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Li X, Sun Y, Zhou Z, Li J, Liu S, Chen L, Shi Y, Wang M, Zhu Z, Wang G, Lu Q. Deep Learning-Driven Exploration of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Neuroprotective Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308970. [PMID: 38454653 PMCID: PMC11095145 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pressing concern in neurodegenerative research. To address the challenges in AD drug development, especially those targeting Aβ, this study uses deep learning and a pharmacological approach to elucidate the potential of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a neuroprotective agent for AD. Using deep learning for a comprehensive molecular dataset, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is predicted and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of compounds are evaluated. PQQ, identified in the Mediterranean-DASH intervention for a diet that delays neurodegeneration, shows notable BBB permeability and low toxicity. In vivo tests conducted on an Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced AD mouse model verify the effectiveness of PQQ in reducing cognitive deficits. PQQ modulates genes vital for synapse and anti-neuronal death, reduces reactive oxygen species production, and influences the SIRT1 and CREB pathways, suggesting key molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects. This study can serve as a basis for future studies on integrating deep learning with pharmacological research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinuo Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Computer ScienceRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Jinran Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Sai Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Yiting Shi
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Min Wang
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- School of PharmacyThe University of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Guangji Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Qiulun Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211166China
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Cores Á, Carmona-Zafra N, Clerigué J, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1464. [PMID: 37508002 PMCID: PMC10376830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone. Other endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activities include tocopherol-derived quinones, most notably vatiquinone, and vitamin K. A final group of non-endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activity is discussed, comprising embelin, APX-3330, cannabinoid-derived quinones, asterriquinones and other indolylquinones, pyrroloquinolinequinone and its analogues, geldanamycin and its analogues, rifampicin quinone, memoquin and a number of hybrid structures combining quinones with amino acids, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Zafra
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Clerigué
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate neurological damage in traumatic brain injury by alleviating glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114182. [PMID: 35901975 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major contributors to disability and death worldwide. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, one of the secondary injuries occurring after TBI, leads to extreme neuronal apoptosis, and can be a potential target for intervention. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos) have demonstrated neuroprotective effects on TBI. However, their precise role and the underlying mechanism by which they regulate glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity have not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether BMSCs-Exos alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity post-TBI and their associated mechanism. METHODS BMSCs-Exos were extracted from the BMSCs incubation medium and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle trafficking analysis, and western blotting. The neuroprotective effects of BMSCs-Exos on glutamate excitotoxicity were investigated in the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity neuronal cell model and the TBI rat model (TBI induced by controlled cortical impact) using western blotting and TUNEL assay. Cortical lesion samples were collected post-TBI on day-1 and day-14 to study histology. In addition, cortical lesion volume on days 1, 3 and 7 following TBI was determined using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cognitive function was assessed at 4 weeks following TBI using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. RESULTS BMSC-Exos were observed to be spherical with a mean diameter of 109.9 nm, and expressed exosomal markers CD9, CD81 and TSg101. BMSCs-Exos were efficiently endocytosed by astrocytes after co-incubation for 24 h. In vitro studies revealed that 125 μM of glutamate significantly induced neuronal apoptosis, which was attenuated by BMSCs-Exos in astrocyte-neuron co-cultures. This attenuation was mediated by the upregulation of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) level and the downregulation of p-p38 MAPK level in astrocytes. Similar results were obtained in vivo, wherein we verified that PKH67-labeled BMSCs-Exos administered intravenously could reach the perilesional cortex crossing the blood-brain barrier and significantly reduce glutamate levels in the perilesional cortex of the TBI rat, accompanied by increased GLT-1 level and downregulation in p-p38 MAPK level. Additionally, western blotting and TUNEL staining also revealed that BMSCs-Exos significantly downregulated the expression of pro-apoptosis markers, including cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, and attenuated neuronal apoptosis following TBI. Immunohistochemical analysis and Nissl staining showed that BMSCs-Exos significantly increased GLT-1-positive cells, and the number of apoptotic neurons decreased in the perilesional cortex. Moreover, MRI and MWM results revealed that BMSCs-Exos significantly minimized cortical lesion volume and ameliorated cognitive function after TBI. The underlying neuroprotective mechanism of BMSCs-Exos may be due to an increase in GLT-1 level in astrocytes by blocking the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the implementation of BMSCs-Exos may be an effective prospective therapy for attenuating post-TBI neurological damage.
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Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) protects mitochondrial function of HEI-OC1 cells under premature senescence. NPJ AGING 2022; 8:3. [PMID: 35927260 PMCID: PMC9158787 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-022-00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an oxidoreductase cofactor, on the H2O2-induced premature senescence model in HEI-OC1 auditory cells and to elucidate its mechanism of action in vitro. Cells were treated with PQQ for 1 day before H2O2 (100 μM) exposure. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was damaged in this premature senescence model but was restored in cells pretreated with PQQ (0.1 nM or 1.0 nM). A decrease in mitochondrial potential, the promotion of mitochondrial fusion and the accelerated movement of mitochondria were all observed in PQQ-pretreated cells. The protein expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) were significantly decreased under H2O2 exposure while they were increased with PQQ pretreatment, and PGC-1α acetylation was significantly decreased. In conclusion, PQQ has a protective effect on the premature senescence model of HEI-OC1 auditory cells and is associated with the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, mitochondrial structure, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity.
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Ji CH, Gu JH, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Guan W, Huang J, Chen YM, Xu DW, Jiang B. Hippocampal MSK1 regulates the behavioral and biological responses of mice to chronic social defeat stress: Involving of the BDNF-CREB signaling and neurogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114836. [PMID: 34774532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases in the 21st century, while its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Currently, besides to the monoaminergic system, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling is one of the most attractive signaling pathways for treating depression. Mitogen and stress-activated kinase (MSK) 1 and 2 are nuclear proteins activated downstream of the ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK pathways, and it has been demonstrated that MSKs are involved in the BDNF-CREB signaling. Here we assumed that MSKs may play a role in depression, and various methods including the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression, western blotting, immunofluorescence and virus-mediated gene transfer were used together. It was found that CSDS fully enhanced the expression of both phosphorylated MSK1 and total MSK1 in the hippocampus but not the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). CSDS did not influence the expression of phosphorylated MSK2 and total MSK2 in the two brain regions. Genetic over-expression of hippocampal MSK1 fully prevented not only the CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors but also the CSDS-induced dysfunction in the hippocampal BDNF-CREB signaling and neurogenesis in mice, while genetic knockdown of hippocampal MSK1 aggravated the CSDS-induced depressive-like symptomatology in mice. Our results collectively suggest that although CSDS evidently enhances the activity of hippocampal MSK1, it is not a contributor to the CSDS-induced dysfunction in the brain but a defensive feedback regulator which protects against CSDS. Therefore, hippocampal MSK1 participates in the pathogenesis of depression and is a feasible and potential antidepressant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Tang WQ, Liu Y, Ji CH, Gu JH, Chen YM, Huang J, Guan W, Xu DW, Jiang B. Virus-mediated decrease of LKB1 activity in the mPFC diminishes stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114885. [PMID: 34968488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder worldwide, the pathophysiology of depression is not yet fully understood and based on multiple factors among which chronic stress is critical. Numerous previous studies have shown the role of central mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in depression. However, so far it remains elusive by which way chronic stress down-regulates the activity of central mTORC1. Liver kinase b1 (LKB1) has been demonstrated to regulate the activity of the mTORC1 signaling cascade by phosphorylating AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). Here, this study aimed to explore whether LKB1 participates in depression by regulating the downstream AMPK-mTORC1 signaling, and various methods including mouse models of depression, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used together. Our results showed that chronic stress significantly enhanced the expression of both phosphorylated LKB1 and total LKB1 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) but not the hippocampus. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of LKB1 in the mPFC fully reversed not only the depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic stress in mice but also the effects of chronic stress on the activity of AMPK and the mTORC1 system. Taken together, this study preliminarily suggests that LKB1 in the mPFC could be a feasible target for antidepressants. This study also provides support for the potential use of LKB1 inhibition strategies against the chronic stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang Y, Gu JH, Liu L, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Ji CH, Guan W, Zhao XY, Sun YF, Xu DW, Jiang B. Hippocampal PPARα Plays a Role in the Pharmacological Mechanism of Vortioxetine, a Multimodal-Acting Antidepressant. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:673221. [PMID: 34211395 PMCID: PMC8239178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.673221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a well-known multimodal-acting antidepressant, vortioxetine is thought to aim at several serotonin (5-HT) receptors and the 5-HT transporter. However, recently more and more proteins besides 5-HT are being reported to participate in the antidepressant mechanism of vortioxetine. As a widely known nuclear hormone receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) possesses transcriptional activity and is very important in the brain. Several reports have suggested that hippocampal PPARα is implicated in antidepressant responses. Here we speculate that hippocampal PPARα may participate in the antidepressant mechanism of vortioxetine. In this study, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), behavioral tests, the western blotting and adenovirus associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene knockdown methods were used together. It was found that vortioxetine administration significantly reversed the inhibitory actions of both CUMS and CSDS on the hippocampal PPARα expression. Pharmacological blockade of PPARα notably prevented the antidepressant actions of vortioxetine in the CUMS and CSDS models. Moreover, genetic knockdown of PPARα in the hippocampus also significantly blocked the protecting effects of vortioxetine against both CUMS and CSDS. Therefore, the antidepressant effects of vortioxetine in mice require hippocampal PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying-Fang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Da-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
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Govindarajulu M, Ramesh S, Neel L, Fabbrini M, Buabeid M, Fujihashi A, Dwyer D, Lynd T, Shah K, Mohanakumar KP, Smith F, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Nutraceutical based SIRT3 activators as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104958. [PMID: 33444675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence is increasing worldwide with increased lifespan. Currently, there is no effective treatment to cure or prevent the progression of AD, which indicates the need to develop novel therapeutic targets and agents. Sirtuins, especially SIRT3, a mitochondrial deacetylase, are NAD-dependent histone deacetylases involved in aging and longevity. Accumulating evidence indicates that SIRT3 dysfunction is strongly associated with pathologies of AD, hence, therapeutic modulation of SIRT3 activity may be a novel application to ameliorate the pathologies of AD. Natural products commonly used in traditional medicine have wide utility and appear to have therapeutic benefits for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. The present review summarizes the currently available natural SIRT3 activators and their potentially neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of action that make them a promising agent in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mary Fabbrini
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayaka Fujihashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Darby Dwyer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Karishma Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, D.Y. Patil Medical College and Research Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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Silymarin Inhibits Glutamate Release and Prevents against Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxic Injury in Rats. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110486. [PMID: 33182349 PMCID: PMC7695262 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, a polyphenoic flavonoid derived from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), exhibits neuroprotective effects. In this study, we used a model of rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes to investigate whether silymarin affects the release of glutamate, an essential neurotransmitter involved in excitotoxicity. Its possible neuroprotective effect on a rat model of kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity was also investigated. In rat cortical synaptosomes, silymarin reduced glutamate release and calcium elevation evoked by the K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine but did not affect glutamate release caused by the Na+ channel activator veratridine or the synaptosomal membrane potential. Decreased glutamate release by silymarin was prevented by removal of extracellular calcium and blocking of N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channel or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) but not by blocking of intracellular Ca2+ release. Immunoblotting assay results revealed that silymarin reduced 4-aminopyridine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Moreover, systemic treatment of rats with silymarin (50 or 100 mg/kg) 30 min before systemic KA (15 mg/kg) administration attenuated KA-induced seizures, glutamate concentration elevation, neuronal damage, glial activation, and heat shock protein 70 expression as well as upregulated KA-induced decrease in Akt phosphorylation in the rat hippocampus. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that silymarin depressed synaptosomal glutamate release by suppressing voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry and ERK1/2 activity and effectively prevented KA-induced in vivo excitotoxicity.
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Zhao W, Cong Y, Li HM, Li S, Shen Y, Qi Q, Zhang Y, Li YZ, Tang YJ. Challenges and potential for improving the druggability of podophyllotoxin-derived drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:470-488. [PMID: 32895676 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020As a main bioactive component of the Chinese, Indian, and American Podophyllum species, the herbal medicine, podophyllotoxin (PTOX) exhibits broad spectrum pharmacological activity, such as superior antitumor activity and against multiple viruses. PTOX derivatives (PTOXs) could arrest the cell cycle, block the transitorily generated DNA/RNA breaks, and blunt the growth-stimulation by targeting topoisomerase II, tubulin, or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Since 1983, etoposide (VP-16) is being used in frontline cancer therapy against various cancer types, such as small cell lung cancer and testicular cancer. Surprisingly, VP-16 (ClinicalTrials NTC04356690) was also redeveloped to treat the cytokine storm in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in phase II in April 2020. The treatment aims at dampening the cytokine storm and is based on etoposide in the case of central nervous system. However, the initial version of PTOX was far from perfect. Almost all podophyllotoxin derivatives, including the FDA-approved drugs VP-16 and teniposide, were seriously limited in clinical therapy due to systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and low bioavailability. To meet this challenge, scientists have devoted continuous efforts to discover new candidate drugs and have developed drug strategies. This review focuses on the current clinical treatment of PTOXs and the prospective analysis for improving druggability in the rational design of new generation PTOX-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Peng Y, Xu D, Mao S, Zhou X. Neurotoxicity and apoptosis induced by pyrroloquinoline quinone and its ester derivative on primary cortical neurons. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:47-56. [PMID: 32068067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and its esterified derivative, PQQ ester (PQQE), have potential to treat or diagnose neurological and psychological disorders. However, their neurotoxicity remains unclear. To provide reference data for the brain targeting drug delivery techniques, the cytotoxic effects of PQQ and PQQE were examined in primary mouse cortical neurons. The results indicated that both PQQ and PQQE decreased neuron viability, reduced intracellular ATP level and disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, while PQQ was less potent than PQQE. PQQ and PQQE induced apoptosis involving increase of Bax, decrease of Bcl-2, release of mitochondrial cytochrome C into the cytosol, activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. A single mouse intracephalic injection of PQQ or PQQE showed similar results. Based on these findings, high-concentration PQQ or PQQE treatment could induce a wide range of neurotoxicity and apoptosis. The lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) of PQQ and PQQE were 10 μM and 2 μM respectively and the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) were 5 μM and 1 μM respectively in mice cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Shishi Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Xingqin Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China.
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12
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Shanan N, GhasemiGharagoz A, Abdel-Kader R, Breitinger HG. The effect of Pyrroloquinoline quinone and Resveratrol on the Survival and Regeneration of Cerebellar Granular Neurons. Neurosci Lett 2019; 694:192-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Wang Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao K, Chi Y, Wang B. Pyrroloquinoline quinine protects HK-2 cells against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through Sirt3 and PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:398-404. [PMID: 30502093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High glucose(HG)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Pyrroloquinoline quinine (PQQ), a new B vitamin, has been demonstrated to be important in antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. However, its effect on HK-2 cells and the potential mechanism are rarely investigated. In this study, we investigated that PPQ had protective effects against HG-induced oxidative stress damage and apoptosis in vitro model of diabetic nephropathy. PPQ at 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 10000 nM could protect HK-2 cell from HG-induced inhibition. The protective effects of PQQ were associated with increasing the level of antioxidants(SOD2, CAT), inhibition of reactive oxygen species(ROS) production, and dependent modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. PPQ significantly upregulated the protein and mRNA expression of Sirtuin3(Sirt3) in HG-induced HK-2 cells. PPQ also reduced apoptosis in HG-induced HK-2 cells by the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signal pathway. As down-regulated sirt3 or inhibitory the activity of PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway, the protective effects of PPQ were weakened. In conclusion, our data suggest that PPQ achieves the protective effects through PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway and dependent modulation of Sirt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei province, 061000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050051, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nephrology, BayanNur Hospital, Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 015000, China
| | - Kunxiao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050051, China
| | - Yanqing Chi
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050051, China
| | - Baoxing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050051, China
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PQQ ameliorates D-galactose induced cognitive impairments by reducing glutamate neurotoxicity via the GSK-3β/Akt signaling pathway in mouse. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8894. [PMID: 29891841 PMCID: PMC5995849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to be associated with various age-related diseases. D-galactose (D-gal) has been considered a senescent model which induces oxidative stress response resulting in memory dysfunction. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor which is found in various foods. In our previous study, we found that PQQ may be converted into a derivative by binding with amino acid, which is beneficial to several pathological processes. In this study, we found a beneficial glutamate mixture which may diminish neurotoxicity by oxidative stress in D-gal induced mouse. Our results showed that PQQ may influence the generation of proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines and prostaglandins during aging process. D-gal-induced mouse showed increased MDA and ROS levels, and decreased T-AOC activities in the hippocampus, these changes were reversed by PQQ supplementation. Furthermore, PQQ statistically enhanced Superoxide Dismutase SOD2 mRNA expression. PQQ could ameliorate the memory deficits and neurotoxicity induced by D-gal via binding with excess glutamate, which provide a link between glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, PQQ reduced the up-regulated expression of p-Akt by D-gal and maintained the activity of GSK-3β, resulting in a down-regulation of p-Tau level in hippocampus. PQQ modulated memory ability partly via Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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15
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Kanbara K, Otsuki Y, Watanabe M, Yokoe S, Mori Y, Asahi M, Neo M. GABA B receptor regulates proliferation in the high-grade chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27 via apoptotic pathways. BMC Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29514603 PMCID: PMC5842535 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade chondrosarcoma, which has a high incidence of local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis despite surgical resection, is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, new and effective adjuvant therapies are urgently required for this disease. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which acts as a neurotrophic factor during nervous system development, is related to the proliferation and migration of certain cancer cells. The GABAergic system, which is composed of GABA, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA receptors, has an important function in nerve growth and development of neural crest. Therefore, the GABAergic system may play important functional roles in the proliferation of chondrosarcoma cells, which are derived from neural crest cells. We examined the anti-tumor effects of the GABAergic system on a chondrosarcoma cell line. METHODS We evaluated the underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of the GABAergic system, such as the involvement of different signaling pathways, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, in the high-grade chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27. In addition, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings for Ca2+ currents and evaluated the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration via Ca2+ channels, which are related to the GABAB receptor in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells. RESULTS The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP had anti-tumor effects on high-grade chondrosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 were significantly elevated in CGP-treated cells compared to in untreated cells. The activity of caspase 8 did not differ significantly between untreated cells and CGP-treated cells. However, caspase 8 tended to be up-regulated in CGP-treated cells. The GABAB receptor antagonist exhibited anti-tumor effects at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and induced apoptosis via dual inhibition of the PI3/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the changes in intracellular Ca2+ via GABAB receptor-related Ca2+ channels inhibited the proliferation of high-grade chondrosarcoma cells by inducing and modulating apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The GABAB receptor antagonist may improve the prognosis of high-grade chondrosarcoma by exerting anti-tumor effects via different signaling pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and Ca2+ channels in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Kanbara
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka Medical College Takatsuki, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Otsuki
- President of Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka, Kashihara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syunichi Yokoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Mori
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka, Kashihara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Neo
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka Medical College Takatsuki, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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16
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Neuroprotective effects of a Coeloglossum viride var. Bracteatum extract in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9209. [PMID: 28835690 PMCID: PMC5569100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive release and accumulation of glutamate in the brain is known to be associated with excitotoxicity. CE, an extract derived from the plant Coeloglossum viride var. Bracteatum, exerted neuroprotective effects against amyloid toxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons. The aims of this study are to examine whether CE also attenuates glutamate neurotoxicity in rat primary cultured cortical neurons and to determine the effect of CE in vivo. According to the results of MTT, LDH release, and TUNEL assays, the CE treatment significantly reduced glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the protective effects of CE were blocked by an Akt inhibitor, LY294002, suggesting that the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effects of CE. In addition, CE might regulate the PKC-GluA2 axis to prevent neuronal apoptosis. CE also protected against dopaminergic neuronal loss in a mouse model of MPTP-induced PD. Based on our results, CE exerted neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Zhu Y, Liu Z, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Interleukin-10 inhibits neuroinflammation-mediated apoptosis of ventral mesencephalic neurons via JAK-STAT3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:353-360. [PMID: 28753520 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Interleukin (IL)-10 is one of the most important and best anti-inflammatory cytokines. The objective of this report is to investigate whether IL-10 has any role in protecting ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons in in vitro model of neuroinflammation. In this study, primary neuron-enriched culture was prepared from the VM tissues of E14 embryos of rats. The cells were pretreated with IL-10 (15 or 50ng/mL) for 1h followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50ng/mL) application. We found LPS induced neuronal apoptosis and loss while pretreatment with IL-10 reduced neuronal damage after exposure of LPS toxicity. Furthermore, signal transduction pathways related to IL-10 in VM neurons were studied in inflammatory condition. We used both shRNA and pharmacologic inhibition to determine the role of the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and its downstream signaling pathways in LPS-induced VM neuronal toxicity. Silence of the IL-10R gene in VM neurons abolished IL-10 mediated protection and the properties of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis. IL-10 also induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 in VM neurons. Pretreatment with the specific Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and blocked IL-10 mediated protection against LPS. These findings suggest that IL-10 provides neuroprotection by acting via IL-10R and its down-stream JAK-STAT3 signal pathways in VM neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
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Zhang Q, Chen S, Yu S, Qin J, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Ke K, Ding F. Neuroprotective effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone against rotenone injury in primary cultured midbrain neurons and in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:238-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Qin J, Wu M, Yu S, Gao X, Zhang J, Dong X, Ji J, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Zhang Q, Ding F. Pyrroloquinoline quinone-conferred neuroprotection in rotenone models of Parkinson’s disease. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Lu H, Shen J, Song X, Ge J, Cai R, Dai A, Jiang Z. Protective Effect of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) in Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:921-30. [PMID: 25820784 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has invoked considerable interest because of its presence in foods, antioxidant properties, cofactor of dehydrogenase, and amine oxidase. Protective roles of PQQ in central nervous system diseases, such as experimental stroke and spinal cord injury models have been emerged. However, it is unclear whether intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), as an acute devastating disease, can also benefit from PQQ in experimental conditions. Herein, we examined the possible effect of PQQ on neuronal functions following ICH in the adult rats. The results showed that rats pretreated with PQQ at 10 mg/kg effectively improved the locomotor functions, alleviated the hematoma volumes, and reduced the expansion of brain edema after ICH. Also, pretreated rats with PQQ obviously reduced the production of reactive oxygen species after ICH, probably due to its antioxidant properties. Further, we found that, Bcl-2/Bax, the important indicator of oxidative stress insult in mitochondria after ICH, exhibited increasing ratio in PQQ-pretreated groups. Moreover, activated caspase-3, the apoptotic executor, showed coincident alleviation in PQQ groups after ICH. Collectively, we speculated that PQQ might be an effective and potential neuroprotectant in clinical therapy for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, 226002, China
| | - Jiabing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinjian Song
- The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, 226002, China
| | - Jianbin Ge
- The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, 226002, China
| | - Rixin Cai
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aihua Dai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongli Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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21
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ZHANG CHUNLI, WEN CHUANJUN, LIN JINDE, SHEN GAN. Protective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinine on ultraviolet A irradiation-induced human dermal fibroblast senescence in vitro proceeds via the anti-apoptotic sirtuin 1/nuclear factor-derived erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4382-4388. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Singh AK, Pandey SK, Saha G, Gattupalli NK. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) producing Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) alleviates age associated oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia, and improves mitochondrial function in ageing rats. Exp Gerontol 2015; 66:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pyrroloquinoline quinone against glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity in cultured neural stem and progenitor cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 42:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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24
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Yang L, Rong Z, Zeng M, Cao Y, Gong X, Lin L, Chen Y, Cao W, Zhu L, Dong W. Pyrroloquinoline quinone protects nucleus pulposus cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondria-mediated pathway. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 24:1702-10. [PMID: 25349108 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intervertebral disc cell apoptosis has been suggested to play a key role in promoting disc degeneration, and many studies have shown that the mechanism may be related to oxidative stress. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a redox cofactor for bacterial dehydrogenases, possesses the potential to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit cell apoptosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of PQQ on cultured rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells under conditions of oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in vitro. METHODS Cell viability was determined by CCK8 assay. Changes in the apoptosis rate, intracellular ROS levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins (collagen-2 and aggrecan) and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3) were investigated by western blotting. RESULTS The results show that NP cells pretreated with PQQ before H2O2 exposure exhibited increased cell viability, decreased ROS formation, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced apoptosis. In the presence of PQQ, ECM production was maintained by the cells despite being in an apoptotic environment. In addition, pretreatment with PQQ increased the expression of Bcl-2, inhibited the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and decreased the expressions of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PQQ can protect rat NP cells against oxidative stress via a mitochondria-mediated pathway. PQQ might be useful as a potential pharmaceutical agent in the prevention of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Big Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China
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Min Z, Wang L, Jin J, Wang X, Zhu B, Chen H, Cheng Y. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Induces Cancer Cell Apoptosis via Mitochondrial-Dependent Pathway and Down-Regulating Cellular Bcl-2 Protein Expression. J Cancer 2014; 5:609-24. [PMID: 25161699 PMCID: PMC4143536 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has been reported as a promising agent that might contribute to tumor cell apoptosis and death, yet little is known on its mechanisms. In current study, the effect of PQQ on cell proliferation and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis were examined in 3 solid tumor cell lines (A549, Neuro-2A and HCC-LM3). PQQ treatment at low to medium dosage exhibited potent anti-tumor activity on A549 and Neuro-2A cells, while had comparably minimal impact on the viabilities of 2 human normal cell lines (HRPTEpiC and HUVEC). The apoptosis of the 3 tumor cell lines induced by PQQ were increased in a concentration-dependent manner, which might be attributed to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decline in ATP levels and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), in conjunction with down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein expression, up-regulation of activated caspase-3, and disturbed phosphorylated MAPK protein levels. PQQ induced tumor cells apoptosis was significantly alleviated by pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. The present work highlights the potential capability of PQQ as an anti-tumor agent with low toxicity towards normal cells through activating mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathways, and warrants its development for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Min
- 1. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; ; 2. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Shanghai, 201700 China; ; 3. Shanghai key laboratory of organ transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- 1. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianjun Jin
- 1. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; ; 2. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Shanghai, 201700 China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- 1. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; ; 2. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Shanghai, 201700 China; ; 3. Shanghai key laboratory of organ transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bijun Zhu
- 1. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Chen
- 4. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- 1. Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; ; 3. Shanghai key laboratory of organ transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China; ; 5. Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; ; 6. Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Shanghai, 201700 China
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Jiang C, Qin J, Ke K, Ding F. Involvement of ERK1/2 pathway in neuroprotective effects of pyrroloquinoline quinine against rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. Neuroscience 2014; 270:183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MADP, a salidroside analog, protects hippocampal neurons from glutamate induced apoptosis. Life Sci 2014; 103:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Cheng Z, Schmelz EM, Liu D, Hulver MW. Targeting mitochondrial alterations to prevent type 2 diabetes-Evidence from studies of dietary redox-active compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1739-49. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Cheng
- Department of Human Nutrition; Foods and Exercise; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center; Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Virginia Tech VA USA
| | - Eva M. Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition; Foods and Exercise; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center; Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Virginia Tech VA USA
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition; Foods and Exercise; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center; Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Virginia Tech VA USA
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition; Foods and Exercise; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center; Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery; College of Agriculture and Life Science; Virginia Tech VA USA
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Systemic revealing pharmacological signalling pathway networks in the hippocampus of ischaemia-reperfusion mice treated with baicalin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:630723. [PMID: 24381634 PMCID: PMC3870072 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background. Baicalin (BA) exhibits ill understood neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects in brain injury. Objective. To identify the differential network pathways associated with BA-related biological effects. Methods. MCAO-induced mice received BA 5 mg/Kg (BA group). Controls received vehicle only. Following ischaemia-reperfusion, ArrayTrack analysed the whole genome microarray of hippocampal genes, and MetaCore analysed differentially expressed genes. Results. Four reversing pathways were common to BA and controls, but only 6 were in the top 10 for BA. Three of the top 5 signalling pathways in controls were not observed in BA. BA treatment made absent 3 pathways of the top 5 signalling pathways from the top 5 in controls. There were 2 reversing pathways between controls and BA that showed altered gene expression. Controls had 6 networks associated with cerebral ischaemia. After BA treatment, 9 networks were associated with cerebral ischaemia. Enrichment analysis identified 10 significant biological processes in BA and controls. Of the 10 most significant molecular functions, 7 were common to BA and controls, and only 3 occurred in BA. BA and controls had 7 significant cellular components. Conclusions. This study showed that the clinical effectiveness of BA was based on the complementary effects of multiple pathways and networks.
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Kim EA, Choi J, Han AR, Choi SY, Hahn HG, Cho SW. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pyrroloquinoline quinine protects rat brain cortex against acute glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1661-71. [PMID: 23686346 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate possible protective effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on the rat cortex with glutamate injection and to understand the mechanisms linking the in vivo neuroprotection of PQQ. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats received glutamate injection into the rat cortex. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling assay was performed to observe influences of co-treatment with PQQ (simultaneous injection with PQQ and glutamate) on neural cell apoptosis in the rat cortex. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rat cortex was detected by flow cytometry using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate labeling, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and malondialdehyde was respectively determined. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were applied to measure the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf1, Nrf2, HO-1 and GCLC in the rat cortex. Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β in the rat cortex. Co-treatment with PQQ protected neural cells in the rat cortex from glutamate-induced apoptosis. PQQ decreased the ROS production induced by glutamate injection. PQQ increased the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and GCLC and the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β in the cortex of glutamate-injected rats. PQQ could produce neuroprotective effects on the rat cortex. The antioxidant properties of PQQ and PQQ-induced activation of Akt/GSK3β signal pathway might be responsible for the in vivo neuroprotection of PQQ.
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Yuan L, Wang J, Xiao H, Wu W, Wang Y, Liu X. MAPK signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis induced by isoorientin in human hepatoblastoma cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:62-8. [PMID: 23220614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Isoorientin (ISO) (CAS RN: 4261-42-1) is a flavonoid compound that can be extracted from several plant species, such as Phyllostachys pubescens, Patrinia, and Drosophyllum lusitanicum. ISO is able to induce apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, however, the effects of ISO on MAPK signaling pathways remain unknown. The present study investigated the effects of ISO on this pathway, and the roles of MAPK kinases on mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The results showed that ISO induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induction apoptosis is main cause for ISO-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. ISO significantly inhibited the levels of ERK1/2 kinase and increased the expression of JNK and p38 kinases. Furthermore, U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) significantly enhanced the ISO-induced the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol fraction, and the levels of cleaved caspase-3. While SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) markedly prevented the expression of these proteins induced by ISO. Furthermore, the ROS inhibitor (NAC) notably promoted the inhibited effect of ISO on the ERK1/2 kinase. NAC also suppressed the p-JNK and p-p38, but failed to reverse the effects of ISO. These results demonstrated for the first time that ISO induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells through inactivating ERK1/2 kinase and activating JNK and p38 kinases, and ROS stimulated by ISO is able to activate the MAPK singaling pathway as the upstream signaling molecules. Initiating event of the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis induced by ISO is MAPK signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Zhang Q, Ding M, Gao X, Ding F. Pyrroloquinoline quinone rescues hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced cell death through activation of Nrf2 and up-regulation of antioxidant genes. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:2652-64. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.june.27.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Increased expression of beta-arrestin 1 and 2 in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis: isoform specific regulation of inflammation. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:64-74. [PMID: 21855149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play critical roles in autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, it has been reported that β-arrestin 1 and 2 are involved in the regulation of inflammation. We hypothesized that β-arrestin 1 and 2 play critical roles in murine models of RA. Using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and a human TNFα transgenic (TNFtg) mouse model, we demonstrated that β-arrestin 1 and 2 expression are significantly increased in joint tissue of CIA mice and TNFtg mice. In fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from hind knee joint of CIA mice, we observed an increase of β-arrestin 1 and 2 protein and mRNA levels in the early stage of arthritis. In FLS, low molecular weight hyaluronan (HA)-induced TNFα and IL-6 production was increased by overexpression of β-arrestin 1 but decreased by overexpression of β-arrestin 2 demonstrating isoform specific regulation. TNFα and HA induced an increase of β-arrestin 1 and 2 expression in FLS, while high mobility group box (HMGB)-1 only stimulated β-arrestin 1 expression. TNFα- or HA-induced β-arrestin 2 expression was blocked by a p38 inhibitor. To examine the in vivo role of β-arrestin 2 in the pathogenesis of arthritis, WT and β-arrestin 2 KO mice were subjected to collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA). β-Arrestin 2 KO mice exhibited more severe arthritis in CAIA. Thus β-arrestin 2 is anti-inflammatory in CAIA. These composite observations suggest that β-arrestin 1 and 2 differentially regulate FLS inflammation and increased β-arrestin 2 may reduce experimental arthritis severity.
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