1
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Lee J, Levin DE. Differential metabolism of arsenicals regulates Fps1-mediated arsenite transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212996. [PMID: 35139143 PMCID: PMC8932518 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental toxin that exists mainly as pentavalent arsenate and trivalent arsenite. Both forms activate the yeast SAPK Hog1 but with different consequences. We describe a mechanism by which cells distinguish between these arsenicals through one-step metabolism to differentially regulate the bidirectional glycerol channel Fps1, an adventitious port for arsenite. Cells exposed to arsenate reduce it to thiol-reactive arsenite, which modifies a set of cysteine residues in target proteins, whereas cells exposed to arsenite metabolize it to methylarsenite, which modifies an additional set of cysteine residues. Hog1 becomes arsenylated, which prevents it from closing Fps1. However, this block is overcome in cells exposed to arsenite through methylarsenylation of Acr3, an arsenite efflux pump that we found also regulates Fps1 directly. This adaptation allows cells to restrict arsenite entry through Fps1 and also allows its exit when produced from arsenate exposure. These results have broad implications for understanding how SAPKs activated by diverse stressors can drive stress-specific outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - David E Levin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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2
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Danes JM, Palma FR, Bonini MG. Arsenic and other metals as phenotype driving electrophiles in carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:287-291. [PMID: 34563651 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are several sources of heavy metal exposures whether occupational or environmental. These are connected both with the existence of natural reservoirs of metal toxicants or human activity such as mining, welding and construction. In general, exposure to heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and metalloids, such as arsenic (As), has been associated with diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. Common to these diseases is the loss of cellular physiologic performance and phenotype required for proper function. On the metal side, electrophilic behavior that disrupts the electronic (or redox) state of cells is a common feature. This suggests that there may be a connection between changes to the redox equilibrium of cells caused by environmental exposures to heavy metals and the pathogenic effects of such exposures. In this mini-review, we will focus on two environmental contaminants cadmium (a metal) and arsenic (a metalloid) and explore their interactions with living organisms from the perspective of their electrophilic chemical reactivity that underlies both their potential as carcinogens and as drivers of more aggressive tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Danes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Chicago, United States
| | - Flavio R Palma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Chicago, United States
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Chicago, United States.
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3
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Wisessaowapak C, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Arsenic disrupts neuronal insulin signaling through increasing free PI3K-p85 and decreasing PI3K activity. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:40-50. [PMID: 34118311 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that prolonged arsenic exposure impaired neuronal insulin signaling. Here we have further identified novel molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal insulin signaling impairment by arsenic. Arsenic treatment altered insulin dose-response curve and reduced maximum insulin response in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, suggesting that arsenic hindered neuronal insulin signaling in a non-competitive like manner. Mechanistically, arsenic suppressed insulin receptor (IR) kinase activity, as witnessed by a decreased insulin-activated autophosphorylation of IR at Y1150/1151. Arsenic decreased the level of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) but increased the protein ratio between PI3K regulatory subunit, p85, and PI3K catalytic subunit, p110. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that arsenic did not alter a level of PI3K-p110/PI3K-p85 complex while increased PI3K-p85 levels in a PI3K-p110 depletion supernatant resulted from PI3K-p110 immunoprecipitation. These results indicated that arsenic increased PI3K-p85 which was free from PI3K-p110 binding. In addition, arsenic significantly increased interaction between IRS1 and PI3K-p85 but not PI3K-p110, suggesting that there may be a fraction of free PI3K-p85 interacting with IRS1. In vitro PI3K activity demonstrated that arsenic lowered PI3K activity in both basal and insulin-stimulated conditions. These results suggested that the increase in free PI3K-p85 by arsenic might compete with PI3K heterodimer for the same IRS1 binding site, in turn blocking the activation of its catalytic subunit, PI3K-p110. Taken together, our results provide additional insights into mechanisms underlying the impairment of neuronal insulin signaling by arsenic through the reduction of IR autophosphorylation, the increase in free PI3K-p85, and the impeding of PI3K activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Churaibhon Wisessaowapak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand
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4
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Samet JM, Chen H, Pennington ER, Bromberg PA. Non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by PM metals. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:26-37. [PMID: 31877355 PMCID: PMC7803379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallic compounds contribute to the oxidative stress of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure. The toxicity of redox inert ions of cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc, as well as redox-active ions of vanadium and chromium is underlain by dysregulation of mitochondrial function and loss of signaling quiescence. Central to the initiation of these effects is the interaction of metal ions with cysteinyl thiols on glutathione and key regulatory proteins, which leads to impaired mitochondrial electron transport and persistent pan-activation of signal transduction pathways. The mitochondrial and signaling effects are linked by the production of H2O2, generated from mitochondrial superoxide anion or through the activation of NADPH oxidase, which extends the range and amplifies the magnitude of the oxidative effects of the metals. This oxidative burden can be further potentiated by inhibitory effects of the metals on the enzymes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Along with the better-known Fenton-based mechanisms, the non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by metals constitute significant pathways for cellular injury induced by PM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Mitra A, Chatterjee S, Gupta DK. Environmental Arsenic Exposure and Human Health Risk. ADVANCES IN WATER SECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21258-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Song T, Yang J, Zhou J, Chen Z, Yuan X. A Review of the Mechanisms of Wnt7b in the Process of Malignant Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.523.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lee J, Levin DE. Methylated metabolite of arsenite blocks glycerol production in yeast by inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2134-2140. [PMID: 31141459 PMCID: PMC6743455 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) stress-activated protein kinase Hog1 is activated in response to hyperosmotic stress, inducing the production and retention of glycerol to restore osmotic balance. Hog1 promotes retention of glycerol through closure of the plasma-membrane glycerol channel Fps1. Treatment of yeast with the toxic trivalent metalloid arsenite (As(III)) also activates Hog1 as part of a protective response in which Hog1 closes Fps1, the main entry port for As(III). In this study, we investigated how cells treated with As(III) avoid creating a new stress caused by the accumulation of glycerol in the absence of hyperosmotic stress conditions. We found that As(III) treatment did not induce glycerol accumulation and, in fact, blocked the accumulation of glycerol induced by constitutive Hog1 activity. We demonstrated that As(III) blocks glycerol production indirectly after its metabolic activation to methylarsenite (MAs(III)), which is a potent inhibitor of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Finally, we used a biotinylated arsenic probe to establish that Cys306 of yeast Gpd1, a highly conserved residue within the active site, is the key target of MAs(III). Conservative mutations at this residue greatly diminished Gpd1 activity. This study offers insight into mechanisms by which SAPK outputs are tailored to specific stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David E Levin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Bilinsky LM, Thomas DJ, Fisher JW. Using mathematical modeling to infer the valence state of arsenicals in tissues: A PBPK model for dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA III) in mice. J Theor Biol 2019; 461:215-229. [PMID: 30393109 PMCID: PMC6296760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), a contaminant of water and food supplies, is associated with many adverse health effects. A notable feature of iAs metabolism is sequential methylation reactions which produce mono- and di-methylated arsenicals that can contain arsenic in either the trivalent (III) or pentavalent (V) valence states. Because methylated arsenicals containing trivalent arsenic are more potent toxicants than their pentavalent counterparts, the ability to distinguish between the +3 and +5 valence states is a crucial property for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of arsenicals to possess if they are to be of use in risk assessment. Unfortunately, current analytic techniques for quantifying arsenicals in tissues disrupt the valence state; hence, pharmacokinetic studies in animals, used for model calibration, only reliably provide data on the sum of the +3 and +5 valence forms of a given metabolite. In this paper we show how mathematical modeling can be used to overcome this obstacle and present a PBPK model for the dimethylated metabolite of iAs, which exists as either dimethylarsinous acid, (CH3)2AsIIIOH (abbreviated DMAIII) or dimethylarsinic acid, (CH3)2AsV(O)OH (abbreviated DMAV). The model distinguishes these two forms and sets a lower bound on how much of an organ's DMA burden is present in the more reactive and toxic trivalent valence state. We conjoin the PBPK model to a simple model for DMAIII-induced oxidative stress in liver and use this extended model to predict cytotoxicity in liver in response to the high oral dose of DMAV. The model incorporates mechanistic details derived from in vitro studies and is iteratively calibrated with lumped-valence-state PK data for intravenous or oral dosing with DMAV. Model formulation leads us to predict that orally administered DMAV undergoes extensive reduction in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the more toxic trivalent DMAIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Bilinsky
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - David J Thomas
- Pharmacokinetics Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive (MD-105-03), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Fisher
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Lee J, Liu L, Levin DE. Stressing out or stressing in: intracellular pathways for SAPK activation. Curr Genet 2018; 65:417-421. [PMID: 30377756 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinases (SAPKs) respond to a wide variety of stressors. In most cases, the pathways through which specific stress signals are transmitted to the SAPKs are not known. Our recent findings have begun to address two important and related questions. First, do various stresses activate a SAPK through common pathways initiated at the cell surface, or through alternative, intracellular inputs? Second, how does an activated SAPK mount a specific response appropriate to the particular stress experienced? Our work has uncovered the mechanisms by which two stresses, arsenite treatment and DNA damage, stimulate the yeast SAPKs Hog1 and Mpk1, respectively. We found that these stresses activate the SAPKs through intracellular inputs that modulate their basal phosphorylation, rather than by activation of the protein kinase cascades known to stimulate them. Both stresses act through targeting, in different ways, the tyrosine-specific or dual-specificity protein phosphatases that normally maintain the SAPKs in a low-activity state. Previous work has demonstrated that basal signal flux through SAPK pathways is important for the sensitivity and dynamic response to external signals. Our work reveals that basal activity of SAPKs is additionally important to allow SAPK activation by intracellular inputs that modulate that activity. Additionally, because different stressors may activate SAPKs by modulation of basal signal through inputs at distinct nodes along the canonical activation pathway, stress-specific SAPK outputs may be controlled, in part, by the specific intracellular mechanisms of their activation. Thus, understanding the intracellular pathways through which various stressors activate SAPKs is likely to provide insight into how they elicit physiologically coherent responses to the specific stress experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - David E Levin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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10
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Lee J, Levin DE. Intracellular mechanism by which arsenite activates the yeast stress MAPK Hog1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1904-1915. [PMID: 29846136 PMCID: PMC6085820 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-03-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated MAPKs (SAPKs) respond to a wide variety of stressors. In most cases, the pathways through which specific stress signals are transmitted to the SAPKs are not known. In this study, we delineate the intracellular signaling pathway by which the trivalent toxic metalloid arsenite [As(III)] activates the yeast SAPK Hog1. We demonstrate that, to activate Hog1, As(III) must enter the cell through the glycerol channel Fps1 and must be metabolized to methyl arsenite [MAs(III)] by the dimeric methyltransferase Mtq2:Trm112. We found that Mtq2:Trm1 displays SAM-dependent methyltransferase activity toward both As(III) and MAs(III). Additionally, we present genetic and biochemical evidence that MAs(III), but not As(III), is a potent inhibitor of the protein tyrosine phosphatases (Ptp2 and Ptp3) that normally maintain Hog1 in an inactive state. Inhibition of Ptp2 and Ptp3 by MAs(III) results in elevated Hog1 phosphorylation without activation of the protein kinases that act upstream of the SAPK and raises the possibility that other Hog1-activating stressors act intracellularly at different points along the canonical Hog1 activation pathway. Finally, we show that arsenate [As(V)], a pentavalent form of arsenic, also activates Hog1, but through a pathway that is distinct from that of As(III) and involves activation of the Hog1 MEK Pbs2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David E Levin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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11
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Banerjee M, Kaur G, Whitlock BD, Carew MW, Le XC, Leslie EM. Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1)-Mediated Cellular Protection and Transport of Methylated Arsenic Metabolites Differs between Human Cell Lines. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1096-1105. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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12
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Singh KB, Maret W. The interactions of metal cations and oxyanions with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Biometals 2017; 30:517-527. [PMID: 28540523 PMCID: PMC5514212 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases are not considered to be metalloenzymes. Yet, they are inhibited by zinc cations and metal and non-metal oxyanions that are chemical analogues of phosphate, e.g. vanadate. Metal inhibition is generally not recognized as these enzymes are purified, supplied, and assayed with buffers containing chelating and reducing agents. We screened a series of cations and anions for their capacity to inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and discuss the ensuing general issues with inhibition constants reported in the scientific literature. In contrast to zinc, which binds to the phosphocysteine intermediate in the closed conformation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B when the catalytic aspartate has moved into the active site, other divalent cations such as cadmium and copper may also bind to the enzyme in the open conformation. Inhibition by both anions and cations, conditions such as pH, the presence of metal ligands such as glutathione, and the existence of multiple conformational states of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the reaction cycle establish a complex pattern of inhibition of these important regulatory enzymes with implications for the physiology, pharmacology and toxicology of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshetrimayum Birla Singh
- Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Metal Metabolism Group, Department of Biochemistry, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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13
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Khairul I, Wang QQ, Jiang YH, Wang C, Naranmandura H. Metabolism, toxicity and anticancer activities of arsenic compounds. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23905-23926. [PMID: 28108741 PMCID: PMC5410354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of studies indicated that inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites have paradoxical effects, namely, carcinogenic and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies have shown that long term exposure to arsenic can increase the risk of cancers of lung, skin or bladder in man, which is probably associated with the arsenic metabolism. In fact, the enzymatic conversion of inorganic arsenic by Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) to mono- and dimethylated arsenic species has long been considered as a major route for detoxification. However, several studies have also indicated that biomethylation of inorganic arsenic, particularly the production of trivalent methylated metabolites, is a process that activates arsenic as a toxin and a carcinogen. On the other hand, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has recently been recognized as one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of APL. However, elaboration of the cytotoxic mechanisms of arsenic and its methylated metabolites in eradicating cancer is sorely lacking. To provide a deeper understanding of the toxicity and carcinogenicity along with them use of arsenic in chemotherapy, caution is required considering the poor understanding of its various mechanisms of exerting toxicity. Thereby, in this review, we have focused on arsenic metabolic pathway, the roles of the methylated arsenic metabolites in toxicity and in the therapeutic efficacy for the treatments of solid tumors, APL and/or non-APL malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Khairul
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Day AM, Smith DA, Ikeh MAC, Haider M, Herrero-de-Dios CM, Brown AJP, Morgan BA, Erwig LP, MacCallum DM, Quinn J. Blocking two-component signalling enhances Candida albicans virulence and reveals adaptive mechanisms that counteract sustained SAPK activation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006131. [PMID: 28135328 PMCID: PMC5300278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ypd1 phosphorelay protein is a central constituent of fungal two-component signal transduction pathways. Inhibition of Ypd1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans is lethal due to the sustained activation of the 'p38-related' Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK). As two-component signalling proteins are not found in animals, Ypd1 is considered to be a prime antifungal target. However, a major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, can survive the concomitant sustained activation of Hog1 that occurs in cells lacking YPD1. Here we show that the sustained activation of Hog1 upon Ypd1 loss is mediated through the Ssk1 response regulator. Moreover, we present evidence that C. albicans survives SAPK activation in the short-term, following Ypd1 loss, by triggering the induction of protein tyrosine phosphatase-encoding genes which prevent the accumulation of lethal levels of phosphorylated Hog1. In addition, our studies reveal an unpredicted, reversible, mechanism that acts to substantially reduce the levels of phosphorylated Hog1 in ypd1Δ cells following long-term sustained SAPK activation. Indeed, over time, ypd1Δ cells become phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type cells. Importantly, we also find that drug-induced down-regulation of YPD1 expression actually enhances the virulence of C. albicans in two distinct animal infection models. Investigating the underlying causes of this increased virulence, revealed that drug-mediated repression of YPD1 expression promotes hyphal growth both within murine kidneys, and following phagocytosis, thus increasing the efficacy by which C. albicans kills macrophages. Taken together, these findings challenge the targeting of Ypd1 proteins as a general antifungal strategy and reveal novel cellular adaptation mechanisms to sustained SAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Day
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Smith
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mélanie A. C. Ikeh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Haider
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen M. Herrero-de-Dios
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A. Morgan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Donna M. MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Quinn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Roggenbeck BA, Banerjee M, Leslie EM. Cellular arsenic transport pathways in mammals. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:38-58. [PMID: 28007179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural contamination of drinking water with arsenic results in the exposure of millions of people world-wide to unacceptable levels of this metalloid. This is a serious global health problem because arsenic is a Group 1 (proven) human carcinogen and chronic exposure is known to cause skin, lung, and bladder tumors. Furthermore, arsenic exposure can result in a myriad of other adverse health effects including diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. In addition to chronic environmental exposure to arsenic, arsenic trioxide is approved for the clinical treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, and is in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease and toxicity exists, and the reasons for such differences are incompletely understood. Transport pathways that influence the cellular uptake and export of arsenic contribute to regulating its cellular, tissue, and ultimately body levels. In the current review, membrane proteins (including phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporin channels, solute carrier proteins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters) shown experimentally to contribute to the passage of inorganic, methylated, and/or glutathionylated arsenic species across cellular membranes are discussed. Furthermore, what is known about arsenic transporters in organs involved in absorption, distribution, and metabolism and how transport pathways contribute to arsenic elimination are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Roggenbeck
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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16
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Shukalek CB, Swanlund DP, Rousseau RK, Weigl KE, Marensi V, Cole SPC, Leslie EM. Arsenic Triglutathione [As(GS)3] Transport by Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) Is Selectively Modified by Phosphorylation of Tyr920/Ser921 and Glycosylation of Asn19/Asn23. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:127-39. [PMID: 27297967 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) is responsible for the cellular export of a chemically diverse array of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Arsenic, a human carcinogen, is a high-affinity MRP1 substrate as arsenic triglutathione [As(GS)3]. In this study, marked differences in As(GS)3 transport kinetics were observed between MRP1-enriched membrane vesicles prepared from human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) (Km 3.8 µM and Vmax 307 pmol/mg per minute) and HeLa (Km 0.32 µM and Vmax 42 pmol/mg per minute) cells. Mutant MRP1 lacking N-linked glycosylation [Asn19/23/1006Gln; sugar-free (SF)-MRP1] expressed in either HEK293 or HeLa cells had low Km and Vmax values for As(GS)3, similar to HeLa wild-type (WT) MRP1. When prepared in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors, both WT- and SF-MRP1-enriched membrane vesicles had a high Km value for As(GS)3 (3-6 µM), regardless of the cell line. Kinetic parameters of As(GS)3 for HEK-Asn19/23Gln-MRP1 were similar to those of HeLa/HEK-SF-MRP1 and HeLa-WT-MRP1, whereas those of single glycosylation mutants were like those of HEK-WT-MRP1. Mutation of 19 potential MRP1 phosphorylation sites revealed that HEK-Tyr920Phe/Ser921Ala-MRP1 transported As(GS)3 like HeLa-WT-MRP1, whereas individual HEK-Tyr920Phe- and -Ser921Ala-MRP1 mutants were similar to HEK-WT-MRP1. Together, these results suggest that Asn19/Asn23 glycosylation and Tyr920/Ser921 phosphorylation are responsible for altering the kinetics of MRP1-mediated As(GS)3 transport. The kinetics of As(GS)3 transport by HEK-Asn19/23Gln/Tyr920Glu/Ser921Glu were similar to HEK-WT-MRP1, indicating that the phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions abrogated the influence of Asn19/23Gln glycosylation. Overall, these data suggest that cross-talk between MRP1 glycosylation and phosphorylation occurs and that phosphorylation of Tyr920 and Ser921 can switch MRP1 to a lower-affinity, higher-capacity As(GS)3 transporter, allowing arsenic detoxification over a broad concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caley B Shukalek
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane P Swanlund
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney K Rousseau
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin E Weigl
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Marensi
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan P C Cole
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.) and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group (C.B.S., D.P.S., R.K.R., V.M., E.M.L.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics (K.E.W., S.P.C.C.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Thomas JK, Janz DM. Embryo Microinjection of Selenomethionine Reduces Hatchability and Modifies Oxidant Responsive Gene Expression in Zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26520. [PMID: 27210033 PMCID: PMC4876371 DOI: 10.1038/srep26520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we demonstrated that exposure to selenomethionine (SeMet) causes developmental toxicities in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The objectives of this study were to establish a dose-response relationship for developmental toxicities in zebrafish after embryo microinjection of Se (8, 16 or 32 μg/g dry mass of eggs) in the form of SeMet, and to investigate potential underlying mechanism(s) of SeMet-induced developmental toxicities. A dose-dependent increase in frequencies of mortality and total deformities, and reduced hatchability were observed in zebrafish exposed to excess Se via embryo microinjection. The egg Se concentration causing 20% mortality was then used to investigate transcript abundance of proteins involved in antioxidant protection and methylation. Excess Se exposure modified gene expression of oxidant-responsive transcription factors (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor nrf2a and nrf2b), and enzymes involved in cellular methylation (methionine adenosyltransferase mat1a and mat2ab) in zebrafish larvae. Notably, excess Se exposure up-regulated transcript abundance of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (ahr2), a signalling pathway involved in the toxicity of dioxin-related compounds. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress or modification of methylation, or a combination of these mechanisms, might be responsible for Se-induced developmental toxicities in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Thomas
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3
| | - D M Janz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
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18
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Sumi D, Asao M, Okada H, Yogi K, Miyataka H, Himeno S. Synergistic augmentation of ATP-induced interleukin-6 production by arsenite in HaCaT cells. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1307-13. [PMID: 26104857 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure causes cutaneous diseases such as hyperkeratosis and skin cancer. However, little information has been available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying these symptoms. Because extracellular ATP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in pathological aspects of cutaneous diseases, we examined whether sodium arsenite (As(III)) affects ATP-induced IL-6 production in human epidermal keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The results showed that the addition of As(III) into the medium of HaCaT cells dose dependently increased the production of IL-6 induced by extracellular ATP, although As(III) alone had no effect on IL-6 production. To elucidate the mechanism of the synergistic effect of As(III) on IL-6 production by extracellular ATP, we next examined the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), since we found that these signaling molecules were stimulated by exposure to extracellular ATP. The results indicated that ATP-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK and EGFR was synergistically enhanced by co-exposure to As(III). To clarify the mechanisms underlying the enhanced phosphorylation of p38, ERK and EGFR by As(III), we explored two possible mechanisms: the inhibition of extracellular ATP degradation and the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) activity by As(III). The degradation of extracellular ATP was not changed by As(III), whereas the activity of PTPs was significantly inhibited by As(III). Our results suggest that As(III) augments ATP-induced IL-6 production in HaCaT cells through enhanced phosphorylation of the EGFR and p38/ERK pathways, which is associated with the inhibition of PTPs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Sumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masashi Asao
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hideta Okada
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kuniko Yogi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hideki Miyataka
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
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19
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Wang QQ, Thomas DJ, Naranmandura H. Importance of being thiomethylated: formation, fate, and effects of methylated thioarsenicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:281-9. [PMID: 25531277 DOI: 10.1021/tx500464t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although inorganic arsenic has long been recognized as a potent toxicant and carcinogen in humans, recent evidence shows that at least some of its effects are mediated by methylated metabolites. Elucidating the conversion of inorganic arsenic to mono-, di-, and trimethylated species has provided insights into the enzymology of this pathway and identified genetic and environmental factors that influence the susceptibility of individuals to this metalloid's adverse health effects. Notably, almost all work on the formation, fate, and effects of methylated arsenicals has focused on oxoarsenicals in which arsenic is bound to one or more oxygen atoms. However, thioarsenicals are a class of arsenicals in which a sulfur atom has replaced one or more oxygens that are bound to arsenic. Thioarsenicals have been identified as urinary metabolites in humans and other animals following exposure to inorganic arsenic. Studies find that methylated thioarsenicals exhibit kinetic behavior and toxicological properties that distinguish them from methylated oxoarsenicals. This perspective considers that formation, fate, and effects of methylated thioarsenicals with an emphasis on examining the linkages between the molecular processes that underlie both methylation and thiolation reactions. Integrating this information will provide a more comprehensive view of the relationship between the metabolism of arsenic and the risk posed by chronic exposure to this environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, ‡College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Acute and long-term effects of arsenite in HepG2 cells: modulation of insulin signaling. Biometals 2014; 27:317-32. [PMID: 24535192 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated a relationship between the prevalence of diabetes and exposure to arsenic. Mechanisms by which arsenic may cause this diabetogenic effect are largely unknown. The phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in insulin signaling by controlling glucose metabolism, in part through regulating the activity of FoxO transcription factors. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of short and long-term exposure to arsenite on insulin signaling in HepG2 human hepatoma cells, the role of PI3K/Akt signaling therein and the modulation of target genes controlled by insulin. Exposure of cells to arsenite for 24 h rendered cells less responsive toward stimulation of Akt by insulin. At the same time, short-term exposure to arsenite induced a concentration-dependent increase in phosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473, followed by phosphorylation of FoxO proteins at sites known to be phosphorylated by Akt. Phosphorylation of FoxOs was prevented by wortmannin, pointing to the involvement of PI3K. Arsenite exposure resulted in attenuation of FoxO DNA binding and in nuclear exclusion of FoxO1a-EGFP. A 24-h exposure of HepG2 cells to submicromolar concentrations of arsenite resulted in downregulation of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and selenoprotein P (SelP) mRNA levels. Curiously, arsenite had a dual effect on SelP protein levels, inducing a small increase in the nanomolar and a distinct decrease in the micromolar concentration range. Interestingly, arsenite-induced long-term effects on G6Pase and SelP mRNA or SelP protein levels were not blocked by the PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin. In conclusion, arsenite perturbs cellular signaling pathways involved in fuel metabolism: it impairs cellular responsiveness toward insulin, while at the same time stimulating insulin-like signaling to attenuate the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism and the release of the hepatokine SelP, which is known to modulate peripheral insulin sensitivity.
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21
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Rehman K, Fu YJ, Zhang YF, Wang QQ, Wu B, Wu Y, Zhou XY, Sun WH, Sun TF, Naranmandura H. Trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites induce apoptosis in human myeloid leukemic HL-60 cells through generation of reactive oxygen species. Metallomics 2014; 6:1502-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trivalent arsenic metabolites mediate HL-60 cell apoptosis via ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Toxicology
- School of Medicine and Public Health
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yu Jie Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Fang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ocean College
- Zhejiang University
| | - Yuan Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Yi Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wu Hui Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian Fu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Toxicology
- School of Medicine and Public Health
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Shen
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - William R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross
Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1Z2
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
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23
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Hayess K, Riebeling C, Pirow R, Steinfath M, Sittner D, Slawik B, Luch A, Seiler AEM. The DNT-EST: a predictive embryonic stem cell-based assay for developmental neurotoxicity testing in vitro. Toxicology 2013; 314:135-47. [PMID: 24096155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As the developing brain is exquisitely vulnerable to chemical disturbances, testing for developmental neurotoxicity of a substance is an important aspect of characterizing its tissue specific toxicity. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can be differentiated toward a neural phenotype, and this can be used as a model for early brain development. We developed a new in vitro assay using mESCs to predict adverse effects of chemicals and other compounds on neural development - the so-called DNT-EST. After treatment of differentiating stem cells for 48h or 72h, at two key developmental stages endpoint for neural differentiation, viability, and proliferation were assessed. As a reference, we similarly treated undifferentiated stem cells 2 days after plating for 48h or 72h in parallel to the differentiating stem cells. Here, we show that chemical testing of a training set comprising nine substances (six substances of known developmental toxicity and three without specific developmental neurotoxicity) enabled a mathematical prediction model to be formulated that provided 100% predictivity and accuracy for the given substances, including in leave-one-out cross-validation. The described test method can be performed within two weeks, including data analysis, and provides a prediction of the developmental neurotoxicity potency of a substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hayess
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Hamann I, Klotz LO. Arsenite-induced stress signaling: modulation of the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/Akt/FoxO signaling cascade. Redox Biol 2013; 1:104-9. [PMID: 24024143 PMCID: PMC3757669 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxO transcription factors and their regulators in the phosphoinositide 3′-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway play an important role in the control of cellular processes involved in carcinogenesis, such as proliferation and apoptosis. We have previously demonstrated that physiologically relevant heavy metal ions, such as copper or zinc ions, can stimulate this pathway, triggering phosphorylation and nuclear export of FoxO transcription factors. The present study aims at investigating the effect of arsenite on FoxO transcription factors and the role of PI3K/Akt signaling therein. Exposure of HaCaT human keratinocytes to arsenite resulted in a distinct decrease of glutathione levels only at cytotoxic concentrations. In contrast, a strong phosphorylation of FoxO1a/FoxO3a and Akt was observed at subcytotoxic concentrations of arsenite in HaCaT human keratinocytes. A time- and concentration-dependent increase in phosphorylation of FoxO1a and FoxO3a at sites known to be phosphorylated by Akt as well as phosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473 was detected. These phosphorylations were blunted in the presence of wortmannin, pointing to the involvement of PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrit Hamann
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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