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Baino F, Montazerian M, Verné E. Cobalt-Doped Bioactive Glasses for Biomedical Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4994. [PMID: 37512268 PMCID: PMC10382018 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Improving angiogenesis is the key to the success of most regenerative medicine approaches. However, how and to which extent this may be performed is still a challenge. In this regard, cobalt (Co)-doped bioactive glasses show promise being able to combine the traditional bioactivity of these materials (especially bone-bonding and osteo-stimulatory properties) with the pro-angiogenic effect associated with the release of cobalt. Although the use and local delivery of Co2+ ions into the body have raised some concerns about the possible toxic effects on living cells and tissues, important biological improvements have been highlighted both in vitro and in vivo. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of Co-releasing glasses, which find biomedical applications as various products, including micro- and nanoparticles, composites in combination with biocompatible polymers, fibers and porous scaffolds. Therapeutic applications in the field of bone repair, wound healing and cancer treatment are discussed in the light of existing experimental evidence along with the open issues ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Maziar Montazerian
- Northeastern Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterial (CERTBIO), Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Enrica Verné
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
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2
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Echeverri E, Skjöldebrand C, O'Callaghan P, Palmquist A, Kreuger J, Hulsart-Billström G, Persson C. Fe and C additions decrease the dissolution rate of silicon nitride coatings and are compatible with microglial viability in 3D collagen hydrogels. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:3144-3158. [PMID: 36919682 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride (SiN) coatings may reduce unwanted release of metal ions from metallic implants. However, as SiN slowly dissolves in aqueous solutions, additives that reduce this dissolution rate would likely increase the lifetime and functionality of implants. Adding iron (Fe) and carbon (C) permits tuning of the SiN coatings' mechanical properties, but their effect on SiN dissolution rates, and their capacity to reduce metal ion release from metallic implant substrates, have yet to be investigated. Such coatings have recently been proposed for use in spinal implants; therefore, it is relevant to assess their impact on the viability of cells expected at the implant site, such as microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). To study the effects of Fe and C on the dissolution rate of SiN coatings, compositional gradients of Si, Fe and C in combination with N were generated by physical vapor deposition onto CoCrMo discs. Differences in composition did not affect the surface roughness or the release of Si, Fe or Co ions (the latter from the CoCrMo substrate). Adding Fe and C reduced ion release compared to a SiN reference coating, which was attributed to altered reactivity due to an increase in the fraction of stabilizing Si-C or Fe-C bonds. Extracts from the SiN coatings containing Fe and C were compatible with microglial viability in 2D cultures and 3D collagen hydrogels, to a similar degree as CoCrMo and SiN coated CoCrMo reference extracts. As Fe and C reduced the dissolution rate of SiN-coatings and did not compromise microglial viability, the capacity of these additives to extend the lifetime and functionality of SiN-coated metallic implants warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Echeverri
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Skjöldebrand
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billström
- Translational PET Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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3
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Ćwiertnia A, Kozłowski M, Cymbaluk-Płoska A. The Role of Iron and Cobalt in Gynecological Diseases. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010117. [PMID: 36611913 PMCID: PMC9818544 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and cobalt are micronutrients that play an important role in the regulation of cellular processes, being part of the centre of catalases, peroxidases, cytochromes and metalloproteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin (Fe). Cobalt primarily functions as a component of hydroxycobalamin, which is essential for regulating red blood cell production. Maintaining normal levels of cobalt and iron in the human body is important, as a deficiency can lead to anaemia. These elements are also involved in reactions during which oxidative stress occurs and are therefore considered to be a cause of tumor formation. This paper will discuss aspects of the influence of cobalt and iron on mechanisms that may contribute to the growth of gynecological tumors, as well as other obstetric-gynecological disease entities, by altering the conditions of the microenvironment. In addition, the following review also highlights the role of cobalt and iron in the treatment of gynecological tumors.
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A Review of Biomaterials and Associated Performance Metrics Analysis in Pre-Clinical Finite Element Model and in Implementation Stages for Total Hip Implant System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204308. [PMID: 36297885 PMCID: PMC9607025 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Total hip replacement (THR) is a common orthopedic surgery technique that helps thousands of individuals to live normal lives each year. A hip replacement replaces the shattered cartilage and bone with an implant. Most hip implants fail after 10–15 years. The material selection for the total hip implant systems is a major research field since it affects the mechanical and clinical performance of it. Stress shielding due to excessive contact stress, implant dislocation due to a large deformation, aseptic implant loosening due to the particle propagation of wear debris, decreased bone remodeling density due to the stress shielding, and adverse tissue responses due to material wear debris all contribute to the failure of hip implants. Recent research shows that pre-clinical computational finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to estimate four mechanical performance parameters of hip implants which are connected with distinct biomaterials: von Mises stress and deformation, micromotion, wear estimates, and implant fatigue. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical stages are utilized to determine the hip implant biocompatibility and the unfavorable local tissue reactions to different biomaterials during the implementation phase. This research summarizes and analyses the performance of the different biomaterials that are employed in total hip implant systems in the pre-clinical stage using FEA, as well as their performances in in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies, which will help researchers in gaining a better understanding of the prospects and challenges in this field.
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5
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Skjöldebrand C, Echeverri E, Hulsart-Billström G, Persson C. Tailoring the dissolution rate and in vitro cell response of silicon nitride coatings through combinatorial sputtering with chromium and niobium. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3757-3769. [PMID: 35622079 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01978c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic coatings have been widely investigated as a means to reduce wear and metallic ion release from joint implants. Silicon nitride-based coatings have been a topic of interest specifically due to their solubility in aqueous solutions. This could imply a reduced adverse immune response since the generated debris would dissolve. However, there are concerns regarding the dissolution rate and adhesion of these silicon nitride-based coatings. This study attempts to address the concern of dissolution rate as well as coating adhesion of silicon nitride coatings. We hypothesized that alloying with chromium and niobium would affect the adhesion, dissolution rate, and the resulting ion release and cell response to the coatings. A combinatorial approach was used to deposit sputtered coatings with compositional gradients both with and without a CrN interlayer. Compositional gradients were achieved for all the investigated elements: Si (38.6-46.9 at%), Nb (2.2-4.6 at%) and Cr (1.9-6.0 at%). However, while the presence of an interlayer reduced the delamination during adhesion testing, the differences in composition in the top coating did not affect the adhesion. Nor did the top coating's composition affect the surface roughness or the coatings' inherent mechanical properties (elastic modulus and hardness). All coating compositions were associated with a low Co release from the underlying metal and points with a higher Cr content (4.3-6.0 at%) gave an overall lower release of Si, Cr and Nb ions, possibly due to the formation of a stable oxide, which reduced the dissolution rate of the coating. Optimum chromium contents were furthermore found to give an enhanced in vitro fibroblast cell viability. In conclusion, the results indicate a possibility to tailor the ion release rate, which lends promise to further investigations such as tribocorrosive tests towards a future biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Skjöldebrand
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Estefanía Echeverri
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billström
- Translational Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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6
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Raja FNS, Worthington T, de Souza LPL, Hanaei SB, Martin RA. Synergistic Antimicrobial Metal Oxide-Doped Phosphate Glasses; a Potential Strategy to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance and Host Cell Toxicity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1193-1199. [PMID: 35199992 PMCID: PMC9007416 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains bacteria and a decline in the discovery of new antibiotics has led to the idea of combining various antimicrobials to treat resistant strains and/or polymicrobial infections. Metal oxide-doped glasses have been extensively investigated for their antimicrobial potential; however to date, most experiments have focused on single metal species in isolation. The present study investigates the antimicrobial potential of sodium calcium phosphates (P2O5)50(Na2O)20(CaO)30-X(MO)X, where M is cobalt, copper, or zinc as single species. In addition, this work studied the effect of co-doping glasses containing two different metal ions (Co + Cu, Co + Zn, and Cu + Zn). The antimicrobial efficacy of all glasses was tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains, as well as a fungal strain (Candida albicans). Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations and time kill/synergy assays were used to assess the antimicrobial activity. An enhanced antimicrobial effect, at 5 mg/mL concentration, was exhibited by cobalt, copper, and zinc oxide glasses alone and in combinations. A synergistic antimicrobial effect was observed by Cu + Co and Cu + Zn against E. coli and Cu + Zn against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah N S Raja
- College of Health and Life Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Tony Worthington
- College of Health and Life Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Lucas P L de Souza
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Aston Institute of Materials Research. Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Shirin B Hanaei
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Aston Institute of Materials Research. Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Richard A Martin
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Aston Institute of Materials Research. Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
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Genotoxicity of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and interactions between them. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction. Chromium and cobalt are essential trace elements that are required only in a small amount, otherwise their excess can cause toxic effects.
Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and their combinations on genotoxicity in human fibroblasts cells (BJ).
Material and methods. In this work, comet and micronucleus assays were used. The BJ cells were exposed to chromium chloride and cobalt chloride at concentration ranges from 100 to 1400 µM. Mixtures of these elements were prepared so as to examine interactions between them.
Results. The present study shows the genotoxic effects of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and their mixtures on BJ cells. In the comet assay, no comets were observed at the lowest concentrations; in the higher, a significant increase in their percentage was observed. In the other assay (formation of micronuclei), a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with micronuclei was observed in the BJ cells spiked with cobalt chloride and chromium chloride. In the case of simultaneous incubation of chromium chloride at 200 µM and cobalt chloride at 1000 µM in the BJ line, antagonism was observed. However, the interaction of chromium chloride at the 1000 µM and cobalt chloride at 200 µM leads to synergism between the studied elements.
Conclusions. Cobalt (II) and chromium (III) show genotoxic properties, they induce breaks in double and single-stranded DNA and they cause formation of AP-sites that do not have purine or pyrimidine bases.
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8
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Influence of chromium (III), cobalt (II) and their mixtures on cell metabolic activity. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chromium (III) and cobalt (II) are necessary elements required for the proper functioning of the organism, but their excess can cause toxic effects. They are the basic components of implants and are also commonly used in medicine as components of dietary supplements, vitamin and mineral products and energy drinks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cobalt (II) and chromium (III) and their combination on BJ cells. In the study, BJ cells were exposed to CoCl2 or CrCl3 at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1400 µM, and the cytotoxicity of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and their mixtures was assessed by MTT reduction, LDH release and NRU assays. The outcome of this work reveals the cytotoxic effects of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and their mixtures on BJ cells. In the cytotoxicity assays, at low concentrations of CoCl2 and CrCl3, stimulation of cell proliferation was observed. In higher concentrations, the cell viability decreased for the tested line in all the assays. During the simultaneous incubation of fibroblasts with 200 µM of CrCl3 and 1000 µM of CoCl2, antagonism was observed: chromium (III) at the concentration of 200 µM induced protection from cobalt (II) toxicity; in the case of interaction of chromium chloride at 1000 µm and cobalt chloride at 200 µM, the protective effect of CrCl3 on CoCl2 was not observed. In the latter case, synergism between these elements was noted. Our work indicates that cobalt (II) and chromium (III) show cytotoxic properties. These metals have a destructive effect on the cell membrane, lysosomes and mitochondria, which leads to disorders of cell metabolism.
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Khalil SR, El Bohi KM, Khater S, Abd El-Fattah AH, Mahmoud FA, Farag MR. Moringa oleifera leaves ethanolic extract influences DNA damage signaling pathways to protect liver tissue from cobalt -triggered apoptosis in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 200:110716. [PMID: 32450433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the potential of Moringa oleifera leaves ethanol extract (MLEE) in attenuating the detrimental effects of cobalt dichloride (CoCl2) on rat liver. Forty rats were assigned to five equal groups: control group, MLEE-treated group, CoCl2-treated group, prophylaxis co-treated group, and therapeutic co-treated group. The levels of Co, hepatic injury markers, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative stress biomarkers (reactive oxygen species [ROS] and protein carbonyl [PC]) were evaluated. Comet assay was used to evaluate the extent of DNA damage. Further, the expression profile of DNA-damage effector genes was assayed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of heat shock protein (HSP-70) in hepatocytes was conducted. The results showed that the exposure of CoCl2 to rats resulted in declined TAC, elevated oxidative injury, and induced DNA damage markers. Upregulation of mRNA expression of tumor suppressor protein (P53), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) was observed. The immunostaining density of HSP-70 expression was found to be elevated. Thus, MLEE reduced the CoCl2-induced genotoxicity by preventing CoCl2-induced generation of ROS, and protected against ROS mediated-oxidative injury and DNA damage. Moreover, the expression of DNA damage effector genes was affected. Based on these results, we conclude that MLEE is more effective when administered as a prophylactic regimen with the exposure to CoCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Khlood M El Bohi
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Safaa Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Amir H Abd El-Fattah
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Fagr A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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10
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Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Hart A, Nyga A, Shelton JC. Activation of synovial fibroblasts from patients at revision of their metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32854727 PMCID: PMC7450933 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The toxicity of released metallic particles generated in metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) using cobalt chromium (CoCr) has raised concerns regarding their safety amongst both surgeons and the public. Soft tissue changes such as pseudotumours and metallosis have been widely observed following the use of these implants, which release metallic by-products due to both wear and corrosion. Although activated fibroblasts, the dominant cell type in soft tissues, have been linked to many diseases, the role of synovial fibroblasts in the adverse reactions caused by CoCr implants remains unknown. To investigate the influence of implants manufactured from CoCr, the periprosthetic synovial tissues and synovial fibroblasts from patients with failed MoM THA, undergoing a revision operation, were analysed and compared with samples from patients undergoing a primary hip replacement, in order to elucidate histological and cellular changes. Results Periprosthetic tissue from patients with MoM implants was characterized by marked fibrotic changes, notably an increase in collagen content from less than 20% to 45–55%, an increase in α-smooth muscle actin positive cells from 4 to 9% as well as immune cells infiltration. Primary cell culture results demonstrated that MoM synovial fibroblasts have a decreased apoptosis rate from 14 to 6% compared to control synovial fibroblasts. In addition, synovial fibroblasts from MoM patients retained higher contractility and increased responsiveness to chemotaxis in matrix contraction. Their mechanical properties at a single cell level increased as observed by a 60% increase in contraction force and higher cell stiffness (3.3 kPa in MoM vs 2.18 kPa in control), as measured by traction force microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Further, fibroblasts from MoM patients promoted immune cell invasion by secreting monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1, CCL2) and induced monocyte differentiation, which could also be associated with excess accumulation of synovial macrophages. Conclusion Synovial fibroblasts exposed in vivo to MoM THA implants that release CoCr wear debris displayed dramatic phenotypic alteration and functional changes. These findings unravelled an unexpected effect of the CoCr alloy and demonstrated an important role of synovial fibroblasts in the undesired tissue reactions caused by MoM THAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Junyao Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alister Hart
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, HA7 4AP, UK
| | - Agata Nyga
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, NW3 2QG, UK. .,Current affiliation: MRC LMB, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Julia C Shelton
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Eltit F, Wang Q, Wang R. Mechanisms of Adverse Local Tissue Reactions to Hip Implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:176. [PMID: 31417898 PMCID: PMC6683860 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse Local Tissue Reactions (ALTRs) are one of the main causes of hip implant failures. Although the metal release from the implants is considered as a main etiology, the mechanisms, and the roles of the released products are topics of ongoing research. The alloys used in the hip implants are considered biocompatible and show negligible corrosion in the body environment under static conditions. However, modularity and its associated mechanically assisted corrosion have been shown to release metal species into the body fluids. ALTRs associated with metal release have been observed in hip implants with metal-on-metal articulation initially, and later with metal-on-polyethylene articulation, the most commonly used design in current hip replacement. The etiological factors in ALTRs have been the topics of many studies. One commonly accepted theory is that the interactions between the metal species and body proteins and cells generate a delayed type IV hypersensitivity reaction leading to ALTRs. However, lymphocyte reactions are not always observed in ALTRS, and the molecular mechanisms have not been clearly demonstrated. A more accepted mechanism is that cell damage generated by metal ions may trigger the secretion of cytokines leading to the inflammatory reactions observed in ALTRs. In this inflammatory environment, some patients would develop hypersensitivity that is associated with poor outcomes. Concerns over ALTRS have brought significant impact to both the clinical selection and development of hip implants. This review is focused on the mechanisms of ALTRs, specifically, the metal release process and the roles of the metal species released in the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Hopefully, our presentation and discussion of this biological process from a material perspective could improve our current understanding on the ALTRs and provide useful guidance in developing preventive solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eltit
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Lison D, van den Brule S, Van Maele-Fabry G. Cobalt and its compounds: update on genotoxic and carcinogenic activities. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:522-539. [PMID: 30203727 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1491023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent experimental and epidemiological data on the genotoxic and carcinogenic activities of cobalt compounds. Emphasis is on the respiratory system, but endogenous exposure from Co-containing alloys used in endoprostheses, and limited data on nanomaterials and oral exposures are also considered. Two groups of cobalt compounds are differentiated on the basis of their mechanisms of toxicity: (1) those essentially involving the solubilization of Co(II) ions, and (2) metallic materials for which both surface corrosion and release of Co(II) ions act in concert. For both groups, identified genotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms are non-stochastic and thus expected to exhibit a threshold. Cobalt compounds should, therefore, be considered as genotoxic carcinogens with a practical threshold. Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic inhalation of cobalt compounds can induce respiratory tumors locally. No evidence of systemic carcinogenicity upon inhalation, oral or endogenous exposure is available. The scarce data available for Co-based nanosized materials does not allow deriving a specific mode of action or assessment for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lison
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S van den Brule
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Van Maele-Fabry
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Speer RM, Wise CF, Young JL, Aboueissa AM, Martin Bras M, Barandiaran M, Bermúdez E, Márquez-D'Acunti L, Wise JP. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in leatherback sea turtle lung cells. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:149-157. [PMID: 29547730 PMCID: PMC5915330 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a marine pollution of concern as recent studies show it has a global distribution, with some regions showing high Cr concentrations in marine animal tissue, and it is extensively used. Leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are an endangered marine species that may experience prolonged exposures to environmental contaminants including Cr(VI). Human activities have led to global Cr(VI) contamination of the marine environment. While Cr(VI) has been identified as a known human carcinogen, the health effects in marine species are poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of particulate and soluble Cr(VI) in leatherback sea turtle lung cells. Both particulate and soluble Cr(VI) induced a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity. Next, using a chromosome aberration assay, we assessed the genotoxic effects of Cr(VI) in leatherback sea turtle lung cells. Particulate and soluble Cr(VI) induced a concentration-dependent increase in clastogenicity in leatherback sea turtle lung cells. These data indicate that Cr(VI) may be a health concern for leatherback sea turtles and other long-lived marine species. Additionally, these data provide foundational support to use leatherback sea turtles as a valuable model species for monitoring the health effects of Cr(VI) in the environment and possibly as an indicator species to assess environmental human exposures and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Speer
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, CTRB rm 522, 505 S. Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA.
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, CTRB rm 522, 505 S. Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA; Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh NC 27695-7633, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Jamie L Young
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, CTRB rm 522, 505 S. Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA.
| | - AbouEl-Makarim Aboueissa
- Department of Math and Statistics, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St, Portland, ME 04103, USA.
| | - Mark Martin Bras
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, CTRB rm 522, 505 S. Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA; Vieques Conservation and Historical Trust, 138 Calle Flamboyan, Vieques, Puerto Rico 00765, USA.
| | - Mike Barandiaran
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State Rd 997 km 3.2, Vieques, Puerto Rico 00765, USA.
| | - Erick Bermúdez
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State Rd 997 km 3.2, Vieques, Puerto Rico 00765, USA.
| | - Lirio Márquez-D'Acunti
- Vieques Conservation and Historical Trust, 138 Calle Flamboyan, Vieques, Puerto Rico 00765, USA.
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, CTRB rm 522, 505 S. Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA.
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Kopp B, Zalko D, Audebert M. Genotoxicity of 11 heavy metals detected as food contaminants in two human cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:202-210. [PMID: 29150881 DOI: 10.1002/em.22157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), germanium (Ge), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), tellurium (Te), and vanadium (V) are widely distributed in the environment and in the food chain. Human exposure to heavy metals through water and food has been reported by different international agencies. Although some of these heavy metals are essential elements for human growth and development, they may also be toxic at low concentrations due to indirect mechanisms. In this study, the genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of 15 different oxidation statuses of 11 different heavy metals were investigated using high-throughput screening (γH2AX assay) in two human cell lines (HepG2 and LS-174T) representative of target organs (liver and colon) for food contaminants. Base on their lowest observed adverse effect concentration, the genotoxic potency of each heavy metal in each cell line was ranked in decreasing order, NaAsO2 > CdCl2 > PbCl2 (only in LS-174T cells) > As2 O5 > SbCl3 > K2 TeO3 > As2 O3 . No significant genotoxicity was observed with the other heavy metals tested. Cell viability data indicate that several heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Ni, Sb, and Te) induce cytotoxicity at high concentrations, whereas an increase in the number of cells was observed for lead concentrations >100 µM in both cell lines tested, suggesting that lead stimulates cell growth. All these results highlight the possible human health hazards associated with the presence of heavy metals present in food. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:202-210, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kopp
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, France
| | - D Zalko
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - M Audebert
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Speer RM, The T, Xie H, Liou L, Adam RM, Wise JP. The Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Particulate and Soluble Cobalt in Human Urothelial Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 180:48-55. [PMID: 28324276 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt use is increasing particularly due to its use as one of the primary metals in cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) metal-on-metal prosthetics. CoCrMo is a high-strength, wear-resistant alloy with reduced risk for prosthetic loosening and device fracture. More than 500,000 people receive hip implants each year in the USA which puts them at potential risk for exposure to metal ions and particles released by the prosthetic implants. Data show cobalt ions released from prosthetics reach the bloodstream and accumulate in the bladder. As patients with failed hip implants show increased urinary and blood cobalt levels, no studies have considered the effects of cobalt on human urothelial cells. Accordingly, we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of particulate and soluble cobalt in urothelial cells. Exposure to both particulate and soluble cobalt resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and intracellular cobalt ions. Based on intracellular cobalt ion levels, we found, when compared to particulate cobalt, soluble cobalt was more cytotoxic, but induced similar levels of genotoxicity. Interestingly, at similar intracellular cobalt ion concentrations, soluble cobalt induced cell cycle arrest indicated by a lack of metaphases not observed after particulate cobalt treatment. These data indicate that cobalt compounds are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human urothelial cells and solubility may play a key role in cobalt-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Speer
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, CTRB rm 522, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Therry The
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, CTRB rm 522, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Maine General Health, Alfonso Center of Health, Histology and Cytology Laboratory, 35 Medical Center Parkway, Augusta, ME, 04330, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, CTRB rm 522, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Toxikon Corp, 15 Wiggins Avenue, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Louis Liou
- Cambridge Health Alliance Somerville Hospital, 230 Highland Avenue, 4th Floor South Building, Somerville, MA, 02143, USA
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Department of Urology, Enders Research Building, Rm 1061.1, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St, CTRB rm 522, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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16
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Pavilonis B, Grassman J, Johnson G, Diaz Y, Caravanos J. Characterization and risk of exposure to elements from artisanal gold mining operations in the Bolivian Andes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:1-9. [PMID: 27992737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) offers low-skilled workers an opportunity to elevate themselves out of poverty. However, this industry operates with little to no pollution controls and the cost to the environment and human health can be large. The objectives of this study were to measure levels of arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in the environment and characterize health risks to miners and residents in an area with active ASGM operations. An exposure assessment was conducted at two different mining sites and a nearby village in the Bolivian Anders. The resulting measurements were then used to quantify cancerous and noncancerous health risks to children and adults working at and living near ASGM areas. Soil concentrations of As were well above background levels and showed great variations between the village and mining area. Mercury vapor levels at the two mining sites were approximately 30 times larger than the EPA reference concentration. The risk of developing non-cancerous health effects were primarily due to exposure to As and Hg. The probability of individuals developing cancer was considerably increased with adult miners having a probability of 1.3 out of 100. Cancer potential was driven by exposure to As, with de minimus cancer risk from all other elements. Based on the environmental characterization of elements in soils and Hg vapors, the risk of developing cancerous and non-cancerous health outcomes were above a level of concern based on EPA risk assessment guidance. Personal protective equipment was not worn by workers and Hg amalgam is commonly heated in workers' homes. Better education of the risks of ASGM is needed as well as simple controls to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pavilonis
- City University of New York School of Public Health, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Jean Grassman
- City University of New York School of Public Health, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Glen Johnson
- City University of New York School of Public Health, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yilmael Diaz
- City University of New York School of Public Health, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jack Caravanos
- City University of New York School of Public Health, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Nanotoxicity of cobalt induced by oxidant generation and glutathione depletion in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 40:94-101. [PMID: 28024936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There are very few studies regarding the biological activity of cobalt-based nanoparticles (NPs) and, therefore, the possible mechanism behind the biological response of cobalt NPs has not been fully explored. The present study was designed to explore the potential mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of cobalt NPs in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The shape and size of cobalt NPs were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The crystallinity of NPs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dissolution of NPs was measured in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and culture media by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Cytotoxicity parameters, such as [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release suggested that cobalt NPs were toxic to MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner (50-200μg/ml). Cobalt NPs also significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial outer membrane potential loss (MOMP), and activity of caspase-3 enzymes in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, cobalt NPs decreased intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) molecules. The exogenous supply of antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine in cobalt NP-treated cells restored the cellular GSH level and prevented cytotoxicity that was also confirmed by microscopy. Similarly, the addition of buthionine-[S, R]-sulfoximine, which interferes with GSH biosynthesis, potentiated cobalt NP-mediated toxicity. Our data suggested that low solubility cobalt NPs could exert toxicity in MCF-7 cells mainly through cobalt NP dissolution to Co2+.
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Suh M, Thompson CM, Brorby GP, Mittal L, Proctor DM. Inhalation cancer risk assessment of cobalt metal. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:74-82. [PMID: 27177823 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt compounds (metal, salts, hard metals, oxides, and alloys) are used widely in various industrial, medical and military applications. Chronic inhalation exposure to cobalt metal and cobalt sulfate has caused lung cancer in rats and mice, as well as systemic tumors in rats. Cobalt compounds are listed as probable or possible human carcinogens by some agencies, and there is a need for quantitative cancer toxicity criteria. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has derived a provisional inhalation unit risk (IUR) of 0.009 per μg/m(3) based on a chronic inhalation study of soluble cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; however, a recent 2-year cancer bioassay affords the opportunity to derive IURs specifically for cobalt metal. The mechanistic data support that the carcinogenic mode of action (MOA) is likely to involve oxidative stress, and thus, non-linear/threshold mechanisms. However, the lack of a detailed MOA and use of high, toxic exposure concentrations in the bioassay (≥1.25 mg/m(3)) preclude derivation of a reference concentration (RfC) protective of cancer. Several analyses resulted in an IUR of 0.003 per μg/m(3) for cobalt metal, which is ∼3-fold less potent than the provisional IUR. Future research should focus on establishing the exposure-response for key precursor events to improve cobalt metal risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Liz Mittal
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Katy, TX, United States
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Xie H, Smith LJ, Holmes AL, Zheng T, Pierce Wise J. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of soluble and particulate cobalt in human lung epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:282-287. [PMID: 27040722 DOI: 10.1002/em.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt is a toxic metal used in various industrial applications leading to adverse lung effects by inhalation. Cobalt is considered a possible human carcinogen with the lung being a primary target. However, few studies have considered cobalt-induced toxicity in human lung cells, especially normal lung epithelial cells. Therefore, in this study, we sought to determine the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble cobalt in normal primary human lung epithelial cells. Cobalt oxide and cobalt chloride were used as representative particulate and soluble cobalt compounds, respectively. Exposure to both particulate and soluble cobalt induced a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and intracellular cobalt ion levels. Based on intracellular cobalt ion levels, we found that soluble and particulate cobalt induced similar cytotoxicity while soluble cobalt was more genotoxic than particulate cobalt. These data indicate that cobalt compounds are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, 04104
- Toxikon Corp, Bedford, Massachusetts, 01730
| | - Leah J Smith
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, 04104
| | - Amie L Holmes
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, 04104
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, 04104
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Brewer K, Maylin G, Fenger C, Tobin T. Cobalt use and regulation in horseracing: a review. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep140008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt, atomic weight 58.9, is a metallic element and environmental substance found in the animal in microgram quantities, predominantly as vitamin B12, but is also a component of at least one mammalian enzyme unassociated with B12. Cobalt is a required trace mineral and has long been administered as a dietary supplement to humans and animals. Cobalt deficiency outside of its requirement in vitamin B12 has not been reported in humans. The administration of cobalt salts was once standard treatment for anaemia in humans, owing to its ability to stimulate red blood cell synthesis. Elemental cobalt acts by stabilising hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), which activates the erythropoietin gene, which in turn increases haemoglobin/red blood cell synthesis, which had led to a presumption that cobalt may be performance enhancing in athletes. Administration of cobalt in amounts sufficient to significantly increase the haematocrit are associated with risk of toxicity in humans, and the only cobalt administration study in horses showed no effect on red blood cell parameters or toxicity. Because of the perception that cobalt administration may enhance athletic performance, racing regulators have recently begun to restrict cobalt use in horseracing which has led to the introduction of cobalt thresholds in several racing jurisdictions. The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities is considering an international regulatory threshold for cobalt of 100 ng/ml in urine, based on studies performed in five different countries. In the United States, the Racing Commissioners International has recently set a primary plasma threshold of 25 ng/ml and secondary threshold of 50 ng/ml. One New York and New Jersey racetrack owner has initiated testing for cobalt and has denied his facilities to trainers whose horses tested positive for excessive quantities of cobalt. This review seeks to summarise what is known about the use of cobalt in horse racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Brewer
- University of Florida, 1711 Lakefield North Court, Wellington, FL 33414, USA
| | - G.A. Maylin
- New York Drug Testing and Research Program, Morrisville State College, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - C.K. Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, PLC, 4904 Ironworks Rd., Georgetown, KY 40324, USA
| | - T. Tobin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Uboldi C, Orsière T, Darolles C, Aloin V, Tassistro V, George I, Malard V. Poorly soluble cobalt oxide particles trigger genotoxicity via multiple pathways. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:5. [PMID: 26843362 PMCID: PMC4739324 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly soluble cobalt (II, III) oxide particles (Co3O4P) are believed to induce in vitro cytotoxic effects via a Trojan-horse mechanism. Once internalized into lysosomal and acidic intracellular compartments, Co3O4P slowly release a low amount of cobalt ions (Co(2+)) that impair the viability of in vitro cultures. In this study, we focused on the genotoxic potential of Co3O4P by performing a comprehensive investigation of the DNA damage exerted in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that poorly soluble Co3O4P enhanced the formation of micronuclei in binucleated cells. Moreover, by comet assay we showed that Co3O4P induced primary and oxidative DNA damage, and by scoring the formation of γ-H2Ax foci, we demonstrated that Co3O4P also generated double DNA strand breaks. CONCLUSIONS By comparing the effects exerted by poorly soluble Co3O4P with those obtained in the presence of soluble cobalt chloride (CoCl2), we demonstrated that the genotoxic effects of Co3O4P are not simply due to the released Co(2+) but are induced by the particles themselves, as genotoxicity is observed at very low Co3O4P concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Uboldi
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Equipe Biogénotoxicologie, Santé Humaine et Environnement, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Orsière
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Equipe Biogénotoxicologie, Santé Humaine et Environnement, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Darolles
- CEA, DSV, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), Perturbed Systems Biochemistry Laboratory (LBSP), Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Valérie Aloin
- CEA, DSV, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), Perturbed Systems Biochemistry Laboratory (LBSP), Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Virginie Tassistro
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Equipe Biogénotoxicologie, Santé Humaine et Environnement, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle George
- CEA, DSV, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), Perturbed Systems Biochemistry Laboratory (LBSP), Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.,CEA, DSV, Institute of Biology and Technology Saclay (Ibitec-s), Molecular Labeling and Bio-organic Chemistry Unit (SCBM), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Malard
- CEA, DSV, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), Perturbed Systems Biochemistry Laboratory (LBSP), Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France. .,CEA, DSV, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (IBEB), IBEB, Laboratoire des Interactions Protéine Métal, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
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Ciğerci İH, Ali MM, Kaygısız ŞY, Liman R. Genotoxicity assessment of cobalt chloride in Eisenia hortensis earthworms coelomocytes by comet assay and micronucleus test. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:754-757. [PMID: 26408983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt and its different compounds are extensively used worldwide and considered as possible environmental pollutant. Earthworms are useful model organism and its different species are used to monitor soil pollution. No study has been found to detect cobalt chloride (CoCl2) genotoxicity in earthworms. So, current study aimed to evaluate CoCl2 induced genotoxicity in Eisenia hortensis earthworms coelomocytes by alkaline comet assay (CA) and micronucleus (MN) test. The earthworms (n = 10 for each group) were exposed to different series of CoCl2 concentrations (100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm) to find LD50. The LD50 for CoCl2 was found at 226 ppm. Then, doses of LD50/2, LD50 and 2XLD50 for 48 h were used. CA and MN demonstrated the significant increase (P < 0.05) in DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. Dose dependent relationship was found. Highest DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations were noticed at 2XLD50. The results concluded that CoCl2 induced DNA damage, cytokinesis failure and chromosomal aberrations in E. hortensis earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Şöhret Yüksek Kaygısız
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Recep Liman
- Uşak University, 1 September Campus Faculty of Arts and Sciences Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, 64200 Uşak, Turkey
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Wang YJ, Dong H, Lyu GM, Zhang HY, Ke J, Kang LQ, Teng JL, Sun LD, Si R, Zhang J, Liu YJ, Zhang YW, Huang YH, Yan CH. Engineering the defect state and reducibility of ceria based nanoparticles for improved anti-oxidation performance. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:13981-90. [PMID: 26228305 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their excellent anti-oxidation performance, CeO2 nanoparticles receive wide attention in pharmacological application. Deep understanding of the anti-oxidation mechanism of CeO2 nanoparticles is extremely important to develop potent CeO2 nanomaterials for anti-oxidation application. Here, we report a detailed study on the anti-oxidation process of CeO2 nanoparticles. The valence state and coordination structure of Ce are characterized before and after the addition of H2O2 to understand the anti-oxidation mechanism of CeO2 nanoparticles. Adsorbed peroxide species are detected during the anti-oxidation process, which are responsible for the red-shifted UV-vis absorption spectra of CeO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the coordination number of Ce in the first coordination shell slightly increased after the addition of H2O2. On the basis of these experimental results, the reactivity of coordination sites for peroxide species is considered to play a key role in the anti-oxidation performance of CeO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, we present a robust method to engineer the anti-oxidation performance of CeO2 nanoparticles through the modification of the defect state and reducibility by doping with Gd(3+). Improved anti-oxidation performance is also observed in cell culture, where the biocompatible CeO2-based nanoparticles can protect INS-1 cells from oxidative stress induced by H2O2, suggesting the potential application of CeO2 nanoparticles in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Selected aspects of the action of cobalt ions in the human body. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:236-42. [PMID: 26557039 PMCID: PMC4637398 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.52837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt is widespread in the natural environment and can be formed as an effect of anthropogenic activity. This element is used in numerous industrial applications and nuclear power plants. Cobalt is an essential trace element for the human body and can occur in organic and inorganic forms. The organic form is a necessary component of vitamin B12 and plays a very important role in forming amino acids and some proteins in nerve cells, and in creating neurotransmitters that are indispensable for correct functioning of the organism. Its excess or deficiency will influence it unfavourably. Salts of cobalt have been applied in medicine in the treatment of anaemia, as well as in sport as an attractive alternative to traditional blood doping. Inorganic forms of cobalt present in ion form, are toxic to the human body, and the longer they are stored in the body, the more changes they cause in cells. Cobalt gets into the body in several ways: firstly, with food; secondly by the respiratory system; thirdly, by the skin; and finally, as a component of biomaterials. Cobalt and its alloys are fundamental components in orthopaedic implants and have been used for about 40 years. The corrosion of metal is the main problem in the construction of implants. These released metal ions may cause type IV inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions, and alternations in bone modelling that lead to aseptic loosening and implant failure. The ions of cobalt released from the surface of the implant are absorbed by present macrophages, which are involved in many of the processes associated with phagocytose orthopaedic biomaterials particles and release pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin.
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Behl M, Stout MD, Herbert RA, Dill JA, Baker GL, Hayden BK, Roycroft JH, Bucher JR, Hooth MJ. Comparative toxicity and carcinogenicity of soluble and insoluble cobalt compounds. Toxicology 2015; 333:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Walsh D, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Ting VP, Hall SR, Terry LR, Weller MT. Visible light promoted photocatalytic water oxidation: effect of metal oxide catalyst composition and light intensity. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simply prepared low-cost nanoparticulate transition metal oxides were used as catalysts in visible light promoted water oxidations. The activity using daylight equivalent light intensities was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Walsh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Claverton Down
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | | | - Valeska P. Ting
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Simon R. Hall
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Cantocks Close
- Bristol
- UK
| | - Lui R. Terry
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Cantocks Close
- Bristol
- UK
| | - Mark T. Weller
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Claverton Down
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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Pino MTL, Verstraeten SV. Tl(I) and Tl(III) alter the expression of EGF-dependent signals and cyclins required for pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell-cycle resumption and progression. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:952-69. [PMID: 25534134 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thallium [Tl(I) and Tl(III)] on the PC12 cell cycle were evaluated without (EGF(-)) or with (EGF(+)) media supplementation with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The following markers of cell-cycle phases were analyzed: cyclin D1 (G1 ); E2F-1, cyclin E and cytosolic p21 (G1 →S transition); nuclear PCNA and cyclin A (S); and cyclin B1 (G2). The amount of cells in each phase and the activation of the signaling cascade triggered by EGF were also analyzed. Tl(I) and Tl(III) (5-100 μM) caused dissimilar effects on PC12 cell proliferation. In EGF(-) cells, Tl(I) increased the expression of G1 →S transition markers and nuclear PCNA, without affecting cyclin A or cyclin B1. In addition to those, cyclin B1 was also increased in EGF(+) cells. In EGF(-) cells, Tl(III) increased the expression of cyclin D1, all the G1→S and S phase markers and cyclin B1. In EGF(+) cells, Tl(III) increased cyclin D1 expression and decreased all the markers of G1 →S transition and the S phase. Even when these cations did not induce the activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) in EGF(-) cells, they promoted the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt. In the presence of EGF, the cations anticipated EGFR phosphorylation without affecting the kinetics of EGF-dependent ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. Altogether, results indicate that Tl(I) promoted cell proliferation in both EGF(-) and EGF(+) cells. In contrast, Tl(III) promoted the proliferation of EGF(-) cells but delayed it in EGF(+) cells, which may be related to the toxic effects of this cation in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T L Pino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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