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Hirasawa K, Abe J, Nagahori H, Kitamoto S. Novel approach for verification of a human PBPK modeling strategy using chimeric mice in the health risk assessment of epyrifenacil. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 465:116439. [PMID: 36858113 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
In the human risk assessment by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK), verification of the modeling strategy and confirmation of the reliability of the output data are important when the clinical data are not available. A new herbicide, epyrifenacil, is metabolized to S-3100-CA in mammals and causes hepatotoxicity in mice. S-3100-CA is transferred to the liver by transporters and eliminated by biliary excretion and metabolism. In the previous human PBPK research, we succeeded in predicting S-3100-CA pharmacokinetics by obtaining human hepatic parameters from chimeric mice with humanized liver after we checked the model's quantitative performance using mouse experimental data. To further enhance the reliability of human PBPK data, verification of the following two points was considered effective: 1) verification of model applicability to pharmacokinetics prediction in multiple animal species, and 2) verification of the parameter acquisition methods. In this study, we applied the same modeling strategy to rats, i.e., we obtained rat hepatic parameters for PBPK from chimeric mice with rat hepatocytes, not from rats. As the simulation results, rat internal dosimetry was precisely reproduced, although it tended to be slightly overestimated by approximately two times. From the results of the sensitivity analysis, this overestimation was mainly due to hepatic parameters from chimeric mice. Therefore, it is suggested that a similar slight prediction error may occur also in human PBPK using chimeric mice, but considering the degree of error, it can be said that our modeling strategy is robust and the predicted human internal dosimetry in the previous research is reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hirasawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Shao S, Zheng R, Cheng X, Zhang S, Yu Z, Pang X, Li J, Wang H, Ye Q. Diverse positional 14C labeling-assisted metabolic analysis of pesticides in rats: The case of vanisulfane, a novel vanillin-derived pesticide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153920. [PMID: 35189233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Information on pesticide metabolites is crucial for accurate environmental risk assessment. However, identifying the various metabolites of a novel pesticide is challenging since the potential metabolic pathways are unknown. In this study, we coupled diverse positional 14C labeling with high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantitatively and qualitatively study pesticide metabolism in rats. With the unique M/(M + 2) ratios derived from 14C, precursor compounds of metabolites could be better distinguished from impurity ions. Additionally, the use of diverse 14C labeling positions is a powerful tool to elucidate the complete metabolic fate of novel contaminants. Vanisulfane is a novel vanillin-derived antiviral agent with encouraging prospects for the efficient control of cucumber mosaic virus in China, but its metabolic pathways in mammals are still poorly understood. Thus, the metabolism of vanisulfane was studied in rats of both sexes by this strategy. The results showed that phase I and phase II metabolism occurred in both sexes. The former included mainly oxidation reactions, and the latter involved binding reactions that formed glucuronide, sulfate and amino acid conjugates. Sex-related differences were observed in the experiment, with earlier appearance of downstream metabolites and a preference for sulfate conjugate formation in males compared to females. This research facilitates the risk evaluation of vanisulfane, and offers an effective framework for screening unknown pesticide metabolic pathways, which could be applied to establish the metabolic profiles of other novel contaminants with limited information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Shao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ruonan Zheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xingyan Pang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Iwashita K, Hosokawa Y, Ihara R, Miyamoto T, Otani M, Abe J, Asano K, Mercier O, Miyata K, Barlow S. Flumioxazin, a PPO inhibitor: A weight-of-evidence consideration of its mode of action as a developmental toxicant in the rat and its relevance to humans. Toxicology 2022; 472:153160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hirasawa K, Abe J, Nagahori H, Kitamoto S. Prediction of the human pharmacokinetics of epyrifenacil and its major metabolite, S-3100-CA, by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling using chimeric mice with humanized liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 439:115912. [PMID: 35143805 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human internal dosimetry of pesticides is essential in the risk assessment when toxicity has been confirmed in laboratory animals. While human toxicokinetics data of pesticides are hardly obtained intendedly, the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has become important for predicting human internal dosimetry. Especially, when the compound exhibits complicated pharmacokinetics via active uptake, metabolism, and biliary excretion in liver, it is difficult to obtain these hepatic parameters only by the in vitro experiments. Epyrifenacil, a new herbicide, is rapidly metabolized to S-3100-CA (CA) in mammals and causes hepatotoxicity in mice. CA is eliminated from the systemic circulation by biliary excretion and metabolism in liver. Although uptake of CA by transporters is observed in mouse primary hepatocytes, significantly less of it is observed in human primary hepatocytes. In order to evaluate human internal dosimetry of CA, a precise PBPK model was developed. To obtain human hepatic parameters, i.e., hepatic elimination intrinsic clearance via biliary excretion and metabolism, we used chimeric mice with humanized liver as a model to reproduce the complicated pharmacokinetics of CA in humans. After we developed a mouse PBPK model, by replacing mouse parameters with those of humans, we calculated CA concentration in human liver. Comparing the predicted CA exposure in human liver with the measured values in mice, we demonstrated a clear interspecies difference of approximately 4 times lower Cmax and AUC in humans. This result suggested that the risk of hepatotoxicity is less in humans than in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hirasawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Asano K, Takahashi Y, Ueno M, Fukuda T, Otani M, Kitamoto S, Tomigahara Y. Lack of human relevance for rat developmental toxicity of flumioxazin is revealed by comparative heme synthesis assay using embryonic erythroid cells derived from human and rat pluripotent stem cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:125-138. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Manako Ueno
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Takako Fukuda
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Mitsuhiro Otani
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Abe J. Researches on the evaluation of pesticide safety in humans using a pharmacokinetic approach. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:290-296. [PMID: 34566464 PMCID: PMC8422259 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.j21-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Similar to the pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides require human safety assessment for their registration and distribution; however, it is absolutely impossible to assess human safety by dosing humans with pesticides. Thus, how to appropriately evaluate the safety of pesticides in humans remains a great subject of debate. In this article, we present some examples of pesticide toxicity studies that identify species differences in toxicity and evaluate human safety by applying combinations of novel in vivo, in vitro, and in silico techniques to separately assess the key toxicodynamic (i.e., sensitivity) and/or toxicokinetic (i.e., exposure) factors. Because it is scientifically sound, the safety assessment strategy illustrated for three compounds in this article is expected to play an important role in the human safety assessment of agricultural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1–98 Kasugade-naka 3, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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Kawamura S, Otani M, Miyamoto T, Abe J, Ihara R, Inawaka K, Fantel AG. Different effects of an N-phenylimide herbicide on heme biosynthesis between human and rat erythroid cells. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:27-38. [PMID: 33249232 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rat developmental toxicity including embryolethality and teratogenicity (mainly ventricular septal defects and wavy ribs) were produced by S-53482, an N-phenylimide herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) common to chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. The sequence of key biological events in the mode of action has been elucidated as follows: inhibition of PPO interferes with normal heme synthesis, which causes loss of blood cells leading to fetal anemia, embryolethality and the development of malformations. In this study we investigated whether the rat is a relevant model for the assessment of the human hazard of the herbicide. To study effects on heme biosynthesis, human erythroleukemia, human cord blood, and rat erythroleukemia cells were treated with the herbicide during red cell differentiation. Protoporphyrin IX, a marker of PPO inhibition, and heme were determined. We investigated whether synchronous maturation of primitive erythropoiesis, which can contribute to massive losses of embryonic blood, occurs in rats. The population of primitive erythroblasts was observed on gestational days 11 through 14. Heme production was suppressed in rat erythroid cells. In contrast, heme reduction was not seen in both human erythroid cells when PPO was inhibited. Rats underwent synchronous maturation in primitive erythropoiesis. Our results combined with epidemiological findings that patients with deficient PPO are not anemic led us to conclude that human erythroblasts are resistant to the herbicide. It is suggested that the rat would be an inappropriate model for assessing the developmental toxicity of S-53482 in humans as rats are specifically sensitive to PPO inhibition by the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Otani
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Taiki Miyamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Ryo Ihara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kunifumi Inawaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Alan G Fantel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 366320, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA
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Codaccioni M, Bois F, Brochot C. Placental transfer of xenobiotics in pregnancy physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: Structure and data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abe J, Isobe N, Mikata K, Nagahori H, Naito Y, Saji H, Ono M, Kawamura S. Flumioxazin metabolism in pregnant animals and cell-based protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) inhibition assay of fetal metabolites in various animal species to elucidate the mechanism of the rat-specific developmental toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 339:34-41. [PMID: 29198728 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flumioxazin, an N-phenylimide herbicide, inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), a key enzyme in heme biosynthesis in mammals, and causes rat-specific developmental toxicity. The mechanism has mainly been clarified, but no research has yet focused on the contribution of its metabolites. We therefore conducted in vivo metabolism studies in pregnant rats and rabbits, and found 6 major known metabolites in excreta. There was no major rat-specific metabolite. The most abundant component in rat fetuses was APF, followed by flumioxazin and 5 identified metabolites. The concentrations of flumioxazin and these metabolites in fetuses were lower in rabbits than in rats. In vitro PPO inhibition assays with rat and human liver mitochondria showed that flumioxazin is a more potent PPO inhibitor than the metabolites. There were no species differences in relative intensity of PPO inhibition among flumioxazin and these metabolites. Based on the results of these in vivo and in vitro experiments, we concluded that flumioxazin is the causal substance of the rat-specific developmental toxicity. As a more reliable test system for research on in vitro PPO inhibition, cell-based assays with rat, rabbit, monkey, and human hepatocytes were performed. The results were consistent with those of the mitochondrial assays, and rats were more sensitive to PPO inhibition by flumioxazin than humans, while rabbits and monkeys were almost insensitive. From these results, the species difference in the developmental toxicity was concluded to be due to the difference in sensitivity of PPO to flumioxazin, and rats were confirmed to be the most sensitive of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mikata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Naito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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