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Kelsey JR. Ethylene oxide derived glycol ethers: A review of the alkyl glycol ethers potential to cause endocrine disruption. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 129:105113. [PMID: 34974128 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 'ethylene glycol ethers' (EGE) are a broad family of solvents and hydraulic fluids produced through the reaction of ethylene oxide and a monoalcohol. Certain EGE derived from methanol and ethanol are well known to cause toxicity to the testes and fetotoxicity and that this is caused by the common metabolites methoxy and ethoxyacetic acid, respectively. There have been numerous published claims that EGE fall into the category of 'endocrine disruptors' often without substantiated evidence. This review systematically evaluates all of the available and relevant in vitro and in vivo data across this family of substances using an approach based around the EFSA/ECHA 2018 guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors. The conclusion reached is that there is no significant evidence to show that EGE target any endocrine organs or perturb endocrine pathways and that any toxicity that is seen occurs by non-endocrine modes of action.
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Li ASW, Marikawa Y. Methoxyacetic acid inhibits histone deacetylase and impairs axial elongation morphogenesis of mouse gastruloids in a retinoic acid signaling-dependent manner. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1043-1056. [PMID: 32496642 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teratogenic potential has been linked to various industrial compounds. Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) is a primary metabolite of the widely used organic solvent and plasticizer, methoxyethanol and dimethoxyethyl phthalate, respectively. Studies using model animals have shown that MAA acts as the proximate teratogen that causes various malformations in developing embryos. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms by which MAA exerts its teratogenic effects are not fully understood. METHODS Gastruloids of mouse P19C5 pluripotent stem cells, which recapitulate axial elongation morphogenesis of gastrulation-stage embryos, were explored as an in vitro model to investigate the teratogenic action of MAA. Morphometric parameters of gastruloids were measured to evaluate the morphogenetic effect, and transcript levels of various developmental regulator genes were examined to assess the impact on gene expression patterns. The effects of MAA on the level of retinoic acid (RA) signaling and histone deacetylase activity were also measured. RESULTS MAA reduced axial elongation of gastruloids at concentrations comparable to the teratogenic plasma level (5 mM) in vivo. MAA at 4 mM significantly altered the expression profiles of developmental regulator genes. In particular, it upregulated the RA signaling target genes. The concomitant suppression of RA signaling using a pharmacological agent alleviated the morphogenetic effect of MAA. MAA at 4 mM also significantly reduced the activity of purified histone deacetylase protein. CONCLUSIONS MAA impaired axial elongation morphogenesis in a RA signaling-dependent manner in mouse gastruloids, possibly through the inhibition of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen S W Li
- Developmental and Reproductive Biology Graduate Program, Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Yusuke Marikawa
- Developmental and Reproductive Biology Graduate Program, Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Matsuyama T, Yabe K, Kuwata C, Ito K, Ando Y, Iida H, Mori K. Transcriptional profile of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:105-112. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1320406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsuyama
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yabe
- Daiichi Sankyo India Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Chiharu Kuwata
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ito
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ando
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang BG, Du T, Zang MD, Chang Q, Fan ZY, Li JF, Yu BQ, Su LP, Li C, Yan C, Gu QL, Zhu ZG, Yan M, Liu B. Androgen receptor promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion via AKT-phosphorylation dependent upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10584-95. [PMID: 25301736 PMCID: PMC4279395 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in many kinds of cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms of AR in gastric cancer (GC) are poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the role of AR in GC cell migration, invasion and metastatic potential. Our data showed that AR expression was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and late TNM stages. These findings were accompanied by activation of AKT and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). AR overexpression induced increases in GC cell migration, invasion and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These effects were attenuated by inhibition of AKT, AR and MMP9. AR overexpression upregulated MMP9 protein levels, whereas this effect was counteracted by AR siRNA. Inhibition of AKT by siRNA or an inhibitor (MK-2206 2HC) decreased AR protein expression in both stably transfected and parental SGC-7901 cells. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that AR bound to the AR-binding sites of the MMP9 promoter. In summary, AR overexpression induced by AKT phosphorylation upregulated MMP9 by binding to its promoter region to promote gastric carcinogenesis. The AKT/AR/MMP9 pathway plays an important role in GC metastasis and may be a novel therapeutic target for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-gui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Department of Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-de Zang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-yuan Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-fang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-qin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-ping Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-long Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-gang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Aminomethylphosphonic acid and methoxyacetic acid induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11750-65. [PMID: 26006246 PMCID: PMC4463728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and its parent compound herbicide glyphosate are analogs to glycine, which have been reported to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of cancer cells, but not normal cells. Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) is the active metabolite of ester phthalates widely used in industry as gelling, viscosity and stabilizer; its exposure is associated with developmental and reproductive toxicities in both rodents and humans. MAA has been reported to suppress prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis. However, it is unknown whether AMPA and MAA can inhibit cancer cell growth. In this study, we found that AMPA and MAA inhibited cell growth in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2B, PC-3 and DU-145) through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Importantly, the AMPA-induced apoptosis was potentiated with the addition of MAA, which was due to downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat containing 2 (BIRC2), leading to activation of caspases 7 and 3. These results demonstrate that the combination of AMPA and MAA can promote the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, suggesting that they can be used as potential therapeutic drugs in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Embryo- and Testicular-toxicities of Methoxyacetate and the Related: a Review on Possible Roles of One-carbon Transfer and Histone Modification. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2015013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Parajuli KR, Zhang Q, Liu S, Patel NK, Lu H, Zeng SX, Wang G, Zhang C, You Z. Methoxyacetic acid suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:300-312. [PMID: 25606576 PMCID: PMC4297326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) is a primary metabolite of ester phthalates that are used in production of consumer products and pharmaceutical products. MAA causes embryo malformation and spermatocyte death through inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Little is known about MAA's effects on cancer cells. In this study, two immortalized human normal prostatic epithelial cell lines (RWPE-1 and pRNS-1-1) and four human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2B, PC-3, and DU-145) were treated with MAA at different doses and for different time periods. Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis were performed using flow cytometry and chemical assays. Gene expression and binding to DNA were assessed using real-time PCR, Western blot, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. We found that MAA dose-dependently inhibited prostate cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. MAA-induced apoptosis was due to down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic gene baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat containing 2 (BIRC2, also named cIAP1), leading to activation of caspases 7 and 3 and turning on the downstream apoptotic events. MAA-induced cell cycle arrest (mainly G1 arrest) was due to up-regulation of p21 expression at the early time and down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK2 expression at the late time. MAA up-regulated p21 expression through inhibition of HDAC activities, independently of p53/p63/p73. These findings demonstrate that MAA suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis, which suggests that MAA could be used as a potential therapeutic drug for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab R Parajuli
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Neil K Patel
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of LouisianaNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Changde Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of LouisianaNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
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Yamada T, Tanaka Y, Hasegawa R, Sakuratani Y, Yamazoe Y, Ono A, Hirose A, Hayashi M. Development of a category approach to predict the testicular toxicity of chemical substances structurally related to ethylene glycol methyl ether. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:711-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tilghman SL, Bratton MR, Segar HC, Martin EC, Rhodes LV, Li M, McLachlan JA, Wiese TE, Nephew KP, Burow ME. Endocrine disruptor regulation of microRNA expression in breast carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32754. [PMID: 22403704 PMCID: PMC3293845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several environmental agents termed “endocrine disrupting compounds” or EDCs have been reported to bind and activate the estrogen receptor-α (ER). The EDCs DDT and BPA are ubiquitously present in the environment, and DDT and BPA levels in human blood and adipose tissue are detectable in most if not all women and men. ER-mediated biological responses can be regulated at numerous levels, including expression of coding RNAs (mRNAs) and more recently non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Of the ncRNAs, microRNAs have emerged as a target of estrogen signaling. Given the important implications of EDC-regulated ER function, we sought to define the effects of BPA and DDT on microRNA regulation and expression levels in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the cellular effects of DDT and BPA, we used the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, which is ER (+) and hormone sensitive. Our results show that DDT and BPA potentiate ER transcriptional activity, resulting in an increased expression of receptor target genes, including progesterone receptor, bcl-2, and trefoil factor 1. Interestingly, a differential increase in expression of Jun and Fas by BPA but not DDT or estrogen was observed. In addition to ER responsive mRNAs, we investigated the ability of DDT and BPA to alter the miRNA profiles in MCF-7 cells. While the EDCs and estrogen similarly altered the expression of multiple microRNAs in MCF-7 cells, including miR-21, differential patterns of microRNA expression were induced by DDT and BPA compared to estrogen. Conclusions/Significance We have shown, for the first time, that BPA and DDT, two well known EDCs, alter the expression profiles of microRNA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of these compounds could provide important insight into the role of EDCs in human disease, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syreeta L Tilghman
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Hermsen SA, Pronk TE, van den Brandhof EJ, van der Ven LT, Piersma AH. Chemical class-specific gene expression changes in the zebrafish embryo after exposure to glycol ether alkoxy acids and 1,2,4-triazole antifungals. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Priyandoko D, Ishii T, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Ashwagandha leaf derived withanone protects normal human cells against the toxicity of methoxyacetic acid, a major industrial metabolite. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19552. [PMID: 21573189 PMCID: PMC3087802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present day lifestyle heavily depends on industrial chemicals in the form of agriculture, cosmetics, textiles and medical products. Since the toxicity of the industrial chemicals has been a concern to human health, the need for alternative non-toxic natural products or adjuvants that serve as antidotes are in high demand. We have investigated the effects of Ayurvedic herb Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) leaf extract on methoxyacetic acid (MAA) induced toxicity. MAA is a major metabolite of ester phthalates that are commonly used in industry as gelling, viscosity and stabilizer reagents. We report that the MAA cause premature senescence of normal human cells by mechanisms that involve ROS generation, DNA and mitochondrial damage. Withanone protects cells from MAA-induced toxicity by suppressing the ROS levels, DNA and mitochondrial damage, and induction of cell defense signaling pathways including Nrf2 and proteasomal degradation. These findings warrant further basic and clinical studies that may promote the use of withanone as a health adjuvant in a variety of consumer products where the toxicity has been a concern because of the use of ester phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Priyandoko
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ishii
- Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (RW)
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (RW)
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Bagchi G, Zhang Y, Stanley KA, Waxman DJ. Complex modulation of androgen responsive gene expression by methoxyacetic acid. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:42. [PMID: 21453523 PMCID: PMC3083340 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal androgen signaling is critical for testicular development and spermatogenesis. Methoxyacetic acid (MAA), the primary active metabolite of the industrial chemical ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, disrupts spermatogenesis and causes testicular atrophy. Transcriptional trans-activation studies have indicated that MAA can enhance androgen receptor activity, however, whether MAA actually impacts the expression of androgen-responsive genes in vivo, and which genes might be affected is not known. METHODS A mouse TM3 Leydig cell line that stably expresses androgen receptor (TM3-AR) was prepared and analyzed by transcriptional profiling to identify target gene interactions between MAA and testosterone on a global scale. RESULTS MAA is shown to have widespread effects on androgen-responsive genes, affecting processes ranging from apoptosis to ion transport, cell adhesion, phosphorylation and transcription, with MAA able to enhance, as well as antagonize, androgenic responses. Moreover, testosterone is shown to exert both positive and negative effects on MAA gene responses. Motif analysis indicated that binding sites for FOX, HOX, LEF/TCF, STAT5 and MEF2 family transcription factors are among the most highly enriched in genes regulated by testosterone and MAA. Notably, 65 FOXO targets were repressed by testosterone or showed repression enhanced by MAA with testosterone; these include 16 genes associated with developmental processes, six of which are Hox genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the complex interactions between testosterone and MAA, and provide insight into the effects of MAA exposure on androgen-dependent processes in a Leydig cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bagchi
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kerri A Stanley
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Robinson JF, van Beelen VA, Verhoef A, Renkens MFJ, Luijten M, van Herwijnen MHM, Westerman A, Pennings JLA, Piersma AH. Embryotoxicant-Specific Transcriptomic Responses in Rat Postimplantation Whole-Embryo Culture. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:675-85. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bagchi G, Zhang Y, Waxman DJ. Impact of methoxyacetic acid on mouse Leydig cell gene expression. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:65. [PMID: 20565877 PMCID: PMC2909983 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) is the active metabolite of the widely used industrial chemical ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, which is associated with various developmental and reproductive toxicities, including neural toxicity, blood and immune disorders, limb degeneration and testicular toxicity. Testicular toxicity is caused by degeneration of germ cells in association with changes in gene expression in both germ cells and Sertoli cells of the testis. This study investigates the impact of MAA on gene expression in testicular Leydig cells, which play a critical role in germ cell survival and male reproductive function. METHODS Cultured mouse TM3 Leydig cells were treated with MAA for 3, 8, and 24 h and changes in gene expression were monitored by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. RESULTS A total of 3,912 MAA-responsive genes were identified. Ingenuity Pathway analysis identified reproductive system disease, inflammatory disease and connective tissue disorder as the top biological functions affected by MAA. The MAA-responsive genes were classified into 1,366 early responders, 1,387 mid-responders, and 1,138 late responders, based on the time required for MAA to elicit a response. Analysis of enriched functional clusters for each subgroup identified 106 MAA early response genes involved in transcription regulation, including 32 genes associated with developmental processes. 60 DNA-binding proteins responded to MAA rapidly but transiently, and may contribute to the downstream effects of MAA seen for many mid and late response genes. Genes within the phosphatidylinositol/phospholipase C/calcium signaling pathway, whose activity is required for potentiation of nuclear receptor signaling by MAA, were also enriched in the set of early MAA response genes. In contrast, many of the genes responding to MAA at later time points encode membrane proteins that contribute to cell adhesion and membrane signaling. CONCLUSIONS These findings on the progressive changes in gene expression induced by MAA in a cultured Leydig cell model may help elucidate signaling pathways that lead to the testicular pathophysiological responses induced by MAA exposure and may identify useful biomarkers of MAA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bagchi
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Henley DV, Mueller S, Korach KS. The short-chain fatty acid methoxyacetic acid disrupts endogenous estrogen receptor-alpha-mediated signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1702-6. [PMID: 20049119 PMCID: PMC2801194 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) exposure is associated with impaired reproductive function. The primary metabolite of EGME is methoxyacetic acid (MAA), a short-chain fatty acid that inhibits histone deacetylase activity and alters gene expression. OBJECTIVE Because estrogen signaling is necessary for normal reproductive function and modulates gene expression, the estrogen-signaling pathway is a likely target for MAA; however, little is known about the effects of MAA in this regard. METHODS We evaluated the mechanistic effects of MAA on estrogen receptor (ER) expression and estrogen signaling using in vitro and in vivo model systems. RESULTS MAA potentiates 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) stimulation of an estrogen-responsive reporter plasmid in HeLa cells transiently transfected with either a human ERalpha or ERbeta expression vector containing a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. This result is attributed to increased exogenous ER expression due to MAA-mediated activation of the CMV promoter. In contrast to its effects on exogenous ER, MAA decreases endogenous ERalpha expression and attenuates E(2)-stimulated endogenous gene expression in both MCF-7 cells and the mouse uterus. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate the importance of careful experimental design and analysis when assessing the potential endocrine-disrupting properties of a compound to ensure biological responses are in concordance with in vitro analyses. Given the established role of the ER in normal reproductive function, the effects of MAA on the endogenous ER reported here are consistent with the reproductive abnormalities observed after EGME exposure and suggest that these toxicities may be due, at least in part, to attenuation of endogenous ER-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek V. Henley
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie Mueller
- German Cancer Research Center, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth S. Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to K.S. Korach, Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD B3-02, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-3512. Fax: (919) 541-0696. E-mail:
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