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Kondo K, Yamada N, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T, Toyoda K, Takahashi T, Kobayashi A, Sugai S, Yoshinari K. Enhancement of acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) rats. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:245-260. [PMID: 32404557 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Some patients encounter hepatotoxicity after repeated acetaminophen (APAP) dosing even at therapeutic doses. In the present study, we focused on the diabetic state as one of the suggested risk factors of drug-induced liver injury in humans and investigated the contribution of accelerated gluconeogenesis to the susceptibility to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity using an animal model of type 2 diabetes patients. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) rats were each given APAP at 0 mg/kg, 300 and 500 mg/kg for 35 days by oral gavage. Plasma and urinary glutathione-related metabolites, liver function parameters, and hepatic glutathione levels were compared between the non-APAP-treated SDT and SD rats and between the APAP-treated SDT and SD rats. Hepatic function parameters were not increased at either dose level in the APAP-treated SD rats, but were increased at both dose levels in the APAP-treated SDT rats. Increases in hepatic glutathione levels attributable to the treatment of APAP were noted only in the APAP-treated SD rats. There were differences in the profiles of plasma and urinary glutathione-related metabolites between the non-APAP-treated SD and SDT rats and the plasma/urinary endogenous metabolite profile after treatment with APAP in the SDT rats indicated that hepatic glutathione synthesis was decreased due to accelerated gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, SDT rats were more sensitive to APAP-induced chronic hepatotoxicity than SD rats and the high susceptibility of SDT rats was considered to be attributable to lowered hepatic glutathione levels induced by accelerated gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Kondo
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Tatsuji Hashimoto
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Tadakazu Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Dysregulated Choline, Methionine, and Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in Patients with Wilson Disease: Exploratory Metabolomic Profiling and Implications for Hepatic and Neurologic Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235937. [PMID: 31779102 PMCID: PMC6928853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a genetic copper overload condition characterized by hepatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms with a not well-understood pathogenesis. Dysregulated methionine cycle is reported in animal models of WD, though not verified in humans. Choline is essential for lipid and methionine metabolism. Defects in neurotransmitters as acetylcholine, and biogenic amines are reported in WD; however, less is known about their circulating precursors. We aimed to study choline, methionine, aromatic amino acids, and phospholipids in serum of WD subjects. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to profile serum of WD subjects categorized as hepatic, neurologic, and pre-clinical. Hepatic transcript levels of genes related to choline and methionine metabolism were verified in the Jackson Laboratory toxic milk mouse model of WD (tx-j). Compared to healthy subjects, choline, methionine, ornithine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine were significantly elevated in WD, with marked alterations in phosphatidylcholines and reductions in sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingomyelins, and acylcarnitines. In tx-j mice, choline, methionine, and phosphatidylcholine were similarly dysregulated. Elevated choline is a hallmark dysregulation in WD interconnected with alterations in methionine and phospholipid metabolism, which are relevant to hepatic steatosis. The elevated phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine carry implications for neurologic manifestations and are worth further investigation.
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Takahashi T, Matsuura C, Toyoda K, Suzuki Y, Yamada N, Kobayashi A, Sugai S, Shimoi K. Estimation of potential risk of allyl alcohol induced liver injury in diabetic patients using type 2 diabetes spontaneously diabetic Torii-Lepr fa (SDT fatty) rats. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:759-776. [PMID: 31708533 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the potential risk of chemicals including drug in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we investigated allyl alcohol induced liver injury using SD rats and Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT fatty) rats as a model for human T2DM. The diabetic state is one of the risk factors for chemically induced liver injury because of lower levels of glutathione for detoxification by conjugation with chemicals and environmental pollutants and their reactive metabolites. Allyl alcohol is metabolized to a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein, which is detoxified by conjugation with glutathione. Therefore, we used allyl alcohol as a model compound. Our investigations showed that SDT fatty rats appropriately mimic the diabetic state in humans. The profiles of glucose metabolism, hepatic function tests and glutathione synthesis in the SDT fatty rats were similar to those in patients with T2DM. Five-week oral dosing with allyl alcohol to the SDT fatty rats revealed that the allyl alcohol induced liver injury was markedly enhanced in the SDT fatty rats when compared with the SD rats and the difference was considered to be due to lower hepatic detoxification of acrolein, the reactive metabolite of allyl alcohol, by depleted hepatic glutathione synthesis. Taking all the results of the present study into consideration, the potential for allyl alcohol to induce liver injury is considered to be higher in diabetic patients than in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakazu Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC.,Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Chizuru Matsuura
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Cysteine/Glutathione Deficiency: A Significant and Treatable Corollary of Disease. THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) IN MEDICINE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5311-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) deficiency may play a pivotal role in a variety of apparently unrelated clinical conditions and diseases. Orally administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which replenishes the cysteine required for GSH synthesis, has been tested in a large number of randomized placebo-controlled trials involving these diseases and conditions. This chapter focused on developing a base of evidence suggesting that NAC administration improves disease by increasing cysteine and/or GSH in a variety of diseases, thereby implying a significant role for GSH deficiency in the clinical basis of many diseases. To develop this base of evidence, we systematically selected studies which considered the hypothesis that the therapeutic efficacy for NAC is an indication that cysteine and/or GSH deficiency is a pathophysiological part of the diseases studied. In this manner we focus this chapter on explaining the biological mechanisms of NAC therapy in a wide variety of disorders and demonstrate its ubiquitous role in improving disease that involves disrupted GSH and/or cysteine metabolism.
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Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Mammalian Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism: A Nexus Between Redox Regulation, Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Detoxification. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:408-452. [PMID: 29186975 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Transsulfuration allows conversion of methionine into cysteine using homocysteine (Hcy) as an intermediate. This pathway produces S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), a key metabolite for cell function, and provides 50% of the cysteine needed for hepatic glutathione synthesis. The route requires the intake of essential nutrients (e.g., methionine and vitamins) and is regulated by their availability. Transsulfuration presents multiple interconnections with epigenetics, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and glutathione synthesis, polyol and pentose phosphate pathways, and detoxification that rely mostly in the exchange of substrates or products. Major hepatic diseases, rare diseases, and sensorineural disorders, among others that concur with oxidative stress, present impaired transsulfuration. Recent Advances: In contrast to the classical view, a nuclear branch of the pathway, potentiated under oxidative stress, is emerging. Several transsulfuration proteins regulate gene expression, suggesting moonlighting activities. In addition, abnormalities in Hcy metabolism link nutrition and hearing loss. CRITICAL ISSUES Knowledge about the crossregulation between pathways is mostly limited to the hepatic availability/removal of substrates and inhibitors. However, advances regarding protein-protein interactions involving oncogenes, identification of several post-translational modifications (PTMs), and putative moonlighting activities expand the potential impact of transsulfuration beyond methylations and Hcy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing the knowledge on transsulfuration outside the liver, understanding the protein-protein interaction networks involving these enzymes, the functional role of their PTMs, or the mechanisms controlling their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may provide further insights into the pathophysiological implications of this pathway, allowing design of new therapeutic interventions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 408-452.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Pajares
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Molecular Hepatology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
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Bauer AZ, Kriebel D, Herbert MR, Bornehag CG, Swan SH. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A review. Horm Behav 2018; 101:125-147. [PMID: 29341895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-prescription medication paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is currently recommended as a safe pain and fever treatment during pregnancy. However, recent studies suggest a possible association between APAP use in pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVES To conduct a review of publications reporting associations between prenatal APAP use and offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS Relevant sources were identified through a key word search of multiple databases (Medline, CINAHL, OVID and TOXNET) in September 2016. All English language observational studies of pregnancy APAP and three classes of neurodevelopmental outcomes (autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intelligence quotient (IQ)) were included. One reviewer (AZB) independently screened all titles and abstracts, extracted and analyzed the data. RESULTS 64 studies were retrieved and 55 were ineligible. Nine prospective cohort studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Data pooling was not appropriate due to heterogeneity in outcomes. All included studies suggested an association between prenatal APAP exposure and the neurodevelopmental outcomes; ADHD, ASD, or lower IQ. Longer duration of APAP use was associated with increased risk. Associations were strongest for hyperactivity and attention-related outcomes. Little modification of associations by indication for use was reported. CONCLUSIONS Together, these nine studies suggest an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes following prenatal APAP exposure. Further studies are urgently needed with; precise indication of use and exposure assessment of use both in utero and in early life. Given the current findings, pregnant women should be cautioned against indiscriminate use of APAP. These results have substantial public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Z Bauer
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - David Kriebel
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Martha R Herbert
- Department of Neurology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, A.A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, MGH/MIT/Harvard 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA; Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
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Borude P, Bhushan B, Gunewardena S, Akakpo J, Jaeschke H, Apte U. Pleiotropic Role of p53 in Injury and Liver Regeneration after Acetaminophen Overdose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1406-1418. [PMID: 29654721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p53 is the major cellular gatekeeper involved in proliferation, cell death, migration, and homeostasis. The role of p53 in pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury is unknown. We investigated the role of p53 in liver injury and regeneration after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, the most common cause of acute liver failure in the Western world. Eight-week-old male wild-type (WT) and p53 knockout (p53KO) mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP, and the dynamics of liver injury and regeneration were studied over a time course of 0 to 96 hours. Deletion of p53 resulted in a threefold higher liver injury than in WT mice. Interestingly, despite higher liver injury, p53KO mice recovered similarly as the WT mice because of faster liver regeneration. Deletion of p53 did not affect APAP bioactivation and initiation of injury. Microarray analysis revealed that p53KO mice had disrupted metabolic homeostasis and induced inflammatory and proliferative signaling. p53KO mice showed prolonged steatosis correlating with prolonged liver injury. Initiation of liver regeneration in p53KO mice was delayed, but once initiated, cell cycle was significantly faster than WT mice because of sustained AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. These studies show that p53 plays a pleotropic role after APAP overdose, where it prevents progression of liver injury by maintaining metabolic homeostasis and also regulates initiation of liver regeneration through proliferative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Borude
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jephte Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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8
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Sandhu C, Qureshi A, Emili A. Panomics for Precision Medicine. Trends Mol Med 2017; 24:85-101. [PMID: 29217119 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Medicine is poised to undergo a digital transformation. High-throughput platforms are creating terabytes of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data. The challenge is to interpret these data in a meaningful manner - to uncover relationships that are not readily apparent between molecular profiles and states of health or disease. This will require the development of novel data pipelines and computational tools. The combined analysis of multi-dimensional data is referred to as 'panomics'. The ultimate hope of integrative panomics is that it will lead to the discovery and application of novel markers and targeted therapeutics that drive forward a new era of 'precision medicine' where inter-individual variation is accounted for in the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alia Qureshi
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Emili
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Kouam AF, Yuan F, Njayou FN, He H, Tsayem RF, Oladejo BO, Song F, Moundipa PF, Gao GF. Induction of Mkp-1 and Nuclear Translocation of Nrf2 by Limonoids from Khaya grandifoliola C.DC Protect L-02 Hepatocytes against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:653. [PMID: 28974930 PMCID: PMC5610691 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem where natural compounds hold promise for its abrogation. Khaya grandifoliola (Meliaceae) is used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for the treatment of liver related diseases and has been studied for its hepatoprotective properties. Till date, reports showing the hepatoprotective molecular mechanism of the plant are lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to identify compounds from the plant bearing hepatoprotective activity and the related molecular mechanism by assessing their effects against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in normal human liver L-02 cells line. The cells were exposed to APAP (10 mM) or co-treated with phytochemical compounds (40 μM) over a period of 36 h and, biochemical and molecular parameters assessed. Three known limonoids namely 17-epi-methyl-6-hydroxylangolensate, 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin and deacetoxy-7R-hydroxygedunin were identified. The results of cells viability and membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species generation and lipid membrane peroxidation assays, cellular glutathione content determination as well as expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 demonstrated the protective action of the limonoids. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that limonoids inhibited APAP-induced c-Jun N-terminal Kinase phosphorylation (p-JNK), mitochondrial translocation of p-JNK and Bcl2-associated X Protein, and the release of Apoptosis-inducing Factor into the cytosol. Interestingly, limonoids increased the expression of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase (Mkp)-1, an endogenous inhibitor of JNK phosphorylation and, induced the nuclear translocation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor-2 (Nrf2) and decreased the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein-1. The limonoids also reversed the APAP-induced decreased mRNA levels of Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase-1, Glutathione-S-Transferase and Methionine Adenosyltransferase-1A. The obtained results suggest that the isolated limonoids protect L-02 hepatocytes against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity mainly through increase expression of Mkp-1 and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Thus, these compounds are in part responsible of the hepatoprotective activity of K. grandifoliola and further analysis including in vivo and toxicological studies are needed to select the most potent compound that may be useful as therapeutic agents against DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud F Kouam
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1Yaoundé, Cameroon.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Frédéric N Njayou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hongtao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Roméo F Tsayem
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Babayemi O Oladejo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Fuhang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Paul F Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Stahl SH, Yates JW, Nicholls AW, Kenna JG, Coen M, Ortega F, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Systems toxicology: modelling biomarkers of glutathione homeostasis and paracetamol metabolism. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 15:9-14. [PMID: 26464084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One aim of systems toxicology is to deliver mechanistic, mathematically rigorous, models integrating biochemical and pharmacological processes that result in toxicity to enhance the assessment of the risk posed to humans by drugs and other xenobiotics. The benefits of such 'in silico' models would be in enabling the rapid and robust prediction of the effects of compounds over a range of exposures, improving in vitro-in vivo correlations and the translation from preclinical species to humans. Systems toxicology models of organ toxicities that result in high attrition rates during drug discovery and development, or post-marketing withdrawals (e.g., drug-induced liver injury (DILI)) should facilitate the discovery of safe new drugs. Here, systems toxicology as applied to the effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP)) is used to exemplify the potential of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone H Stahl
- AstraZeneca, DMPK, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - James W Yates
- AstraZeneca, DMPK, Oncology Innovative Medicines, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Andrew W Nicholls
- GlaxoSmithKline, Investigative Preclinical Toxicology, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - J Gerry Kenna
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fernando Ortega
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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11
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Kobayashi A, Kondo K, Sugai S. [Investigation of Predisposition Biomarkers to Identify Risk Factors for Drug-induced Liver Injury in Humans: Analyses of Endogenous Metabolites in an Animal Model Mimicking Human Responders to APAP-induced Hepatotoxicity]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:655-62. [PMID: 25948298 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a main reason of regulatory action pertaining to drugs, including restrictions to clinical indications and withdrawal from the marketplace. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used and effective analgesic/antipyretic agent and relatively safe drug even in long-term treatment. However, it is known that APAP at therapeutic doses may cause hepatotoxicity in some individuals. Hence great efforts have been made to identify risk factors for APAP-induced chronic hepatotoxicity. We investigated the contribution of undernourishment to susceptibility to APAP-induced chronic hepatotoxicity using an animal model. We employed daytime restricted fed (RF) rats as a modified-nutritional state model for human APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. RF and ad libitum fed (ALF) rats were given APAP at 0, 300, and 500 mg/kg for 3 months. Plasma and urinary glutathione-related metabolomes and liver function parameters were measured during the dosing period. Endogenous metabolites forming at different levels between the RF and ALF rats could be potential predisposition biomarkers for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, RF rats were considered a useful model to estimate the contribution of nutritional state of patients to APAP-induced chronic hepatotoxicity. In this article we report our current research focusing on nutritional state as risk factor for APAP-induced chronic hepatotoxicity and our findings of hepatotoxicity biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
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12
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Chen M, Bisgin H, Tong L, Hong H, Fang H, Borlak J, Tong W. Toward predictive models for drug-induced liver injury in humans: are we there yet? Biomark Med 2014; 8:201-13. [PMID: 24521015 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent cause for the termination of drug development programs and a leading reason of drug withdrawal from the marketplace. Unfortunately, the current preclinical testing strategies, including the regulatory-required animal toxicity studies or simple in vitro tests, are insufficiently powered to predict DILI in patients reliably. Notably, the limited predictive power of such testing strategies is mostly attributed to the complex nature of DILI, a poor understanding of its mechanism, a scarcity of human hepatotoxicity data and inadequate bioinformatics capabilities. With the advent of high-content screening assays, toxicogenomics and bioinformatics, multiple end points can be studied simultaneously to improve prediction of clinically relevant DILIs. This review focuses on the current state of efforts in developing predictive models from diverse data sources for potential use in detecting human hepatotoxicity, and also aims to provide perspectives on how to further improve DILI prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Chen
- Division of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, The US Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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13
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A testing strategy to predict risk for drug-induced liver injury in humans using high-content screen assays and the 'rule-of-two' model. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1439-49. [PMID: 24958025 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of drug failures in both the preclinical and clinical phase. Consequently, improving prediction of DILI at an early stage of drug discovery will reduce the potential failures in the subsequent drug development program. In this regard, high-content screening (HCS) assays are considered as a promising strategy for the study of DILI; however, the predictive performance of HCS assays is frequently insufficient. In the present study, a new testing strategy was developed to improve DILI prediction by employing in vitro assays that was combined with the RO2 model (i.e., 'rule-of-two' defined by daily dose ≥100 mg/day & logP ≥3). The RO2 model was derived from the observation that high daily doses and lipophilicity of an oral medication were associated with significant DILI risk in humans. In the developed testing strategy, the RO2 model was used for the rational selection of candidates for HCS assays, and only the negatives predicted by the RO2 model were further investigated by HCS. Subsequently, the effects of drug treatment on cell loss, nuclear size, DNA damage/fragmentation, apoptosis, lysosomal mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and steatosis were studied in cultures of primary rat hepatocytes. Using a set of 70 drugs with clear evidence of clinically relevant DILI, the testing strategy improved the accuracies by 10 % and reduced the number of drugs requiring experimental assessment by approximately 20 %, as compared to the HCS assay alone. Moreover, the testing strategy was further validated by including published data (Cosgrove et al. in Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 237:317-330, 2009) on drug-cytokine-induced hepatotoxicity, which improved the accuracies by 7 %. Taken collectively, the proposed testing strategy can significantly improve the prediction of in vitro assays for detecting DILI liability in an early drug discovery phase.
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Delgado M, Garrido F, Pérez-Miguelsanz J, Pacheco M, Partearroyo T, Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Acute liver injury induces nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of hepatic methionine metabolism enzymes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2541-54. [PMID: 24124652 PMCID: PMC4024841 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The discovery of methionine metabolism enzymes in the cell nucleus, together with their association with key nuclear processes, suggested a putative relationship between alterations in their subcellular distribution and disease. RESULTS Using the rat model of d-galactosamine intoxication, severe changes in hepatic steady-state mRNA levels were found; the largest decreases corresponded to enzymes exhibiting the highest expression in normal tissue. Cytoplasmic protein levels, activities, and metabolite concentrations suffered more moderate changes following a similar trend. Interestingly, galactosamine treatment induced hepatic nuclear accumulation of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) α1 and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase tetramers, their active assemblies. In fact, galactosamine-treated livers showed enhanced nuclear MAT activity. Acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication mimicked most galactosamine effects on hepatic MATα1, including accumulation of nuclear tetramers. H35 cells that overexpress tagged-MATα1 reproduced the subcellular distribution observed in liver, and the changes induced by galactosamine and APAP that were also observed upon glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine. The H35 nuclear accumulation of tagged-MATα1 induced by these agents correlated with decreased glutathione reduced form/glutathione oxidized form ratios and was prevented by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione ethyl ester. However, the changes in epigenetic modifications associated with tagged-MATα1 nuclear accumulation were only prevented by NAC in galactosamine-treated cells. INNOVATION Cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in proteins that regulate the methylation index follow opposite trends in acute liver injury, their nuclear accumulation showing potential as disease marker. CONCLUSION Altogether these results demonstrate galactosamine- and APAP-induced nuclear accumulation of methionine metabolism enzymes as active oligomers and unveil the implication of redox-dependent mechanisms in the control of MATα1 subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Delgado
- 1 Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
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15
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Lari P, Rashedinia M, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. Alteration of protein profile in rat liver of animals exposed to subacute diazinon: A proteomic approach. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1419-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Lari
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology; School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology; School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology; School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology; School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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James LP. Metabolomics: integration of a new "omics" with clinical pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:547-51. [PMID: 24145711 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The term "pharmacometabolomics" was coined in 2006 to reflect the potential of the predrug metabolomic signature to predict the postdrug response. Metabolomics can be used to examine the contribution of nongenomic factors, such as the environment, diet, or the gut microbiome, to the overall drug response. As such, the complexity of human biology afforded by metabolomics can complement genomic approaches, ultimately moving the discipline of clinical pharmacology closer to full implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P James
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA [2] Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children"s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Chen M, Borlak J, Tong W. High lipophilicity and high daily dose of oral medications are associated with significant risk for drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2013; 58:388-96. [PMID: 23258593 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug failure in clinical trials and a major reason for drug withdrawals from the market. Although there is evidence that dosages of ≥100 mg/day are associated with increased risk for hepatotoxicity, many drugs are safe at such dosages. There is an unmet need to predict risk for DILI more reliably, and lipophilicity might be a contributing factor. We analyzed the combined factors of daily dose and lipophilicity for 164 US Food and Drug Administration-approved oral medications and observed high risk for hepatotoxicity (odds ratio [OR], 14.05; P < 0.001) for drugs given at dosages ≥100 mg/day and octanol-water partition coefficient (logP) ≥3. This defined the "rule-of-two." Similar results were obtained for an independent set of 179 oral medications with 85% of the rule-of-two positives being associated with hepatotoxicity (OR, 3.89; P < 0.01). Using the World Health Organization's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, the rule-of-two performed best in predicting DILI in seven therapeutic categories. Among 15 rule-of-two positives, 14 were withdrawn from hepatotoxic drugs, and one was over-the-counter medication labeled for liver injury. We additionally examined drug pairs that have similar chemical structures and act on the same molecular target but differ in their potential for DILI. Again, the rule-of-two predicted hepatotoxicity reliably. Finally, the rule-of-two was applied to clinical case studies to identify hepatotoxic drugs in complex comedication regimes to further demonstrate its use. CONCLUSION Apart from dose, lipophilicity contributes significantly to risk for hepatotoxicity. Applying the rule-of-two is an appropriate means of estimating risk for DILI compared with dose alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Chen
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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18
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Abstract
One of the many functions of taurine is to protect cells against oxidation, by protecting mitochondrial integrity and respiration. Taurine metabolism has attracted much attention in fish nutrition due to the fact that as plant ingredients replace fishmeal, dietary taurine has declined. As the endogenous synthesis of taurine might be too low to protect cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis, the present study aimed to test whether taurine may protect liver cells from apoptosis. Liver cells isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were grown in media supplemented with a physiological concentration of taurine (25 (se0·5) mm) or without any taurine supplementation (14 (se3) μm) for 3 d. To increase oxidation in the mitochondria and maximise any cellular response of taurine supplementation, 100 μm-CdCl2was added or not added to the cells at day 3. At day 4, cells were harvested and assessed for viability. As expected, the addition of CdCl2decreased cell viability without showing any interaction with taurine supplementation. Cells grown in the taurine-supplemented media had lower protein abundance of active caspase-3. In addition, the protein abundance of phosphorylated mitogen-activating phosphokinase (P-p63, P-p42/44 and P-p38) as well as cytochrome P450 were reduced when taurine was added to the media. Cells grown without taurine supplementation had a more condensed chromatin and more smeared DNA, also pointing to a higher apoptosis in these cells. In conclusion, taurine attenuated apoptosis in primary liver cells isolated from Atlantic salmon, and as such, taurine may be conditionally indispensable in Atlantic salmon.
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He J, Chen J, Wu L, Li G, Xie P. Metabolic Response to Oral Microcystin-LR Exposure in the Rat by NMR-Based Metabonomic Study. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5934-46. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station
of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and
Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072,
People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station
of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and
Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072,
People's Republic of China
| | - Laiyan Wu
- Donghu Experimental Station
of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and
Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072,
People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Materials
Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Donghu Experimental Station
of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and
Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072,
People's Republic of China
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's
Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station
of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and
Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072,
People's Republic of China
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Kumari A, Kakkar P. Lupeol protects against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and cell death in rat primary hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1781-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Kondo K, Yamada N, Suzuki Y, Toyoda K, Hashimoto T, Takahashi A, Kobayashi A, Shoda T, Kuno H, Sugai S. Enhancement of acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in restricted fed rats: a nonclinical approach to acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in susceptible patients. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:911-29. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Kondo
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Tatsuji Hashimoto
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akemi Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Toshiyuki Shoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Hideyuki Kuno
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
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Schroeder K, Bremm K, Alépée N, Bessems J, Blaauboer B, Boehn S, Burek C, Coecke S, Gombau L, Hewitt N, Heylings J, Huwyler J, Jaeger M, Jagelavicius M, Jarrett N, Ketelslegers H, Kocina I, Koester J, Kreysa J, Note R, Poth A, Radtke M, Rogiers V, Scheel J, Schulz T, Steinkellner H, Toeroek M, Whelan M, Winkler P, Diembeck W. Report from the EPAA workshop: In vitro ADME in safety testing used by EPAA industry sectors. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:589-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Roux A, Lison D, Junot C, Heilier JF. Applications of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in clinical chemistry and toxicology: A review. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:119-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ozer JS, Reagan WJ, Schomaker S, Palandra J, Baratta M, Ramaiah S. Translational Biomarkers of Acute Drug‐Induced Liver Injury: The Current State, Gaps, and Future Opportunities. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mendrick DL, Schnackenberg L. Genomic and metabolomic advances in the identification of disease and adverse event biomarkers. Biomark Med 2010; 3:605-15. [PMID: 20477528 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete knowledge of tissue pathogenesis is hampering the identification of biomarkers for the appropriate therapeutic targets to prevent or inhibit disease processes, and the prediction and diagnosis of injury due to disease and adverse events of drug therapy. The revolution in genomics and metabolomics, combined with advanced bioinformatics and computational methods for mining such large, complex data sets, are beginning to provide critical insights into tissue injury. Such results will move us closer to the promise of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mendrick
- Division of Systems Toxicology, HFT-230, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079-4502, USA.
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Beger RD, Sun J, Schnackenberg LK. Metabolomics approaches for discovering biomarkers of drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 243:154-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Study of valproic acid-induced endogenous and exogenous metabolite alterations using LC–MS-based metabolomics. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:207-16. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Valproic acid (VPA; an anticonvulsant drug) therapy is associated with hepatotoxicity as well as renal toxicity. An LC–MS-based metabolomics approach was undertaken in order to detect urinary VPA metabolites and to discover early biomarkers of the adverse effects induced by VPA. Results: CD-1 mice were either subcutaneously injected with 600-mg VPA/kg body weight or vehicle only, and urine samples were collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h postinjection. A metabolomics approach combined with principal component analysis was utilized to identify VPA-related metabolites and altered endogenous metabolites in urine. Some VPA metabolites indicated potential liver toxicity caused by VPA administration. Additionally, some altered endogenous metabolites suggested that renal function might be perturbed by VPA dosing. Conclusion: LC–MS-based metabolomics is capable of rapidly profiling VPA drug metabolites and is a powerful tool for the discovery of potential early biomarkers related to perturbations in liver and kidney function.
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Mohapatra SK, Cole LE, Evans C, Sobral BW, Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Vogel SN, Crasta OR. Modulation of hepatic PPAR expression during Ft LVS LPS-induced protection from Francisella tularensis LVS infection. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:10. [PMID: 20082697 PMCID: PMC2826305 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown previously that administration of Francisella tularensis (Ft) Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) protects mice against subsequent challenge with Ft LVS and blunts the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. METHODS To further investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie Ft LVS LPS-mediated protection, we profiled global hepatic gene expression following Ft LVS LPS or saline pre-treatment and subsequent Ft LVS challenge using Affymetrix arrays. RESULTS A large number of genes (> 3,000) were differentially expressed at 48 hours post-infection. The degree of modulation of inflammatory genes by infection was clearly attenuated by pre-treatment with Ft LVS LPS in the surviving mice. However, Ft LVS LPS alone had a subtle effect on the gene expression profile of the uninfected mice. By employing gene set enrichment analysis, we discovered significant up-regulation of the fatty acid metabolism pathway, which is regulated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that the LPS-induced blunting of pro-inflammatory response in mouse is, in part, mediated by PPARs (alpha and gamma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Mohapatra
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Leah E Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Clive Evans
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bruno W Sobral
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Oswald R Crasta
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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