inhibited the activities of liver injury markers ALT and AST in serum. Histopathological staining demonstrated that AMP significantly reversed TAA-induced hepatocyte necrosis and collagen deposition. In addition, AMP treatment block TGF- β1/Smads pathway inhibited the production of ECM and alleviates liver fibrosis. Furthermore, AMP treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and decreased the expression of its downstream apoptosis-related proteins in liver, thus effectively alleviating TAA-induced liver fibrosis. In addition, 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis showed that AMP treatment helped restore the imbalanced ecosystem of gut microbes, increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and increased species richness. Above findings clearly show that AMP is an effective method for treating liver fibrosis, possibly by improving the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Yinan Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- College of Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunli Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Wencong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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10
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Alkreathy HM, Esmat A. Lycorine Ameliorates Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats: Emphasis on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and STAT3 Inhibition Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030369. [PMID: 35337166 PMCID: PMC8955817 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a foremost medical concern worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, numerous risk factors contribute to its high rates. Lycorine—a natural alkaloid—has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activates. It has been reported to inhibit STAT3 in cancer. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the possible antifibrotic effect of lycorine against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and at elucidating the possible mechanisms. Liver fibrosis was induced by TAA (200 mg/kg i.p.), three per week for four weeks. Treatment with lycorine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/d) amended TAA-induced rise of serum transaminases that was confirmed histopathologically. Moreover, it ameliorated liver fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by hindering the TAA-induced increase of hepatic hydroxyproline content, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) expressions. TAA-induced oxidative stress was amended by lycorine treatment via restoring reduced glutathione and diminishing lipid peroxidation. Moreover, lycorine ameliorated hepatic inflammation by preventing the rise of inflammatory cytokines. Notably, lycorine inhibited STAT3 activity, as evidenced by the decreased phospho-STAT3 expression, accompanied by the elevation of the hepatic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In conclusion, lycorine hinders TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats, due to—at least partly—its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, along with its ability to inhibit STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Mohammed Alkreathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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11
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The Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Paeoniae Radix Alba in Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7904845. [PMID: 35126604 PMCID: PMC8816603 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7904845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim Acute liver injury (ALI) can occur for various reasons by induced inflammation and apoptosis of liver cells including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Thioacetamide (TAA), which is a classic hepatotoxin, causes oxidative stress, membrane damage, and accumulation of lipid droplets and subsequently provokes consecutive liver injury. In the current study, we tested whether Paeoniae Radix Alba (PR) could alleviate TAA-induced ALI. Methods Thirty-five male rats were equally separated into five groups. The first group was the normal group, which received distilled water only. The remaining four groups received intraperitoneal TAA (200 mg/kg) for 3 days to induce ALI. The four groups were divided into the control group (no treatment), silymarin-treated, 100 mg/kg PR-treated, and 200 mg/kg PR-treated. The efficacy of PR against hepatotoxicity was evaluated in terms of the serum biochemical index and protein expression associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Moreover, the dissected livers were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results PR alleviated liver dysfunction as evidenced by decreased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and ammonia. Phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) levels were obviously decreased in the TAA control group, whereas PR reversed these changes. PR also prevented deteriorative effects through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis via nuclear transcription factor-kappa Bp65 (NF-κBp65) inactivation. Moreover, we found that the hepatoprotective effect of PR pretreatment was mediated by restoration of histopathological changes. Conclusion PR efficiently blocked both the inflammatory response and apoptosis through activating the AMPK/Sirt1/NF-κBp65 pathway. Therefore, PR is considered a potential therapeutic agent against ALI.
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12
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Hildebrandt F, Andersson A, Saarenpää S, Larsson L, Van Hul N, Kanatani S, Masek J, Ellis E, Barragan A, Mollbrink A, Andersson ER, Lundeberg J, Ankarklev J. Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the mouse liver. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7046. [PMID: 34857782 PMCID: PMC8640072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of heterogeneity through single cell transcriptional profiling has greatly advanced our understanding of the spatial liver transcriptome in recent years. However, global transcriptional differences across lobular units remain elusive in physical space. Here, we apply Spatial Transcriptomics to perform transcriptomic analysis across sectioned liver tissue. We confirm that the heterogeneity in this complex tissue is predominantly determined by lobular zonation. By introducing novel computational approaches, we enable transcriptional gradient measurements between tissue structures, including several lobules in a variety of orientations. Further, our data suggests the presence of previously transcriptionally uncharacterized structures within liver tissue, contributing to the overall spatial heterogeneity of the organ. This study demonstrates how comprehensive spatial transcriptomic technologies can be used to delineate extensive spatial gene expression patterns in the liver, indicating its future impact for studies of liver function, development and regeneration as well as its potential in pre-clinical and clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alma Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sami Saarenpää
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Masek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141-86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Mollbrink
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics facility, SciLifeLab, Biomedical Center (BMC) Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Ghanim A, Farag M, Anwar M, Ali N, Hawas M, Elsallab H, Elhendawy W, Basyouni L, Refaey O, Zaki K, Ali N, Metwaly H. Taurine alleviates kidney injury in a thioacetamide rat model by mediating Nrf2/HO-1, NQO-1 and MAPK/ NF-κB signaling pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:352-360. [PMID: 34695366 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which taurine exerts its reno-protective effects in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced kidney injury in rats. Rats received taurine (100 mg/kg daily, intraperitoneally) either from day 1 of TAA injection (250 mg/kg twice weekly for 6 weeks) or after 6 weeks of TAA administration. Taurine treatment, either concomitant or later as a therapy, restored kidney functions, reduced BUN, creatinine, MDA, and increased renal levels of SOD and reversed the increase of KIM-1 and NGAL caused by TAA. Taurine treatment also led to a significant rise in Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 levels, with significant suppression of ERK 1/2, NF-κB, and TNFα gene expressions, and IL-18 and TNFα protein levels compared to those in TAA kidney-injured rats. Taurine exhibited reno-protective potential in TAA-induced kidney injury through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Taurine anti-oxidant activity is accredited to its effect on Nrf-2 induction and subsequent activation of HO-1 and NQO-1. In addition, taurine exerts its anti-inflammatory effect via regulating NF-κB transcription and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory mediators via MAPK signaling regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ghanim
- Fayoum University, 158401, Biochemistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt, 63514.,Fayoum University, 158401, biochemistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt, 63514;
| | - Mahmoud Farag
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Mahitab Anwar
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Nada Ali
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Hawas
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Hend Elsallab
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Walaa Elhendawy
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Lina Basyouni
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Clinical Pharmacy, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Ola Refaey
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Clinical Pharmacy, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Khaled Zaki
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Clinical Pharmacy, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Noha Ali
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Heba Metwaly
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Biochemistry, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt.,Alexandria University, 54562, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Alexandria, Egypt;
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14
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Kutlu T, Özkan H, Güvenç M. Tyrosol retards induction of fibrosis in rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13965. [PMID: 34636053 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, which still does not have a standard treatment due to its complex pathogenesis, is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. In this study, it was aimed to examine the possible protective and antifibrotic effects of tyrosol on the liver through histopathologic, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular methods in rats with chronic liver damage induced by thioacetamide (TAA). The study was carried out in four groups with eight rats in each group. Created groups are, respectively, control, TAA, tyrosol and TAA +tyrosol. Chronic liver damage was induced in the TAA and TAA +tyrosol groups by the addition of TAA (200 mg/L) to drinking water. Tyrosol (20 mg/kg/b.w./daily) was administered by oral gavage to tyrosol and TAA +tyrosol groups for 10 weeks. The results of this study demonstrate that the consumption of tyrosol alleviated the histopathologic changes such as inflammation, degeneration, and especially fibrosis induced by TAA in the liver. In addition, administration of tyrosol significantly attenuated alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and apoptosis expression. Biochemically, it was determined that tyrosol increased glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH.Px), and catalase (CAT) activities and showed antioxidant efficacy by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Moreover, it reduced inflammation and fibrosis by decreasing gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1). Western blot analysis also revealed similar results in TGF-β1 expression. As a result, tyrosol suppressed fibrogenesis thanks to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects and showed an antifibrotic effect in the liver. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: It is stated that tyrosol, a natural phenolic antioxidant found in olive oil, has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In this study, tyrosol suppressed fibrogenesis thanks to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects and showed an antifibrotic effect in the liver. Olive oil has an important place in the Mediterranean diet, which reduces the incidence of chronic diseases. It is thought that the anti-fibrotic effect of tyrosol plays a role in this feature. As a result, it is thought that tyrosol can be used to prevent or slow down chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuncer Kutlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Güvenç
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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15
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de Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Gregolin CS, do Nascimento M, Luvizotto RAM, Bazan SGZ, Sugizaki MM, Barbisan LF, Cicogna AC, do Nascimento AF. Exercise Training Attenuates Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 14:674-684. [PMID: 32246321 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-09997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a condition where liver cirrhosis is associated with cardiac dysfunction. Triggers and blockers of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are poorly understood, which might compromise the prognosis of chronic liver disease patients. We tested whether exercise training would reduce liver damage induced by thioacetamide and prevent liver cirrhosis-associated cardiomyopathy. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, thioacetamide (TAA), or TAA plus exercise. Thioacetamide increased liver weight and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Also, TAA treatment was involved with hepatic nodule formation, fibrotic septa, inflammatory infiltration, and hepatocyte necrosis. The exercise group presented with a reduction in liver injury status. We found that liver injury was associated with disordered cardiac hypertrophy as well as diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Exercise training attenuated cirrhosis-associated cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction and prevented systolic impairment. These results provided insights that exercise training can mitigate cirrhotic cardiomyopathy phenotype. Graphical Abstract Exercise training attenuated liver injury as well as cirrhosis-associated cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction and prevented systolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Luiz Borges de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Schmitt Gregolin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, n°1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, 78.556-267, Brazil
| | - Milena do Nascimento
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, n°1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, 78.556-267, Brazil
| | - Renata Azevedo Melo Luvizotto
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, n°1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, 78.556-267, Brazil
| | - Silmeia Garcia Zanati Bazan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Mateus Sugizaki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, n°1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, 78.556-267, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Cicogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Ferreira do Nascimento
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, n°1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, 78.556-267, Brazil.
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16
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Jantararussamee C, Rodniem S, Taweechotipatr M, Showpittapornchai U, Pradidarcheep W. Hepatoprotective Effect of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:40-50. [PMID: 32468435 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing response characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix. Probiotics have been used to prevent and treat various disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (mixture of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus casei, and Weissella confusa) on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) control, (2) TAA, (3) TAA+probiotics, (4) TAA+silymarin, and (5) probiotics. Group 1 rats received a standard diet. In groups 2-4, fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg BW) 3 times weekly for 8 consecutive weeks. Group 4 received TAA plus 100 mg/kg BW of silymarin 2 times weekly. Groups 3 and 5 were fed 109 CFU/mL viable microbial cells daily by gavage. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks of treatment. Liver tissues were collected immediately and processed for histopathological, lipid peroxidation, and Western blot analyses of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and α-SMA. Blood serum was collected to measure liver enzymes. Rats in the TAA groups suffered from hepatic injury (increased serum enzyme levels, liver inflammation, and increased concentration of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and α-SMA proteins) and extensive liver fibrosis. In contrast, TAA-treated rats receiving probiotics or silymarin had significantly lower serum enzyme levels, less inflammation, and less fibrosis. Liver damage was lower in the TAA+probiotics-treated group. Consumption of a mixture of probiotic lactic acid bacteria attenuates the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittapon Jantararussamee
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23 Rd, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Siripa Rodniem
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23 Rd, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Malai Taweechotipatr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23 Rd, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Udomsri Showpittapornchai
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23 Rd, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Wisuit Pradidarcheep
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23 Rd, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
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17
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Taurine ameliorates thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats via modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12296. [PMID: 34112866 PMCID: PMC8192756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a significant health problem that can cause serious illness and death. Unfortunately, a standard treatment for liver fibrosis has not been approved yet due to its complicated pathogenesis. The current study aimed at assessing the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine against thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats through the modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Both concomitant and late taurine treatment (100 mg/kg, IP, daily) significantly reduced the rise in serum ALT and AST activities and significantly reversed the decrease in serum albumin and total protein. These results were confirmed by histopathological examinations and immunehistochemical inspection of α-SMA, caspase-3 and NF-κB. The antioxidant potential of taurine was verified by a marked increase of GSH content and a reduction of MDA level in liver tissue. The anti-fibrotic effects of taurine were evaluated by investigating the expression of TLR4, NF-κB. The protein levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNF-α were determined. Docking studies were carried out to understand how taurine interacts inside TLR4-MD2 complex and it showed good binding with the hydrophobic binding site of MD2. We concluded that the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine was attributable to the modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling.
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18
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Fujii J, Homma T, Miyata S, Takahashi M. Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A). Metabolites 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 34073440 PMCID: PMC8227408 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via the action of AKR in an NADPH-dependent manner and the resulting products may exert anti-diabetic and anti-tumorigenic activity. AKR1A is capable of reducing 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, which are reactive intermediates that are involved in glycation, a non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction. Accordingly, AKR1A is thought to suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent diabetic complications. AKR1A and, in part, AKR1B are responsible for the conversion of d-glucuronate to l-gulonate which constitutes a process for ascorbate (vitamin C) synthesis in competent animals. AKR1A is also involved in the reduction of S-nitrosylated glutathione and coenzyme A and thereby suppresses the protein S-nitrosylation that occurs under conditions in which the production of nitric oxide is stimulated. As the physiological functions of AKR1A are currently not completely understood, the genetic modification of Akr1a could reveal the latent functions of AKR1A and differentiate it from other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0003, Japan;
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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19
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Myocardial Dysfunction in Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy is Associated with Alterations of Phospholamban Phosphorylation and IL-6 Levels. Arch Med Res 2020; 52:284-293. [PMID: 33220932 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased cardiac contractility has been observed in cirrhosis, but the mechanisms that initiate and maintain cardiac dysfunction are not entirely understood. AIM OF THE STUDY We test the hypothesis that cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is related to deterioration of myocardial contractility due to alterations in calcium-handling proteins expression. In addition, we evaluated whether cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are associated with this process. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced by thioacetamide (TAA, 100 mg/kg/i.p., twice weekly for eight weeks). The myocardial performance was evaluated in isolated left ventricle papillary muscles under basal conditions and after inotropic challenge. The cardiac calcium handling protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Cardiac TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Thioacetamide induced liver cirrhosis, which was associated with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy characterized by in vivo left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction as well as cardiac hypertrophy. In vitro baseline myocardial contractility was lower in cirrhosis. Also, myocardial responsiveness to post-rest contraction stimulus was declined. Protein expression for RYR2, SERCA2, NCX, pPBL Ser16 and L-type calcium channel was quantitatively unchanged; however, pPBL Thr17 was significantly lower while IL-6 was higher. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is associated with decreased cardiac contractility with alteration of phospholamban phosphorylation in association with higher cardiac pro-inflammatory IL-6 levels. These findings provided molecular and functional insights about the effects of liver cirrhosis on cardiac function.
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20
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Jin Y, Wang H, Yi K, Lv S, Hu H, Li M, Tao Y. Applications of Nanobiomaterials in the Therapy and Imaging of Acute Liver Failure. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 34138224 PMCID: PMC8187515 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the therapeutic mechanisms, targeting strategies of various nanomaterials in acute liver failure, and recent advances of diverse nanomaterials for acute liver failure therapy, diagnosis, and imaging. This review provides an outlook on the applications of nanomaterials, especially on the new horizons in acute liver failure therapy, and inspires broader interests across various disciplines. Acute liver failure (ALF), a fatal clinical disease featured with overwhelming hepatocyte necrosis, is a grand challenge in global health. However, a satisfactory therapeutic option for curing ALF is still absent, other than liver transplantation. Nanobiomaterials are currently being developed for the diagnosis and treatment of ALF. The liver can sequester most of nanoparticles from blood circulation, which becomes an intrinsic superiority for nanobiomaterials targeting hepatic diseases. Nanobiomaterials can enhance the bioavailability of free drugs, thereby significantly improving the therapeutic effects in ALF. Nanobiomaterials can also increase the liver accumulation of therapeutic agents and enable more effective targeting of the liver or specific liver cells. In addition, stimuli-responsive, optical, or magnetic nanomaterials exhibit great potential in the therapeutical, diagnostic, and imaging applications in ALF. Therefore, therapeutic agents in combination with nanobiomaterials increase the specificity of ALF therapy, diminish adverse systemic effects, and offer a multifunctional theranostic platform. Nanobiomaterial holds excellent significance and prospects in ALF theranostics. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic mechanisms and targeting strategies of various nanobiomaterials in ALF. We highlight recent developments of diverse nanomedicines for ALF therapy, diagnosis, and imaging. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives in the theranostics of ALF are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jin
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hanze Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Hara-Chikuma M, Tanaka M, Verkman AS, Yasui M. Inhibition of aquaporin-3 in macrophages by a monoclonal antibody as potential therapy for liver injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5666. [PMID: 33168815 PMCID: PMC7653938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is a transporter of water, glycerol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that is expressed in various epithelial cells and in macrophages. Here, we developed an anti-AQP3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that inhibited AQP3-facilitated H2O2 and glycerol transport, and prevented liver injury in experimental animal models. Using AQP3 knockout mice in a model of liver injury and fibrosis produced by CCl4, we obtained evidence for involvement of AQP3 expression in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) cell signaling, hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in macrophages during liver injury. The activated macrophages caused stellate cell activation, leading to liver injury, by a mechanism involving AQP3-mediated H2O2 transport. Administration of an anti-AQP3 mAb, which targeted an extracellular epitope on AQP3, prevented liver injury by inhibition of AQP3-mediated H2O2 transport and macrophage activation. These findings implicate the involvement of macrophage AQP3 in liver injury, and provide evidence for mAb inhibition of AQP3-mediated H2O2 transport as therapy for macrophage-dependent liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hara-Chikuma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Manami Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Global Research Institute, Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Global Research Institute, Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Kassem AA, Abd El-Alim SH, Salman AM, Mohammed MA, Hassan NS, El-Gengaihi SE. Improved hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris L. leaf extract loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS): in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1589-1603. [PMID: 32811211 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1811303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot) is a vegetable plant rich in phytochemical compounds such as phenolic acids, carotenoids and flavonoids. The objective of the current study is the development and optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) to enhance the hepatoprotective activity of beet leaf (BL) extract. METHODS Total flavonoids content was estimated in the BL extract and its solubility was evaluated in various vehicles to select proper component combinations. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed employing olive, linseed, castor and sesame oils (oil phase), Tween® 20 (Tw20) and Tween® 80 (Tw80) (surfactants (SAs)) as well as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and propylene glycol (PG) (co-surfactants (Co-SAs)). Optimization of formulations from the phase diagrams took place through testing their thermodynamic stability, dispersibility and robustness to dilution. RESULTS Four optimized BL-SNEDDS formulations, comprising linseed oil or olive oil, Tw80 and DMSO at two SA/Co-SA ratios (2:1 or 3:1) were chosen. They exhibited high cloud point and percentage transmittance values with spherical morphology of mean droplet sizes ranging from 14.67 to 16.06 nm and monodisperse distribution with negatively charged zeta potential < -9.51 mV. The in vitro release profiles of the optimized formulations in pH 1.2 and 6.8 were nearly similar, with a non-Fickian release mechanism. In vivo evaluation of BL-SNEDDSs hepatoprotective activity in a thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity rat model depicted promoted liver functions, inflammatory markers and histopathological findings, most prominently in the group treated by F7. CONCLUSION The results indicate that SNEDDS, as a nanocarrier system, has potential to improve the hepatoprotective activity of the BL extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alaa Kassem
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa Mohamed Salman
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Arafa Mohammed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Berumen J, Baglieri J, Kisseleva T, Mekeel K. Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology and clinical implications. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1499. [PMID: 32713091 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a clinically significant finding that has major impacts on patient morbidity and mortality. The mechanism of fibrosis involves many different cellular pathways, but the major cell type involved appears to be hepatic stellate cells. Many liver diseases, including Hepatitis B, C, and fatty liver disease cause ongoing hepatocellular damage leading to liver fibrosis. No matter the cause of liver disease, liver-related mortality increases exponentially with increasing fibrosis. The progression to cirrhosis brings more dramatic mortality and higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Fibrosis can also affect outcomes following liver transplantation in adult and pediatric patients and require retransplantation. Drugs exist to treat Hepatitis B and C that reverse fibrosis in patients with those viral diseases, but there are currently no therapies to directly treat liver fibrosis. Several mouse models of chronic liver diseases have been successfully reversed using novel drug targets with current therapies focusing mostly on prevention of myofibroblast activation. Further research in these areas could lead to development of drugs to treat fibrosis, which will have invaluable impact on patient survival. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Berumen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kristin Mekeel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Guengerich FP. Cytochrome P450 2E1 and its roles in disease. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 322:109056. [PMID: 32198084 PMCID: PMC7217708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1 is the major P450 enzyme involved in ethanol metabolism. That role is shared with two other enzymes that oxidize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase. P450 2E1 is also involved in the bioactivation of a number of low molecular weight cancer suspects, as validated in vivo in mouse models where cancers could be attenuated by deletion of Cyp2e1. P450 2E1 does not have a role in global production of reactive oxygen species but localized roles are possible, e.g. in mitochondria. The structures, conformations, and catalytic mechanisms of P450 2E1 have some unusual features among P450s. The concentration of hepatic P450 varies ≥10-fold among humans, possibly in part due to single nucleotide variants. The level of P450 2E1 may have relevance in the rates of oxidation of drugs, particularly acetaminophen and anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA.
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25
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A Novel Hepatic Anti-Fibrotic Strategy Utilizing the Secretome Released from Etanercept-Synthesizing Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246302. [PMID: 31847135 PMCID: PMC6940971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-driven inflammatory reaction plays a crucial role in the initiation of liver fibrosis. We herein attempted to design genetically engineered adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) producing etanercept (a potent TNF-α inhibitor), and to determine the anti-fibrotic potential of the secretome released from the etanercept-synthesizing ASCs (etanercept-secretome). First, we generated the etanercept-synthesizing ASCs by transfecting the ASCs with mini-circle plasmids containing the gene insert encoding for etanercept. We subsequently collected the secretory material released from the etanercept-synthesizing ASCs and determined its anti-fibrotic effects both in vitro (in thioacetamide [TAA]-treated AML12 and LX2 cells) and in vivo (in TAA-treated mice) models of liver fibrosis. We observed that while etanercept-secretome increased the viability of the TAA-treated AML12 hepatocytes (p = 0.021), it significantly decreased the viability of the TAA-treated LX2 HSCs (p = 0.021). In the liver of mice with liver fibrosis, intravenous administration of the etanercept-secretome induced significant reduction in the expression of both fibrosis-related and inflammation-related markers compared to the control group (all Ps < 0.05). The etanercept-secretome group also showed significantly lower serum levels of liver enzymes as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α (p = 0.020) and IL-6 (p = 0.021). Histological examination of the liver showed the highest reduction in the degree of fibrosis in the entanercept-secretome group (p = 0.006). Our results suggest that the administration of etanercept-secretome improves liver fibrosis by inhibiting TNF-α-driven inflammation in the mice with liver fibrosis. Thus, blocking TNF-α-driven inflammation at the appropriate stage of liver fibrosis could be an efficient strategy to prevent fibrosis.
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Kagawa T, Shirai Y, Oda S, Yokoi T. Identification of Specific MicroRNA Biomarkers in Early Stages of Hepatocellular Injury, Cholestasis, and Steatosis in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:228-239. [PMID: 30125006 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies on circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have received increasing attention. It has been demonstrated that miR-122 and miR-192, which are liver enriched, could be potential biomarkers of DILI; however, these miRNAs cannot discern types of injuries. In the present study, we comprehensively analyzed time-dependent plasma miRNA profiles in rats with drug- or chemical-induced hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, and steatosis with high-throughput miRNA sequencing. To enable the comparison of miRNA expression levels between DILI models with different severity and peak time of injuries, the stages of injury were defined as early, middle, and late, according to cluster patterns of miRNA expression profiles. Through differential analysis, we characterized miRNAs that were specifically up- or down-regulated in each DILI model. Several miRNAs were dramatically changed earlier than traditional biomarkers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). For example, in an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatocellular injury model, plasma let-7b-5p was up-regulated as early as 3 h after dosing, whereas a significant change in ALT level was observed at 12 h. We then focused on the DILI type-specific miRNAs in plasma that were up-regulated at the early stage of injury. RT-qPCR analysis validated that let-7b-5p and miR-1-3p for hepatocellular injury, miR-143-3p and miR-218a-5p for cholestasis, and miR-320-3p for steatosis models showed significant increases in the early stage of the injuries. The present study suggests the utility of miRNAs as specific biomarkers for the early detection of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kagawa
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuji Shirai
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Song BJ, Abdelmegeed MA, Cho YE, Akbar M, Rhim JS, Song MK, Hardwick JP. Contributing Roles of CYP2E1 and Other Cytochrome P450 Isoforms in Alcohol-Related Tissue Injury and Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:73-87. [PMID: 31576541 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the roles of alcohol (ethanol) and related compounds in promoting cancer and inflammatory injury in many tissues. Long-term chronic heavy alcohol exposure is known to increase the chances of inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and cancer development in many organs. The rates of alcohol-mediated organ damage and cancer risks are significantly elevated in the presence of co-morbidity factors such as poor nutrition, unhealthy diets, smoking, infection with bacteria or viruses, and exposure to pro-carcinogens. Chronic ingestion of alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may initiate and/or promote the development of cancer in the liver, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, prostate, and female breast. In this chapter, we summarize the important roles of ethanol/acetaldehyde in promoting inflammatory injury and carcinogenesis in several tissues. We also review the updated roles of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) and other cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of various potentially toxic substrates, and consequent toxicities, including carcinogenesis in different tissues. We also briefly describe the potential implications of endogenous ethanol produced by gut bacteria, as frequently observed in the experimental models and patients of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in promoting DNA mutation and cancer development in the liver and other tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min-Kyung Song
- Investigational Drug Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P Hardwick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology in the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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Xu SF, Hu AL, Xie L, Liu JJ, Wu Q, Liu J. Age-associated changes of cytochrome P450 and related phase-2 gene/proteins in livers of rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7429. [PMID: 31396457 PMCID: PMC6681801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are phase-I metabolic enzymes playing important roles in drug metabolism, dietary chemicals and endogenous molecules. Age is a key factor influencing P450s expression. Thus, age-related changes of CYP 1–4 families and bile acid homeostasis-related CYPs, the corresponding nuclear receptors and a few phase-II genes were examined. Livers from male Sprague-Dawley rats at fetus (−2 d), neonates (1, 7, and 14 d), weanling (21 d), puberty (28 and 35 d), adulthood (60 and 180 d), and aging (540 and 800 d) were collected and subjected to qPCR analysis. Liver proteins from 14, 28, 60, 180, 540 and 800 days of age were also extracted for selected protein analysis by western blot. In general, there were three patterns of their expression: Some of the drug-metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors were low in fetal and neonatal stage, increased with liver maturation and decreased quickly at aging (AhR, Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1, Cyp2b2, Cyp3a1, Cyp3a2, Ugt1a2); the majority of P450s (Cyp1a2, Cyp2c6, Cyp2c11, Cyp2d2, Cyp2e1, CAR, PXR, FXR, Cyp7a1, Cyp7b1. Cyp8b1, Cyp27a1, Ugt1a1, Sult1a1, Sult1a2) maintained relatively high levels throughout the adulthood, and decreased at 800 days of age; and some had an early peak between 7 and 14 days (CAR, PXR, PPARα, Cyp4a1, Ugt1a2). The protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP4A1, and CYP7A1 corresponded the trend of mRNA changes. In summary, this study characterized three expression patterns of 16 CYPs, five nuclear receptors, and four phase-II genes during development and aging in rat liver, adding to our understanding of age-related CYP expression changes and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhang H, Chen Q, Dahan A, Xue J, Wei L, Tan W, Zhang G. Transcriptomic analyses reveal the molecular mechanisms of schisandrin B alleviates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in rats by RNA-sequencing. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108675. [PMID: 31150632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progression of chronic liver disease with lacks effective therapies at present. Schisandrin B (Sch B), a bioactive compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis, was reported to benefit liver diseases. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of Sch B against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis were performed collaboratively, including analysis of differential gene expression, gene ontology (GO) analysis, pathway analysis and pathway-act-network analysis. The results demonstrated that Sch B effectively alleviated CCl4-induced liver damage and fibrosis in rats, as evidenced by improved liver function and decreased extracellular matrix deposition. Furthermore, 4440 (1878 up-regulated, 2562 down-regulated) genes in the model group versus (vs) normal group, 4243 (2584 up-regulated, 1659 down-regulated) genes in Sch B-treated group vs model group were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, GO analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolism, oxidation-reduction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis-related biological processes. Pathway analysis suggested that Sch B up-regulated cytochrome P450 drug metabolism, PPAR signaling pathways, and down-regulated glutathione metabolism pathways. In addition, the regulatory patterns of Sch B on key genes and pathways were also confirmed. In conclusion, our study demonstrated Sch B alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by multiple modulatory mechanisms, which provide new clues for further pharmacological study of Sch B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tong Ji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China.
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Jiyang Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tong Ji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Liwen Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tong Ji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Weifeng Tan
- Department of Laparoscopy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Zhan F, Zhao G, Li X, Yang S, Yang W, Zhou S, Zhang F. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha endoribonuclease specific inhibitor STF-083010 protects the liver from thioacetamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and injury by triggering hepatocyte autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:261-269. [PMID: 31121416 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury caused by toxins or drugs is a common condition that threatens patients' lives. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), the most conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of liver injury. Activated IRE1α endoribonuclease (RNase) can splice X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA to produce the sXBP1 transcription factor. STF-083010, a specific inhibitor of IRE1α RNase, has recently been suggested to exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in multiple injury models. However, it remains unknown whether STF-083010 has a protective effect against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that IRE1α-sXBP1 signaling is involved in the development of TAA-induced acute liver injury and correlates with the severity of liver damage. STF-083010 protected against TAA-induced liver injury, as evidenced by higher survival rates in response to a lethal dose of TAA and less severe liver injury in response to a toxic dose of TAA. Mechanistic exploration showed that STF-083010 triggered hepatocyte autophagy in response to TAA stimulation both in vivo and in vitro, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and attenuated hepatic inflammation. We also found that Beclin-1 played a critical role in STF-083010-mediated autophagy in response to TAA stimulation. Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine (CQ) in vivo and Beclin-1 knockdown in vitro markedly abrogated the protective role of STF-083010 against TAA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatotoxicity. Our results suggested STF-083010 as a potential therapeutic application to prevent TAA-induced acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhan
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xu Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Mi XJ, Hou JG, Jiang S, Liu Z, Tang S, Liu XX, Wang YP, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. Maltol Mitigates Thioacetamide-induced Liver Fibrosis through TGF-β1-mediated Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1392-1401. [PMID: 30644744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has confirmed that maltol can attenuate alcohol-induced acute hepatic damage and prevent oxidative stress in mice. Therefore, maltol might have the capacity to improve thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. The purpose of this work was to explore the antifibrotic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of maltol for TAA-treated mice. Progressive liver fibrosis was established with a dose-escalating protocol in which the mice received TAA intraperitoneal three times a week for a total duration of 9 weeks. The injection doses of TAA were 50 mg/kg for the first week, 100 mg/kg for the second and third weeks, and 150 mg/kg for the rest of the injections. Maltol with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was given by gavage after 4 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of TAA, respectively, once daily for 5 weeks. Results indicated that TAA intraperitoneal injection significantly increased serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (52.93 ± 13.21 U/L vs 10.22 ± 3.36 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (67.58 ± 25.84 U/L vs 39.34 ± 3.89 U/L); these elevations were significantly diminished by pretreatment with maltol. Additionally, maltol ameliorated TAA-induced oxidative stress with attenuation in MDA ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) content; evident elevation in the GSH levels, GSH/GSSG ratio ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( p < 0.01); and restored liver histology accompanied by a decrease of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Furthermore, maltol significantly suppressed the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression and the PI3K/Akt pathway. This study suggested that maltol alleviated experimental liver fibrosis by suppressing the activation of HSCs and inducing apoptosis of activated HSCs through TGF-β1-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings further clearly suggested that maltol is a potent therapeutic candidate for the alleviation of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Mi
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Jin-Gang Hou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Shan Tang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland Brain Institute , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development , Changchun 130118 , China
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32
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Cyclic tripeptide-based potent human SIRT7 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:461-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Akl MA, Ismael HR, Abd Allah FI, Kassem AA, Samy AM. Tolmetin sodium-loaded thermosensitive mucoadhesive liquid suppositories for rectal delivery; strategy to overcome oral delivery drawbacks. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:252-264. [PMID: 30303407 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1534858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tolmetin sodium (TS) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indicated for treatment of musculoskeletal issues. As other NSAID, TS displays a marked side effects on the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract after oral administration. Traditional solid suppositories can cause pain and discomfort for patients, may reach the end of the colon; consequently, the drug can undergo the first-pass effect. TS liquid suppository (TS-LS) was developed to enhance patient compliance and rectal mucosal safety in high-risk patients receiving highly NSAID therapy. This work was conducted to optimize and evaluate Poloxamer P407/P188-based thermoresponsive TS-LS by using mucoadhesive polymers such as methylcellulose (MC). TS-LS was prepared by cold method and characterized their in vitro physicochemical properties as gelation temperature (GT), gel strength, bioadhesive properties, and in vitro release. The safety of the prepared suppository on rectum, stomach, and liver was evaluated histologically. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed to compare rectal TS-LS to orally Rhumtol® capsules. The results showed that the optimized TS-LS; composed of P407/P188/MC (21/9/0.5% w/w) displayed gelation at rectum temperature ∼32.90 °C, gel strength of 21.35 s and rectal retention force at the administration site of 24.25 × 102 dyne/cm2. Moreover, TS-LS did not cause any morphological damage to the rectal tissues. Pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized TS-LS formulation revealed 4.6 fold increase in bioavailability as compared to Rhumtol® capsules. Taken together, the results demonstrated that liquid suppository is a potential and physically safe rectal delivery carrier for improvement rectal bioavailability and in vivo safety of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Akl
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hatem R Ismael
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Fathy I Abd Allah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Egyptian Russian University , Bader City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Alla A Kassem
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
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Dietary Iron Overload Abrogates Chemically-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101400. [PMID: 30279328 PMCID: PMC6213820 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is an intractable disease, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic iron overload is considered to be involved in the progression of chronic liver diseases; however, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we investigate the role of dietary iron overload using chemically-induced liver cirrhosis model. Rats were fed a high-iron or standard diet and were injected intraperitoneally with thioacetamide (TAA) or saline twice a week for 20 weeks. Rats with TAA treatment (TAA group) had progressive liver cirrhosis characterized by persistent hepatocellular injury, mononuclear cell inflammation and bridging fibrosis; these lesions were markedly reduced in rats with iron feeding and TAA treatment (Fe-TAA group). Rats with iron feeding alone (Fe group) had no evidence of liver injury. Hepatic expression of cleaved caspase-3, but not phospho-RIP3, was decreased in Fe-TAA group compared with that in TAA group. The number of TUNEL-positive (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) apoptotic hepatocytes was lower in the Fe-TAA group than in the TAA group. Hepatic xenobiotic metabolism and lipid peroxidation were shown to be less related to the abrogation of liver cirrhosis. Our results suggested that dietary hepatic iron overload abrogates chemically-induced liver cirrhosis in rats, which could partly involve decreased hepatocellular apoptosis.
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Animal models of drug-induced liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1031-1039. [PMID: 31007174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges for consumers, clinicians, and regulators. It is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US. It is also one of the most common reasons for termination of new drugs during pre-clinical testing and withdrawal of new drugs post-marketing. DILI is generally divided into two forms: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Many of the challenges with DILI are due in large part to poor understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Although useful models of intrinsic DILI are available, they are frequently misused. Modeling idiosyncratic DILI presents greater challenges, but promising new models have recently been developed. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a critical review of the most popular animal models of DILI, and to discuss the future of DILI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Marchyshak T, Yakovenko T, Shmarakov I, Tkachuk Z. The Potential Protective Effect of Oligoribonucleotides-d-Mannitol Complexes against Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030077. [PMID: 30082619 PMCID: PMC6161262 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential hepatoprotective effect of oligoribonucleotides-d-mannitol complexes (ORNs-d-M) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The hepatoprotective activity of ORNs-d-M was evaluated in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated C57BL/6J. Results indicate that treatment with ORNs-d-M displayed a protective effect at the TAA-induced liver injury. Treatment with ORNs-d-M, starting at 0 h after the administration of TAA, decreased TAA-elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and levels of glutathione (GSH), were enhanced with ORNs-d-M administration, while the hepatic oxidative biomarkers (TBA-reactive substances, protein carbonyl derivatives, protein-SH group) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were reduced. Furthermore, genetic analysis has shown that the ORNs-d-M decreases the expression of mRNA pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), profibrogenic cytokine-transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), as well as the principal protein of the extracellular matrix—collagen I. The present study demonstrates that ORNs-d-M exerts a protective effect against TAA-induced liver injury, which may be associated with its anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition of overexpression of mRNA cytokines, and direct effects on the metabolism of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Marchyshak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Tetiana Yakovenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Igor Shmarakov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Yurii Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, 58012 Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
| | - Zenoviy Tkachuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine.
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37
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The mimics of N ε -acyl-lysine derived from cysteine as sirtuin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2375-2378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Homma T, Shirato T, Akihara R, Kobayashi S, Lee J, Yamada KI, Miyata S, Takahashi M, Fujii J. Mice deficient in aldo-keto reductase 1a (Akr1a) are resistant to thioacetamide-induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:37-43. [PMID: 29763686 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde reductase (Akr1a) has been reported to be involved in detoxification of reactive aldehydes as well as in the synthesis of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid (AsA). Because Akr1a is expressed at high levels in the liver and is involved in xenobiotic metabolism, our objective was to investigate the hepato-protective role of Akr1a in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatotoxicity model using Akr1a-deficient (Akr1a-/-) mice. Wild-type (WT) and Akr1a-/- mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA and the extent of liver injury in the acute phase was assessed. Intriguingly, the extent of TAA-induced liver damage was less in the Akr1a-/- mice than in the WT mice. Biomarkers for the ER stress-induced apoptosis pathway were markedly decreased in the livers of Akr1a-/- mice, whereas AsA levels in plasma did not change significantly in any of the mice. In the liver, TAA is converted to reactive metabolites such as TAA S-oxide and then to TAA S, S-dioxide via the action of CYP2E1. In Akr1a-/- mice, CYP2E1 activity was relatively lower than WT mice at the basal level, leading to reactive TAA metabolites being produced at lower levels after the TAA treatment. The levels of liver proteins that were modified with these metabolites were also lower in the Akr1a-/- mice than the WT mice after the TAA treatment. Furthermore, after a lethal dose of a TAA challenge, the WT mice all died within 36 h, whereas almost all of the Akr1a-/- mice survived. These collective results suggest that Akr1a-/- mice are resistant to TAA-induced liver injury, and it follows that the absence of Akr1a might modulate TAA bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Takaya Shirato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Akihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmacological Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Yang XN, Liu XM, Fang JH, Zhu X, Yang XW, Xiao XR, Huang JF, Gonzalez FJ, Li F. PPARα Mediates the Hepatoprotective Effects of Nutmeg. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1887-1897. [PMID: 29664296 PMCID: PMC6628927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nutmeg is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Some reports have indicated that nutmeg has hepatoprotective activity. In this study, a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury model in mice was used to explore the mechanism of the protective effects of nutmeg extract (NME), including its major bioactive component myrislignan. The results indicated that NME could effectively protect TAA-induced liver damage as assessed by recovery of increased serumtransaminases, decrease in hepatic oxidative stress, and lower hepatic inflammation. Metabolomics analysis further revealed that treatment with NME led to the recovery of a series of lipids including lysophosphatidylcholines that were decreased and a lowering of acylcarnitines that were increased in mouse plasma and liver after TAA exposure. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the hepatoprotective effect of NME was achieved by modulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) as well as the decrease in oxidative stress. NME could not protect from TAA-induced liver injury in Ppara-null mice, suggesting that its protective effect was dependent on PPARα. Myrislignan, a representative neolignan in nutmeg, showed potent protective activity against TAA-induced liver toxicity. These data demonstrate that nutmeg alleviates TAA-induced liver injury through the modulation of PPARα and that the lignan compounds in nutmeg such as myrislignan partly contributed to this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xue-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jian-He Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jian-Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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40
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Kang JS. Fluorescence Detection of Cell Death in Liver of Mice Treated with Thioacetamide. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:1-6. [PMID: 29371995 PMCID: PMC5776913 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect cell death in the liver of mice treated with thioacetamide (TAA) using fluorescence bioimaging and compare this outcome with that using conventional histopathological examination. At 6 weeks of age, 24 mice were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (G1), control group; group 2 (G2), fluorescence probe control group; group 3 (G3), TAA-treated group. G3 mice were treated with TAA. Twenty-two hours after TAA treatment, G2 and G3 mice were treated with Annexin-Vivo 750. Fluorescence in vivo bioimaging was performed by fluorescence molecular tomography at two hours after Annexin-Vivo 750 treatment, and fluorescence ex vivo bioimaging of the liver was performed. Liver damage was validated by histopathological examination. In vivo bioimaging showed that the fluorescence intensity was increased in the right upper part of G3 mice compared with that in G2 mice, whereas G1 mice showed no signal. Additionally ex vivo bioimaging showed that the fluorescence intensity was significantly increased in the livers of G3 mice compared with those in G1 or G2 mice (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination of the liver showed no cell death in G1 and G2 mice. However, in G3 mice, there was destruction of hepatocytes and increased cell death. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining confirmed many cell death features in the liver of G3 mice, whereas no pathological findings were observed in the liver of G1 and G2 mice. Taken together, fluorescence bioimaging in this study showed the detection of cell death and made it possible to quantify the level of cell death in male mice. The outcome was correlated with conventional biomedical examination. As it was difficult to differentiate histological location by fluorescent bioimaging, it is necessary to develop specific fluorescent dyes for monitoring hepatic disease progression and to exploit new bioimaging techniques without dye-labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea.,Molecular Diagnostics Research Institute, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
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41
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Lu Y, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P450s and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1502-1517. [PMID: 29637855 PMCID: PMC6053342 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180410091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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42
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Romualdo GR, Grassi TF, Goto RL, Tablas MB, Bidinotto LT, Fernandes AAH, Cogliati B, Barbisan LF. An integrative analysis of chemically-induced cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis: Histological, biochemical and molecular features. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:84-94. [PMID: 28943392 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed the integrative characterization of morphological, biochemical and molecular features of chemically-induced cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, male Wistar rats were submitted to a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/thioacetamide (TAA)-induced model. Liver tissue was processed for global gene expression, histopathological and collagen evaluations; as well as immunohistochemical and oxidative stress analysis. Gene Ontology and functional analysis showed the upregulation of extracellular matrix deposition genes, such as collagen type I alpha 1 and 2 (Col1α1 and Col1α2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 genes (Timp1 and Timp2). In agreement these findings, animals presented extensive liver cirrhosis with increased collagen deposition (Sirius red). Besides, the animals developed many glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic lesions showing high cell proliferation (Ki-67), in keeping with the Gstp1 and Gstp2 increased gene expression. DEN/TAA-treated rats also showed the upregulation of tumorigenesis-related annexin A2 gene (Anxa2) and few neoplastic lesions (hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and cholangiocarcinoma). In contrast, gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes were decreased (glutathione peroxidase, total glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase). The model featured remarkable similarities to human hepatocarcinogenesis. Our findings could bring up new molecular insights into cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis, and provide a suitable animal model for the establishment of further diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Tony Fernando Grassi
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Leme Goto
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Baptista Tablas
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos - SP, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo University (USP), São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil.
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43
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Wu HT, Chuang YW, Huang CP, Chang MH. Loss of angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) accelerates the development of liver injury induced by thioacetamide. Exp Anim 2017; 67:41-49. [PMID: 28845018 PMCID: PMC5814313 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) homologue
that displays antagonist effects on ACE/angiotensin II (Ang II) axis in renin-angiotensin
system (RAS), could play a protective role against liver damages. The purpose of this
study is to investigate whether inflammation-mediated liver injury could be affected by
ACE2 derived pathways in the RAS. Eight-weeks-old wild-type (WT; C57BL/6) and
Ace2 KO (hemizygous Ace2-/y) male mice were
used to induce liver fibrosis by thioacetamide (TAA) administration (0, 100, and 200 mg/kg
BW). The mice administrated with TAA could be successfully induced liver fibrosis in a
TAA-dose dependent manner. Compared to WT mice, the results show that
Ace2 KO mice have high sensitive, and developed more serious reaction
of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by TAA administration. The physiological and
pathological examinations demonstrated higher serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, infiltration of
white blood cells and fibrotic lesions within liver in the Ace2 KO mice.
The severe liver damage of Ace2 KO mice were also confirmed by the
evidence of higher expression of hepatic inflammation-related genes (IL-6
and Tnf) and fibrosis-related genes (Col1a1,
Timp1 and Mmp9). Ace2 gene deficiency
could lead to a severe inflammation and collagen remodeling in the liver administrated by
TAA, and the responses lead the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Our studies provided the
main messages and favorable study directions of relationship of Ace2 and
liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Tien Wu
- Department of BioAgricultural Science, National Chia Yi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chuang
- Department of BioAgricultural Science, National Chia Yi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pu Huang
- Department of BioAgricultural Science, National Chia Yi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chia Yi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
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Stefanello ST, Hartmann DD, Amaral GP, Courtes AA, Leite MTB, da Silva TC, Gonçalves DF, Souza MB, da Rosa PC, Dornelles L, Soares FAA. Antioxidant protection by β-selenoamines against thioacetamide-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvio Terra Stefanello
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Diane Duarte Hartmann
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pires Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Aline Alves Courtes
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Martim T. B. Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Thayanara Cruz da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Débora Farina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Micaela B. Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Pâmela Carvalho da Rosa
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Luciano Dornelles
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
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45
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Lee J, Homma T, Fujii J. Mice in the early stage of liver steatosis caused by a high fat diet are resistant to thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2017. [PMID: 28642009 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipogenesis is stimulated in the liver by an unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum stress under a variety of pathological conditions and results in the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes. Assuming that UPR is a protective mechanism against stress, we hypothesized that the accumulated lipids might have a beneficial function. We prepared mice with fatty livers by feeding two types of high-calorie diets; a lard-rich high-calorie diet (LHD) or a menhaden oil-containing high-calorie diet (MHD), for two weeks and treated them, as well as control diet (CD)-fed mice, with thioacetamide (TAA), a liver toxicant. When a lethal dose (500mg/kg) of TAA was administered, the LHD-fed mice and the MHD-fed mice survived longer than those fed with CD. The accumulated lipids appeared to be associated with protecting the liver against TAA toxicity (200mg/kg). Consistently, lipid-loaded Hepa 1-6 cells showed a partial resistance to hydrogen peroxide toxicity compared to those cultured in conventional media. In conclusion, while sustained steatosis impairs liver function and leads to hazardous conditions, lipids that transiently accumulate as the result of UPR or other stimuli may exert a beneficial function in the liver at least partly through scavenging reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Wu YHS, Tseng JK, Chou CH, Chiu CH, Lin YL, Chen YC. Preventive effects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium on the liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1792-1800. [PMID: 28181416 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TAA), usually used as a fungicide to control the decay of citrus products, itself is not toxic to the liver, but its intermediates are able to increase oxidative stress in livers and further cause fibrosis. Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium (OSM) which contains 10% polysaccharides and 0.25% adenosine decreased (P < 0.05) the lipid accumulation and increased (P < 0.05) antioxidative capacity in livers of thioacetamide (TAA) injected rats. Meanwhile, the increased (P < 0.05) liver sizes, serum alanine transaminase (AST) and aspartate transaminase (ALT) values in thioacetamide (TAA)-injected rats were ameliorated (P < 0.05) by OSM supplementation. Moreover, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were also reduced (P < 0.05). The fibrosis phenomena in pathological (Masson's trichrome and H&E stainings) and immunohistochemical [α-smooth actin (αSMA) and CD86/ED1] observations in TAA-treated rats were reduced (P < 0.05) by OSM cotreatment. The protective effect of OSM against TAA-induced liver inflammation/fibrosis may be via downregulations (P < 0.05) of TGF-β pathways and NFκB which further influenced (P < 0.05) the expressions of fibrotic and inflammatory genes (i. e., αSMA, Col1α, COX2). Therefore, OSM shows preventive effects on the development of TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsieng Samuel Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kai Tseng
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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47
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Santos NP, Colaço AA, Oliveira PA. Animal models as a tool in hepatocellular carcinoma research: A Review. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695923. [PMID: 28347231 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the first cause of death in developed countries and the second in developing countries. Concerning the most frequent worldwide-diagnosed cancer, primary liver cancer represents approximately 4% of all new cancer cases diagnosed globally. However, among primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma is by far the most common histological subtype. Notwithstanding the health promotion and disease prevention campaigns, more than half a million new hepatocellular carcinoma cases are reported yearly, being estimated to growth continuously until 2020. Taking this scenario under consideration and the fact that some aspects concerning hepatocellular carcinoma evolution and metastasize process are still unknown, animal models assume a crucial role to understand this disease. The animal models have also provided the opportunity to screen new therapeutic strategies. The present review was supported on research and review papers aiming the complexity and often neglected chemically induced animal models in hepatocarcinogenesis research. Despite the ongoing debate, chemically induced animal models, namely, mice and rat, can provide unique valuable information on the biotransformation mechanisms against xenobiotics and apprehend the deleterious effects on DNA and cell proteins leading to carcinogenic development. In addition, taking under consideration that no model achieves all hepatocellular carcinoma research purposes, criteria to define the " ideal" animal model, depending on the researchers' approach, are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Paula Santos
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,2 Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aura Antunes Colaço
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Oliveira
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,2 Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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48
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Jiang Y, Liu J, Chen D, Yan L, Zheng W. Sirtuin Inhibition: Strategies, Inhibitors, and Therapeutic Potential. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:459-472. [PMID: 28389129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-NAD+-dependent Nε-acyl-lysine deacylation reaction catalyzed by sirtuin family members has been increasingly demonstrated to be important in regulating multiple crucial cellular processes and has also been proposed to be a therapeutic target for multiple human diseases. Accordingly, its inhibitors have been actively pursued over the past few years. In addition, we have also seen the pharmacological assessment of sirtuin inhibitory compounds, although to a lesser extent. In this review, we first discuss how sirtuin inhibitors were discovered with the use of various approaches. We then follow with a discussion of pharmacological studies using sirtuin inhibitors. Our aim here is to set a stage for developing future superior sirtuin inhibitors and for an expanded effort in exploiting inhibitors to explore and/or validate the therapeutic potential stemming from the inhibition of the sirtuin-catalyzed deacylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lingling Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Hartman JH, Miller GP, Meyer JN. Toxicological Implications of Mitochondrial Localization of CYP2E1. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:273-289. [PMID: 28989700 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) metabolizes an extensive array of pollutants, drugs, and other small molecules, often resulting in bioactivation to reactive metabolites. Therefore, it is unsurprising that it has been the subject of decades of research publications and reviews. However, while CYP2E1 has historically been studied in the endoplasmic reticulum (erCYP2E1), active CYP2E1 is also present in mitochondria (mtCYP2E1). Relatively few studies have specifically focused on mtCYP2E1, but there is growing interest in this form of the enzyme as a driver in toxicological mechanisms given its activity and location. Many previous studies have linked total CYP2E1 to conditions that involve mitochondrial dysfunction (fasting, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and obesity). Furthermore, a large number of reactive metabolites that are formed by CYP2E1 through metabolism of drugs and pollutants have been demonstrated to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, there appears to be significant inter-individual variability in targeting to the mitochondria, which could constitute a source of variability in individual response to exposures. This review discusses those outcomes, the biochemical properties and toxicological consequences of mtCYP2E1, and highlights important knowledge gaps and future directions. Overall, we feel that this exciting area of research is rich with new and important questions about the relationship between mtCYP2E1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grover P Miller
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC
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A Selective Cyclic Peptidic Human SIRT5 Inhibitor. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091217. [PMID: 27626398 PMCID: PMC6272981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we discovered that a side chain-to-side chain cyclic pentapeptide harboring a central Nε-carboxyethyl-thiocarbamoyl-lysine residue behaved as a strong and selective (versus human SIRT1/2/3/6) inhibitor against human SIRT5-catalyzed deacylation reaction. This compound was also found to be proteolytically much more stable than its linear counterpart. This compound could be a valuable lead for developing stronger, selective, metabolically stable, and cell permeable human SIRT5 inhibitors.
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