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Kim MK, Kang JS, Kundu A, Kim HS, Lee BM. Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction of Ptaquiloside in Bracken Fern. TOXICS 2023; 11:115. [PMID: 36850990 PMCID: PMC9959108 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the optimal boiling time to reduce ptaquiloside (PTA) and to carry out a risk assessment for PTA, a representative toxic substance found in bracken fern (BF; Pteridium aquilinum), which is frequently consumed as food in East Asian countries. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that the concentration of PTA in BF was reduced by up to 99% after boiling for 20 min. Risk assessment results showed that the cancer margin of exposure (MOE; ≥ 25,000 = safe) to PTA for an average daily exposure scenario after boiling BF for 20 min was considered safe. In addition, the non-cancer MOE (≥ 300 = safe) to PTA under an average daily exposure scenario after BF boiling for 20 min was considered safe. However, human exposure to PTA was considered unsafe under the non-boiled BF exposure and maximum daily exposure scenarios. Therefore, boiling BF for at least 20 min is recommended before consumption, to reduce exposure to PTA as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kook Kim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kang
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kundu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
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Arimah A, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Nuraida L. Estimasi Risiko Okratoksin A dari Konsumsi Kopi Bubuk di Indonesia. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2022. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2022.33.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that can be found in coffee. This study aimed to obtain the processing steps commonly applied by coffee shops in Indonesia, calculate the level of OTA in coffee bean and ground coffee, and the risk estimate of OTA exposure from ground coffee in Indonesia. The processing steps were determined through an online survey while the level of OTA in coffee was calculated from available references. The consumption level of ground coffee was determined from the Indonesia total diet study report and the exposure assessment was carried out by deterministic approach. The risk estimates were expressed as % risk towards provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and margin of exposure (MOE). Based on the survey of coffee shops (n=20), ground coffee is commonly processed using dry method consisting of cherries sorting, sun drying, roasting and grinding. Ground coffee was the most common coffee consumed by adults. Based on references from countries with climate similar to Indonesia, the level of OTA in coffee bean ranged from 0.033 to 168 μg/kg with an average of 12.25 μg/kg and 0.018-55 μg/kg in ground coffee averaging at 5.60 μg/kg. The individual exposure to OTA from drinking coffee is 0.014-0.744 ng/kg bw/day. The risk estimates shows that risk of ochratoxin A from ground coffee consumption is low, with risk percentage of <100 % provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and a MOE of higher than 10000 for all age groups. The study suggested that adults (19-55 years) have higher exposure and risk than the other age groups.
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Health risk assessment of process-related contaminants in bread. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Modareskia M, Fattahi M, Mirjalili MH. Thymol screening, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Iranian populations of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15645. [PMID: 36123425 PMCID: PMC9485261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeds of Trachyspermum ammi were gathered at the ripening stage from different regions of Iran and grouped into 14 populations (P1-P14) accordingly. The essential oil (EO) extraction yielded in the 3.16–5% range. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 11 constituents were identified. Thymol (59.92–96.4%), p-cymene (0.55–21.15%), γ-terpinene (0.23–17.78%), and carvacrol (0.41–2.77%) were the major constituents. The highest contents of thymol and carvacrol were found in the Ghayen population (P2). Also, P2 and P8 (Estahban) had the highest value of total phenol (TPC) 43.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, and total flavonoids (TFC) 8.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DW, respectively. P1 (Kalat) had the highest total coumarin (TCC) value (0.26 mg coumarin equivalent CE/g DW). Based on EO constituents, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified populations into two chemotypes of thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene and thymol/carvacrol. The highest positive correlation coefficient was between α-terpinene and limonene (0.96), while the highest negative correlation was between thymol and p-cymene (–0.984). The antioxidant activities of extracts and EOs were evaluated by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity; TAC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH IC50), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the antimicrobial activity of EOs was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. P8 with high thymol, EO content (%v/w), TFC, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities is recommended but further studies are needed to confirm the chemotype introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Modareskia
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fattahi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Bomfeh K, Jacxsens L, Amoa-Awua WK, Gamarro EG, Ouadi YD, De Meulenaer B. Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Smoked Sardinella sp. in Ghana: Impact of an Improved Oven on Public Health Protection. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:1007-1022. [PMID: 34658047 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An improved fish smoking oven called FAO-Thiaroye Technique (FTT) has been introduced in Ghana and other countries in the Global South as a technical intervention for the high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in traditionally smoked fish produced in those regions. This study evaluated the extent to which the intervention reduces consumer exposure to PAHs (considering benzo(a)pyrene [BaP] as a marker) in smoked fish, using Ghana as a case. Smoked Sardinella sp. were sampled from two traditional ovens (Chorkor smoker and metal drum oven) and the FTT and their PAH levels were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples of the product were also purchased from informal markets in three selected regions of Ghana and analyzed for their PAH levels. Cross-sectional consumer surveys were conducted in the selected regions to determine intakes of the commodity. A probabilistic risk assessment of PAH was then done by the margin of exposure (MoE) approach. BaP MoE as low as 1,060 and 752 were obtained for products from the traditional ovens and the informal markets, respectively, whereas the lowest value for FTT products was approximately 161,000. MoE values less than 10,000 were considered to denote a serious public health concern requiring risk management action. Therefore, the findings suggest that there is a potential health concern of high consumer exposure to PAHs in traditionally smoked fish in Ghana, and that the FTT is a technically viable intervention for the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Bomfeh
- nutriFOODchem Research Group (partner in Food2Know), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- nutriFOODchem Research Group (partner in Food2Know), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Esther Garrido Gamarro
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Teme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - Yvette Diei Ouadi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Teme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- nutriFOODchem Research Group (partner in Food2Know), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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7
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Ramos S, Homem V, Santos L. Uptake and translocation of UV-filters and synthetic musk compounds into edible parts of tomato grown in amended soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148482. [PMID: 34157527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has increased and consequently, sewage sludge production. This residue is very rich in crop nutrients, which makes it prone to be used as organic fertilizer or soil conditioner for agriculture. However, the presence of emerging pollutants in these fertilizers has raised concern, namely their potential accumulation in soil and, eventually their uptake by crops. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to study the potential plant uptake and translocation of ultraviolet-filters (UVFs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs). A total of 6 UVFs and 11 SMCs were analysed in Micro-Tom tomatoes grown in soil amended with a commercial sewage sludge-based organic fertilizer. Most of the studied compounds were detected in the tomato fruit, in concentrations ranging from 5 to 147 ng g-1 dw for UVFs and from 1.3 to 68 ng g-1 dw for SMCs. This indicates a potential uptake of these emerging pollutants and a subsequent translocation to the fruits. Besides that, UVFs show bioconcentration factors (BCFs) from 3 (DTS) to 33 (BZ) and SMCs from 0.2 (AHTN) to 23 (HHCB). Nevertheless, no risk by ingestion was observed based on estimation of the weekly exposure dose through hazard quotients (HQ < 0.02). SMCs galaxolide and tonalide seem to pose risk to the amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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8
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Xie Z, Wang X, Yu S, He M, Yu S, Xiao H, Song Y. Antioxidant and functional properties of cowhide collagen peptides. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1802-1818. [PMID: 33822356 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, antioxidant activities and functional properties of cowhide collagen antioxidant peptides (CCAPs) with different molecular weight (MW) were investigated. The optimum preparation conditions of CCAPs were hydrolysis time of 1.53 hr, temperature of 54.9 °C, pH 7.38, and neutral enzyme to trypsin ratio of 0.048 g: 0.016 g according to single factor test and response surface methodology (RSM). Three fractions (CCAP-I, CCAP-II, and CCAP-III) were obtained by ultrafiltration and lyophilization. Antioxidant activities revealed that CCAP-III had high reducing power activity (0.323 ± 0.035) and scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (64.30 ± 5.99%), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals (75.25 ± 3.14%), and hydroxyl radicals (68.26 ± 6.74%) compared to the other fractions. In addition, LC-MS/MS analysis showed that Ala-Gly-Glu-Arg, Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Glu-Arg, Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Arg, Gly-Val-Val-Gly-Pro-Glu-Gly-Ala-Arg and Gly-Phe-Ser-Gly-Leu-Asp-Gly-Ala-Lys were the major peptides of CCAP-III. CCAP-III showed good hygroscopicity (HYG), water holding capacity (WHC), and oil holding capacity (OHC) when compared with CCAP-I and CCAP-II. However, CCAP-II has great emulsifying properties, and CCAP-I has excellent foaming properties. Therefore, CCAPs can be used as a promising source of functional peptides with antioxidant properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrated the peptides of cowhide collagen has superior antioxidant and functional properties. This study provided a scientific basis for the preparation of antioxidant peptides from cowhide collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Xie
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Xuguang Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Shuyan Yu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Ming He
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Yu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Haifang Xiao
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China
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do Prado DM, de Almeida AB, de Oliveira Filho JG, Alves CCF, Egea MB, Lemes AC. Extraction of Bioactive Proteins from Seeds (Corn, Sorghum, and Sunflower) and Sunflower Byproduct: Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Antioxidant Properties. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200731005803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Food proteins have benefits for human health, which justifies their production
and use. In this context, the use of seeds and byproducts that would be otherwise discarded is
highlighted in the present work, to produce protein extracts and hydrolyzed proteins, generating opportunities
to reduce environmental impacts.
Objective:
This work aimed to use different extraction methods to obtain protein extracts from
seeds (corn, sorghum, and sunflower) and sunflower byproduct to determine their antioxidant activity,
and apply different proteolytic enzymes in the hydrolysis of sunflower byproduct.
Methods:
The seeds of corn, sorghum, and sunflower, and sunflower byproduct were ground to produce
flour and the protein extracts were prepared using five different methods. The bioactivity of
fractions was analyzed by different methods (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) to evaluate the antioxidant
activity.
Results:
The most effective methods, which resulted in higher protein extraction and antioxidant activity,
were those in which NH4HCO3 (5 mM, pH 8.0) and H2O/C2H6O (2:3) were used. The highest
protein contents were 797.9, 303.8, and 11296.5 μg/g, and the highest antioxidant activity was
34417.5, 9732.6, and 47473.1 μg TE/g from Soxhlet and Bligh and Dyer defatted extractions for
sunflower seed, and sunflower byproduct, respectively. Regarding enzymatic hydrolysis, sunflower
byproduct was the substrate that presented the highest degree of hydrolysis (11.06%) when Neutrase
® enzyme was used. Enzymatic hydrolysis increased antioxidant activity in the hydrolyzed proteins,
approximately by 20.0%, using Neutrase® and 22.3% using Flavourzyme® treatments.
Conclusion:
The protein extracts and the hydrolyzed proteins exhibited high antioxidant activity,
demonstrating great potential for use as natural antioxidants in food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M.F. do Prado
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rural Area, 75901-970, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
| | - Adrielle B. de Almeida
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rural Area, 75901-970, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
| | - Josemar G. de Oliveira Filho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jau Km 1, 14800-903, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassia C. F. Alves
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rural Area, 75901-970, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
| | - Mariana B. Egea
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rural Area, 75901-970, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
| | - Ailton C. Lemes
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Bastaki M, Linman MJ, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavoring substances: the role of genotoxicity studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:1-27. [PMID: 32162576 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1712589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) Expert Panel relies on the weight of evidence from all available data in the safety evaluation of flavoring substances. This process includes data from genotoxicity studies designed to assess the potential of a chemical agent to react with DNA or otherwise cause changes to DNA, either in vitro or in vivo. The Panel has reviewed a large number of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies during the course of its ongoing safety evaluations of flavorings. The adherence of genotoxicity studies to standardized protocols and guidelines, the biological relevance of the results from those studies, and the human relevance of these studies are all important considerations in assessing whether the results raise specific concerns for genotoxic potential. The Panel evaluates genotoxicity studies not only for evidence of genotoxicity hazard, but also for the probability of risk to the consumer in the context of exposure from their use as flavoring substances. The majority of flavoring substances have given no indication of genotoxic potential in studies evaluated by the FEMA Expert Panel. Examples illustrating the assessment of genotoxicity data for flavoring substances and the consideration of the factors noted above are provided. The weight of evidence approach adopted by the FEMA Expert Panel leads to a rational assessment of risk associated with consumer intake of flavoring substances under the conditions of use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern (retired), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew J Linman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Ramos S, Homem V, Santos L. Analytical methodology to screen UV-filters and synthetic musk compounds in market tomatoes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124605. [PMID: 31450107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis was developed to extract thirteen synthetic musk compounds (SMCs: cashmeran, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide, galaxolide, tonalide, musk ambrette, musk xylene, musk ketone, musk tibetene, musk moskene, ethylene brassylate and exaltolide) and six ultraviolet-filters (UVFs: 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 3-(4'-methylbenzylidene) camphor, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, benzophenone and drometrizole trisiloxane) from tomatoes. The proposed methodology was optimized: 2 g of freeze-dried tomato was extracted with 4 mL of water and 10 mL of ethyl acetate, adding 6 g of MgSO4 and 1.5 g of NaCl, then a dispersive solid-phase extraction was performed using 3 g of MgSO4, 300 mg of primary-secondary amino adsorbent (PSA) and 300 mg of octadecyl-silica (C18). Validation delivered recoveries between 81 (celestolide) and 119% (musk tibetene), with relative standard deviations <10%. The instrumental limit of detection varied from 0.02 (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate) to 3.00 pg (exaltolide and musk xylene). Regarding the method quantification limits, it ranged between 0.4 (celestolide) and 47.9 ng g-1 dw (exaltolide). The method was applied to different varieties of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), revealing UVFs and SMCs between 1 and 210 ng g-1 dw. Higher concentrations were found for benzophenone (29-210 ng g-1 dw) and galaxolide (9-53 ng g-1 dw). The risk associated to the ingestion of contaminated tomatoes has also been estimated, showing that a potential health risk is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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Kaska A. The phenolic content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Origanum sipyleum from Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2018. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.468418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Zamora-Sillero J, Ramos P, Monserrat JM, Prentice C. Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity In Vitro and in Hippocampal HT-22 Cells System of Protein Hydrolysates of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) By-Product. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2017.1390027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zamora-Sillero
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Escola de Química de Alimentos (EQA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Ramos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - José María Monserrat
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - Carlos Prentice
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Escola de Química de Alimentos (EQA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
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14
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Atef M, Mahdi Ojagh S. Health benefits and food applications of bioactive compounds from fish byproducts: A review. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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15
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Tarazona JV, Court-Marques D, Tiramani M, Reich H, Pfeil R, Istace F, Crivellente F. Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2723-2743. [PMID: 28374158 PMCID: PMC5515989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. It is a broad spectrum herbicide and its agricultural uses increased considerably after the development of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified (GM) varieties. Since glyphosate was introduced in 1974, all regulatory assessments have established that glyphosate has low hazard potential to mammals, however, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded in March 2015 that it is probably carcinogenic. The IARC conclusion was not confirmed by the EU assessment or the recent joint WHO/FAO evaluation, both using additional evidence. Glyphosate is not the first topic of disagreement between IARC and regulatory evaluations, but has received greater attention. This review presents the scientific basis of the glyphosate health assessment conducted within the European Union (EU) renewal process, and explains the differences in the carcinogenicity assessment with IARC. Use of different data sets, particularly on long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity in rodents, could partially explain the divergent views; but methodological differences in the evaluation of the available evidence have been identified. The EU assessment did not identify a carcinogenicity hazard, revised the toxicological profile proposing new toxicological reference values, and conducted a risk assessment for some representatives uses. Two complementary exposure assessments, human-biomonitoring and food-residues-monitoring, suggests that actual exposure levels are below these reference values and do not represent a public concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Tarazona
- Pesticides Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Court-Marques
- Pesticides Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Manuela Tiramani
- Pesticides Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Hermine Reich
- Pesticides Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Rudolf Pfeil
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederique Istace
- Pesticides Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Crivellente
- Pesticides Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
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16
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Maggioni DA, Signorini ML, Michlig N, Repetti MR, Sigrist ME, Beldomenico HR. Comprehensive estimate of the theoretical maximum daily intake of pesticide residues for chronic dietary risk assessment in Argentina. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:256-266. [PMID: 28085552 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1272997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A chronic dietary risk assessment for pesticide residues was conducted for four age groups of the Argentinian population following the procedure recommended by the WHO. The National Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (NTMDI) for 308 pesticides was calculated for the first time, using the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) from several Argentinean regulations and food consumption data from a comprehensive National Nutrition and Health Survey. The risk was estimated by comparing the TMDI with the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) identified by various sources. Furthermore, for each of the compounds with a TMDI >65% of the ADI, a probabilistic analysis was conducted to quantify the probability of exceeding the ADI. In this study 27, 22, 10, and 6 active ingredients (a.i.) were estimated to exceed the 100% of the ADI for the different population groups: 6-23 month-old children, 2-5 year-old children, pregnant women, and 10-49 year-old women, respectively. Some of these ADI-exceeding compounds (carbofuran, diazinon, dichlorvos, dimethoate, oxydemeton-methyl and methyl bromide) were found in all four of these groups. Milk, apples, potatoes, and tomatoes were the foods that contributed most to the intake of these pesticides. The study is of primary importance for the improvement of risk assessment, regulations, and monitoring activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío A Maggioni
- a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Marcelo L Signorini
- b Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Rafaela , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Nicolás Michlig
- a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - María R Repetti
- a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Mirna E Sigrist
- a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Horacio R Beldomenico
- a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina
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17
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Lemes AC, Álvares GT, Egea MB, Brandelli A, Kalil SJ. Simultaneous production of proteases and antioxidant compounds from agro-industrial by-products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:210-216. [PMID: 27718403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of processes for simultaneous production of bioproducts as enzymes and bioactive compounds is an interesting alternative to reduce environmental impacts. Thus, the aim of this study was to produce simultaneously, using the biorefinery concept, both proteases and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity from Bacillus sp. P45 cultivation by using different by-products. The integrated process developed in this study enabled to obtain enzymes with proteolytic and keratinolytic properties in a process with alternate substrates from agro-industrial by-products (feather meal, residual feather meal and biomass), thus, creating an interesting alternative to managing them. The residual biomass provided the highest protease activity (1306.6U/mL) and the reused feather meal reached the highest keratinolytic activity (89U/mL), both at 32h of cultivation. Moreover, hydrolysates produced in cultivation using feather meal and residual biomass had high antioxidant activity, they have great potential as natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailton Cesar Lemes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Teixeira Álvares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Brandelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Susana Juliano Kalil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
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Suciu N, Tediosi A, Ciffroy P, Altenpohl A, Brochot C, Verdonck F, Ferrari F, Giubilato E, Capri E, Fait G. Potential for MERLIN-Expo, an advanced tool for higher tier exposure assessment, within the EU chemical legislative frameworks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:474-479. [PMID: 27107646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MERLIN-Expo merges and integrates advanced exposure assessment methodologies, allowing the building of complex scenarios involving several pollution sources and targets. The assessment of exposure and risks to human health from chemicals is of major concern for policy and ultimately benefits all citizens. The development and operational fusion of the advanced exposure assessment methodologies envisaged in the MERLIN-Expo tool will have a significant impact in the long term on several policies dealing with chemical safety management. There are more than 30 agencies in Europe related to exposure and risk evaluation of chemicals, which have an important role in implementing EU policies, having especially tasks of technical, scientific, operational and/or regulatory nature. The main purpose of the present paper is to introduce MERLIN-Expo and to highlight its potential for being effectively integrated within the group of tools available to assess the risk and exposure of chemicals for EU policy. The main results show that the tool is highly suitable for use in site-specific or local impact assessment, with minor modifications it can also be used for Plant Protection Products (PPPs), biocides and REACH, while major additions would be required for a comprehensive application in the field of consumer and worker exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Suciu
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | | | - Philippe Ciffroy
- Electricité de France (EDF) R&D, National Hydraulic and Environment Laboratory, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Annette Altenpohl
- Österreichisches Normungsinstitut/Austrian Standards Institute, Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - Céline Brochot
- INERIS, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Elisa Giubilato
- University Ca Foscari Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Ettore Capri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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Fermented papaya preparation modulates the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Balb/c mice. Life Sci 2016; 151:330-338. [PMID: 26979773 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND MAIN METHOD The medicinal properties of fermented papaya preparation (FPP) derived from Carica papaya fruit was investigated in order to determine its ability to modulate the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Balb/c mice. KEY FINDINGS As well as reducing the physical symptoms associated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, supplementation of Balb/c mice with 500mg FPP/kg BW for 92days normalized the blood cell count, led to an increased activity of several key antioxidant enzymes (SOD: +20%, CAT: +81%, GPx: +66.1%, GR: +54.4%; P<0.001 vs. MNU control), increased the ferrous reducing antioxidant potential (+36.7%, P<0.001 vs. MNU control) and reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation in the liver by 44.3% (P<0.001 vs. MNU control). SIGNIFICANCE Results demonstrated the ability of FPP to preserve the integrity of liver against oxidative damage and protect hepatocytes against irreversible DNA structural modifications induced by MNU, highlighting its potential role as an immune-defense modulator during hepatocarcinoma.
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20
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Qian L, Zhang Y, Liu F. Purification and characterization of a ∼43 kDa antioxidant protein with antitumor activity from Pholiota nameko. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1044-1052. [PMID: 25827476 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pholiota nameko water-soluble protein (PNWSP), isolated from the dried fruiting bodies of Pholiota nameko, was purified by a successive chromatographic process using Q anion exchange column, SP cation exchange column and Superdex 200 gel filtration column. PNWSP was assessed for antioxidant activities in different assay systems, and the effect on cell proliferation of human breast cancer MCF7 cells was investigated. RESULTS Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation analysis revealed the homogeneity of PNWSP with apparent molecular weight of ∼43 kDa, and the identification was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprint analysis. It showed potential antioxidant activities in scavenging free radicals, reducing power and chelating effect on Fe(2+), and had a protective effect against DNA amage. Moreover, it inhibited the proliferation of MCF7 cells by inducing apoptosis, in which the change in cell cycle distribution and the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential were observed by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that PNWSP could be a natural antioxidant and developed as a potential chemotherapeutic agent candidate against human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yeni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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21
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Sharma A, Cannoo DS. Effect of extraction solvents/techniques on polyphenolic contents and antioxidant potential of the aerial parts of Nepeta leucophylla and the analysis of their phytoconstituents using RP-HPLC-DAD and GC-MS. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, evaluation of antioxidant potential, percentage yield, phytochemical and polyphenolic composition of different extracts obtained from the aerial parts ofNepeta leucophyllausing different extraction techniques/solvents was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology
- Longowal 148106
- India
| | - Damanjit Singh Cannoo
- Department of Chemistry
- Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology
- Longowal 148106
- India
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22
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Kacem M, Kacem I, Simon G, Ben Mansour A, Chaabouni S, Elfeki A, Bouaziz M. Phytochemicals and biological activities of Ruta chalepensis L. growing in Tunisia. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Sun S, Jeong J, Park S, Lee K, Yu J, Seo HS, Kwon K. Single-dose Intramuscular Injection Toxicology of Danggui Pharmacopuncture (DGP) in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 18:56-62. [PMID: 25830059 PMCID: PMC4379476 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2015.18.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of the study is to assess both the approximate lethal dose and the single dose intramuscular injection toxicity of Danggui (Angelica gigantis radix) pharmacopuncture (DGP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The experiments were conducted at the good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratory, Biotoxtech Co., which is a laboratory approved by the ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS). The study was performed according to the GLP regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the MFDS (2009) after approval of the institutional animal care and use committee of Biotoxtech. Single doses of DGP were injected intramuscularly into the rats in three test groups of 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per groups) in the amounts of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/animal for groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and normal saline solution in the amount of 1.0 mL/animal was injected intramuscularly into the rats (5 male and 5 female rats) in the control group. Observations of the general symptoms and weight measurements were performed during the 14 day observation period after the injection. Hematologic and serum biochemical examination, necropsy, and a local tolerance test at the injection site were done after the observation period. Results: No death was observed in three test groups (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/animal group). In addition, the injection of DGP had no effect on general symptoms, weights, hematologic and serum biochemical examination, and necropsy. The results from the local tolerance tests at injection site showed no treatment related effects in the SD rats. Conclusion: The results of single dose intramuscular injection of DGP suggest that the approximate lethal dose is above 1.0 mL/animal for both male and female SD rats and that intramuscular injection of DGP may be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungHo Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - JongJin Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sunju Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - KwangHo Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - JunSang Yu
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Dermatology, Korean Medicine Hospital, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - KiRok Kwon
- Research Center of the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Tang N, Zhuang H. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Zein Protein Fractions. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C2174-84. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Authors are with Dept. of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin Univ; Changchun China
| | - Hong Zhuang
- Authors are with Dept. of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin Univ; Changchun China
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25
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Kao TH, Chen S, Huang CW, Chen CJ, Chen BH. Occurrence and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in kindling-free-charcoal grilled meat products in Taiwan. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of methanolic extract from a neglected agricultural product: corn cobs. Molecules 2014; 19:5360-78. [PMID: 24879583 PMCID: PMC6271839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19045360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected agricultural products (NAPs) are defined as discarded material in agricultural production. Corn cobs are a major waste of agriculture maize. Here, a methanolic extract from corn cobs (MEC) was obtained. MEC contains phenolic compounds, protein, carbohydrates (1.4:0.001:0.001). We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of MEC. Furthermore, its antiproliferative property against tumor cells was assessed through MTT assays and proteins related to apoptosis in tumor cells were examined by western blot. MEC showed no hydroxyl radical scavenger capacity, but it showed antioxidant activity in Total Antioxidant Capacity and DPPH scavenger ability assays. MEC showed higher Reducing Power than ascorbic acid and exhibited high Superoxide Scavenging activity. In tumor cell culture, MEC increased catalase, metallothionein and superoxide dismutase expression in accordance with the antioxidant tests. In vivo antioxidant test, MEC restored SOD and CAT, decreased malondialdehyde activities and showed high Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity in animals treated with CCl4. Furthermore, MEC decreased HeLa cells viability by apoptosis due an increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase 3 active. Protein kinase C expression increased was also detected in treated tumor cells. Thus, our findings pointed out the biotechnological potential of corn cobs as a source of molecules with pharmacological activity.
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Serio N, Chanthalyma C, Prignano L, Levine M. Cyclodextrin-promoted energy transfer for broadly applicable small-molecule detection. Supramol Chem 2014; 26:714-721. [PMID: 25937786 DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.860226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the development of non-covalent, proximity-induced energy transfer from small-molecule toxicants to organic fluorophores bound in the cavity of γ-cyclodextrin. This energy transfer occurs with exceptional efficiency for a broad range of toxicants in complex biological media, and is largely independent of the spectral overlap between the donor and acceptor. This generally applicable phenomenon has significant potential in the development of new turn-on detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Serio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Chitapom Chanthalyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Lindsey Prignano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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28
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Xu J, Zhao Q, Qu Y, Ye F. Free radical scavenging activity of peptide fractions from defatted soybean meal hydrolysates evaluated by electron spin resonance. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2013; 19:557-66. [PMID: 23733818 DOI: 10.1177/1082013212469612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Defatted soybean meal, a by-product of soybean oil extraction, was pretreated by ultrasonic and hydrolyzed with neutrase. The DSMH pretreated at 400 W of ultrasonic power, identified to possess the strongest antioxidant activity, was fractionated according to molecular weight into three fractions of DSMH-I (>10 kDa), DSMH-II (5-10 kDa), and DSMH-III (<5 kDa) using ultrafiltration. The fraction, DSMH-III (<5 kDa), exhibited the highest antioxidative activity and was further purified using ion-exchange chromatography. The DSMH-III was separated into five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E). Fraction C with molecular weight of 2434 Da exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging, which was evidenced by the electron spin resonance of 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl hydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals. Fraction C was subjected to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the sequences of the highest activity peptide were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The strongest antioxidant activity peptide had the amino acid sequence of Glu-Glu-Gln-Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Lys-Glu-Glu-Lys. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment and ultrafiltration could enhanced antioxidant activity of DSMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
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29
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Kim JH, Park JM, Choi GH, Kim YW. Development of easy and efficient methods for quantitative analysis of ethyl carbamate using GC-MS in various fermented foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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30
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A review on ochratoxin A transcriptomic studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:766-83. [PMID: 23747715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in male rats. Transcriptomic studies on OTA (4 in vitro, 6 in vivo, 2 in vitro/in vivo) have been reviewed. The aim of 6 of them was mainly mechanistic whereas the rest had mostly predictive (1) or evaluation (5) purposes. An overall tendency towards gene expression downregulation was observed, probably as a result of protein synthesis inhibition. DNA damage response genes were not deregulated in most of the studies. Genes involved in acute renal injury, cell survival and cell proliferation were upregulated in several in vivo studies. Apoptosis genes were deregulated in vitro but less affected in vivo; activation of several MAPKs has been observed. Many genes related to oxidative stress or involved in cell-to-cell interaction pathways (Wnt) or cytoskeleton structure appeared to be deregulated either in vitro or in vivo. Regucalcin was highly downregulated in vivo and other calcium homeostasis genes were significantly deregulated in vitro. Genes related to OTA transport (OATs) and metabolism (CYPs) appeared downregulated in vivo. Overall, the mechanism of action of OTA remains unclear, however transcriptomic data have contributed to new mechanistic hypothesis generation and to in vitro-in vivo comparison.
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31
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Swift probabilistic risk assessment model of chemical hazards in food by tiered approach: A case study of pesticide residues in packaged red pepper powder. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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32
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Aktumsek A, Zengin G, Guler GO, Cakmak YS, Duran A. Antioxidant potentials and anticholinesterase activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea L. species. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:290-6. [PMID: 23357566 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The methanol and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea species (C. polypodiifolia var. pseudobehen, C. pyrrhoblephara and C. antalyense) were investigated for their antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were evaluated by in vitro models including, phosphomolybdenum assay, free radical scavenging assays (DPPH and ABTS), β-carotene/linoleic acid test system, metal chelating assay, FRAP assay, ferric and cupric reducing power. Cholinesterase inhibitory activities were examined using Ellman's colorimetric method. Total phenol, flavonoid, and saponin contents were also measured. Among the six Centaurea extracts evaluated, the highest antioxidant abilities were obtained from C. polypodiifolia var. pseudobehen. Methanolic extracts from C. polypodiifolia var. pseudobehen and C. antalyense had a noticeable inhibition towards AChE and BChE. These findings suggest that Centaurea species could be an anticholinesterase agent and antioxidant resource in some industries, such as food, pharmacology, and cosmetics.
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Zhou H, Chen X, Wang C, Ye J, Chen H. Purification and characterization of a novel ~18 kDa antioxidant protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds. Molecules 2012; 17:14778-94. [PMID: 23519252 PMCID: PMC6268451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba seeds are widely used as a food and traditional medicine in China. In the present study, a novel antioxidant protein named GBSP was purified from Ginkgo biloba seeds. The protein (GBSP) was purified by homogenization of Ginkgo biloba seed powder in saline solution, 70% ammonium sulphate precipitation, filtration on a DEAE-Cellulose52 anion exchange column, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column, and preparative chromatography on a C18 column using RP-HPLC. GBSP showed an apparent molecular weight of 18 kDa by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS analyses. The amino acid sequence obtained by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis showed GBSP was a novel protein, as no matching protein in was found the database. The protein exhibited significant antioxidant activities against free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion and showed higher activity than α-tocopherol in a linoleic acid emulsion assay system. Furthermore, GBSP exhibited notable reducing power and a strong chelating effect on Cu2+ and Fe2+. Therefore, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, that this novel protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds is an excellent antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry, CAF, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xijuan Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry, CAF, Beijing 100091, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-8548-2471
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
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ACE inhibitory peptides and antioxidant peptides derived from in vitro digestion hydrolysate of hen egg white lysozyme. Food Chem 2012; 135:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang Y, Duan X, Zhuang Y. Purification and characterization of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin gelatin. Peptides 2012; 38:13-21. [PMID: 22955032 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To obtain hydrolysates with high degree of hydrolysis (DH) and scavenging radical activity, tilapia skin gelatin (TSG) was hydrolyzed by properase E and multifect neutral. The optimum hydrolysis condition of each enzyme was determined using the orthogonal experiment, and double-enzyme hydrolysis was further applied. The results showed the tilapia skin gelatin hydrolysate (TSGH) obtained by progressive hydrolysis using multifect neutral and properase E had the highest DH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The IC(50) values of TSGH on scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical (·O(2)) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) activities were also determined. TSGH was further purified using gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and RP-HPLC. The peptides were identified using nano-LC-ESI mass spectrometry. Finally, two antioxidant peptides were identified and the amino acid sequences were Glu-Gly-Leu (317.33 Da) and Tyr-Gly-Asp-Glu-Tyr (645.21 Da), respectively. The IC(50) values of two peptides on hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were 4.61 μg mL(-1)and 6.45 μg mL(-1), respectively. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the hydrolysates of TSG prepared by multifect neutral and properase E could serve as a source of peptides with high antioxidant activity. It provided a scientific basis for the preparation of antioxidant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Engineering Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Zamora R, Delgado RM, Hidalgo FJ. Strecker aldehydes and α-keto acids, produced by carbonyl–amine reactions, contribute to the formation of acrylamide. Food Chem 2011; 128:465-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaneria MJ, Bapodara MB, Chanda SV. Effect of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Leaf and Stem. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Aremu AO, Amoo SO, Ndhlala AR, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Antioxidant activity, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, iridoid content and mutagenic evaluation of Leucosidea sericea. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1122-8. [PMID: 21310209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucosidea sericea is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine in southern Africa. Leaf and stem petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM) and 50% aqueous methanol (MeOH) extracts were investigated for antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The safety of the extracts was evaluated using the Ames test. In addition, the iridoid content of L. sericea stems and leaves were quantified. For DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the stem MeOH extract (EC(50) value: 1.6 μg/ml) was more potent than ascorbic acid (EC(50) value: 1.7 μg/ml). In the β-carotene-linoleic acid model system, antioxidant activity of the leaf DCM extract (89.8%) was not significantly different to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (98.9%). All extracts showed a dose-dependent acetylcholinesterase inhibition; in terms of the IC(50) value, the leaf DCM extract (0.14 mg/ml) was the most potent sample. Total iridoid content was 35% higher in the stem extract than in the leaf extract. Based on the Ames test, L. sericea extracts were not mutagenic, either with or without S9 metabolic activation. These findings suggest the safety as well as the potential of L. sericea as a possible source of novel/alternative antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Berg SJPLVD, Restani P, Boersma MG, Delmulle L, Rietjens IMCM. Levels of Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Ingredients in Plant Food Supplements and Associated Risk Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.29134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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van den Berg SJPL, Serra-Majem L, Coppens P, Rietjens IMCM. Safety assessment of plant food supplements (PFS). Food Funct 2011; 2:760-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhong S, Ma C, Lin YC, Luo Y. Antioxidant properties of peptide fractions from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) processing by-product protein hydrolysates evaluated by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Food Chem 2010; 126:1636-42. [PMID: 25213938 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Silver carp processing by-product protein is usually discarded as an industrial solid waste. In this study the protein was recovered using a pH-shift method, after which seven commercial proteases were separately employed to prepare antioxidative hydrolysates. Among the hydrolysates, pepsin hydrolysates, which had the highest free radical-scavenging activity, were further separated into five peptide fractions, SCPH-I (>10kDa), SCPH-II (5-10kDa), SCPH-III (3-5kDa), SCPH-IV (1-3kDa), and SCPH-V (<1kDa), by using ultrafiltration. The antioxidative properties of the peptide fractions were investigated, using a free radical-scavenging assay, by electron spin resonance. The results show that SCPH-V had the highest scavenging effects on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. SCPH-V had potent antioxidant activity in the prevention of the peroxidation of linoleic acid and alleviation of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human intestinal epithelial caco-2 cells. The results indicated that the antioxidant capacity of silver carp by-product hydrolysates could be enhanced by ultrafiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiyi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Changwei Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Young C Lin
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Molecular Endocrinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yongkang Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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