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Fulghum K, Collins HE, Jones SP, Hill BG. Influence of biological sex and exercise on murine cardiac metabolism. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:479-494. [PMID: 35688382 PMCID: PMC9338340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the structural and functional effects of exercise on the heart are well established, the metabolic changes that occur in the heart during and after exercise remain unclear. In this study, we used metabolomics to assess time-dependent changes in the murine cardiac metabolome following 1 session of treadmill exercise. After the exercise bout, we also recorded blood lactate, glucose, and ketone body levels and measured cardiac mitochondrial respiration. In both male and female mice, moderate- and high-intensity exercise acutely increased blood lactate levels. In both sexes, low- and moderate-intensity exercise augmented circulating 3-hydroxybutryrate levels immediately after the exercise bout; however, only in female mice did high-intensity exercise increase 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, with significant increases occurring 1 h after the exercise session. Untargeted metabolomics analyses of sedentary female and male hearts suggest considerable sex-dependent differences in basal cardiac metabolite levels, with female hearts characterized by higher levels of pantothenate, pyridoxamine, homoarginine, tryptophan, and several glycerophospholipid and sphingomyelin species and lower levels of numerous metabolites, including acetyl coenzyme A, glucuronate, gulonate, hydroxyproline, prolyl-hydroxyproline, carnosine, anserine, and carnitinylated and glycinated species, as compared with male hearts. Immediately after a bout of treadmill exercise, both male and female hearts had higher levels of corticosterone; however, female mice showed more extensive exercise-induced changes in the cardiac metabolome, characterized by significant, time-dependent changes in amino acids (e.g., serine, alanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, branched-chain amino acids) and the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate. Results from experiments using isolated cardiac mitochondria suggest that high-intensity treadmill exercise does not acutely affect respiration or mitochondrial coupling; however, female cardiac mitochondria demonstrate generally higher adenosine diphosphate sensitivity compared with male cardiac mitochondria. Collectively, these findings in mice reveal key sex-dependent differences in cardiac metabolism and suggest that the metabolic network in the female heart is more responsive to physiological stress caused by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Fulghum
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Helen E Collins
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Steven P Jones
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Resveratrol inhibits urban particulate matter-induced COX-2/PGE 2 release in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the inhibition of activation of NADPH oxidase/ROS/NF-κB. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:113-123. [PMID: 28495310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a role in joint synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM) in air pollution could contribute to the progression of RA. However, more research is needed to clarify this relationship. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found mainly in grapes and red wine, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we demonstrated that resveratrol reduced PM-induced COX-2/PGE2 expression in human FLSs, and attenuated PM-enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation. In addition, PM induced Akt, ERK1/2, or p38 MAPK activation, which was inhibited by resveratrol. Finally, we demonstrated that PM enhanced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and the NF-κB promoter activity, which were reduced by pretreatment with a ROS inhibitor or resveratrol. Thus, we concluded that resveratrol functions as a suppressor of PM-induced inflammatory signaling pathways by inhibiting COX-2/PGE2 expression.
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Morrissy SJ, Sun H, Zhang J, Strom J, Chen QM. Differential Regulation of Bcl-xL Gene Expression by Corticosterone, Progesterone, and Retinoic Acid. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:309-16. [PMID: 26915917 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CT), progesterone (PG), and retinoic acid (RA) are capable of inhibiting Doxorubicin (Dox) from inducing apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, CT, PG, and RA induce increases of Bcl-xL protein and mRNA, and activate a 3.2 kb bcl-x gene promoter. CT and RA, but not PG, induced the activity of a 0.9 kb bcl-x promoter, containing sequences for AP-1 and NF-kB binding. RA, but not CT or PG, induced NF-kB activation. CT, but not PG or RA, induced AP-1 activation, and induction of the 0.9 kb bcl-x reporter by CT was inhibited by dominant negative c-Jun TAM-67 or removal of AP-1 binding site. Therefore, although CT, PG, and RA all induce Bcl-xL mRNA and protein, three independent mechanisms are in operation: while CT induces Bcl-xL via AP-1 transcription factor, and RA induces NF-kB activation and bcl-x promoter activity, PG induces Bcl-xL via a mechanism independent of NF-kB or AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Morrissy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Jack Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Joshua Strom
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Qin M Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Huang L, Huang QY, Huang HQ. The evidence of HeLa cell apoptosis induced with tetraethylammonium using proteomics and various analytical methods. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2217-29. [PMID: 24297172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a potassium channel (KCh) blocker applied in the functional and pharmacological studies of the KChs. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, a colorimetric assay to quantitatively measure living cells, demonstrated that TEA reduced the HeLa cell viability dose-dependently. Flow cytometry analysis indicated an increased apoptosis rate of the HeLa cell after exposing to TEA. The patch clamp technique revealed that the K(+) current of the HeLa cell was inhibited up to 80% when exposed to TEA. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR approach set up cross-talk among the cytotoxicity of TEA, 4-aminopyridine, and anti-cancer drug such as cisplatin. Using comparative proteomics combined with MALDI-TOF MS/MS, 33 significantly changed proteins were found from TEA treatment group; among these proteins, 12 were up-regulated, and 21 were down-regulated. Here we indicated that these proteins were closely connected with many biological functions such as oxidative stress response, signal transduction, metabolism, protein synthesis, and degradation. Both Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR approaches further verified these differential proteins. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software, a tool to analyze "omics" data and model biological system, was applied to analyze the interaction pathways of these proteins. The subcellular locations of the differential proteins are also predicted from Uniprot. All results above can help in our understanding of the mechanism of TEA-induced cytotoxicity and provide potential cancer biomarkers. Various experimental results in this study (like those for cisplatin) indicated that TEA is not only a KCh blocker but also a potential anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China and
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Kim HG, Yang JH, Han EH, Choi JH, Khanal T, Jeong MH, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin against phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:93-9. [PMID: 23429041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua L., has recently been shown to possess antitumor activity in various cancer cells. However, the effect of anti-inflammatory potentials of DHA in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells has not been studied. The present study investigated the effect of COX-2 and molecular mechanisms by DHA in PMA stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. DHA dose-dependently decreased PMA-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, as well as COX-2 promoter-driven luciferase activity. Additionally, DHA decreased luciferase activity of COX-2 regulation-related transcription factors including NF-κB, AP-1, C/EBP and CREB. DHA also remarkably reduced PMA-induced p65, C/EBPβ, c-jun and CREB nuclear translocation. Furthermore, DHA evidently inhibited PMA-induced phosphorylation of AKT and the MAP Kinases, such as ERK, JNK and p38. Taken together, our data indicated that DHA effectively attenuates COX-2 production via down-regulation of AKT and MAPK pathway, revealing partial molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Gyun Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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Yang H, Wu D, Zhang X, Wang X, Peng Y, Hu Z. Telencephalin protects PAJU cells from amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis by activating the ezrin/radixin/moesin protein family/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:2189-98. [PMID: 25538739 PMCID: PMC4268718 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.028.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telencephalin is a neural glycoprotein that reduces apoptosis induced by amyloid beta protein in the human neural tumor cell line PAJU. In this study, we examined the role of the ezrin/radixin/moesin protein family/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in this process. Western blot analysis demonstrated that telencephalin, phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B were not expressed in PAJU cells transfected with empty plasmid, while they were expressed in PAJU cells transfected with a telencephalin expression plasmid. After treatment with 1.0 nM amyloid beta protein 42, expression of telencephalin and phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B in the transfected cells gradually diminished, while levels of phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin increased. In addition, the high levels of telencephalin, phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B expression in PAJU cells transfected with a telencephalin expression plasmid could be suppressed by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. These findings indicate that telencephalin activates the ezrin/radixin/moesin family/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and protects PAJU cells from amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shangrao No. 5 People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Shangrao 334000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530011, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Avni D, Glucksam Y, Zor T. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 modulates cytokine expression in macrophages via p50 nuclear factor κB inhibition, in a PI3K-independent mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:106-14. [PMID: 22005520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002 (LY2), has been previously reported to inhibit nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activity, in a PI3K-independent mechanism. The goals of the current research were to determine the specificity of LY2 regarding NFκB subunits, and to identify relevant modulation of cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We found that LY2 specifically diminished the level of p50, but not p65, NFκB in the nucleus of LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and human THP-1 monocytes. This activity of LY2 was mimicked by its PI3K-inert analog LY303511 (LY3), but not by another PI3K inhibitor - wortmannin. We further show that LY2 inhibited LPS-induced IL-10 expression by RAW264.7 macrophages, in a PI3K-independent mechanism. Moreover, using a deletion mutant of an IL-10 promoter reporter gene we demonstrate that the activity of the NFκB enhancer site at the IL-10 promoter is regulated by LY2 in a PI3K-independent manner. Finally, both LY2 and LY3 elevated TNFα production in the LPS tolerant state which is regulated by p50 NFκB homodimers, but not before tolerance development. The effects of LY2 and LY3 on p50 translocation and on cytokine production in LPS-stimulated macrophages are thus consistent with specific PI3K-independent inhibition of p50 NFκB homodimer activity by LY2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Avni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Ihmaid S, Al-Rawi J, Bradley C, Angove MJ, Robertson MN, Clark RL. Synthesis, structural elucidation, DNA-PK inhibition, homology modelling and anti-platelet activity of morpholino-substituted-1,3-naphth-oxazines. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3983-94. [PMID: 21664823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of new angular 2-morpholino-(substituted)-naphth-1,3-oxazines (compound 10b), linear 2-morpholino-(substituted)-naphth-1,3-oxazines (compounds 13b-c), linear 6, 7 and 9-O-substituted-2-morpholino-(substituted)-naphth-1,3-oxazines (compounds 17-22, 24, and 25) and angular compounds 14-16 and 23 were synthesised. The O-substituent was pyridin-2yl-methyl (15, 18, and 21) pyridin-3yl-methyl (16, 19, and 22) and 4-methylpipreazin-1-yl-ethoxy (23-25). Twelve compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on collagen induced platelet aggregation and it was found that the most active compounds were compounds 19 and 22 with IC(50)=55±4 and 85±4 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the compounds were also assayed for their ability to inhibit DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity. The most active compounds were 18 IC(50)=0.091 μM, 24 IC(50)=0.191 μM, and 22 IC(50)=0.331 μM. Homology modelling was used to build a 3D model of DNA-PK based on the X-ray structure of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Docking of synthesised compounds within the binding pocket and structure-activity relationships (SAR) analyses of the poses were performed and results agreed well with observed activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Ihmaid
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand-mediated apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells depends upon modulation of PI3Kinase pathway independent of Akt. J Mol Signal 2010; 5:20. [PMID: 21144036 PMCID: PMC3009957 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ligands of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) can inhibit growth and promote apoptosis in various cancer cells, and thus have the potential to be utilized as anticancer drugs. This potential however, has been seriously challenged by observations that they can lead to tumor promotion in some cancer models, possibly due to activation of different signaling mechanisms in various tumor environments. Elucidation of the specific signaling events that modulate PPARγ ligand-mediated events is thus critical to increase their efficacy. The studies described here were designed to elucidate the signaling pathway(s) that modulate the apoptotic potential of Troglitazone (TRG), an artificial PPARγ ligand in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Results Our results indicate that the apoptotic potential of TRG was regulated by the presence or absence of serum in the media. When added in serum-containing media, TRG inhibited proliferation and cyclin D1 expression, but was unable to induce any apoptosis. However, TRG's apoptotic potential was induced significantly when added in serum deficient media, as indicated by increased PARP and Caspase-3 cleavage and results from apoptosis assay. Furthermore, TRG-induced apoptosis in serum deficient media was associated with a dramatic reduction in PI3Kinase downstream target AktSer473 and FoxO1Thr24/FoxO3aThr32 phosphorylation. On the contrary, there was an increase of PI3K-induced AktSer473 and FoxO1Thr24/FoxO3aThr32 phosphorylation involving Pak, when TRG was added in serum-containing media. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kinase pathway with LY294002 inhibited Aktser473 phosphorylation and sensitized cells towards apoptosis in the presence of serum, indicating the involvement of PI3K in apoptosis resistance. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated knockdown of Akt or inhibition of Pak was unable to sensitize cells towards TRG-induced apoptosis in the presence of serum. Similarly, TRG was unable to induce apoptosis in the Akt1-KO, Akt1&2-KO MEFs in serum-containing media. Conclusion These studies indicate that TRG-induced apoptosis is modulated by PI3K pathway in a novel Akt-independent manner, which might contribute to its tumor promoting effects. Since PI3K activation is linked with various cancers, combination therapy utilizing TRG and PI3K inhibitors has the potential to not only increase the efficacy of TRG as a chemotherapeutic agent but also reduce its off target effects.
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Woo JH, Kim MJ, Kim HS. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates myogenin expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level during myogenesis. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2010.496541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Yang CM, Lee IT, Lin CC, Yang YL, Luo SF, Kou YR, Hsiao LD. Cigarette smoke extract induces COX-2 expression via a PKCalpha/c-Src/EGFR, PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-kappaB pathway and p300 in tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L892-902. [PMID: 19717552 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00151.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) leads to airway or lung inflammation, which may be mediated through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CSE-induced COX-2 expression in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs). Here, we describe that COX-2 induction is dependent on PKCalpha/c-Src/EGFR, PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-kappaB signaling in HTSMCs. CSE stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Src, EGFR, PDGFR, and Akt, which were inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitor of PKCalpha (Gö6976 or Gö6983), c-Src (PP1), EGFR (AG1478), PDGFR (AG1296), or PI3K (LY294002). Moreover, CSE induced a significant increase in COX-2 expression, which was reduced by pretreatment with these inhibitors or transfection with siRNA of PKCalpha, Src, or Akt. Furthermore, CSE-stimulated NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation and translocation were also attenuated by pretreatment with Gö6976, PP1, AG1478, AG1296, or LY294002. CSE-induced COX-2 expression was also mediated through the recruitment of p300 associated with NF-kappaB in HTSMCs, revealed by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. In addition, pretreatment with the inhibitors of NF-kappaB (helenalin) and p300 (garcinol) or transfection with p65 siRNA and p300 siRNA markedly inhibited CSE-regulated COX-2 expression. However, CSE-induced PGE2 generation was reduced by pretreatment with the inhibitor of COX-2 (NS-398). These results demonstrated that in HTSMCs, CSE-induced COX-2-dependent PGE2 generation was mediated through PKCalpha/c-Src/EGFR, PDGFR/PI3K/Akt leading to the recruitment of p300 with NF-kappaB complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Mendes SDS, Candi A, Vansteenbrugge M, Pignon MR, Bult H, Boudjeltia KZ, Munaut C, Raes M. Microarray analyses of the effects of NF-kappaB or PI3K pathway inhibitors on the LPS-induced gene expression profile in RAW264.7 cells: synergistic effects of rapamycin on LPS-induced MMP9-overexpression. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1109-22. [PMID: 19285553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates a broad range of signalling pathways including mainly NF-kappaB and the MAPK cascade, but recent evidence suggests that LPS stimulation also activates the PI3K pathway. To unravel the specific roles of both pathways in LPS signalling and gene expression profiling, we investigated the effects of different inhibitors of NF-kappaB (BAY 11-7082), PI3K (wortmannin and LY294002) but also of mTOR (rapamycin), a kinase acting downstream of PI3K/Akt, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, analyzing their effects on the LPS-induced gene expression profile using a low density DNA microarray designed to monitor the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. After statistical and hierarchical cluster analyses, we determined five clusters of genes differentially affected by the four inhibitors used. In the fifth cluster corresponding to genes upregulated by LPS and mainly affected by BAY 11-7082, the gene encoding MMP9 displayed a particular expression profile, since rapamycin drastically enhanced the LPS-induced upregulation at both the mRNA and protein levels. Rapamycin also enhanced the LPS-induced NF-kappaB transactivation as determined by a reporter assay, phosphorylation of the p38 and Erk1/2 MAPKs, and counteracted PPAR activity. These results suggest that mTOR could negatively regulate the effects of LPS on the NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways. We also performed real-time RT-PCR assays on mmp9 expression using rosiglitazone (agonist of PPARgamma), PD98059 (inhibitor of Erk 1/2) and SB203580 (inhibitor of p38(MAPK)), that were able to counteract the rapamycin mediated overexpression of mmp9 in response to LPS. Our results suggest a new pathway involving mTOR for regulating specifically mmp9 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dos Santos Mendes
- University of Namur-FUNDP, Research Unit in Cellular Biology, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur, Belgium
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Sun H, Xu B, Inoue H, Chen QM. p38 MAPK mediates COX-2 gene expression by corticosterone in cardiomyocytes. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1952-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sun H, Chen QM. Inhibitors of GSK-3 prevent corticosterone from inducing COX-1 expression in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2008; 8:93-100. [PMID: 18584335 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-008-9018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study has demonstrated that glucocorticoids (GCs) induce cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) gene expression in rat cardiomyocytes. While investigating the mechanism underlying corticosterone (CT) induced COX-1, we found that three structurally and mechanistically distinct GSK-3 inhibitors, LiCl, SB216763, and (2'Z,3'E)-6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), inhibited COX-1 transcription and protein induction. A genetic approach of expressing wild type GSK-3beta increased COX-1 promoter activity, which was abolished by LiCl. LiCl increased inhibitory GSK-3alpha/beta phosphorylation at Ser21/Ser9, while BIO or SB216763 prevented stimulatory phosphorylation at Tyr279/Tyr216 of GSK-3alpha/beta. GSK inhibitors failed to block nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or activation of glucocorticoid response element (GRE) by CT treatment. While Sp3 transcription factor mediates CT induced COX-1 expression, GSK inhibitors did not change the level of Sp3 protein or binding of Sp3 transcription factor to COX-1 promoter. The observed effect of GSK-3 inhibitors appears to be unique to COX-1 since LiCl or BIO does not prevent CT from inducing COX-2 gene. We conclude that GSK-3 inhibitors block CT from inducing COX-1 gene expression via a mechanism beyond GR and Sp3 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Sun
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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